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<span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Architecture: origins and characteristics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Architecture:_origins_and_characteristics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Architecture: origins and characteristics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Architecture:_origins_and_characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Italian_Baroque" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italian_Baroque"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Italian Baroque</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italian_Baroque-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spanish_Baroque" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spanish_Baroque"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Spanish Baroque</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spanish_Baroque-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Central_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Central_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Central Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Central_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-German_Baroque" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#German_Baroque"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>German Baroque</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-German_Baroque-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-French_Baroque" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#French_Baroque"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>French Baroque</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-French_Baroque-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Portuguese_Baroque" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Portuguese_Baroque"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Portuguese Baroque</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Portuguese_Baroque-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russian_Baroque" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russian_Baroque"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Russian Baroque</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russian_Baroque-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Baroque_in_the_Spanish_and_Portuguese_Colonial_Americas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Baroque_in_the_Spanish_and_Portuguese_Colonial_Americas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Baroque in the Spanish and Portuguese Colonial Americas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Baroque_in_the_Spanish_and_Portuguese_Colonial_Americas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Baroque_in_the_Spanish_and_Portuguese_Colonial_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Baroque_in_the_Spanish_and_Portuguese_Colonial_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9</span> <span>Baroque in the Spanish and Portuguese Colonial Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Baroque_in_the_Spanish_and_Portuguese_Colonial_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Echoes_in_Wallachia_and_Moldavia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Echoes_in_Wallachia_and_Moldavia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.10</span> <span>Echoes in Wallachia and Moldavia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Echoes_in_Wallachia_and_Moldavia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Painting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Painting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Painting</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Painting-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Painting subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Painting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hispanic_Americas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hispanic_Americas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Hispanic Americas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hispanic_Americas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sculpture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sculpture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Sculpture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sculpture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Furniture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Furniture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Furniture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Furniture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Music</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Music-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Music subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Composers_and_examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Composers_and_examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Composers and examples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Composers_and_examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Dance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literary_theory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literary_theory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Literary theory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literary_theory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theatre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theatre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Theatre</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Theatre-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Theatre subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Theatre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Spanish_colonial_Americas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spanish_colonial_Americas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Spanish colonial Americas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spanish_colonial_Americas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gardens" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gardens"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Gardens</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gardens-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Urban_planning_and_design" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Urban_planning_and_design"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Urban planning and design</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Urban_planning_and_design-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Posterity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Posterity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Posterity</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Posterity-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Posterity subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Posterity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Transition_to_rococo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transition_to_rococo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Transition to rococo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transition_to_rococo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Condemnation_and_academic_rediscovery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Condemnation_and_academic_rediscovery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.2</span> <span>Condemnation and academic rediscovery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Condemnation_and_academic_rediscovery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Revivals_and_influence_through_eclecticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Revivals_and_influence_through_eclecticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.3</span> <span>Revivals and influence through eclecticism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Revivals_and_influence_through_eclecticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Postmodern_appreciation_and_reinterpretations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Postmodern_appreciation_and_reinterpretations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.4</span> <span>Postmodern appreciation and reinterpretations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Postmodern_appreciation_and_reinterpretations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Baroque</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 114 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-114" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">114 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barok" title="Barok – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Barok" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barock" title="Barock – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Barock" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="باروكية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="باروكية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barroco" title="Barroco – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Barroco" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrocu" title="Barrocu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Barrocu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varr%C3%B3ko" title="Varróko – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Varróko" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barokko" title="Barokko – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Barokko" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%95" title="বারোক – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বারোক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Baroque" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Барокко – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Барокко" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Барока – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Барока" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Барока – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Барока" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA" title="Барок – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Барок" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barock" title="Barock – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Barock" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barok" title="Barok – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Barok" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barroc" title="Barroc – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Barroc" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Барокко – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Барокко" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroko" title="Baroko – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Baroko" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar%C3%B3c" title="Baróc – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Baróc" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barokken" title="Barokken – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Barokken" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barock" title="Barock – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Barock" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barok" title="Barok – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Barok" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barokk" title="Barokk – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Barokk" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CF%80%CE%B1%CF%81%CF%8C%CE%BA" title="Μπαρόκ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μπαρόκ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barroco" title="Barroco – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Barroco" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroko" title="Baroko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Baroko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrocu" title="Barrocu – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Barrocu" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrokoa" title="Barrokoa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Barrokoa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%A9" title="باروک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="باروک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barokkur" title="Barokkur – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Barokkur" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Baroque" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barok_(stylperioade)" title="Barok (stylperioade) – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Barok (stylperioade)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar%C3%B3cach_(eala%C3%ADn)" title="Barócach (ealaín) – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Barócach (ealaín)" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barroco" title="Barroco – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Barroco" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E6%B4%9B%E5%85%8B%E5%BC%8F" title="巴洛克式 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="巴洛克式" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%94%EB%A1%9C%ED%81%AC" title="바로크 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="바로크" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Baroque" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%AF%D5%AF%D5%B8" title="Բարոկկո – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բարոկկո" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%95" title="बरॉक – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बरॉक" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barok" title="Barok – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Barok" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barok" title="Barok – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Barok" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroko" title="Baroko – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Baroko" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barok" title="Barok – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Barok" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroco" title="Baroco – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Baroco" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barokk" title="Barokk – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Barokk" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barocco" title="Barocco – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Barocco" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A7" title="בארוק – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בארוק" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barok" title="Barok – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Barok" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8A%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E2%80%8C" title="ಬರೊಕ್‌ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಬರೊಕ್‌" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D" title="ბაროკო – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბაროკო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Барокко – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Барокко" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroko" title="Baroko – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Baroko" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baw%C3%B2k" title="Bawòk – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Bawòk" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barok" title="Barok – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Barok" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barok" title="Barok – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Barok" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Барокко – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Барокко" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barocus" title="Barocus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Barocus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroks" title="Baroks – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Baroks" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barock" title="Barock – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Barock" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barokas" title="Barokas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Barokas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barok" title="Barok – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Barok" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bal%C3%B3k%C3%AD" title="Balókí – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Balókí" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barokk" title="Barokk – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Barokk" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA" title="Барок – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Барок" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barokk" title="Barokk – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Barokk" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D" title="ბაროკო – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ბაროკო" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%83" title="باروك – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="باروك" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Baroque" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Барокко – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Барокко" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barok_(stijlperiode)" title="Barok (stijlperiode) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Barok (stijlperiode)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barok" title="Barok – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Barok" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%90%E3%83%AD%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF" title="バロック – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="バロック" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barocco" title="Barocco – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Barocco" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barok" title="Barok – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Barok" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barokken" title="Barokken – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Barokken" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barokken" title="Barokken – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Barokken" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barr%C3%B2c" title="Barròc – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Barròc" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barokko" title="Barokko – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Barokko" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%95" title="ਬਾਰੋਕ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਬਾਰੋਕ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%A9" title="باروک – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="باروک" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%A9" title="باروک – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="باروک" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baruok" title="Baruok – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Baruok" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar%C3%B2ch" title="Baròch – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Baròch" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barock" title="Barock – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Barock" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barok" title="Barok – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Barok" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barroco" title="Barroco – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Barroco" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroc" title="Baroc – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Baroc" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Бароко – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Бароко" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Барокко – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Барокко" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Барокко – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Барокко" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barock" title="Barock – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Barock" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroku" title="Baroku – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Baroku" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroccu" title="Baroccu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Baroccu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Baroque" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barok" title="Barok – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Barok" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barok" title="Barok – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Barok" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA" title="Барок – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Барок" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barok" title="Barok – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Barok" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barokki" title="Barokki – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Barokki" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barocken" title="Barocken – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Barocken" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estilong_Baroko" title="Estilong Baroko – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Estilong Baroko" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D" title="பரோக் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பரோக்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Барокко – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Барокко" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81" title="บารอก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="บารอก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Барокко – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Барокко" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barok" title="Barok – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Barok" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Бароко – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Бароко" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%A9" title="باروک – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="باروک" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Baroque" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barok" title="Barok – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Barok" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroko" title="Baroko – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Baroko" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E6%B4%9B%E5%85%8B%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF" title="巴洛克艺术 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="巴洛克艺术" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E6%B4%9B%E5%85%8B" title="巴洛克 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="巴洛克" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E6%B4%9B%E5%85%8B%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF" title="巴洛克艺术 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Artistic style in Europe and colonies, c. 1600–1750</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Baroque_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Baroque (disambiguation)">Baroque (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output 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.mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">Baroque</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div style="background-color:#F9F9F9;border-collapse:collapse;border:1px solid #AAAAAA;width:250px;display:table;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:1px 0 0 1px"><div style="display:table;background-color:#F9F9F9;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:WLA_metmuseum_Venus_and_Adonis_by_Peter_Paul_Rubens.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/WLA_metmuseum_Venus_and_Adonis_by_Peter_Paul_Rubens.jpg/250px-WLA_metmuseum_Venus_and_Adonis_by_Peter_Paul_Rubens.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/WLA_metmuseum_Venus_and_Adonis_by_Peter_Paul_Rubens.jpg/375px-WLA_metmuseum_Venus_and_Adonis_by_Peter_Paul_Rubens.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/WLA_metmuseum_Venus_and_Adonis_by_Peter_Paul_Rubens.jpg/500px-WLA_metmuseum_Venus_and_Adonis_by_Peter_Paul_Rubens.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1047" /></a></span></div></div></div><div style="display:table;background-color:#F9F9F9;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ecstasy_of_Saint_Teresa_September_2015-2a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Ecstasy_of_Saint_Teresa_September_2015-2a.jpg/250px-Ecstasy_of_Saint_Teresa_September_2015-2a.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="396" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Ecstasy_of_Saint_Teresa_September_2015-2a.jpg/375px-Ecstasy_of_Saint_Teresa_September_2015-2a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Ecstasy_of_Saint_Teresa_September_2015-2a.jpg/500px-Ecstasy_of_Saint_Teresa_September_2015-2a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4242" data-file-height="6722" /></a></span></div></div></div><div style="display:table;background-color:#F9F9F9;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cour_de_Marbre_du_Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Versailles_October_5,_2011.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Cour_de_Marbre_du_Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Versailles_October_5%2C_2011.jpg/250px-Cour_de_Marbre_du_Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Versailles_October_5%2C_2011.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Cour_de_Marbre_du_Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Versailles_October_5%2C_2011.jpg/375px-Cour_de_Marbre_du_Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Versailles_October_5%2C_2011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Cour_de_Marbre_du_Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Versailles_October_5%2C_2011.jpg/500px-Cour_de_Marbre_du_Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Versailles_October_5%2C_2011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a></span></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="infobox-caption">Top: <i>Venus and Adonis</i> by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Paul_Rubens" title="Peter Paul Rubens">Peter Paul Rubens</a> (1635–1640); centre: <i><a href="/wiki/Ecstasy_of_Saint_Teresa" title="Ecstasy of Saint Teresa">Ecstasy of Saint Teresa</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Bernini" class="mw-redirect" title="Bernini">Bernini</a> (1651); bottom: the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Versailles" title="Palace of Versailles">Palace of Versailles</a> in France (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1660–1715)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years active</th><td class="infobox-data">17th–18th centuries</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Baroque</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">UK</a>: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">bə-<span style="font-size:90%">ROK</span></i></a>, <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a>: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/-<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">-⁠<span style="font-size:90%">ROHK</span></i></a>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">French:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[baʁɔk]</a></span>) is a Western <a href="/wiki/Style_(visual_arts)" title="Style (visual arts)">style</a> of <a href="/wiki/Baroque_architecture" title="Baroque architecture">architecture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baroque_music" title="Baroque music">music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baroque_dance" title="Baroque dance">dance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baroque_painting" title="Baroque painting">painting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baroque_sculpture" title="Baroque sculpture">sculpture</a>, poetry, and other arts that flourished from the early 17th century until the 1750s.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It followed <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_art" title="Renaissance art">Renaissance art</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mannerism" title="Mannerism">Mannerism</a> and preceded the <a href="/wiki/Rococo" title="Rococo">Rococo</a> (in the past often referred to as "late Baroque") and <a href="/wiki/Neoclassicism" title="Neoclassicism">Neoclassical</a> styles. It was encouraged by the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> as a means to counter the simplicity and austerity of <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> architecture, art, and music, though <a href="/wiki/Lutheran_art#Baroque_period" title="Lutheran art">Lutheran Baroque art</a> developed in parts of Europe as well.<sup id="cite_ref-Heal2011_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heal2011-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Baroque style used contrast, movement, exuberant detail, deep color, grandeur, and surprise to achieve a sense of awe. The style began at the start of the 17th century in Rome, then spread rapidly to the rest of Italy, France, Spain, and Portugal, then to Austria, southern Germany, and Poland. By the 1730s, it had evolved into an even more flamboyant style, called <i><a href="/wiki/Rocaille" title="Rocaille">rocaille</a></i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Rococo" title="Rococo">Rococo</a></i>, which appeared in France and Central Europe until the mid to late 18th century. In the territories of the Spanish and Portuguese Empires including the Iberian Peninsula it continued, together with new styles, until the first decade of the 19th century. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Decorative_arts" title="Decorative arts">decorative arts</a>, the style employs plentiful and intricate ornamentation. The departure from Renaissance classicism has its own ways in each country. But a general feature is that everywhere the starting point is the ornamental elements introduced by the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>. The classical repertoire is crowded, dense, overlapping, loaded, in order to provoke shock effects. New motifs introduced by Baroque are: the <a href="/wiki/Cartouche_(design)" title="Cartouche (design)">cartouche</a>, trophies and weapons, baskets of fruit or flowers, and others, made in <a href="/wiki/Marquetry" title="Marquetry">marquetry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stucco" title="Stucco">stucco</a>, or carved.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origin_of_the_word">Origin of the word</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baroque&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origin of the word"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pendant_in_the_form_of_a_siren_MET_DT7173.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Pendant_in_the_form_of_a_siren_MET_DT7173.jpg/220px-Pendant_in_the_form_of_a_siren_MET_DT7173.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Pendant_in_the_form_of_a_siren_MET_DT7173.jpg/330px-Pendant_in_the_form_of_a_siren_MET_DT7173.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Pendant_in_the_form_of_a_siren_MET_DT7173.jpg/440px-Pendant_in_the_form_of_a_siren_MET_DT7173.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3357" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Pendant in the form of a <a href="/wiki/Siren_(mythology)" title="Siren (mythology)">siren</a>, made of a <a href="/wiki/Baroque_pearl" title="Baroque pearl">baroque pearl</a> (the torso) with enameled gold mounts set with rubies, probably <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1860</span>, in the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a> (New York City, New York).</figcaption></figure> <p>The English word <i>baroque</i> comes directly from the <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>. Some scholars state that the French word originated from the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a> term <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">barroco</i></span> 'a flawed pearl', pointing to the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">verruca</i></span> 'wart',<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or to a word with the <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance</a> suffix <span title="Romance languages collective text"><i lang="roa">-ǒccu</i></span> (common in <a href="/wiki/Pre-Roman_Iberia" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Roman Iberia">pre-Roman Iberia</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other sources suggest a <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Latin" title="Medieval Latin">Medieval Latin</a> term used in logic, <span title="Medieval Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Baroco" title="Baroco">baroco</a></i></span>, as the most likely source.<sup id="cite_ref-Baroque_Poetics_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baroque_Poetics-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 16th century the Medieval Latin word <span title="Medieval Latin-language text"><i lang="la">baroco</i></span> moved beyond <a href="/wiki/Scholastic_logic" class="mw-redirect" title="Scholastic logic">scholastic logic</a> and came into use to characterise anything that seemed absurdly complex. The French philosopher <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Michel_de_Montaigne" title="Michel de Montaigne">Michel de Montaigne</a></span></span> (1533–1592) helped to give the term <span title="Middle French (ca. 1400-1600)-language text"><i lang="frm">baroco</i></span> (spelled <span title="Middle French (ca. 1400-1600)-language text"><i lang="frm">Barroco</i></span> by him) the meaning 'bizarre, uselessly complicated'.<sup id="cite_ref-BAROQUE_:_Etymologie_de_BAROQUE_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BAROQUE_:_Etymologie_de_BAROQUE-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other early sources associate <span title="Middle French (ca. 1400-1600)-language text"><i lang="frm">baroco</i></span> with magic, complexity, confusion, and excess.<sup id="cite_ref-Baroque_Poetics_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baroque_Poetics-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The word <i>baroque</i> was also associated with irregular pearls before the 18th century. The French <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">baroque</i></span> and Portuguese <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">barroco</i></span> were terms often associated with jewelry. An example from 1531 uses the term to describe pearls in an inventory of <a href="/wiki/Charles_V_of_France" title="Charles V of France">Charles V of France</a>'s treasures.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, the word appears in a 1694 edition of <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Le_Dictionnaire_de_l%27Acad%C3%A9mie_Fran%C3%A7aise" class="mw-redirect" title="Le Dictionnaire de l'Académie Française">Le Dictionnaire de l'Académie Française</a></i></span>, which describes <i>baroque</i> as "only used for pearls that are imperfectly round."<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 1728 Portuguese dictionary similarly describes <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">barroco</i></span> as relating to a "coarse and uneven pearl".<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An alternative derivation of the word <i>baroque</i> points to the name of the Italian painter <a href="/wiki/Federico_Barocci" title="Federico Barocci">Federico Barocci</a> (1528–1612).<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 18th century the term began to be used to describe music, and not in a flattering way. In an anonymous satirical review of the première of <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jean-Philippe_Rameau" title="Jean-Philippe Rameau">Jean-Philippe Rameau</a></span></span>'s <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_et_Aricie" title="Hippolyte et Aricie">Hippolyte et Aricie</a></i></span> in October 1733, which was printed in the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Mercure_de_France" title="Mercure de France">Mercure de France</a></i></span> in May 1734, the critic wrote that the novelty in this opera was "<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">du barocque</i></span>", complaining that the music lacked coherent melody, was unsparing with dissonances, constantly changed key and meter, and speedily ran through every compositional device.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1762 <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Le Dictionnaire de l'Académie Française</i></span> recorded that the term could figuratively describe something "irregular, bizarre or unequal".<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Jean-Jacques Rousseau</a>, who was a musician and composer as well as a philosopher, wrote in the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A9die" title="Encyclopédie">Encyclopédie</a></i></span> in 1768: "Baroque music is that in which the harmony is confused, and loaded with modulations and dissonances. The singing is harsh and unnatural, the intonation difficult, and the movement limited. It appears that term comes from the word 'baroco' used by logicians."<sup id="cite_ref-BAROQUE_:_Etymologie_de_BAROQUE_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BAROQUE_:_Etymologie_de_BAROQUE-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopedie_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedie-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1788 <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Quatrem%C3%A8re_de_Quincy" title="Quatremère de Quincy">Quatremère de Quincy</a></span></span> defined the term in the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A9die_M%C3%A9thodique" title="Encyclopédie Méthodique">Encyclopédie Méthodique</a></i></span> as "an architectural style that is highly adorned and tormented".<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The French terms <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">style baroque</i></span> and <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">musique baroque</i></span> appeared in <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Le Dictionnaire de l'Académie Française</i></span> in 1835.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the mid-19th century, art critics and historians had adopted the term <i>baroque</i> as a way to ridicule post-Renaissance art. This was the sense of the word as used in 1855 by the leading art historian <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Burckhardt" title="Jacob Burckhardt">Jacob Burckhardt</a>, who wrote that baroque artists "despised and abused detail" because they lacked "respect for tradition".<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1888 the art historian <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_W%C3%B6lfflin" title="Heinrich Wölfflin">Heinrich Wölfflin</a> published the first serious academic work on the style, <i>Renaissance und Barock</i>, which described the differences between the painting, sculpture, and architecture of the Renaissance and the Baroque.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Architecture:_origins_and_characteristics">Architecture: origins and characteristics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baroque&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Architecture: origins and characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Baroque_architecture" title="Baroque architecture">Baroque architecture</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:G.B.Gaulli-Triumph_of_the_Name_of_Jesus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/G.B.Gaulli-Triumph_of_the_Name_of_Jesus.jpg/170px-G.B.Gaulli-Triumph_of_the_Name_of_Jesus.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="306" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/G.B.Gaulli-Triumph_of_the_Name_of_Jesus.jpg/255px-G.B.Gaulli-Triumph_of_the_Name_of_Jesus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/G.B.Gaulli-Triumph_of_the_Name_of_Jesus.jpg/340px-G.B.Gaulli-Triumph_of_the_Name_of_Jesus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3160" data-file-height="5695" /></a><figcaption><i>Quadratura</i> or <a href="/wiki/Trompe-l%27%C5%93il" title="Trompe-l'œil">trompe-l'œil</a> ceiling of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Ges%C3%B9" title="Church of the Gesù">Church of the Gesù</a>, Rome, by <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Gaulli" title="Giovanni Battista Gaulli">Giovanni Battista Gaulli</a>, 1673–1678<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The Baroque style of architecture was a result of doctrines adopted by the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Council of Trent</a> in 1545–1563, in response to the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a>. The first phase of the <a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a> had imposed a severe, academic style on religious architecture, which had appealed to intellectuals but not the mass of churchgoers. The Council of Trent decided instead to appeal to a more popular audience, and declared that the arts should communicate religious themes with direct and emotional involvement.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, Lutheran Baroque art developed as a confessional marker of identity, in response to the <a href="/wiki/Iconoclastic_Fury" class="mw-redirect" title="Iconoclastic Fury">Great Iconoclasm</a> of <a href="/wiki/Calvinist" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinist">Calvinists</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Baroque churches were designed with a large central space, where the worshippers could be close to the altar, with a dome or cupola high overhead, allowing light to illuminate the church below. The dome was one of the central symbolic features of Baroque architecture illustrating the union between the heavens and the earth. The inside of the cupola was lavishly decorated with paintings of angels and saints, and with stucco statuettes of angels, giving the impression to those below of looking up at heaven.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another feature of Baroque churches are the <i><a href="/wiki/Quadratura" class="mw-redirect" title="Quadratura">quadratura</a></i>; <a href="/wiki/Trompe-l%27%C5%93il" title="Trompe-l'œil">trompe-l'œil</a> paintings on the ceiling in stucco frames, either real or painted, crowded with paintings of saints and angels and connected by architectural details with the balustrades and consoles. <i>Quadratura</i> paintings of <a href="/wiki/Atlas_(architecture)" title="Atlas (architecture)">Atlantes</a> below the cornices appear to be supporting the ceiling of the church. Unlike the painted ceilings of <a href="/wiki/Michelangelo" title="Michelangelo">Michelangelo</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Sistine_Chapel" title="Sistine Chapel">Sistine Chapel</a>, which combined different scenes, each with its own perspective, to be looked at one at a time, the Baroque ceiling paintings were carefully created so the viewer on the floor of the church would see the entire ceiling in correct perspective, as if the figures were real. </p><p>The interiors of Baroque churches became more and more ornate in the High Baroque, and focused around the altar, usually placed under the dome. The most celebrated baroque decorative works of the High Baroque are the <a href="/wiki/Chair_of_Saint_Peter" title="Chair of Saint Peter">Chair of Saint Peter</a> (1647–1653) and <a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Baldachin" title="St. Peter's Baldachin">St. Peter's Baldachin</a> (1623–1634), both by <a href="/wiki/Gian_Lorenzo_Bernini" title="Gian Lorenzo Bernini">Gian Lorenzo Bernini</a>, in <a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="St. Peter's Basilica">St. Peter's Basilica</a> in Rome. The Baldequin of St. Peter is an example of the balance of opposites in Baroque art; the gigantic proportions of the piece, with the apparent lightness of the canopy; and the contrast between the solid twisted columns, bronze, gold and marble of the piece with the flowing draperies of the angels on the canopy.<sup id="cite_ref-Ducher_pages_106-107_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ducher_pages_106-107-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Dresden_Frauenkirche" class="mw-redirect" title="Dresden Frauenkirche">Dresden Frauenkirche</a> serves as a prominent example of Lutheran Baroque art, which was completed in 1743 after being commissioned by the Lutheran city council of Dresden and was "compared by eighteenth-century observers to St Peter's in Rome".<sup id="cite_ref-Heal2011_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heal2011-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The twisted column in the interior of churches is one of the signature features of the Baroque. It gives both a sense of motion and also a dramatic new way of reflecting light. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Cartouche_(design)" title="Cartouche (design)">cartouche</a> was another characteristic feature of Baroque decoration. These were large plaques carved of marble or stone, usually oval and with a rounded surface, which carried images or text in gilded letters, and were placed as interior decoration or above the doorways of buildings, delivering messages to those below. They showed a wide variety of invention, and were found in all types of buildings, from cathedrals and palaces to small chapels.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Baroque architects sometimes used <a href="/wiki/Forced_perspective" title="Forced perspective">forced perspective</a> to create illusions. For the <a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Spada" title="Palazzo Spada">Palazzo Spada</a> in Rome, <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Borromini" title="Francesco Borromini">Francesco Borromini</a> used columns of diminishing size, a narrowing floor and a miniature statue in the garden beyond to create the illusion that a passageway was thirty meters long, when it was actually only seven meters long. A statue at the end of the passage appears to be life-size, though it is only sixty centimeters high. Borromini designed the illusion with the assistance of a mathematician. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italian_Baroque">Italian Baroque</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baroque&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Italian Baroque"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Italian_Baroque_architecture" title="Italian Baroque architecture">Italian Baroque architecture</a></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 266.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 264.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Basilique_Saint_Pierre_-_Vatican_(VA)_-_2021-08-25_-_4.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="St. Peter's Basilica, Rome, by Donato Bramante, Michelangelo, Carlo Maderno and others, completed in 1615[27]"><img alt="St. Peter's Basilica, Rome, by Donato Bramante, Michelangelo, Carlo Maderno and others, completed in 1615[27]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Basilique_Saint_Pierre_-_Vatican_%28VA%29_-_2021-08-25_-_4.jpg/397px-Basilique_Saint_Pierre_-_Vatican_%28VA%29_-_2021-08-25_-_4.jpg" decoding="async" width="265" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Basilique_Saint_Pierre_-_Vatican_%28VA%29_-_2021-08-25_-_4.jpg/597px-Basilique_Saint_Pierre_-_Vatican_%28VA%29_-_2021-08-25_-_4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Basilique_Saint_Pierre_-_Vatican_%28VA%29_-_2021-08-25_-_4.jpg/794px-Basilique_Saint_Pierre_-_Vatican_%28VA%29_-_2021-08-25_-_4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4435" data-file-height="2848" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="St. Peter's Basilica">St. Peter's Basilica</a>, Rome, by <a href="/wiki/Donato_Bramante" title="Donato Bramante">Donato Bramante</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michelangelo" title="Michelangelo">Michelangelo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Maderno" title="Carlo Maderno">Carlo Maderno</a> and others, completed in 1615<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBailey2012211_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBailey2012211-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 115.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 113.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Santa_Maria_della_Salute_from_Hotel_Monaco.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Santa Maria della Salute, Venice, by Baldassare Longhena, 1631–1687[28]"><img alt="Santa Maria della Salute, Venice, by Baldassare Longhena, 1631–1687[28]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Santa_Maria_della_Salute_from_Hotel_Monaco.jpg/170px-Santa_Maria_della_Salute_from_Hotel_Monaco.jpg" decoding="async" width="114" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Santa_Maria_della_Salute_from_Hotel_Monaco.jpg/255px-Santa_Maria_della_Salute_from_Hotel_Monaco.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Santa_Maria_della_Salute_from_Hotel_Monaco.jpg/340px-Santa_Maria_della_Salute_from_Hotel_Monaco.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3973" data-file-height="5965" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_della_Salute" title="Santa Maria della Salute">Santa Maria della Salute</a>, Venice, by <a href="/wiki/Baldassare_Longhena" title="Baldassare Longhena">Baldassare Longhena</a>, 1631–1687<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHodge201929_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHodge201929-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 120px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 118px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:San_Carlo_alle_Quattro_Fontane_-_Front.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane, Rome, by Francesco Borromini, 1638–1677"><img alt="San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane, Rome, by Francesco Borromini, 1638–1677" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/San_Carlo_alle_Quattro_Fontane_-_Front.jpg/177px-San_Carlo_alle_Quattro_Fontane_-_Front.jpg" decoding="async" width="118" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/San_Carlo_alle_Quattro_Fontane_-_Front.jpg/266px-San_Carlo_alle_Quattro_Fontane_-_Front.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/San_Carlo_alle_Quattro_Fontane_-_Front.jpg/354px-San_Carlo_alle_Quattro_Fontane_-_Front.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3638" data-file-height="5233" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/San_Carlo_alle_Quattro_Fontane" title="San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane">San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane</a>, Rome, by <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Borromini" title="Francesco Borromini">Francesco Borromini</a>, 1638–1677</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 84.666666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 82.666666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Obelisco_Fontana_dei_Fiumi_Piazza_Navona_Roma.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fontana dei Quattro Fiumi, Rome, by Gian Lorenzo Bernini, 1648–1651[29]"><img alt="Fontana dei Quattro Fiumi, Rome, by Gian Lorenzo Bernini, 1648–1651[29]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Obelisco_Fontana_dei_Fiumi_Piazza_Navona_Roma.jpg/124px-Obelisco_Fontana_dei_Fiumi_Piazza_Navona_Roma.jpg" decoding="async" width="83" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Obelisco_Fontana_dei_Fiumi_Piazza_Navona_Roma.jpg/186px-Obelisco_Fontana_dei_Fiumi_Piazza_Navona_Roma.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Obelisco_Fontana_dei_Fiumi_Piazza_Navona_Roma.jpg/247px-Obelisco_Fontana_dei_Fiumi_Piazza_Navona_Roma.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6763" data-file-height="13926" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Fontana_dei_Quattro_Fiumi" title="Fontana dei Quattro Fiumi">Fontana dei Quattro Fiumi</a>, Rome, by <a href="/wiki/Gian_Lorenzo_Bernini" title="Gian Lorenzo Bernini">Gian Lorenzo Bernini</a>, 1648–1651<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBailey2012213_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBailey2012213-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 304.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 302.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Peter%27s_Square,_Vatican_City_-_April_2007.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="St. Peter's Square, Rome, by Gian Lorenzo Bernini, 1656–1667[27]"><img alt="St. Peter's Square, Rome, by Gian Lorenzo Bernini, 1656–1667[27]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/St_Peter%27s_Square%2C_Vatican_City_-_April_2007.jpg/454px-St_Peter%27s_Square%2C_Vatican_City_-_April_2007.jpg" decoding="async" width="303" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/St_Peter%27s_Square%2C_Vatican_City_-_April_2007.jpg/682px-St_Peter%27s_Square%2C_Vatican_City_-_April_2007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/St_Peter%27s_Square%2C_Vatican_City_-_April_2007.jpg/908px-St_Peter%27s_Square%2C_Vatican_City_-_April_2007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4200" data-file-height="2359" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Square" title="St. Peter's Square">St. Peter's Square</a>, Rome, by Gian Lorenzo Bernini, 1656–1667<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBailey2012211_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBailey2012211-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 163.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 161.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%C3%89glise_Santa_Maria_Pace_-_Rome_(IT62)_-_2021-08-28_-_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Santa Maria della Pace, Rome, by Pietro da Cortona, 1656–1667[30]"><img alt="Santa Maria della Pace, Rome, by Pietro da Cortona, 1656–1667[30]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/%C3%89glise_Santa_Maria_Pace_-_Rome_%28IT62%29_-_2021-08-28_-_3.jpg/242px-%C3%89glise_Santa_Maria_Pace_-_Rome_%28IT62%29_-_2021-08-28_-_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="162" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/%C3%89glise_Santa_Maria_Pace_-_Rome_%28IT62%29_-_2021-08-28_-_3.jpg/363px-%C3%89glise_Santa_Maria_Pace_-_Rome_%28IT62%29_-_2021-08-28_-_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/%C3%89glise_Santa_Maria_Pace_-_Rome_%28IT62%29_-_2021-08-28_-_3.jpg/483px-%C3%89glise_Santa_Maria_Pace_-_Rome_%28IT62%29_-_2021-08-28_-_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4839" data-file-height="5108" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Santa Maria della Pace, Rome, by <a href="/wiki/Pietro_da_Cortona" title="Pietro da Cortona">Pietro da Cortona</a>, 1656–1667<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHopkins201473_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHopkins201473-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> </ul> <p>The first building in Rome to have a Baroque façade was the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Ges%C3%B9" title="Church of the Gesù">Church of the Gesù</a> in 1584; it was plain by later Baroque standards, but marked a break with the traditional Renaissance façades that preceded it. The interior of this church remained very austere until the high Baroque, when it was lavishly ornamented. </p><p>In Rome in 1605, <a href="/wiki/Paul_V" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul V">Paul V</a> became the first of series of <a href="/wiki/Popes" class="mw-redirect" title="Popes">popes</a> who commissioned basilicas and church buildings designed to inspire emotion and awe through a proliferation of forms, and a richness of colours and dramatic effects.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the most influential monuments of the Early Baroque were the façade of <a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="St. Peter's Basilica">St. Peter's Basilica</a> (1606–1619), and the new nave and loggia which connected the façade to Michelangelo's dome in the earlier church. The new design created a dramatic contrast between the soaring dome and the disproportionately wide façade, and the contrast on the façade itself between the <a href="/wiki/Doric_style" class="mw-redirect" title="Doric style">Doric</a> columns and the great mass of the portico.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the mid to late 17th century the style reached its peak, later termed the High Baroque. Many monumental works were commissioned by Popes <a href="/wiki/Urban_VIII" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban VIII">Urban VIII</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alexander_VII" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander VII">Alexander VII</a>. The sculptor and architect <a href="/wiki/Gian_Lorenzo_Bernini" title="Gian Lorenzo Bernini">Gian Lorenzo Bernini</a> designed a new quadruple colonnade around <a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Square" title="St. Peter's Square">St. Peter's Square</a> (1656 to 1667). The three galleries of columns in a giant ellipse balance the oversize dome and give the Church and square a unity and the feeling of a giant theatre.<sup id="cite_ref-Ducher_page_104_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ducher_page_104-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another major innovator of the Italian High Baroque was <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Borromini" title="Francesco Borromini">Francesco Borromini</a>, whose major work was the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_San_Carlo_alle_Quattro_Fontane" class="mw-redirect" title="Church of San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane">Church of San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane</a> or Saint Charles of the Four Fountains (1634–1646). The sense of movement is given not by the decoration, but by the walls themselves, which undulate and by concave and convex elements, including an oval tower and balcony inserted into a concave traverse. The interior was equally revolutionary; the main space of the church was oval, beneath an oval dome.<sup id="cite_ref-Ducher_page_104_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ducher_page_104-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Painted ceilings, crowded with angels and saints and trompe-l'œil architectural effects, were an important feature of the Italian High Baroque. Major works included <i>The Entry of Saint Ignatius into Paradise</i> by <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Pozzo" title="Andrea Pozzo">Andrea Pozzo</a> (1685–1695) in the <a href="/wiki/Sant%27Ignazio_Church,_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Sant'Ignazio Church, Rome">Sant'Ignazio Church, Rome</a>, and <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Triumph_of_the_Name_of_Jesus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Triumph of the Name of Jesus (page does not exist)">The Triumph of the Name of Jesus</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Gaulli" title="Giovanni Battista Gaulli">Giovanni Battista Gaulli</a> in the Church of the Gesù in Rome (1669–1683), which featured figures spilling out of the picture frame and dramatic oblique lighting and light-dark contrasts.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The style spread quickly from Rome to other regions of Italy: It appeared in Venice in the church of <a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_della_Salute" title="Santa Maria della Salute">Santa Maria della Salute</a> (1631–1687) by <a href="/wiki/Baldassare_Longhena" title="Baldassare Longhena">Baldassare Longhena</a>, a highly original octagonal form crowned with an enormous <a href="/wiki/Cupola" title="Cupola">cupola</a>. It appeared also in <a href="/wiki/Turin" title="Turin">Turin</a>, notably in the <a href="/wiki/Chapel_of_the_Holy_Shroud" title="Chapel of the Holy Shroud">Chapel of the Holy Shroud</a> (1668–1694) by <a href="/wiki/Guarino_Guarini" title="Guarino Guarini">Guarino Guarini</a>. The style also began to be used in palaces; Guarini designed the <a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Carignano" title="Palazzo Carignano">Palazzo Carignano</a> in Turin, while Longhena designed the <a href="/wiki/Ca%27_Rezzonico" title="Ca' Rezzonico">Ca' Rezzonico</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Canal_(Venice)" title="Grand Canal (Venice)">Grand Canal</a>, (1657), finished by <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Massari" title="Giorgio Massari">Giorgio Massari</a> with decorated with paintings by <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Tiepolo" title="Giovanni Battista Tiepolo">Giovanni Battista Tiepolo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A series of massive earthquakes in <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a> required the rebuilding of most of them and several were built in the exuberant late Baroque or <a href="/wiki/Rococo" title="Rococo">Rococo</a> style. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spanish_Baroque">Spanish Baroque</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baroque&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Spanish Baroque"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Baroque_architecture" title="Spanish Baroque architecture">Spanish Baroque architecture</a></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 200.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 198.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Palacio_San_Telmo_facade_Seville_Spain.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Palacio de San Telmo, Seville, Andalusia, by Leonardo de Figueroa, 1682–1754"><img alt="Palacio de San Telmo, Seville, Andalusia, by Leonardo de Figueroa, 1682–1754" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Palacio_San_Telmo_facade_Seville_Spain.jpg/298px-Palacio_San_Telmo_facade_Seville_Spain.jpg" decoding="async" width="199" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Palacio_San_Telmo_facade_Seville_Spain.jpg/448px-Palacio_San_Telmo_facade_Seville_Spain.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Palacio_San_Telmo_facade_Seville_Spain.jpg/596px-Palacio_San_Telmo_facade_Seville_Spain.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3038" data-file-height="2294" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Palacio_de_San_Telmo" title="Palacio de San Telmo">Palacio de San Telmo</a>, Seville, Andalusia, by <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_de_Figueroa" title="Leonardo de Figueroa">Leonardo de Figueroa</a>, 1682–1754</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 191.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 189.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Palacio_de_La_Merced_(52004775643).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Palacio de la Merced, Córdoba, Andalusia, 1245–1760"><img alt="Palacio de la Merced, Córdoba, Andalusia, 1245–1760" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Palacio_de_La_Merced_%2852004775643%29.jpg/284px-Palacio_de_La_Merced_%2852004775643%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Palacio_de_La_Merced_%2852004775643%29.jpg/427px-Palacio_de_La_Merced_%2852004775643%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Palacio_de_La_Merced_%2852004775643%29.jpg/568px-Palacio_de_La_Merced_%2852004775643%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4529" data-file-height="3589" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Palacio_de_la_Merced" title="Palacio de la Merced">Palacio de la Merced</a>, Córdoba, Andalusia, 1245–1760</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 227.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 225.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Palacio_Real_de_Madrid_-_13.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Royal Palace of Madrid, by Jean Bautista Sachetti, 1735–1764[36]"><img alt="Royal Palace of Madrid, by Jean Bautista Sachetti, 1735–1764[36]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Palacio_Real_de_Madrid_-_13.jpg/338px-Palacio_Real_de_Madrid_-_13.jpg" decoding="async" width="226" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Palacio_Real_de_Madrid_-_13.jpg/507px-Palacio_Real_de_Madrid_-_13.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Palacio_Real_de_Madrid_-_13.jpg/675px-Palacio_Real_de_Madrid_-_13.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="2133" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Royal_Palace_of_Madrid" title="Royal Palace of Madrid">Royal Palace of Madrid</a>, by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Bautista_Sachetti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean Bautista Sachetti (page does not exist)">Jean Bautista Sachetti</a>, 1735–1764<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 152px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Catedral_de_Santiago_de_Compostela_agosto_2018_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Façade of the Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela, Spain, by Fernando de Casas Novoa, 1738[37]"><img alt="Façade of the Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela, Spain, by Fernando de Casas Novoa, 1738[37]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Catedral_de_Santiago_de_Compostela_agosto_2018_%28cropped%29.jpg/225px-Catedral_de_Santiago_de_Compostela_agosto_2018_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Catedral_de_Santiago_de_Compostela_agosto_2018_%28cropped%29.jpg/338px-Catedral_de_Santiago_de_Compostela_agosto_2018_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Catedral_de_Santiago_de_Compostela_agosto_2018_%28cropped%29.jpg/450px-Catedral_de_Santiago_de_Compostela_agosto_2018_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="3024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Façade of the Cathedral of <a href="/wiki/Santiago_de_Compostela" title="Santiago de Compostela">Santiago de Compostela</a>, Spain, by <a href="/wiki/Fernando_de_Casas_Novoa" title="Fernando de Casas Novoa">Fernando de Casas Novoa</a>, 1738<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBailey201212_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBailey201212-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 198px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 196px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Barcelona_-_Palau_de_la_Virreina_-_fa%C3%A7ana.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Virreina Palace in Barcelona, Catalonia, built between 1772 and 1778 by Josep Ausich"><img alt="Virreina Palace in Barcelona, Catalonia, built between 1772 and 1778 by Josep Ausich" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Barcelona_-_Palau_de_la_Virreina_-_fa%C3%A7ana.jpg/294px-Barcelona_-_Palau_de_la_Virreina_-_fa%C3%A7ana.jpg" decoding="async" width="196" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Barcelona_-_Palau_de_la_Virreina_-_fa%C3%A7ana.jpg/442px-Barcelona_-_Palau_de_la_Virreina_-_fa%C3%A7ana.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Barcelona_-_Palau_de_la_Virreina_-_fa%C3%A7ana.jpg/588px-Barcelona_-_Palau_de_la_Virreina_-_fa%C3%A7ana.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6191" data-file-height="4738" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Virreina_Palace" title="Virreina Palace">Virreina Palace</a> in <a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a>, Catalonia, built between 1772 and 1778 by Josep Ausich</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 250.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 248.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bas%C3%ADlica_Merc%C3%A8_BCN.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Basilica of Our Lady of Mercy in Barcelona, Catalonia, built between 1765 and 1775 by José Mas Dordal"><img alt="Basilica of Our Lady of Mercy in Barcelona, Catalonia, built between 1765 and 1775 by José Mas Dordal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Bas%C3%ADlica_Merc%C3%A8_BCN.jpg/373px-Bas%C3%ADlica_Merc%C3%A8_BCN.jpg" decoding="async" width="249" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Bas%C3%ADlica_Merc%C3%A8_BCN.jpg/561px-Bas%C3%ADlica_Merc%C3%A8_BCN.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Bas%C3%ADlica_Merc%C3%A8_BCN.jpg/747px-Bas%C3%ADlica_Merc%C3%A8_BCN.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3582" data-file-height="2160" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Our_Lady_of_Mercy" title="Basilica of Our Lady of Mercy">Basilica of Our Lady of Mercy</a> in <a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a>, Catalonia, built between 1765 and 1775 by José Mas Dordal</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 110px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 108px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Salamanca_-_Clerecia_13.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="La Clerecía, Salamanca, Castile and León, built between 1617 and 1754."><img alt="La Clerecía, Salamanca, Castile and León, built between 1617 and 1754." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Salamanca_-_Clerecia_13.jpg/162px-Salamanca_-_Clerecia_13.jpg" decoding="async" width="108" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Salamanca_-_Clerecia_13.jpg/244px-Salamanca_-_Clerecia_13.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Salamanca_-_Clerecia_13.jpg/325px-Salamanca_-_Clerecia_13.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1113" data-file-height="1542" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/La_Clerec%C3%ADa,_Salamanca" title="La Clerecía, Salamanca">La Clerecía, Salamanca</a>, Castile and León, built between 1617 and 1754.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Iglesia-convento_de_Santa_Teresa_-_%C3%81vila_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Iglesia-convento de Santa Teresa, in Ávila, Castile and León, built in the early 17th century"><img alt="Iglesia-convento de Santa Teresa, in Ávila, Castile and León, built in the early 17th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Iglesia-convento_de_Santa_Teresa_-_%C3%81vila_001.jpg/300px-Iglesia-convento_de_Santa_Teresa_-_%C3%81vila_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Iglesia-convento_de_Santa_Teresa_-_%C3%81vila_001.jpg/451px-Iglesia-convento_de_Santa_Teresa_-_%C3%81vila_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Iglesia-convento_de_Santa_Teresa_-_%C3%81vila_001.jpg/600px-Iglesia-convento_de_Santa_Teresa_-_%C3%81vila_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3996" data-file-height="2997" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Iglesia-convento_de_Santa_Teresa" title="Iglesia-convento de Santa Teresa">Iglesia-convento de Santa Teresa</a>, in <a href="/wiki/%C3%81vila" title="Ávila">Ávila</a>, Castile and León, built in the early 17th century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 226px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 224px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ayuntamiento_de_Cuenca.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Casa consistorial de Cuenca, in Cuenca, Castile-La Mancha, built between 1760 and 1788 by Lorenzo de Santa María and Mateo López"><img alt="Casa consistorial de Cuenca, in Cuenca, Castile-La Mancha, built between 1760 and 1788 by Lorenzo de Santa María and Mateo López" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Ayuntamiento_de_Cuenca.JPG/336px-Ayuntamiento_de_Cuenca.JPG" decoding="async" width="224" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Ayuntamiento_de_Cuenca.JPG/505px-Ayuntamiento_de_Cuenca.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Ayuntamiento_de_Cuenca.JPG/672px-Ayuntamiento_de_Cuenca.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="804" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Casa consistorial de Cuenca, in <a href="/wiki/Cuenca,_Spain" title="Cuenca, Spain">Cuenca</a>, Castile-La Mancha, built between 1760 and 1788 by Lorenzo de Santa María and Mateo López </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 153.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Iglesia_de_los_Juanes,_Valencia,_Espa%C3%B1a,_2014-06-29,_DD_19.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Church of Santos Juanes, Valencia, built between 1240 and 1702"><img alt="Church of Santos Juanes, Valencia, built between 1240 and 1702" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Iglesia_de_los_Juanes%2C_Valencia%2C_Espa%C3%B1a%2C_2014-06-29%2C_DD_19.JPG/230px-Iglesia_de_los_Juanes%2C_Valencia%2C_Espa%C3%B1a%2C_2014-06-29%2C_DD_19.JPG" decoding="async" width="154" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Iglesia_de_los_Juanes%2C_Valencia%2C_Espa%C3%B1a%2C_2014-06-29%2C_DD_19.JPG/346px-Iglesia_de_los_Juanes%2C_Valencia%2C_Espa%C3%B1a%2C_2014-06-29%2C_DD_19.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Iglesia_de_los_Juanes%2C_Valencia%2C_Espa%C3%B1a%2C_2014-06-29%2C_DD_19.JPG/461px-Iglesia_de_los_Juanes%2C_Valencia%2C_Espa%C3%B1a%2C_2014-06-29%2C_DD_19.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3311" data-file-height="3234" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Santos_Juanes,_Valencia" title="Church of Santos Juanes, Valencia">Church of Santos Juanes, Valencia</a>, built between 1240 and 1702</div> </li> </ul> <p>The Catholic Church in Spain, and particularly the <a href="/wiki/Jesuits" title="Jesuits">Jesuits</a>, were the driving force of Spanish Baroque architecture. The first major work in this style was the San Isidro Chapel in <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a>, begun in 1643 by <a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_la_Torre" title="Pedro de la Torre">Pedro de la Torre</a>. It contrasted an extreme richness of ornament on the exterior with simplicity in the interior, divided into multiple spaces and using effects of light to create a sense of mystery.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Santiago_de_Compostela_Cathedral" title="Santiago de Compostela Cathedral">Santiago de Compostela Cathedral</a> was modernized with a series of Baroque additions beginning at the end of the 17th century, starting with a highly ornate bell tower (1680), then flanked by two even taller and more ornate towers, called the <i>Obradorio</i>, added between 1738 and 1750 by <a href="/wiki/Fernando_de_Casas_Novoa" title="Fernando de Casas Novoa">Fernando de Casas Novoa</a>. Another landmark of the Spanish Baroque is the chapel tower of the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_San_Telmo" class="mw-redirect" title="Palace of San Telmo">Palace of San Telmo</a> in <a href="/wiki/Seville" title="Seville">Seville</a> by <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_de_Figueroa" title="Leonardo de Figueroa">Leonardo de Figueroa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cabanne_pages_48-51_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cabanne_pages_48-51-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Granada" title="Granada">Granada</a> had only been conquered from the Moors in the 15th century, and had its own distinct variety of Baroque. The painter, sculptor and architect <a href="/wiki/Alonso_Cano" title="Alonso Cano">Alonso Cano</a> designed the Baroque interior of <a href="/wiki/Granada_Cathedral" title="Granada Cathedral">Granada Cathedral</a> between 1652 and his death in 1657. It features dramatic contrasts of the massive white columns and gold decor. </p><p>The most ornamental and lavishly decorated architecture of the Spanish Baroque is called <a href="/wiki/Churrigueresque" title="Churrigueresque">Churrigueresque</a> style, named after the brothers <a href="/wiki/Churriguera" title="Churriguera">Churriguera</a>, who worked primarily in <a href="/wiki/Salamanca" title="Salamanca">Salamanca</a> and Madrid. Their works include the buildings on Salamanca's main square, the <a href="/wiki/Plaza_Mayor,_Salamanca" title="Plaza Mayor, Salamanca">Plaza Mayor</a> (1729).<sup id="cite_ref-Cabanne_pages_48-51_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cabanne_pages_48-51-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This highly ornamental Baroque style was influential in many churches and cathedrals built by the Spanish in the Americas. </p><p>Other notable Spanish baroque architects of the late Baroque include <a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Ribera" title="Pedro de Ribera">Pedro de Ribera</a>, a pupil of Churriguera, who designed the <a href="/wiki/Real_Hospicio_de_San_Fernando" title="Real Hospicio de San Fernando">Real Hospicio de San Fernando</a> in Madrid, and <a href="/wiki/Narciso_Tom%C3%A9" title="Narciso Tomé">Narciso Tomé</a>, who designed the celebrated <a href="/wiki/El_Transparente" title="El Transparente">El Transparente</a> altarpiece at <a href="/wiki/Toledo_Cathedral" title="Toledo Cathedral">Toledo Cathedral</a> (1729–1732) which gives the illusion, in certain light, of floating upwards.<sup id="cite_ref-Cabanne_pages_48-51_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cabanne_pages_48-51-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The architects of the Spanish Baroque had an effect far beyond Spain; their work was highly influential in the churches built in the Spanish colonies in Latin America and the Philippines. The church built by the <a href="/wiki/Jesuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit">Jesuits</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Museo_Nacional_del_Virreinato" title="Museo Nacional del Virreinato">College of San Francisco Javier</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tepotzotl%C3%A1n" title="Tepotzotlán">Tepotzotlán</a>, with its ornate Baroque façade and tower, is a good example.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Central_Europe">Central Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baroque&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Central Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 234px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 232px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Iglesia_colegial_de_Poznan,_Poznan,_Polonia,_2014-09-18,_DD_19-21_HDR.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Poznań Fara, Poznań, Poland, by Bartłomiej Nataniel Wąsowski, Giovanni Catenazzi and Pompeo Ferrari, 1651–1732"><img alt="Poznań Fara, Poznań, Poland, by Bartłomiej Nataniel Wąsowski, Giovanni Catenazzi and Pompeo Ferrari, 1651–1732" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Iglesia_colegial_de_Poznan%2C_Poznan%2C_Polonia%2C_2014-09-18%2C_DD_19-21_HDR.jpg/348px-Iglesia_colegial_de_Poznan%2C_Poznan%2C_Polonia%2C_2014-09-18%2C_DD_19-21_HDR.jpg" decoding="async" width="232" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Iglesia_colegial_de_Poznan%2C_Poznan%2C_Polonia%2C_2014-09-18%2C_DD_19-21_HDR.jpg/523px-Iglesia_colegial_de_Poznan%2C_Poznan%2C_Polonia%2C_2014-09-18%2C_DD_19-21_HDR.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Iglesia_colegial_de_Poznan%2C_Poznan%2C_Polonia%2C_2014-09-18%2C_DD_19-21_HDR.jpg/696px-Iglesia_colegial_de_Poznan%2C_Poznan%2C_Polonia%2C_2014-09-18%2C_DD_19-21_HDR.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4814" data-file-height="3529" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84_Fara" title="Poznań Fara">Poznań Fara</a>, Poznań, Poland, by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bart%C5%82omiej_Nataniel_W%C4%85sowski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bartłomiej Nataniel Wąsowski (page does not exist)">Bartłomiej Nataniel Wąsowski</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Giovanni_Catenazzi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Giovanni Catenazzi (page does not exist)">Giovanni Catenazzi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pompeo_Ferrari" title="Pompeo Ferrari">Pompeo Ferrari</a>, 1651–1732</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 129.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 127.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:281012_Detail_of_the_Wilan%C3%B3w_Palace_-_19.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wilanów Palace, Warsaw, Poland, unknown architect, 1677–1679[41]"><img alt="Wilanów Palace, Warsaw, Poland, unknown architect, 1677–1679[41]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/281012_Detail_of_the_Wilan%C3%B3w_Palace_-_19.jpg/191px-281012_Detail_of_the_Wilan%C3%B3w_Palace_-_19.jpg" decoding="async" width="128" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/281012_Detail_of_the_Wilan%C3%B3w_Palace_-_19.jpg/287px-281012_Detail_of_the_Wilan%C3%B3w_Palace_-_19.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/281012_Detail_of_the_Wilan%C3%B3w_Palace_-_19.jpg/382px-281012_Detail_of_the_Wilan%C3%B3w_Palace_-_19.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3659" data-file-height="4879" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Wilan%C3%B3w_Palace" title="Wilanów Palace">Wilanów Palace</a>, Warsaw, Poland, unknown architect, 1677–1679<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 132.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 130.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wien_Graben_Pests%C3%A4ule_Ostseite.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Plague Column, Vienna, Austria, by Matthias Rauchmiller and Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach, 1682 and 1694[42]"><img alt="Plague Column, Vienna, Austria, by Matthias Rauchmiller and Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach, 1682 and 1694[42]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Wien_Graben_Pests%C3%A4ule_Ostseite.jpg/196px-Wien_Graben_Pests%C3%A4ule_Ostseite.jpg" decoding="async" width="131" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Wien_Graben_Pests%C3%A4ule_Ostseite.jpg/294px-Wien_Graben_Pests%C3%A4ule_Ostseite.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Wien_Graben_Pests%C3%A4ule_Ostseite.jpg/392px-Wien_Graben_Pests%C3%A4ule_Ostseite.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4554" data-file-height="5928" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Plague_Column,_Vienna" title="Plague Column, Vienna">Plague Column, Vienna</a>, Austria, by <a href="/wiki/Matthias_Rauchmiller" title="Matthias Rauchmiller">Matthias Rauchmiller</a> and <a href="/wiki/Johann_Bernhard_Fischer_von_Erlach" title="Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach">Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach</a>, 1682 and 1694<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBailey2012216_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBailey2012216-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 228.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 226.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:St._Nikolaus_auf_der_Kleinseite_Innenraum_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Church of Saint Nicholas, Prague, Czech Republic, by Christoph Dientzenhofer, 1703–1711[43]"><img alt="Church of Saint Nicholas, Prague, Czech Republic, by Christoph Dientzenhofer, 1703–1711[43]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/St._Nikolaus_auf_der_Kleinseite_Innenraum_1.jpg/340px-St._Nikolaus_auf_der_Kleinseite_Innenraum_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="227" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/St._Nikolaus_auf_der_Kleinseite_Innenraum_1.jpg/511px-St._Nikolaus_auf_der_Kleinseite_Innenraum_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/St._Nikolaus_auf_der_Kleinseite_Innenraum_1.jpg/680px-St._Nikolaus_auf_der_Kleinseite_Innenraum_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="12000" data-file-height="9000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/St._Nicholas_Church_(Mal%C3%A1_Strana)" title="St. Nicholas Church (Malá Strana)">Church of Saint Nicholas</a>, Prague, Czech Republic, by <a href="/wiki/Christoph_Dientzenhofer" title="Christoph Dientzenhofer">Christoph Dientzenhofer</a>, 1703–1711<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBailey2012188_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBailey2012188-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 233.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 231.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Karlskirche_Wien_September_2016.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Exterior of the Karlskirche, Vienna, by Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach, 1715–1737[44]"><img alt="Exterior of the Karlskirche, Vienna, by Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach, 1715–1737[44]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Karlskirche_Wien_September_2016.jpg/347px-Karlskirche_Wien_September_2016.jpg" decoding="async" width="232" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Karlskirche_Wien_September_2016.jpg/521px-Karlskirche_Wien_September_2016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Karlskirche_Wien_September_2016.jpg/694px-Karlskirche_Wien_September_2016.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2900" data-file-height="2133" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Exterior of the <a href="/wiki/Karlskirche" title="Karlskirche">Karlskirche</a>, Vienna, by Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach, 1715–1737<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones2014230_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones2014230-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 180.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 178.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Iglesia_de_San_Carlos_Borromeo,_Viena,_Austria,_2020-01-31,_DD_49-51_HDR.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Interior of the Karlskirche, by Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach, 1715–1737[44]"><img alt="Interior of the Karlskirche, by Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach, 1715–1737[44]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Iglesia_de_San_Carlos_Borromeo%2C_Viena%2C_Austria%2C_2020-01-31%2C_DD_49-51_HDR.jpg/268px-Iglesia_de_San_Carlos_Borromeo%2C_Viena%2C_Austria%2C_2020-01-31%2C_DD_49-51_HDR.jpg" decoding="async" width="179" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Iglesia_de_San_Carlos_Borromeo%2C_Viena%2C_Austria%2C_2020-01-31%2C_DD_49-51_HDR.jpg/403px-Iglesia_de_San_Carlos_Borromeo%2C_Viena%2C_Austria%2C_2020-01-31%2C_DD_49-51_HDR.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Iglesia_de_San_Carlos_Borromeo%2C_Viena%2C_Austria%2C_2020-01-31%2C_DD_49-51_HDR.jpg/537px-Iglesia_de_San_Carlos_Borromeo%2C_Viena%2C_Austria%2C_2020-01-31%2C_DD_49-51_HDR.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4953" data-file-height="4708" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Interior of the Karlskirche, by Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach, 1715–1737<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones2014230_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones2014230-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 434px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 432px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Palacio_Belvedere,_Viena,_Austria,_2020-02-01,_DD_87-89_HDR.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Upper Belvedere, Vienna, by Johann Lukas von Hildebrandt, 1717–1723[45]"><img alt="Upper Belvedere, Vienna, by Johann Lukas von Hildebrandt, 1717–1723[45]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Palacio_Belvedere%2C_Viena%2C_Austria%2C_2020-02-01%2C_DD_87-89_HDR.jpg/648px-Palacio_Belvedere%2C_Viena%2C_Austria%2C_2020-02-01%2C_DD_87-89_HDR.jpg" decoding="async" width="432" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Palacio_Belvedere%2C_Viena%2C_Austria%2C_2020-02-01%2C_DD_87-89_HDR.jpg/974px-Palacio_Belvedere%2C_Viena%2C_Austria%2C_2020-02-01%2C_DD_87-89_HDR.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Palacio_Belvedere%2C_Viena%2C_Austria%2C_2020-02-01%2C_DD_87-89_HDR.jpg/1296px-Palacio_Belvedere%2C_Viena%2C_Austria%2C_2020-02-01%2C_DD_87-89_HDR.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7285" data-file-height="2867" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Belvedere,_Vienna#Upper_Belvedere" title="Belvedere, Vienna">Upper Belvedere</a>, Vienna, by <a href="/wiki/Johann_Lukas_von_Hildebrandt" title="Johann Lukas von Hildebrandt">Johann Lukas von Hildebrandt</a>, 1717–1723<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHopkins201477_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHopkins201477-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 257.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 255.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pa%C5%82ac_w_Rogalinie_od_strony_ogrodu_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rogalin Palace, Rogalin, Poland, unknown architect, 1768–1774[46]"><img alt="Rogalin Palace, Rogalin, Poland, unknown architect, 1768–1774[46]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Pa%C5%82ac_w_Rogalinie_od_strony_ogrodu_02.jpg/383px-Pa%C5%82ac_w_Rogalinie_od_strony_ogrodu_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="256" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Pa%C5%82ac_w_Rogalinie_od_strony_ogrodu_02.jpg/575px-Pa%C5%82ac_w_Rogalinie_od_strony_ogrodu_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Pa%C5%82ac_w_Rogalinie_od_strony_ogrodu_02.jpg/765px-Pa%C5%82ac_w_Rogalinie_od_strony_ogrodu_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6189" data-file-height="4126" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Rogalin Palace, <a href="/wiki/Rogalin" title="Rogalin">Rogalin</a>, Poland, unknown architect, 1768–1774<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBailey2012231_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBailey2012231-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> </ul> <p>From 1680 to 1750, many highly ornate cathedrals, abbeys, and <a href="/wiki/Pilgrimage_church" title="Pilgrimage church">pilgrimage churches</a> were built in Central Europe, Austria, Bohemia and southwestern Poland. Some were in <a href="/wiki/Rococo" title="Rococo">Rococo</a> style, a distinct, more flamboyant and asymmetric style which emerged from the Baroque, then replaced it in Central Europe in the first half of the 18th century, until it was replaced in turn by classicism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDucher201492_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDucher201492-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The princes of the multitude of states in that region also chose Baroque or Rococo for their palaces and residences, and often used Italian-trained architects to construct them.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A notable example is the <a href="/wiki/St._Nicholas_Church_(Mal%C3%A1_Strana)" title="St. Nicholas Church (Malá Strana)">St. Nicholas Church (Malá Strana)</a> in Prague (1704–1755), built by <a href="/wiki/Christoph_Dientzenhofer" title="Christoph Dientzenhofer">Christoph Dientzenhofer</a> and his son <a href="/wiki/Kilian_Ignaz_Dientzenhofer" title="Kilian Ignaz Dientzenhofer">Kilian Ignaz Dientzenhofer</a>. Decoration covers all of walls of interior of the church. The altar is placed in the nave beneath the central dome, and surrounded by chapels, light comes down from the dome above and from the surrounding chapels. The altar is entirely surrounded by arches, columns, curved balustrades and pilasters of coloured stone, which are richly decorated with statuary, creating a deliberate confusion between the real architecture and the decoration. The architecture is transformed into a theatre of light, colour and movement.<sup id="cite_ref-Ducher_pages_106-107_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ducher_pages_106-107-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Poland, the Italian-inspired <a href="/wiki/Baroque_in_Poland" title="Baroque in Poland">Polish Baroque</a> lasted from the early 17th to the mid-18th century and emphasised richness of detail and colour. The first Baroque building in present-day Poland and probably one of the most recognizable is the <a href="/wiki/Saints_Peter_and_Paul_Church,_Krak%C3%B3w" title="Saints Peter and Paul Church, Kraków">Saints Peter and Paul Church, Kraków</a>, designed by <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Trevano" title="Giovanni Battista Trevano">Giovanni Battista Trevano</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sigismund%27s_Column" title="Sigismund's Column">Sigismund's Column</a> in <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a>, erected in 1644, was the world's first secular Baroque monument built in the form of a column.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The palatial residence style was exemplified by the <a href="/wiki/Wilan%C3%B3w_Palace" title="Wilanów Palace">Wilanów Palace</a>, constructed between 1677 and 1696.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most renowned Baroque architect active in Poland was <a href="/wiki/Dutch_people" title="Dutch people">Dutchman</a> <a href="/wiki/Tylman_van_Gameren" title="Tylman van Gameren">Tylman van Gameren</a> and his notable works include Warsaw's <a href="/wiki/St._Kazimierz_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Kazimierz Church">St. Kazimierz Church</a> and <a href="/wiki/Krasi%C5%84ski_Palace" title="Krasiński Palace">Krasiński Palace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Church_of_St._Anne,_Krak%C3%B3w" title="Church of St. Anne, Kraków">Church of St. Anne, Kraków</a> and <a href="/wiki/Branicki_Palace,_Bia%C5%82ystok" title="Branicki Palace, Białystok">Branicki Palace, Białystok</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the most celebrated work of Polish Baroque is the <a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84_Fara" title="Poznań Fara">Poznań Fara</a> Church, with details by <a href="/wiki/Pompeo_Ferrari" title="Pompeo Ferrari">Pompeo Ferrari</a>. After <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a> under the agreements of the <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Westphalia" title="Peace of Westphalia">Peace of Westphalia</a> two unique baroque <a href="/wiki/Wattle_and_daub" title="Wattle and daub">wattle and daub</a> structures was built: <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Peace_in_Jawor" title="Church of Peace in Jawor">Church of Peace in Jawor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Holy_Trinity_Church_of_Peace_in_%C5%9Awidnica" title="Holy Trinity Church of Peace in Świdnica">Holy Trinity Church of Peace in Świdnica</a> the largest wooden Baroque temple in Europe. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="German_Baroque">German Baroque</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baroque&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: German Baroque"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Germany#Baroque" title="Architecture of Germany">Architecture of Germany § Baroque</a></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 173.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 171.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dresden_Germany_Zwinger-01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Zwinger, Dresden, Germany, by Matthäus Daniel Pöppelmann and Balthasar Permoser, 1710–1728"><img alt="Zwinger, Dresden, Germany, by Matthäus Daniel Pöppelmann and Balthasar Permoser, 1710–1728" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Dresden_Germany_Zwinger-01.jpg/257px-Dresden_Germany_Zwinger-01.jpg" decoding="async" width="172" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Dresden_Germany_Zwinger-01.jpg/385px-Dresden_Germany_Zwinger-01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Dresden_Germany_Zwinger-01.jpg/513px-Dresden_Germany_Zwinger-01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5358" data-file-height="3135" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Zwinger_(Dresden)" title="Zwinger (Dresden)">Zwinger, Dresden</a>, Germany, by <a href="/wiki/Matth%C3%A4us_Daniel_P%C3%B6ppelmann" title="Matthäus Daniel Pöppelmann">Matthäus Daniel Pöppelmann</a> and <a href="/wiki/Balthasar_Permoser" title="Balthasar Permoser">Balthasar Permoser</a>, 1710–1728</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 419.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 417.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:W%C3%BCrzburger_Residenz,_Gartenfront.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Würzburg Residence, Würzburg, Germany, Balthasar Neumann, 1720–1744"><img alt="Würzburg Residence, Würzburg, Germany, Balthasar Neumann, 1720–1744" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/W%C3%BCrzburger_Residenz%2C_Gartenfront.jpg/626px-W%C3%BCrzburger_Residenz%2C_Gartenfront.jpg" decoding="async" width="418" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/W%C3%BCrzburger_Residenz%2C_Gartenfront.jpg/939px-W%C3%BCrzburger_Residenz%2C_Gartenfront.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/W%C3%BCrzburger_Residenz%2C_Gartenfront.jpg/1252px-W%C3%BCrzburger_Residenz%2C_Gartenfront.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5000" data-file-height="1199" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrzburg_Residence" title="Würzburg Residence">Würzburg Residence</a>, Würzburg, Germany, <a href="/wiki/Balthasar_Neumann" title="Balthasar Neumann">Balthasar Neumann</a>, 1720–1744</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 69.333333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 67.333333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:100130_150006_Dresden_Frauenkirche_winter_blue_sky-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Frauenkirche, Dresden, Germany, by George Bähr, 1726 and 1743"><img alt="Frauenkirche, Dresden, Germany, by George Bähr, 1726 and 1743" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/100130_150006_Dresden_Frauenkirche_winter_blue_sky-2.jpg/101px-100130_150006_Dresden_Frauenkirche_winter_blue_sky-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="68" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/100130_150006_Dresden_Frauenkirche_winter_blue_sky-2.jpg/152px-100130_150006_Dresden_Frauenkirche_winter_blue_sky-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/100130_150006_Dresden_Frauenkirche_winter_blue_sky-2.jpg/202px-100130_150006_Dresden_Frauenkirche_winter_blue_sky-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3075" data-file-height="4559" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Frauenkirche,_Dresden" title="Frauenkirche, Dresden">Frauenkirche, Dresden</a>, Germany, by <a href="/wiki/George_B%C3%A4hr" title="George Bähr">George Bähr</a>, 1726 and 1743</div> </li> </ul> <p>The many <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Estate" title="Imperial Estate">states</a> within the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> on the territory of today's Germany all looked to represent themselves with impressive Baroque buildings.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Notable architects included <a href="/wiki/Johann_Bernhard_Fischer_von_Erlach" title="Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach">Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lukas_von_Hildebrandt" class="mw-redirect" title="Lukas von Hildebrandt">Lukas von Hildebrandt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dominikus_Zimmermann" title="Dominikus Zimmermann">Dominikus Zimmermann</a> in <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Bavaria" title="Electorate of Bavaria">Bavaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Balthasar_Neumann" title="Balthasar Neumann">Balthasar Neumann</a> in <a href="/wiki/Br%C3%BChl_(Rhineland)" title="Brühl (Rhineland)">Bruhl</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Matth%C3%A4us_Daniel_P%C3%B6ppelmann" title="Matthäus Daniel Pöppelmann">Matthäus Daniel Pöppelmann</a> in Dresden. In <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frederick_II_of_Prussia" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick II of Prussia">Frederick II of Prussia</a> was inspired by the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Trianon" title="Grand Trianon">Grand Trianon</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Versailles" title="Palace of Versailles">Palace of Versailles</a>, and used it as the model for his summer residence, <a href="/wiki/Sanssouci" title="Sanssouci">Sanssouci</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Potsdam" title="Potsdam">Potsdam</a>, designed for him by <a href="/wiki/Georg_Wenzeslaus_von_Knobelsdorff" title="Georg Wenzeslaus von Knobelsdorff">Georg Wenzeslaus von Knobelsdorff</a> (1745–1747). Another work of Baroque palace architecture is the <a href="/wiki/Zwinger_(Dresden)" title="Zwinger (Dresden)">Zwinger (Dresden)</a>, the former orangerie of the palace of the electors of <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Saxony" title="Electorate of Saxony">Saxony</a> in the 18th century. </p><p>One of the best examples of a rococo church is the Basilika Vierzehnheiligen, or <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_the_Fourteen_Holy_Helpers" title="Basilica of the Fourteen Holy Helpers">Basilica of the Fourteen Holy Helpers</a>, a pilgrimage church located near the town of <a href="/wiki/Bad_Staffelstein" title="Bad Staffelstein">Bad Staffelstein</a> near Bamberg, in Bavaria, southern Germany. The Basilica was designed by Balthasar Neumann and was constructed between 1743 and 1772, its plan a series of interlocking circles around a central oval with the altar placed in the exact centre of the church. The interior of this church illustrates the summit of Rococo decoration.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another notable example of the style is the Pilgrimage Church of Wies (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Wieskirche" title="Wieskirche">Wieskirche</a></i>). It was designed by the brothers <a href="/wiki/Johann_Baptist_Zimmermann" title="Johann Baptist Zimmermann">J. B.</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dominikus_Zimmermann" title="Dominikus Zimmermann">Dominikus Zimmermann</a>. It is located in the foothills of the <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a>, in the municipality of <a href="/wiki/Steingaden" title="Steingaden">Steingaden</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Weilheim-Schongau" title="Weilheim-Schongau">Weilheim-Schongau</a> district, Bavaria, Germany. Construction took place between 1745 and 1754, and the interior was decorated with frescoes and with stuccowork in the tradition of the <a href="/wiki/Wessobrunner_School" title="Wessobrunner School">Wessobrunner School</a>. It is now a <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="French_Baroque">French Baroque</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baroque&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: French Baroque"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/French_Baroque_architecture" title="French Baroque architecture">French Baroque architecture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV_style" title="Louis XIV style">Louis XIV style</a></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 245.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 243.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Maisons-Laffitte_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Château de Maisons, France, by François Mansart, 1630–1651[54]"><img alt="Château de Maisons, France, by François Mansart, 1630–1651[54]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Maisons-Laffitte_001.jpg/365px-Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Maisons-Laffitte_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="244" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Maisons-Laffitte_001.jpg/548px-Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Maisons-Laffitte_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Maisons-Laffitte_001.jpg/730px-Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Maisons-Laffitte_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3970" data-file-height="2775" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Maisons" title="Château de Maisons">Château de Maisons</a>, France, by <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mansart" title="François Mansart">François Mansart</a>, 1630–1651<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHopkins201485_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHopkins201485-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 129.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 127.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Galerie_d%27Apollon_du_Louvre_d%C3%A9serte_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Galerie d'Apollon, Louvre Palace, Paris, by Louis Le Vau and Charles Le Brun, after 1661[55]"><img alt="Galerie d'Apollon, Louvre Palace, Paris, by Louis Le Vau and Charles Le Brun, after 1661[55]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Galerie_d%27Apollon_du_Louvre_d%C3%A9serte_1.jpg/191px-Galerie_d%27Apollon_du_Louvre_d%C3%A9serte_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="128" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Galerie_d%27Apollon_du_Louvre_d%C3%A9serte_1.jpg/287px-Galerie_d%27Apollon_du_Louvre_d%C3%A9serte_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Galerie_d%27Apollon_du_Louvre_d%C3%A9serte_1.jpg/382px-Galerie_d%27Apollon_du_Louvre_d%C3%A9serte_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2107" data-file-height="2809" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Galerie_d%27Apollon" title="Galerie d'Apollon">Galerie d'Apollon</a>, Louvre Palace, Paris, by <a href="/wiki/Louis_Le_Vau" title="Louis Le Vau">Louis Le Vau</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Le_Brun" title="Charles Le Brun">Charles Le Brun</a>, after 1661<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 447.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 445.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Louvre-facade-est.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="East front of the Louvre Palace, Paris, by Claude Perrault and Louis Le Vau, 1665–1680[56]"><img alt="East front of the Louvre Palace, Paris, by Claude Perrault and Louis Le Vau, 1665–1680[56]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Louvre-facade-est.jpg/668px-Louvre-facade-est.jpg" decoding="async" width="446" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Louvre-facade-est.jpg/1003px-Louvre-facade-est.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Louvre-facade-est.jpg/1336px-Louvre-facade-est.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3419" data-file-height="1306" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Louvre_Colonnade" title="Louvre Colonnade">East front</a> of the Louvre Palace, Paris, by <a href="/wiki/Claude_Perrault" title="Claude Perrault">Claude Perrault</a> and Louis Le Vau, 1665–1680<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHopkins201486_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHopkins201486-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 112.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 110.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Versailles_Chapel_-_July_2006_edit.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chapel of the Palace of Versailles, Versailles, France, 1696–1710[57]"><img alt="Chapel of the Palace of Versailles, Versailles, France, 1696–1710[57]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Versailles_Chapel_-_July_2006_edit.jpg/166px-Versailles_Chapel_-_July_2006_edit.jpg" decoding="async" width="111" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Versailles_Chapel_-_July_2006_edit.jpg/249px-Versailles_Chapel_-_July_2006_edit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Versailles_Chapel_-_July_2006_edit.jpg/331px-Versailles_Chapel_-_July_2006_edit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2274" data-file-height="3500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Chapels_of_Versailles#Fifth_Chapel" title="Chapels of Versailles">Chapel of the Palace of Versailles</a>, Versailles, France, 1696–1710<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 228.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 226.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Porte_Saint-Denis_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Porte Saint-Denis, Paris, by François Blondel, 1672[58]"><img alt="Porte Saint-Denis, Paris, by François Blondel, 1672[58]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Porte_Saint-Denis_01.jpg/340px-Porte_Saint-Denis_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="227" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Porte_Saint-Denis_01.jpg/511px-Porte_Saint-Denis_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Porte_Saint-Denis_01.jpg/680px-Porte_Saint-Denis_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4900" data-file-height="3675" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Porte_Saint-Denis" title="Porte Saint-Denis">Porte Saint-Denis</a>, Paris, by <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Blondel" title="François Blondel">François Blondel</a>, 1672<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 129.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 127.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cath%C3%A9drale_Saint-Louis-des-Invalides,_140309_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dôme des Invalides, Paris, by Jules Hardouin-Mansart, 1677–1706[59]"><img alt="Dôme des Invalides, Paris, by Jules Hardouin-Mansart, 1677–1706[59]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Cath%C3%A9drale_Saint-Louis-des-Invalides%2C_140309_2.jpg/191px-Cath%C3%A9drale_Saint-Louis-des-Invalides%2C_140309_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="128" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Cath%C3%A9drale_Saint-Louis-des-Invalides%2C_140309_2.jpg/287px-Cath%C3%A9drale_Saint-Louis-des-Invalides%2C_140309_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Cath%C3%A9drale_Saint-Louis-des-Invalides%2C_140309_2.jpg/382px-Cath%C3%A9drale_Saint-Louis-des-Invalides%2C_140309_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3364" data-file-height="4485" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Les_Invalides" title="Les Invalides">Dôme des Invalides</a>, Paris, by <a href="/wiki/Jules_Hardouin-Mansart" title="Jules Hardouin-Mansart">Jules Hardouin-Mansart</a>, 1677–1706<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBailey2012238_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBailey2012238-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 258px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 256px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chateau_Versailles_Galerie_des_Glaces.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hall of Mirrors of the Palace of Versailles, 1678–1684[60]"><img alt="Hall of Mirrors of the Palace of Versailles, 1678–1684[60]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Chateau_Versailles_Galerie_des_Glaces.jpg/384px-Chateau_Versailles_Galerie_des_Glaces.jpg" decoding="async" width="256" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Chateau_Versailles_Galerie_des_Glaces.jpg/577px-Chateau_Versailles_Galerie_des_Glaces.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Chateau_Versailles_Galerie_des_Glaces.jpg/768px-Chateau_Versailles_Galerie_des_Glaces.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3892" data-file-height="2584" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Hall_of_Mirrors" title="Hall of Mirrors">Hall of Mirrors</a> of the Palace of Versailles, 1678–1684<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 304.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 302.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Palace_of_Versailles_June_2010.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Garden façade of the Palace of Versailles, by Jules Hardouin-Mansart, 1678–1688[61]"><img alt="Garden façade of the Palace of Versailles, by Jules Hardouin-Mansart, 1678–1688[61]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Palace_of_Versailles_June_2010.jpg/454px-Palace_of_Versailles_June_2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="303" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Palace_of_Versailles_June_2010.jpg/681px-Palace_of_Versailles_June_2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Palace_of_Versailles_June_2010.jpg/907px-Palace_of_Versailles_June_2010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2960" data-file-height="1665" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Garden façade of the Palace of Versailles, by Jules Hardouin-Mansart, 1678–1688<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 258px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 256px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cour_de_Marbre_du_Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Versailles_October_5,_2011.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Marble Court of the Palace of Versailles, 1680[62]"><img alt="Marble Court of the Palace of Versailles, 1680[62]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Cour_de_Marbre_du_Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Versailles_October_5%2C_2011.jpg/384px-Cour_de_Marbre_du_Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Versailles_October_5%2C_2011.jpg" decoding="async" width="256" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Cour_de_Marbre_du_Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Versailles_October_5%2C_2011.jpg/577px-Cour_de_Marbre_du_Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Versailles_October_5%2C_2011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Cour_de_Marbre_du_Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Versailles_October_5%2C_2011.jpg/768px-Cour_de_Marbre_du_Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Versailles_October_5%2C_2011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Marble Court of the Palace of Versailles, 1680<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 500px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 498px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Place_Vendome,_Paris_20_April_2011.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Place Vendôme, Paris, by Jules Hardouin-Mansart, 1699–1706[63]"><img alt="Place Vendôme, Paris, by Jules Hardouin-Mansart, 1699–1706[63]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Place_Vendome%2C_Paris_20_April_2011.jpg/747px-Place_Vendome%2C_Paris_20_April_2011.jpg" decoding="async" width="498" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Place_Vendome%2C_Paris_20_April_2011.jpg/1121px-Place_Vendome%2C_Paris_20_April_2011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Place_Vendome%2C_Paris_20_April_2011.jpg/1493px-Place_Vendome%2C_Paris_20_April_2011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="10000" data-file-height="3417" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Place_Vend%C3%B4me" title="Place Vendôme">Place Vendôme</a>, Paris, by Jules Hardouin-Mansart, 1699–1706<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 250px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 248px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:H%C3%B4tel_de_Rothelin_-_fa%C3%A7ade_cour.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hôtel de Rothelin-Charolais, Paris, by Pierre Cailleteau, 1700–1704[64]"><img alt="Hôtel de Rothelin-Charolais, Paris, by Pierre Cailleteau, 1700–1704[64]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/H%C3%B4tel_de_Rothelin_-_fa%C3%A7ade_cour.jpg/372px-H%C3%B4tel_de_Rothelin_-_fa%C3%A7ade_cour.jpg" decoding="async" width="248" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/H%C3%B4tel_de_Rothelin_-_fa%C3%A7ade_cour.jpg/559px-H%C3%B4tel_de_Rothelin_-_fa%C3%A7ade_cour.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/H%C3%B4tel_de_Rothelin_-_fa%C3%A7ade_cour.jpg/745px-H%C3%B4tel_de_Rothelin_-_fa%C3%A7ade_cour.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2800" data-file-height="1918" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/w/index.php?title=H%C3%B4tel_de_Rothelin-Charolais&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hôtel de Rothelin-Charolais (page does not exist)">Hôtel de Rothelin-Charolais</a>, Paris, by <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Cailleteau" title="Pierre Cailleteau">Pierre Cailleteau</a>, 1700–1704<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> </ul> <p>Baroque in France developed quite differently from the ornate and dramatic local versions of Baroque from Italy, Spain and the rest of Europe. It appears severe, more detached and restrained by comparison, preempting <a href="/wiki/Neoclassicism" title="Neoclassicism">Neoclassicism</a> and the architecture of the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a>. Unlike Italian buildings, French Baroque buildings have no broken pediments or curvilinear façades. Even religious buildings avoided the intense spatial drama one finds in the work of <a href="/wiki/Borromini" class="mw-redirect" title="Borromini">Borromini</a>. The style is closely associated with the works built for <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV">Louis XIV</a> (reign 1643–1715), and because of this, it is also known as the <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV_style" title="Louis XIV style">Louis XIV style</a>. Louis XIV invited the master of Baroque, Bernini, to submit a design for the new <a href="/wiki/Louvre_Colonnade" title="Louvre Colonnade">east wing of the Louvre</a>, but rejected it in favor of a more classical design by <a href="/wiki/Claude_Perrault" title="Claude Perrault">Claude Perrault</a> and <a href="/wiki/Louis_Le_Vau" title="Louis Le Vau">Louis Le Vau</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones2014223_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones2014223-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The main architects of the style included <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mansart" title="François Mansart">François Mansart</a> (1598–1666), <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Le_Muet" title="Pierre Le Muet">Pierre Le Muet</a> (Church of <a href="/wiki/Val-de-Gr%C3%A2ce_(church)" title="Val-de-Grâce (church)">Val-de-Grâce</a>, 1645–1665) and <a href="/wiki/Louis_Le_Vau" title="Louis Le Vau">Louis Le Vau</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vaux-le-Vicomte" title="Vaux-le-Vicomte">Vaux-le-Vicomte</a>, 1657–1661). Mansart was the first architect to introduce Baroque styling, principally the frequent use of an applied <a href="/wiki/Classical_order" title="Classical order">order</a> and heavy <a href="/wiki/Rustication_(architecture)" title="Rustication (architecture)">rustication</a>, into the French architectural vocabulary. The <a href="/wiki/Mansard_roof" title="Mansard roof">mansard roof</a> was not invented by Mansart, but it has become associated with him, as he used it frequently.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHopkins201484,_85_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHopkins201484,_85-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The major royal project of the period was the expansion of <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Versailles" title="Palace of Versailles">Palace of Versailles</a>, begun in 1661 by Le Vau with decoration by the painter <a href="/wiki/Charles_Le_Brun" title="Charles Le Brun">Charles Le Brun</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Gardens_of_Versailles" title="Gardens of Versailles">gardens</a> were designed by <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Le_N%C3%B4tre" title="André Le Nôtre">André Le Nôtre</a> specifically to complement and amplify the architecture. The Galerie des Glaces (<a href="/wiki/Hall_of_Mirrors" title="Hall of Mirrors">Hall of Mirrors</a>), the centerpiece of the château, with paintings by Le Brun, was constructed between 1678 and 1686. Mansart completed the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Trianon" title="Grand Trianon">Grand Trianon</a> in 1687. The chapel, designed by <a href="/wiki/Robert_de_Cotte" title="Robert de Cotte">Robert de Cotte</a>, was finished in 1710. Following the death of Louis XIV, <a href="/wiki/Louis_XV" title="Louis XV">Louis XV</a> added the more intimate <a href="/wiki/Petit_Trianon" title="Petit Trianon">Petit Trianon</a> and the highly ornate theatre. The fountains in the gardens were designed to be seen from the interior, and to add to the dramatic effect. The palace was admired and copied by other monarchs of Europe, particularly <a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Great" title="Peter the Great">Peter the Great</a> of Russia, who visited Versailles early in the reign of Louis XV, and built his own version at <a href="/wiki/Peterhof_Palace" title="Peterhof Palace">Peterhof Palace</a> near Saint Petersburg, between 1705 and 1725.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Portuguese_Baroque">Portuguese Baroque</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baroque&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Portuguese Baroque"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 129.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 127.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Biblioteca_Joanina_Universidade_de_Coimbra_IMG_0664.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="University Library, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal, by Gaspar Ferreira, 1716–1728[69]"><img alt="University Library, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal, by Gaspar Ferreira, 1716–1728[69]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Biblioteca_Joanina_Universidade_de_Coimbra_IMG_0664.JPG/191px-Biblioteca_Joanina_Universidade_de_Coimbra_IMG_0664.JPG" decoding="async" width="128" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Biblioteca_Joanina_Universidade_de_Coimbra_IMG_0664.JPG/287px-Biblioteca_Joanina_Universidade_de_Coimbra_IMG_0664.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Biblioteca_Joanina_Universidade_de_Coimbra_IMG_0664.JPG/383px-Biblioteca_Joanina_Universidade_de_Coimbra_IMG_0664.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1377" data-file-height="1835" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Joanina" title="Biblioteca Joanina">University Library</a>, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal, by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaspar_Ferreira&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gaspar Ferreira (page does not exist)">Gaspar Ferreira</a>, 1716–1728<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBailey2012269_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBailey2012269-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 321.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 319.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mafra_(27595630149)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Palace of Mafra, Mafra, Portugal, by João Frederico Ludovice, 1717–1755[70]"><img alt="Palace of Mafra, Mafra, Portugal, by João Frederico Ludovice, 1717–1755[70]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Mafra_%2827595630149%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/479px-Mafra_%2827595630149%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="320" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Mafra_%2827595630149%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/719px-Mafra_%2827595630149%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Mafra_%2827595630149%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/957px-Mafra_%2827595630149%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5760" data-file-height="3072" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Mafra" title="Palace of Mafra">Palace of Mafra</a>, Mafra, Portugal, by <a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Frederico_Ludovice" title="João Frederico Ludovice">João Frederico Ludovice</a>, 1717–1755<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBailey2012245_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBailey2012245-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 228.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 226.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Patriarcato_di_Lisbona_(3093346552).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Azulejo in the cloisters of the Monastery of São Vicente de Fora, Lisbon, Portugal, with a scene based on a print by Jean Le Pautre, unknown architect or craftsman, 1730–1735[71]"><img alt="Azulejo in the cloisters of the Monastery of São Vicente de Fora, Lisbon, Portugal, with a scene based on a print by Jean Le Pautre, unknown architect or craftsman, 1730–1735[71]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Patriarcato_di_Lisbona_%283093346552%29.jpg/340px-Patriarcato_di_Lisbona_%283093346552%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="227" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Patriarcato_di_Lisbona_%283093346552%29.jpg/511px-Patriarcato_di_Lisbona_%283093346552%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Patriarcato_di_Lisbona_%283093346552%29.jpg/680px-Patriarcato_di_Lisbona_%283093346552%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="886" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Azulejo" title="Azulejo">Azulejo</a> in the cloisters of the <a href="/wiki/Monastery_of_S%C3%A3o_Vicente_de_Fora" title="Monastery of São Vicente de Fora">Monastery of São Vicente de Fora</a>, Lisbon, Portugal, with a scene based on a print by <a href="/wiki/Jean_Le_Pautre" title="Jean Le Pautre">Jean Le Pautre</a>, unknown architect or craftsman, 1730–1735<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 228.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 226.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bom_Jesus_2017_(10).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Grand Staircase of the Sanctuary of Bom Jesus do Monte, Braga, Portugal, by Carlos Luís Ferreira Amarante and others, c. 1784[72]"><img alt="Grand Staircase of the Sanctuary of Bom Jesus do Monte, Braga, Portugal, by Carlos Luís Ferreira Amarante and others, c. 1784[72]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Bom_Jesus_2017_%2810%29.jpg/340px-Bom_Jesus_2017_%2810%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="227" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Bom_Jesus_2017_%2810%29.jpg/511px-Bom_Jesus_2017_%2810%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Bom_Jesus_2017_%2810%29.jpg/680px-Bom_Jesus_2017_%2810%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3968" data-file-height="2976" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Grand Staircase of the <a href="/wiki/Sanctuary_of_Bom_Jesus_do_Monte" title="Sanctuary of Bom Jesus do Monte">Sanctuary of Bom Jesus do Monte</a>, Braga, Portugal, by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Carlos_Lu%C3%ADs_Ferreira_Amarante&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carlos Luís Ferreira Amarante (page does not exist)">Carlos Luís Ferreira Amarante</a> and others, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1784</span><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBailey2012246_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBailey2012246-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> </ul> <p>Baroque architecture in Portugal lasted about two centuries (the late seventeenth century and eighteenth century). The reigns of <a href="/wiki/John_V_of_Portugal" title="John V of Portugal">John V</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_I_of_Portugal" title="Joseph I of Portugal">Joseph I</a> had increased imports of gold and diamonds, in a period called Royal Absolutism, which allowed the Portuguese Baroque to flourish. </p><p>Baroque architecture in Portugal enjoys a special situation and different timeline from the rest of Europe. </p><p>It is conditioned by several political, artistic, and economic factors, that originate several phases, and different kinds of outside influences, resulting in a unique blend,<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> often misunderstood by those looking for Italian art, find instead specific forms and character which give it a uniquely Portuguese variety. Another key factor is the existence of the Jesuitical architecture, also called "plain style" (Estilo Chão or Estilo Plano)<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which like the name evokes, is plainer and appears somewhat austere. </p><p>The buildings are single-room basilicas, deep main chapel, lateral chapels (with small doors for communication), without interior and exterior decoration, simple portal and windows. It is a practical building, allowing it to be built throughout the empire with minor adjustments, and prepared to be decorated later or when economic resources are available. </p><p>In fact, the first Portuguese Baroque does not lack in building because "plain style" is easy to be transformed, by means of decoration (painting, tiling, etc.), turning empty areas into pompous, elaborate baroque scenarios. The same could be applied to the exterior. Subsequently, it is easy to adapt the building to the taste of the time and place, and add on new features and details. Practical and economical. </p><p>With more inhabitants and better economic resources, the north, particularly the areas of Porto and <a href="/wiki/Braga" title="Braga">Braga</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> witnessed an architectural renewal, visible in the large list of churches, convents and palaces built by the aristocracy. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Porto" title="Porto">Porto</a> is the city of Baroque in Portugal. Its historical centre is part of <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_List" class="mw-redirect" title="World Heritage List">World Heritage List</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many of the Baroque works in the historical area of the city and beyond, belong to <a href="/wiki/Nicolau_Nasoni" title="Nicolau Nasoni">Nicolau Nasoni</a> an Italian architect living in Portugal, drawing original buildings with scenographic emplacement such as the <a href="/wiki/Cl%C3%A9rigos_Church" title="Clérigos Church">church and tower of Clérigos</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the logia of the <a href="/wiki/Porto_Cathedral" title="Porto Cathedral">Porto Cathedral</a>, the church of Misericórdia, the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_S%C3%A3o_Jo%C3%A3o_Novo" title="Palace of São João Novo">Palace of São João Novo</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Pal%C3%A1cio_do_Freixo" title="Palácio do Freixo">Palace of Freixo</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Palace_of_Porto" class="mw-redirect" title="Episcopal Palace of Porto">Episcopal Palace</a> (<a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>: <i>Paço Episcopal do Porto</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> along with many others. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russian_Baroque">Russian Baroque</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baroque&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Russian Baroque"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Naryshkin_Baroque" title="Naryshkin Baroque">Naryshkin Baroque</a>, <a href="/wiki/Petrine_Baroque" title="Petrine Baroque">Petrine Baroque</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_Baroque" title="Elizabethan Baroque">Elizabethan Baroque</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Siberian_Baroque" title="Siberian Baroque">Siberian Baroque</a></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 264.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 262.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2019-08-02-3847-Saint_Petersburg.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Peterhof Gardens, Saint Petersburg, Russia, unknown architect, 1746–1758[83]"><img alt="Peterhof Gardens, Saint Petersburg, Russia, unknown architect, 1746–1758[83]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/2019-08-02-3847-Saint_Petersburg.jpg/394px-2019-08-02-3847-Saint_Petersburg.jpg" decoding="async" width="263" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/2019-08-02-3847-Saint_Petersburg.jpg/592px-2019-08-02-3847-Saint_Petersburg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/2019-08-02-3847-Saint_Petersburg.jpg/789px-2019-08-02-3847-Saint_Petersburg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2774" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Peterhof_Palace" title="Peterhof Palace">Peterhof</a> Gardens, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a>, Russia, unknown architect, 1746–1758<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBailey2012360_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBailey2012360-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 257.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 255.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Smolny_Cathedral_SPB_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Smolny Convent, Saint Petersburg, by Francesco Bartolomeo Rastrelli, 1748[84]"><img alt="Smolny Convent, Saint Petersburg, by Francesco Bartolomeo Rastrelli, 1748[84]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Smolny_Cathedral_SPB_02.jpg/383px-Smolny_Cathedral_SPB_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="256" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Smolny_Cathedral_SPB_02.jpg/575px-Smolny_Cathedral_SPB_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Smolny_Cathedral_SPB_02.jpg/765px-Smolny_Cathedral_SPB_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="2133" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Smolny_Convent" title="Smolny Convent">Smolny Convent</a>, Saint Petersburg, by <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Bartolomeo_Rastrelli" title="Francesco Bartolomeo Rastrelli">Francesco Bartolomeo Rastrelli</a>, 1748<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBailey2012354_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBailey2012354-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 258.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 256.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Catherine_Palace_in_Tsarskoe_Selo.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tsarskoe Selo, Pushkin, Russia, by Francesco Bartolomeo Rastrelli, 1749–1756[85]"><img alt="Tsarskoe Selo, Pushkin, Russia, by Francesco Bartolomeo Rastrelli, 1749–1756[85]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Catherine_Palace_in_Tsarskoe_Selo.jpg/385px-Catherine_Palace_in_Tsarskoe_Selo.jpg" decoding="async" width="257" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Catherine_Palace_in_Tsarskoe_Selo.jpg/578px-Catherine_Palace_in_Tsarskoe_Selo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Catherine_Palace_in_Tsarskoe_Selo.jpg/770px-Catherine_Palace_in_Tsarskoe_Selo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3700" data-file-height="2451" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Tsarskoe_Selo" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsarskoe Selo">Tsarskoe Selo</a>, Pushkin, Russia, by Francesco Bartolomeo Rastrelli, 1749–1756<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBailey2012358_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBailey2012358-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> </ul> <p>The debut of Russian Baroque, or <a href="/wiki/Petrine_Baroque" title="Petrine Baroque">Petrine Baroque</a>, followed a long visit of <a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Great" title="Peter the Great">Peter the Great</a> to western Europe in 1697–1698, where he visited the Châteaux of <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Fontainebleau" title="Palace of Fontainebleau">Fontainebleau</a> and <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Versailles" title="Palace of Versailles">Versailles</a> as well as other architectural monuments. He decided, on his return to Russia, to construct similar monuments in <a href="/wiki/St._Petersburg" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Petersburg">St. Petersburg</a>, which became the new capital of Russia in 1712. Early major monuments in the Petrine Baroque include the <a href="/wiki/Saints_Peter_and_Paul_Cathedral,_Saint_Petersburg" title="Saints Peter and Paul Cathedral, Saint Petersburg">Peter and Paul Cathedral</a> and <a href="/wiki/Menshikov_Palace" class="mw-redirect" title="Menshikov Palace">Menshikov Palace</a>. </p><p>During the reign of <a href="/wiki/Anna_of_Russia" title="Anna of Russia">Anna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Elisabeth of Russia">Elisabeth</a>, Russian architecture was dominated by the luxurious Baroque style of Italian-born <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Bartolomeo_Rastrelli" title="Francesco Bartolomeo Rastrelli">Francesco Bartolomeo Rastrelli</a>, which developed into <a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_Baroque" title="Elizabethan Baroque">Elizabethan Baroque</a>. Rastrelli's signature buildings include the <a href="/wiki/Winter_Palace" title="Winter Palace">Winter Palace</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Catherine_Palace" title="Catherine Palace">Catherine Palace</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Smolny_Cathedral" class="mw-redirect" title="Smolny Cathedral">Smolny Cathedral</a>. Other distinctive monuments of the Elizabethan Baroque are the bell tower of the <a href="/wiki/Troitse-Sergiyeva_Lavra" class="mw-redirect" title="Troitse-Sergiyeva Lavra">Troitse-Sergiyeva Lavra</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Red_Gate" title="Red Gate">Red Gate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naryshkin_Baroque" title="Naryshkin Baroque">Naryshkin Baroque</a> became widespread, especially in the architecture of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox">Eastern Orthodox</a> churches in the late 17th century. It was a combination of western European Baroque with traditional <a href="/wiki/Russian_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian architecture">Russian</a> folk styles. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Baroque_in_the_Spanish_and_Portuguese_Colonial_Americas">Baroque in the Spanish and Portuguese Colonial Americas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baroque&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Baroque in the Spanish and Portuguese Colonial Americas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Mexican_art#Mexican_Baroque" title="Mexican art">Mexican art § Mexican Baroque</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baroque_in_Brazil" title="Baroque in Brazil">Baroque in Brazil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andean_Baroque" title="Andean Baroque">Andean Baroque</a>, <a href="/wiki/Churrigueresque" title="Churrigueresque">Churrigueresque</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Spanish_Baroque" title="New Spanish Baroque">New Spanish Baroque</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_the_Americas" title="Spanish missions in the Americas">Spanish missions in the Americas</a></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 146.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 144.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Igreja_de_S%C3%A3o_Francisco_de_Assis_(Ouro_Preto,_MG)_por_Rodrigo_Tetsuo_Argenton.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Church of Saint Francis of Assisi (Ouro Preto), Minas Gerais, Brazil, by Aleijadinho, 1765–1788"><img alt="Church of Saint Francis of Assisi (Ouro Preto), Minas Gerais, Brazil, by Aleijadinho, 1765–1788" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Igreja_de_S%C3%A3o_Francisco_de_Assis_%28Ouro_Preto%2C_MG%29_por_Rodrigo_Tetsuo_Argenton.jpg/217px-Igreja_de_S%C3%A3o_Francisco_de_Assis_%28Ouro_Preto%2C_MG%29_por_Rodrigo_Tetsuo_Argenton.jpg" decoding="async" width="145" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Igreja_de_S%C3%A3o_Francisco_de_Assis_%28Ouro_Preto%2C_MG%29_por_Rodrigo_Tetsuo_Argenton.jpg/327px-Igreja_de_S%C3%A3o_Francisco_de_Assis_%28Ouro_Preto%2C_MG%29_por_Rodrigo_Tetsuo_Argenton.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Igreja_de_S%C3%A3o_Francisco_de_Assis_%28Ouro_Preto%2C_MG%29_por_Rodrigo_Tetsuo_Argenton.jpg/435px-Igreja_de_S%C3%A3o_Francisco_de_Assis_%28Ouro_Preto%2C_MG%29_por_Rodrigo_Tetsuo_Argenton.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2947" data-file-height="3454" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Saint_Francis_of_Assisi_(Ouro_Preto)" title="Church of Saint Francis of Assisi (Ouro Preto)">Church of Saint Francis of Assisi (Ouro Preto)</a>, Minas Gerais, <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Aleijadinho" title="Aleijadinho">Aleijadinho</a>, 1765–1788</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 209.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 207.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Basilica_Menor_de_San_Francisco_de_Asis_in_Havana_2016.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Basilica of San Francisco de Asís, Havana, Cuba, unknown architect, 1548–1738[87]"><img alt="Basilica of San Francisco de Asís, Havana, Cuba, unknown architect, 1548–1738[87]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Basilica_Menor_de_San_Francisco_de_Asis_in_Havana_2016.jpg/311px-Basilica_Menor_de_San_Francisco_de_Asis_in_Havana_2016.jpg" decoding="async" width="208" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Basilica_Menor_de_San_Francisco_de_Asis_in_Havana_2016.jpg/467px-Basilica_Menor_de_San_Francisco_de_Asis_in_Havana_2016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Basilica_Menor_de_San_Francisco_de_Asis_in_Havana_2016.jpg/621px-Basilica_Menor_de_San_Francisco_de_Asis_in_Havana_2016.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4024" data-file-height="3304" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_San_Francisco_de_As%C3%ADs,_Havana" title="Basilica of San Francisco de Asís, Havana">Basilica of San Francisco de Asís, Havana</a>, Cuba, unknown architect, 1548–1738<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 129.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 127.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vista_de_la_Fachada_del_Templo_de_San_Francisco_Acatepec_9.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Church of San Francisco Acatepec, San Andrés Cholula, Puebla, Mexico, unknown architect, 17th–18th centuries"><img alt="Church of San Francisco Acatepec, San Andrés Cholula, Puebla, Mexico, unknown architect, 17th–18th centuries" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Vista_de_la_Fachada_del_Templo_de_San_Francisco_Acatepec_9.jpg/191px-Vista_de_la_Fachada_del_Templo_de_San_Francisco_Acatepec_9.jpg" decoding="async" width="128" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Vista_de_la_Fachada_del_Templo_de_San_Francisco_Acatepec_9.jpg/287px-Vista_de_la_Fachada_del_Templo_de_San_Francisco_Acatepec_9.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Vista_de_la_Fachada_del_Templo_de_San_Francisco_Acatepec_9.jpg/382px-Vista_de_la_Fachada_del_Templo_de_San_Francisco_Acatepec_9.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Church_of_San_Francisco_Acatepec" title="Church of San Francisco Acatepec">Church of San Francisco Acatepec</a>, San Andrés Cholula, Puebla, Mexico, unknown architect, 17th–18th centuries</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 257.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 255.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Catedral_metropolitana_de_Quito_-_panoramio_-_Quito_magn%C3%ADfico_(17).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Quito Metropolitan Cathedral, Quito, Ecuador, by Antonio García and others, 1535–1799"><img alt="Quito Metropolitan Cathedral, Quito, Ecuador, by Antonio García and others, 1535–1799" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Catedral_metropolitana_de_Quito_-_panoramio_-_Quito_magn%C3%ADfico_%2817%29.jpg/383px-Catedral_metropolitana_de_Quito_-_panoramio_-_Quito_magn%C3%ADfico_%2817%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="256" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Catedral_metropolitana_de_Quito_-_panoramio_-_Quito_magn%C3%ADfico_%2817%29.jpg/574px-Catedral_metropolitana_de_Quito_-_panoramio_-_Quito_magn%C3%ADfico_%2817%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Catedral_metropolitana_de_Quito_-_panoramio_-_Quito_magn%C3%ADfico_%2817%29.jpg/765px-Catedral_metropolitana_de_Quito_-_panoramio_-_Quito_magn%C3%ADfico_%2817%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Quito_Metropolitan_Cathedral" title="Quito Metropolitan Cathedral">Quito Metropolitan Cathedral</a>, Quito, Ecuador, by Antonio García and others, 1535–1799</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 129.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 127.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Church_in_Historic_Center_-_Sucre_-_Bolivia.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Metropolitan Cathedral of Sucre in Sucre, Bolivia, 1551–1712"><img alt="Metropolitan Cathedral of Sucre in Sucre, Bolivia, 1551–1712" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Church_in_Historic_Center_-_Sucre_-_Bolivia.jpg/191px-Church_in_Historic_Center_-_Sucre_-_Bolivia.jpg" decoding="async" width="128" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Church_in_Historic_Center_-_Sucre_-_Bolivia.jpg/287px-Church_in_Historic_Center_-_Sucre_-_Bolivia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Church_in_Historic_Center_-_Sucre_-_Bolivia.jpg/382px-Church_in_Historic_Center_-_Sucre_-_Bolivia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1704" data-file-height="2272" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Cathedral_of_Sucre" title="Metropolitan Cathedral of Sucre">Metropolitan Cathedral of Sucre</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sucre" title="Sucre">Sucre</a>, Bolivia, 1551–1712</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 93.333333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 91.333333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Iglesia_de_Santo_Domingo,_Santiago,_2017-09-24.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Santo Domingo Church, Santiago, Chile, unknown architect, 1747–1808[88]"><img alt="Santo Domingo Church, Santiago, Chile, unknown architect, 1747–1808[88]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Iglesia_de_Santo_Domingo%2C_Santiago%2C_2017-09-24.jpg/137px-Iglesia_de_Santo_Domingo%2C_Santiago%2C_2017-09-24.jpg" decoding="async" width="92" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Iglesia_de_Santo_Domingo%2C_Santiago%2C_2017-09-24.jpg/206px-Iglesia_de_Santo_Domingo%2C_Santiago%2C_2017-09-24.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Iglesia_de_Santo_Domingo%2C_Santiago%2C_2017-09-24.jpg/274px-Iglesia_de_Santo_Domingo%2C_Santiago%2C_2017-09-24.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2007" data-file-height="3731" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Santo_Domingo_Church,_Santiago_de_Chile" title="Santo Domingo Church, Santiago de Chile">Santo Domingo Church, Santiago</a>, Chile, unknown architect, 1747–1808<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 228.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 226.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Taxco_Santa_Prisca.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Church of Santa Prisca de Taxco, Taxco, Mexico, by Diego Durán and Cayetano Sigüenza, 1751–1758[89]"><img alt="Church of Santa Prisca de Taxco, Taxco, Mexico, by Diego Durán and Cayetano Sigüenza, 1751–1758[89]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Taxco_Santa_Prisca.jpg/340px-Taxco_Santa_Prisca.jpg" decoding="async" width="227" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Taxco_Santa_Prisca.jpg/511px-Taxco_Santa_Prisca.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Taxco_Santa_Prisca.jpg/680px-Taxco_Santa_Prisca.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Santa_Prisca_de_Taxco" title="Church of Santa Prisca de Taxco">Church of Santa Prisca de Taxco</a>, Taxco, Mexico, by <a href="/wiki/Diego_Dur%C3%A1n" title="Diego Durán">Diego Durán</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cayetano_Sig%C3%BCenza&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cayetano Sigüenza (page does not exist)">Cayetano Sigüenza</a>, 1751–1758<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHopkins201483_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHopkins201483-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 129.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 127.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Iglesia_de_la_Recoleccion_-_Leon_-_Nicaragua_-_01_(31416391552).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Church of la Recolección, León, Nicaragua, 1786–1788"><img alt="Church of la Recolección, León, Nicaragua, 1786–1788" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Iglesia_de_la_Recoleccion_-_Leon_-_Nicaragua_-_01_%2831416391552%29.jpg/191px-Iglesia_de_la_Recoleccion_-_Leon_-_Nicaragua_-_01_%2831416391552%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="128" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Iglesia_de_la_Recoleccion_-_Leon_-_Nicaragua_-_01_%2831416391552%29.jpg/287px-Iglesia_de_la_Recoleccion_-_Leon_-_Nicaragua_-_01_%2831416391552%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Iglesia_de_la_Recoleccion_-_Leon_-_Nicaragua_-_01_%2831416391552%29.jpg/382px-Iglesia_de_la_Recoleccion_-_Leon_-_Nicaragua_-_01_%2831416391552%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="3648" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Church_of_la_Recolecci%C3%B3n,_Le%C3%B3n,_Nicaragua&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Church of la Recolección, León, Nicaragua (page does not exist)">Church of la Recolección, León, Nicaragua</a>, 1786–1788</div> </li> </ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:194px;max-width:194px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:192px;max-width:192px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Compa%C3%B1%C3%ADa_de_Jesus_D%C3%A9cembre_2007_-_Vue_de_C%C3%B4t%C3%A9.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Compa%C3%B1%C3%ADa_de_Jesus_D%C3%A9cembre_2007_-_Vue_de_C%C3%B4t%C3%A9.jpg/190px-Compa%C3%B1%C3%ADa_de_Jesus_D%C3%A9cembre_2007_-_Vue_de_C%C3%B4t%C3%A9.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Compa%C3%B1%C3%ADa_de_Jesus_D%C3%A9cembre_2007_-_Vue_de_C%C3%B4t%C3%A9.jpg/285px-Compa%C3%B1%C3%ADa_de_Jesus_D%C3%A9cembre_2007_-_Vue_de_C%C3%B4t%C3%A9.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Compa%C3%B1%C3%ADa_de_Jesus_D%C3%A9cembre_2007_-_Vue_de_C%C3%B4t%C3%A9.jpg/380px-Compa%C3%B1%C3%ADa_de_Jesus_D%C3%A9cembre_2007_-_Vue_de_C%C3%B4t%C3%A9.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2767" data-file-height="2133" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Façade of the <a href="/wiki/Iglesia_de_la_Compa%C3%B1%C3%ADa_de_Jes%C3%BAs,_Cusco" title="Iglesia de la Compañía de Jesús, Cusco">Jesuit Church of Cusco</a>, Peru, by Jean-Baptiste Gilles and Diego Martínez de Oviedo, 1576–1668<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:192px;max-width:192px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fresque_%C3%A9glise_huaro.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Fresque_%C3%A9glise_huaro.JPG/190px-Fresque_%C3%A9glise_huaro.JPG" decoding="async" width="190" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Fresque_%C3%A9glise_huaro.JPG/285px-Fresque_%C3%A9glise_huaro.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Fresque_%C3%A9glise_huaro.JPG/380px-Fresque_%C3%A9glise_huaro.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4752" data-file-height="3168" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Preserved colonial wall paintings of 1802 depicting Hell,<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by Tadeo Escalante, inside the Church of San Juan Bautista in <a href="/wiki/Huaro_District" title="Huaro District">Huaro</a>, Peru</div></div></div></div></div> <p>Due to the colonization of the Americas by European countries, the Baroque naturally moved to the <a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a>, finding especially favorable ground in the regions dominated by <a href="/wiki/Spanish_America" title="Spanish America">Spain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_America" title="Portuguese America">Portugal</a>, both countries being centralized and irreducibly Catholic monarchies, by extension subject to Rome and adherents of the Baroque <a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a>. European artists migrated to America and made school, and along with the widespread penetration of <a href="/wiki/Christian_mission" title="Christian mission">Catholic missionaries</a>, many of whom were skilled artists, created a multiform Baroque often influenced by popular taste. The <a href="/wiki/Criollo_(people)" class="mw-redirect" title="Criollo (people)">Criollo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">indigenous</a> crafters did much to give this Baroque unique features. The main centres of American Baroque cultivation, that are still standing, are (in this order) <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a> and <a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a>. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Honduran_spanish_colonial_catholic_painting.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Honduran_spanish_colonial_catholic_painting.jpg/198px-Honduran_spanish_colonial_catholic_painting.jpg" decoding="async" width="198" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Honduran_spanish_colonial_catholic_painting.jpg/297px-Honduran_spanish_colonial_catholic_painting.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Honduran_spanish_colonial_catholic_painting.jpg/397px-Honduran_spanish_colonial_catholic_painting.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2532" data-file-height="3548" /></a><figcaption>Painting inside an 18th-century church in Honduras.</figcaption></figure> <p>Of particular note is the so-called "Missionary Baroque", developed in the framework of the Spanish reductions in areas extending from Mexico and southwestern portions of current-day United States to as far south as Argentina and Chile, indigenous settlements organized by Spanish Catholic missionaries in order to convert them to the Christian faith and acculturate them in the Western life, forming a hybrid Baroque influenced by Native culture, where flourished Criollos and many indigenous artisans and musicians, even literate, some of great ability and talent of their own. Missionaries' accounts often repeat that Western art, especially music, had a hypnotic impact on foresters, and the images of saints were viewed as having great powers. Many natives were converted, and a new form of devotion was created, of passionate intensity, laden with mysticism, superstition, and theatricality, which delighted in festive masses, sacred concerts, and mysteries.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Colonial Baroque architecture in the Spanish America is characterized by a profuse decoration (portal of <a href="/wiki/Church_of_San_Felipe_Neri_%22La_Profesa%22" title="Church of San Felipe Neri "La Profesa"">La Profesa Church</a>, Mexico City; façades covered with <a href="/wiki/Talavera_pottery" class="mw-redirect" title="Talavera pottery">Puebla-style</a> <a href="/wiki/Azulejo" title="Azulejo">azulejos</a>, as in the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_San_Francisco_Acatepec" title="Church of San Francisco Acatepec">Church of San Francisco Acatepec</a> in <a href="/wiki/San_Andr%C3%A9s_Cholula" class="mw-redirect" title="San Andrés Cholula">San Andrés Cholula</a> and <a href="/wiki/Convent_Church_of_San_Francisco,_Puebla" title="Convent Church of San Francisco, Puebla">Convent Church of San Francisco, Puebla</a>), which will be exacerbated in the so-called <a href="/wiki/Churrigueresque" title="Churrigueresque">Churrigueresque</a> style (Façade of the Tabernacle of the <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City_Metropolitan_Cathedral" title="Mexico City Metropolitan Cathedral">Mexico City Metropolitan Cathedral</a>, by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lorenzo_Rodr%C3%ADguez&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lorenzo Rodríguez (page does not exist)">Lorenzo Rodríguez</a>; <a href="/wiki/Museo_Nacional_del_Virreinato" title="Museo Nacional del Virreinato">Church of San Francisco Javier, Tepotzotlán</a>; <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Santa_Prisca_de_Taxco" title="Church of Santa Prisca de Taxco">Church of Santa Prisca de Taxco</a>). In Peru, the constructions mostly developed in the cities of <a href="/wiki/Lima" title="Lima">Lima</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cusco" title="Cusco">Cusco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arequipa" title="Arequipa">Arequipa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trujillo,_Peru" title="Trujillo, Peru">Trujillo</a>, since 1650 show original characteristics that are advanced even to the European Baroque, as in the use of <a href="/wiki/Wall_padding" title="Wall padding">cushioned walls</a> and <a href="/wiki/Solomonic_column" title="Solomonic column">solomonic columns</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iglesia_de_la_Compa%C3%B1%C3%ADa_de_Jes%C3%BAs,_Cusco" title="Iglesia de la Compañía de Jesús, Cusco">Iglesia de la Compañía de Jesús, Cusco</a>; <a href="/wiki/Basilica_and_Convent_of_San_Francisco,_Lima" title="Basilica and Convent of San Francisco, Lima">Basilica and Convent of San Francisco, Lima</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other countries include: the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Cathedral_of_Sucre" title="Metropolitan Cathedral of Sucre">Metropolitan Cathedral of Sucre</a> in Bolivia; <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_Basilica_of_Esquipulas" title="Cathedral Basilica of Esquipulas">Cathedral Basilica of Esquipulas</a> in Guatemala; <a href="/wiki/Tegucigalpa_Cathedral" title="Tegucigalpa Cathedral">Tegucigalpa Cathedral</a> in Honduras; <a href="/wiki/Le%C3%B3n_Cathedral,_Nicaragua" title="León Cathedral, Nicaragua">León Cathedral</a> in Nicaragua; the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_la_Compa%C3%B1%C3%ADa_de_Jes%C3%BAs,_Quito" class="mw-redirect" title="Church of la Compañía de Jesús, Quito">Church of la Compañía de Jesús, Quito</a>, Ecuador; the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Church_of_San_Ignacio,_Bogot%C3%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Church of San Ignacio, Bogotá (page does not exist)">Church of San Ignacio, Bogotá</a>, Colombia; the <a href="/wiki/Caracas_Cathedral" title="Caracas Cathedral">Caracas Cathedral</a> in Venezuela; the <a href="/wiki/Cabildo_of_Buenos_Aires" title="Cabildo of Buenos Aires">Cabildo of Buenos Aires</a> in Argentina; the <a href="/wiki/Santo_Domingo_Church,_Santiago_de_Chile" title="Santo Domingo Church, Santiago de Chile">Church of Santo Domingo</a> in <a href="/wiki/Santiago" title="Santiago">Santiago</a>, Chile; and <a href="/wiki/Havana_Cathedral" title="Havana Cathedral">Havana Cathedral</a> in Cuba. It is also worth remembering the quality of the churches of the <a href="/wiki/Jesuit_Missions_of_Chiquitos" title="Jesuit Missions of Chiquitos">Spanish Jesuit Missions in Bolivia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jesuit_Missions_of_La_Sant%C3%ADsima_Trinidad_de_Paran%C3%A1_and_Jes%C3%BAs_de_Tavarangue" title="Jesuit Missions of La Santísima Trinidad de Paraná and Jesús de Tavarangue">Spanish Jesuit missions in Paraguay</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_Mexico" title="Spanish missions in Mexico">Spanish missions in Mexico</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_California" title="Spanish missions in California">Spanish Franciscan missions in California</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, as in the metropolis, <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>, the architecture has a certain <a href="/wiki/Italian_Baroque_architecture" title="Italian Baroque architecture">Italian influence</a>, usually of a <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Borromini" title="Francesco Borromini">Borrominesque</a> type, as can be seen in the <a href="/wiki/Co-Cathedral_of_Recife" title="Co-Cathedral of Recife">Co-Cathedral of Recife</a> (1784) and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Church_of_Nossa_Senhora_da_Gl%C3%B3ria_do_Outeiro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Church of Nossa Senhora da Glória do Outeiro (page does not exist)">Church of Nossa Senhora da Glória do Outeiro</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a> (1739). In the region of <a href="/wiki/Minas_Gerais" title="Minas Gerais">Minas Gerais</a>, highlighted the work of <a href="/wiki/Aleijadinho" title="Aleijadinho">Aleijadinho</a>, author of a group of churches that stand out for their curved planimetry, façades with concave-convex dynamic effects and a plastic treatment of all architectural elements (<a href="/wiki/Church_of_S%C3%A3o_Francisco_de_Assis,_Ouro_Preto" class="mw-redirect" title="Church of São Francisco de Assis, Ouro Preto">Church of São Francisco de Assis, Ouro Preto</a>, 1765–1788). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Baroque_in_the_Spanish_and_Portuguese_Colonial_Asia">Baroque in the Spanish and Portuguese Colonial Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baroque&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Baroque in the Spanish and Portuguese Colonial Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Earthquake_Baroque" title="Earthquake Baroque">Earthquake Baroque</a></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 187.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 185.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Restos_de_la_Catedral_de_San_Pablo,_Macao,_2013-08-08,_DD_05.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="São Paulo in Macau, China, unknown architect, 1601[98]"><img alt="São Paulo in Macau, China, unknown architect, 1601[98]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Restos_de_la_Catedral_de_San_Pablo%2C_Macao%2C_2013-08-08%2C_DD_05.jpg/278px-Restos_de_la_Catedral_de_San_Pablo%2C_Macao%2C_2013-08-08%2C_DD_05.jpg" decoding="async" width="186" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Restos_de_la_Catedral_de_San_Pablo%2C_Macao%2C_2013-08-08%2C_DD_05.jpg/418px-Restos_de_la_Catedral_de_San_Pablo%2C_Macao%2C_2013-08-08%2C_DD_05.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Restos_de_la_Catedral_de_San_Pablo%2C_Macao%2C_2013-08-08%2C_DD_05.jpg/557px-Restos_de_la_Catedral_de_San_Pablo%2C_Macao%2C_2013-08-08%2C_DD_05.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3372" data-file-height="3090" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ruins_of_Saint_Paul%27s" title="Ruins of Saint Paul's">São Paulo</a> in <a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a>, China, unknown architect, 1601<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBailey2012226_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBailey2012226-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 115.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 113.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Eglise_St_Paul.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="São Paulo in Diu, India, unknown architect, 1601[99]"><img alt="São Paulo in Diu, India, unknown architect, 1601[99]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Eglise_St_Paul.jpg/170px-Eglise_St_Paul.jpg" decoding="async" width="114" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Eglise_St_Paul.jpg/255px-Eglise_St_Paul.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Eglise_St_Paul.jpg/340px-Eglise_St_Paul.jpg 2x" data-file-width="963" data-file-height="1444" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/St._Paul%27s_Church,_Diu" title="St. Paul's Church, Diu">São Paulo</a> in <a href="/wiki/Diu,_India" title="Diu, India">Diu, India</a>, unknown architect, 1601<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBailey2012378_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBailey2012378-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 354.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 352.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Manila_Cathedral_(1792)_by_Brambila.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Manila Cathedral in a painting of 1792, in Intramuros, Manila, Philippines"><img alt="Manila Cathedral in a painting of 1792, in Intramuros, Manila, Philippines" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Manila_Cathedral_%281792%29_by_Brambila.jpg/529px-Manila_Cathedral_%281792%29_by_Brambila.jpg" decoding="async" width="353" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/Manila_Cathedral_%281792%29_by_Brambila.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="338" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Manila_Cathedral" title="Manila Cathedral">Manila Cathedral</a> in a painting of 1792, in <a href="/wiki/Intramuros" title="Intramuros">Intramuros</a>, Manila, Philippines</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 228.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 226.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_Goa_Church_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Basilica of Bom Jesus in Goa, India, 1594–1605"><img alt="Basilica of Bom Jesus in Goa, India, 1594–1605" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Old_Goa_Church_01.jpg/340px-Old_Goa_Church_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="227" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Old_Goa_Church_01.jpg/511px-Old_Goa_Church_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Old_Goa_Church_01.jpg/680px-Old_Goa_Church_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Bom_Jesus" title="Basilica of Bom Jesus">Basilica of Bom Jesus</a> in <a href="/wiki/Goa" title="Goa">Goa</a>, India, 1594–1605</div> </li> </ul> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_India" title="Portuguese India">Portuguese colonies of India</a> (<a href="/wiki/Goa" title="Goa">Goa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daman_and_Diu" title="Daman and Diu">Daman and Diu</a>) an architectural style of Baroque forms mixed with Hindu elements flourished, such as the <a href="/wiki/Se_Cathedral" title="Se Cathedral">Se Cathedral</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Bom_Jesus" title="Basilica of Bom Jesus">Basilica of Bom Jesus</a> of Goa, which houses the tomb of St. <a href="/wiki/Francis_Xavier" title="Francis Xavier">Francis Xavier</a>. The set of <a href="/wiki/Churches_and_convents_of_Goa" title="Churches and convents of Goa">churches and convents of Goa</a> was declared a <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a> in 1986. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, which was a Spanish colony for over three centuries, a large number of <a href="/wiki/Baroque_Churches_of_the_Philippines" title="Baroque Churches of the Philippines">Baroque constructions</a> are preserved. Four of these as well as the Baroque and Neoclassical city of <a href="/wiki/Vigan" title="Vigan">Vigan</a> are both <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Sites</a>; and although they lack formal classification, The <a href="/wiki/Intramuros" title="Intramuros">Walled City of Manila</a> along with the city of <a href="/wiki/Tayabas" title="Tayabas">Tayabas</a> both contain a significant extent of Spanish-Baroque-era architecture. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Echoes_in_Wallachia_and_Moldavia">Echoes in Wallachia and Moldavia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baroque&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Echoes in Wallachia and Moldavia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Br%C3%A2ncovenesc_style" class="mw-redirect" title="Brâncovenesc style">Brâncovenesc style</a></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 257.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 255.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Biserica_%E2%80%9E%C3%8En%C4%83l%C8%9Barea_Domnului%E2%80%9D_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Golia Monastery Church, Iași, Romania, unknown architect, 1650–1660"><img alt="Golia Monastery Church, Iași, Romania, unknown architect, 1650–1660" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Biserica_%E2%80%9E%C3%8En%C4%83l%C8%9Barea_Domnului%E2%80%9D_%281%29.jpg/383px-Biserica_%E2%80%9E%C3%8En%C4%83l%C8%9Barea_Domnului%E2%80%9D_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="256" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Biserica_%E2%80%9E%C3%8En%C4%83l%C8%9Barea_Domnului%E2%80%9D_%281%29.jpg/575px-Biserica_%E2%80%9E%C3%8En%C4%83l%C8%9Barea_Domnului%E2%80%9D_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Biserica_%E2%80%9E%C3%8En%C4%83l%C8%9Barea_Domnului%E2%80%9D_%281%29.jpg/765px-Biserica_%E2%80%9E%C3%8En%C4%83l%C8%9Barea_Domnului%E2%80%9D_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Golia_Monastery" title="Golia Monastery">Golia Monastery</a> Church, <a href="/wiki/Ia%C8%99i" title="Iași">Iași</a>, Romania, unknown architect, 1650–1660</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 114.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 112.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hurezi_(14572944446).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Horezu Monastery, Horezu, Romania, with a Solomonic column, unknown architect, 17th–18th centuries[100]"><img alt="Horezu Monastery, Horezu, Romania, with a Solomonic column, unknown architect, 17th–18th centuries[100]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Hurezi_%2814572944446%29.jpg/169px-Hurezi_%2814572944446%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="113" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Hurezi_%2814572944446%29.jpg/254px-Hurezi_%2814572944446%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Hurezi_%2814572944446%29.jpg/339px-Hurezi_%2814572944446%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="4288" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Horezu_Monastery" title="Horezu Monastery">Horezu Monastery</a>, Horezu, Romania, with a <a href="/wiki/Solomonic_column" title="Solomonic column">Solomonic column</a>, unknown architect, 17th–18th centuries<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 108.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 106.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Horezu_bis_man_portal.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Door and pisanie of the Saints Constantine and Helena Church, Horezu Monastery, unknown architect or sculptor, 1692–1694"><img alt="Door and pisanie of the Saints Constantine and Helena Church, Horezu Monastery, unknown architect or sculptor, 1692–1694" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Horezu_bis_man_portal.jpg/160px-Horezu_bis_man_portal.jpg" decoding="async" width="107" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Horezu_bis_man_portal.jpg/240px-Horezu_bis_man_portal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Horezu_bis_man_portal.jpg/319px-Horezu_bis_man_portal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3307" data-file-height="5276" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Door and <i><a href="/wiki/Pisanie" title="Pisanie">pisanie</a></i> of the Saints Constantine and Helena Church, Horezu Monastery, unknown architect or sculptor, 1692–1694</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 257.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 255.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Palatul_Br%C3%A2ncovenesc,_Potlogi,_DB,_4.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Maximalist railing of the Potlogi Palace, Potlogi, unknown architect, 1698"><img alt="Maximalist railing of the Potlogi Palace, Potlogi, unknown architect, 1698" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Palatul_Br%C3%A2ncovenesc%2C_Potlogi%2C_DB%2C_4.JPG/383px-Palatul_Br%C3%A2ncovenesc%2C_Potlogi%2C_DB%2C_4.JPG" decoding="async" width="256" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Palatul_Br%C3%A2ncovenesc%2C_Potlogi%2C_DB%2C_4.JPG/575px-Palatul_Br%C3%A2ncovenesc%2C_Potlogi%2C_DB%2C_4.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Palatul_Br%C3%A2ncovenesc%2C_Potlogi%2C_DB%2C_4.JPG/765px-Palatul_Br%C3%A2ncovenesc%2C_Potlogi%2C_DB%2C_4.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3072" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Maximalist railing of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Potlogi_Palace&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Potlogi Palace (page does not exist)">Potlogi Palace</a>, Potlogi, unknown architect, 1698</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 257.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 255.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mogosoaia_Museum_(128813769).jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="Twisting columns and railings of the Mogoșoaia Palace, Mogoșoaia, unknown architect, early 18th century[101]"><img alt="Twisting columns and railings of the Mogoșoaia Palace, Mogoșoaia, unknown architect, early 18th century[101]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Mogosoaia_Museum_%28128813769%29.jpeg/383px-Mogosoaia_Museum_%28128813769%29.jpeg" decoding="async" width="256" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Mogosoaia_Museum_%28128813769%29.jpeg/575px-Mogosoaia_Museum_%28128813769%29.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Mogosoaia_Museum_%28128813769%29.jpeg/765px-Mogosoaia_Museum_%28128813769%29.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1365" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Twisting columns and railings of the <a href="/wiki/Mogo%C8%99oaia_Palace" title="Mogoșoaia Palace">Mogoșoaia Palace</a>, Mogoșoaia, unknown architect, early 18th century<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECelacCarabelaMarcu-Lapadat2017216_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECelacCarabelaMarcu-Lapadat2017216-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 136.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 134.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stone_in_the_courtyard_of_the_Antim_Monastery_19.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cartouche on a damaged stone in the courtyard of Antim Monastery, Bucharest, unknown sculptor, late 17th-early 18th century"><img alt="Cartouche on a damaged stone in the courtyard of Antim Monastery, Bucharest, unknown sculptor, late 17th-early 18th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Stone_in_the_courtyard_of_the_Antim_Monastery_19.jpg/202px-Stone_in_the_courtyard_of_the_Antim_Monastery_19.jpg" decoding="async" width="135" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Stone_in_the_courtyard_of_the_Antim_Monastery_19.jpg/303px-Stone_in_the_courtyard_of_the_Antim_Monastery_19.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Stone_in_the_courtyard_of_the_Antim_Monastery_19.jpg/404px-Stone_in_the_courtyard_of_the_Antim_Monastery_19.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2849" data-file-height="3599" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Cartouche_(design)" title="Cartouche (design)">Cartouche</a> on a damaged stone in the courtyard of <a href="/wiki/Antim_Monastery" title="Antim Monastery">Antim Monastery</a>, Bucharest, unknown sculptor, late 17th-early 18th century</div> </li> </ul> <p>As we saw, the Baroque is a Western style, born in Italy. Through the commercial and cultural relationships of Italians with countries of the <a href="/wiki/Balkan_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Balkan Peninsula">Balkan Peninsula</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Moldavia" title="Moldavia">Moldavia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wallachia" title="Wallachia">Wallachia</a>, Baroque influences arrive to Eastern Europe. These influences were not very strong, since they usually take place in architecture and stone-sculpted ornaments, and are also mixed intensely with details taken from <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_art" title="Byzantine art">Byzantine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Islamic art</a>. </p><p>Before and after the fall of the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>, all the art of Wallachia and Moldavia was primarily influenced by that of <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>. Until the end of the 16th century, with little modifications, the plans of churches and monasteries, the murals, and the ornaments carved in stone remain the same as before. From a period starting with the reigns of <a href="/wiki/Matei_Basarab" title="Matei Basarab">Matei Basarab</a> (1632–1654) and <a href="/wiki/Vasile_Lupu" title="Vasile Lupu">Vasile Lupu</a> (1634–1653), which coincided with the popularization of Italian Baroque, new ornaments were added, and the style of religious furniture changed. This was not random at all. Decorative elements and principles were brought from Italy, through <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a>, or through the <a href="/wiki/Dalmatia" title="Dalmatia">Dalmatian</a> regions, and they were adopted by architects and craftsmen from the east. The window and door frames, the <i><a href="/wiki/Pisanie" title="Pisanie">pisanie</a></i> with dedication, the tombstones, the columns and railings, and a part of the bronze, silver or wooden furniture, received a more important role than the one they had before. They existed before too, inspired by the Byzantine tradition, but they gained a more realist look, showing delicate floral motifs. The <a href="/wiki/Relief" title="Relief">relief</a> that existed before too, became more accentuated, having volume and consistency. Before this period, reliefs from Wallachia and Moldavia, like the ones from the East, had only two levels, at a small distance one from the other, one at the surface and the other in depth. Big flowers, maybe <a href="/wiki/Rose" title="Rose">roses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peony" title="Peony">peonies</a> or <a href="/wiki/Thistle" title="Thistle">thistles</a>, thick leaves, of <a href="/wiki/Acanthus_(ornament)" title="Acanthus (ornament)">acanthus</a> or another similar plant, were twisting on columns, or surround door and windows. A place where the Baroque had a strong influence was <a href="/wiki/Column" title="Column">columns</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Guard_rail" title="Guard rail">railings</a>. <a href="/wiki/Capital_(architecture)" title="Capital (architecture)">Capitals</a> were more decorated than before with foliage. Columns have often twisting shafts, a local reinterpretation of the <a href="/wiki/Solomonic_column" title="Solomonic column">Solomonic column</a>. <a href="/wiki/Maximalism" title="Maximalism">Maximalist</a> railings are placed between these columns, decorated with <a href="/wiki/Rinceau" title="Rinceau">rinceaux</a>. Some of the ones from the <a href="/wiki/Mogo%C8%99oaia_Palace" title="Mogoșoaia Palace">Mogoșoaia Palace</a> are also decorated with dolphins. <a href="/wiki/Cartouche_(design)" title="Cartouche (design)">Cartouches</a> are also used sometimes, mostly on tombstones, like on the one of <a href="/wiki/Constantin_Br%C3%A2ncoveanu" title="Constantin Brâncoveanu">Constantin Brâncoveanu</a>. This movement, is known as the <b><a href="/wiki/Br%C3%A2ncovenesc_style" class="mw-redirect" title="Brâncovenesc style">Brâncovenesc style</a></b>, after <a href="/wiki/Constantin_Br%C3%A2ncoveanu" title="Constantin Brâncoveanu">Constantin Brâncoveanu</a>, a ruler of Wallachia whose reign (1654–1714) is highly associated with this kind of architecture and design. The style is also present during the 18th century, and in a part of the 19th. Many of the churches and residences erected by <a href="/wiki/Boyard" class="mw-redirect" title="Boyard">boyards</a> and <a href="/wiki/Voivode" title="Voivode">voivodes</a> of these periods are Brâncovenesc. Although Baroque influences can be clearly seen, the Brâncovenesc style takes much more inspiration from the local tradition. </p><p>As the 18th century passed, with the <a href="/wiki/Phanariots" title="Phanariots">Phanariot</a> (members of prominent <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greek</a> families in <a href="/wiki/Fener" title="Fener">Phanar</a>, Istanbul) reigns in Wallachia and Moldavia, Baroque influences come from Istanbul too. They came before too, during the 17th century, but with the Phanariots, more Western Baroque motifs that arrived to the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> had their final destination in present-day Romania. In Moldavia, Baroque elements come from Russia too, where the influence of Italian art was strong.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Painting">Painting</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baroque&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Painting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Baroque_painting" title="Baroque painting">Baroque painting</a></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 126px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 124px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Annibale_Carracci,_Resurrezione,_Louvre.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Resurrection of Christ; by Annibale Carracci; 1593; oil on canvas; 217 x 160 cm; Louvre[103]"><img alt="Resurrection of Christ; by Annibale Carracci; 1593; oil on canvas; 217 x 160 cm; Louvre[103]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Annibale_Carracci%2C_Resurrezione%2C_Louvre.jpg/186px-Annibale_Carracci%2C_Resurrezione%2C_Louvre.jpg" decoding="async" width="124" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Annibale_Carracci%2C_Resurrezione%2C_Louvre.jpg/279px-Annibale_Carracci%2C_Resurrezione%2C_Louvre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Annibale_Carracci%2C_Resurrezione%2C_Louvre.jpg/372px-Annibale_Carracci%2C_Resurrezione%2C_Louvre.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1241" data-file-height="1700" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_(Annibale_Carracci)" title="Resurrection (Annibale Carracci)">Resurrection of Christ</a>; by <a href="/wiki/Annibale_Carracci" title="Annibale Carracci">Annibale Carracci</a>; 1593; oil on canvas; 217 x 160 cm; <a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHodge201723_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHodge201723-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 332.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 330.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Triumph_of_Bacchus_and_Ariadne_-_Annibale_Carracci_-_1597_-_Farnese_Gallery,_Rome.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Triumph of Bacchus and Adriane (part of The Loves of the Gods); by Annibale Carracci; c.1597–1600; fresco; length (gallery): 20.2 m; Palazzo Farnese, Rome[104]"><img alt="Triumph of Bacchus and Adriane (part of The Loves of the Gods); by Annibale Carracci; c.1597–1600; fresco; length (gallery): 20.2 m; Palazzo Farnese, Rome[104]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/The_Triumph_of_Bacchus_and_Ariadne_-_Annibale_Carracci_-_1597_-_Farnese_Gallery%2C_Rome.jpg/496px-The_Triumph_of_Bacchus_and_Ariadne_-_Annibale_Carracci_-_1597_-_Farnese_Gallery%2C_Rome.jpg" decoding="async" width="331" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/The_Triumph_of_Bacchus_and_Ariadne_-_Annibale_Carracci_-_1597_-_Farnese_Gallery%2C_Rome.jpg/745px-The_Triumph_of_Bacchus_and_Ariadne_-_Annibale_Carracci_-_1597_-_Farnese_Gallery%2C_Rome.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/The_Triumph_of_Bacchus_and_Ariadne_-_Annibale_Carracci_-_1597_-_Farnese_Gallery%2C_Rome.jpg/991px-The_Triumph_of_Bacchus_and_Ariadne_-_Annibale_Carracci_-_1597_-_Farnese_Gallery%2C_Rome.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2685" data-file-height="1382" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Triumph of Bacchus and Adriane</i> (part of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Loves_of_the_Gods" title="The Loves of the Gods">The Loves of the Gods</a></i>); by <a href="/wiki/Annibale_Carracci" title="Annibale Carracci">Annibale Carracci</a>; <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>1597–1600; fresco; length (gallery): 20.2 m; <a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Farnese" title="Palazzo Farnese">Palazzo Farnese</a>, Rome<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFortenberry2017246_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFortenberry2017246-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 180px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 178px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Calling_of_Saint_Matthew-Caravaggo_(1599-1600).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Calling of St Matthew; by Caravaggio; c.1602–1604; oil on canvas; 3 x 2 m; San Luigi dei Francesi, Rome[105]"><img alt="The Calling of St Matthew; by Caravaggio; c.1602–1604; oil on canvas; 3 x 2 m; San Luigi dei Francesi, Rome[105]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/The_Calling_of_Saint_Matthew-Caravaggo_%281599-1600%29.jpg/267px-The_Calling_of_Saint_Matthew-Caravaggo_%281599-1600%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="178" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/The_Calling_of_Saint_Matthew-Caravaggo_%281599-1600%29.jpg/401px-The_Calling_of_Saint_Matthew-Caravaggo_%281599-1600%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/The_Calling_of_Saint_Matthew-Caravaggo_%281599-1600%29.jpg/534px-The_Calling_of_Saint_Matthew-Caravaggo_%281599-1600%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4096" data-file-height="3915" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/The_Calling_of_St_Matthew" class="mw-redirect" title="The Calling of St Matthew">The Calling of St Matthew</a>; by <a href="/wiki/Caravaggio" title="Caravaggio">Caravaggio</a>; <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>1602–1604; oil on canvas; 3 x 2 m; <a href="/wiki/San_Luigi_dei_Francesi" title="San Luigi dei Francesi">San Luigi dei Francesi</a>, Rome<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFortenberry2017244_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFortenberry2017244-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 140px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 138px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Artemisia_Gentileschi_-_Giuditta_decapita_Oloferne_-_Google_Art_Project-Adjust.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Judith Slaying Holofernes; by Artemisia Gentileschi; 1611–1612; oil on canvas; 163 x 126 cm; Uffizi, Florence, Italy[106]"><img alt="Judith Slaying Holofernes; by Artemisia Gentileschi; 1611–1612; oil on canvas; 163 x 126 cm; Uffizi, Florence, Italy[106]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Artemisia_Gentileschi_-_Giuditta_decapita_Oloferne_-_Google_Art_Project-Adjust.jpg/207px-Artemisia_Gentileschi_-_Giuditta_decapita_Oloferne_-_Google_Art_Project-Adjust.jpg" decoding="async" width="138" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Artemisia_Gentileschi_-_Giuditta_decapita_Oloferne_-_Google_Art_Project-Adjust.jpg/311px-Artemisia_Gentileschi_-_Giuditta_decapita_Oloferne_-_Google_Art_Project-Adjust.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Artemisia_Gentileschi_-_Giuditta_decapita_Oloferne_-_Google_Art_Project-Adjust.jpg/415px-Artemisia_Gentileschi_-_Giuditta_decapita_Oloferne_-_Google_Art_Project-Adjust.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2685" data-file-height="3301" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Judith_Slaying_Holofernes_(Artemisia_Gentileschi,_Florence)" title="Judith Slaying Holofernes (Artemisia Gentileschi, Florence)">Judith Slaying Holofernes</a>; by <a href="/wiki/Artemisia_Gentileschi" title="Artemisia Gentileschi">Artemisia Gentileschi</a>; 1611–1612; oil on canvas; 163 x 126 cm; <a href="/wiki/Uffizi" title="Uffizi">Uffizi</a>, Florence, Italy<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 234.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 232.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_The_Four_Continents.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Four Continents; by Peter Paul Rubens; c.1615; oil on canvas; 209 x 284 cm; Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna, Austria"><img alt="The Four Continents; by Peter Paul Rubens; c.1615; oil on canvas; 209 x 284 cm; Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna, Austria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_The_Four_Continents.jpg/349px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_The_Four_Continents.jpg" decoding="async" width="233" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_The_Four_Continents.jpg/524px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_The_Four_Continents.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_The_Four_Continents.jpg/698px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_The_Four_Continents.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3158" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Four_Continents" title="The Four Continents">The Four Continents</a></i>; by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Paul_Rubens" title="Peter Paul Rubens">Peter Paul Rubens</a>; <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>1615; oil on canvas; 209 x 284 cm; <a href="/wiki/Kunsthistorisches_Museum" title="Kunsthistorisches Museum">Kunsthistorisches Museum</a>, Vienna, Austria</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 233.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 231.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nicolas_Poussin_-_L%27Enl%C3%A8vement_des_Sabines_(1634-5).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Rape of the Sabine Women; by Nicolas Poussin; 1634–1635; oil on canvas; 1.55 × 2.1 m; Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City[107]"><img alt="The Rape of the Sabine Women; by Nicolas Poussin; 1634–1635; oil on canvas; 1.55 × 2.1 m; Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City[107]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Nicolas_Poussin_-_L%27Enl%C3%A8vement_des_Sabines_%281634-5%29.jpg/347px-Nicolas_Poussin_-_L%27Enl%C3%A8vement_des_Sabines_%281634-5%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="232" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Nicolas_Poussin_-_L%27Enl%C3%A8vement_des_Sabines_%281634-5%29.jpg/520px-Nicolas_Poussin_-_L%27Enl%C3%A8vement_des_Sabines_%281634-5%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Nicolas_Poussin_-_L%27Enl%C3%A8vement_des_Sabines_%281634-5%29.jpg/693px-Nicolas_Poussin_-_L%27Enl%C3%A8vement_des_Sabines_%281634-5%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3907" data-file-height="2876" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Rape_of_the_Sabine_Women" class="mw-redirect" title="The Rape of the Sabine Women">The Rape of the Sabine Women</a></i>; by <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Poussin" title="Nicolas Poussin">Nicolas Poussin</a>; 1634–1635; oil on canvas; 1.55 × 2.1 m; <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a>, New York City<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFortenberry2017243_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFortenberry2017243-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 211.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 209.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:La_ronda_de_noche,_por_Rembrandt_van_Rijn.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Night Watch; by Rembrandt; 1642; oil on canvas; 3.63 × 4.37 m; Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam, the Netherlands[108]"><img alt="The Night Watch; by Rembrandt; 1642; oil on canvas; 3.63 × 4.37 m; Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam, the Netherlands[108]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/La_ronda_de_noche%2C_por_Rembrandt_van_Rijn.jpg/314px-La_ronda_de_noche%2C_por_Rembrandt_van_Rijn.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/La_ronda_de_noche%2C_por_Rembrandt_van_Rijn.jpg/471px-La_ronda_de_noche%2C_por_Rembrandt_van_Rijn.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/La_ronda_de_noche%2C_por_Rembrandt_van_Rijn.jpg/627px-La_ronda_de_noche%2C_por_Rembrandt_van_Rijn.jpg 2x" data-file-width="14168" data-file-height="11528" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Night_Watch" title="The Night Watch">The Night Watch</a></i>; by <a href="/wiki/Rembrandt" title="Rembrandt">Rembrandt</a>; 1642; oil on canvas; 3.63 × 4.37 m; <a href="/wiki/Rijksmuseum" title="Rijksmuseum">Rijksmuseum</a>, Amsterdam, the Netherlands<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFortenberry2017256_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFortenberry2017256-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 223.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Claude_Lorrain_008.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Embarkation of the Queen of Sheba; by Claude Lorrain; 1648; oil on canvas; 149.1 × 196.7 cm; National Gallery, London"><img alt="The Embarkation of the Queen of Sheba; by Claude Lorrain; 1648; oil on canvas; 149.1 × 196.7 cm; National Gallery, London" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Claude_Lorrain_008.jpg/335px-Claude_Lorrain_008.jpg" decoding="async" width="224" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Claude_Lorrain_008.jpg/504px-Claude_Lorrain_008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Claude_Lorrain_008.jpg/671px-Claude_Lorrain_008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4563" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Embarkation_of_the_Queen_of_Sheba" title="The Embarkation of the Queen of Sheba">The Embarkation of the Queen of Sheba</a></i>; by <a href="/wiki/Claude_Lorrain" title="Claude Lorrain">Claude Lorrain</a>; 1648; oil on canvas; 149.1 × 196.7 cm; <a href="/wiki/National_Gallery" title="National Gallery">National Gallery</a>, London</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 149.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 147.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Las_Meninas,_by_Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez,_from_Prado_in_Google_Earth.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Las Meninas; by Diego Velázquez; 1656; oil on canvas; 3.18 cm × 2.76 m; Museo del Prado, Madrid, Spain[109]"><img alt="Las Meninas; by Diego Velázquez; 1656; oil on canvas; 3.18 cm × 2.76 m; Museo del Prado, Madrid, Spain[109]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Las_Meninas%2C_by_Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez%2C_from_Prado_in_Google_Earth.jpg/221px-Las_Meninas%2C_by_Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez%2C_from_Prado_in_Google_Earth.jpg" decoding="async" width="148" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Las_Meninas%2C_by_Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez%2C_from_Prado_in_Google_Earth.jpg/333px-Las_Meninas%2C_by_Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez%2C_from_Prado_in_Google_Earth.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Las_Meninas%2C_by_Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez%2C_from_Prado_in_Google_Earth.jpg/443px-Las_Meninas%2C_by_Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez%2C_from_Prado_in_Google_Earth.jpg 2x" data-file-width="26065" data-file-height="30000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Las_Meninas" title="Las Meninas">Las Meninas</a></i>; by <a href="/wiki/Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez" title="Diego Velázquez">Diego Velázquez</a>; 1656; oil on canvas; 3.18 cm × 2.76 m; <a href="/wiki/Museo_del_Prado" title="Museo del Prado">Museo del Prado</a>, Madrid, Spain<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFortenberry2017262_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFortenberry2017262-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 224.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 222.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Michaelina_wautier-triunfo_de_baco.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="The Triumph of Bacchus; by Michaelina Wautier; before 1659; oil on canvas; 270 x 354 cm; Kunsthistorisches Museum[110]"><img alt="The Triumph of Bacchus; by Michaelina Wautier; before 1659; oil on canvas; 270 x 354 cm; Kunsthistorisches Museum[110]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Michaelina_wautier-triunfo_de_baco.JPG/334px-Michaelina_wautier-triunfo_de_baco.JPG" decoding="async" width="223" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Michaelina_wautier-triunfo_de_baco.JPG/502px-Michaelina_wautier-triunfo_de_baco.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Michaelina_wautier-triunfo_de_baco.JPG/668px-Michaelina_wautier-triunfo_de_baco.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3600" data-file-height="2750" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Triumph_of_Bacchus_(Wautier)" title="Triumph of Bacchus (Wautier)">The Triumph of Bacchus</a></i>; by <a href="/wiki/Michaelina_Wautier" title="Michaelina Wautier">Michaelina Wautier</a>; before 1659; oil on canvas; 270 x 354 cm; Kunsthistorisches Museum<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 209.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 207.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Maria_van_Oosterwijck,_Kunsthistorisches_Museum_Wien,_Gem%C3%A4ldegalerie_-_Vanitas-Stilleben_-_GG_5714.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vanitas Still Life; by Maria van Oosterwijck; 1668; oil on canvas; 73 x 88.5 cm; Kunsthistorisches Museum[111]"><img alt="Vanitas Still Life; by Maria van Oosterwijck; 1668; oil on canvas; 73 x 88.5 cm; Kunsthistorisches Museum[111]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Maria_van_Oosterwijck%2C_Kunsthistorisches_Museum_Wien%2C_Gem%C3%A4ldegalerie_-_Vanitas-Stilleben_-_GG_5714.jpg/311px-Maria_van_Oosterwijck%2C_Kunsthistorisches_Museum_Wien%2C_Gem%C3%A4ldegalerie_-_Vanitas-Stilleben_-_GG_5714.jpg" decoding="async" width="208" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Maria_van_Oosterwijck%2C_Kunsthistorisches_Museum_Wien%2C_Gem%C3%A4ldegalerie_-_Vanitas-Stilleben_-_GG_5714.jpg/467px-Maria_van_Oosterwijck%2C_Kunsthistorisches_Museum_Wien%2C_Gem%C3%A4ldegalerie_-_Vanitas-Stilleben_-_GG_5714.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Maria_van_Oosterwijck%2C_Kunsthistorisches_Museum_Wien%2C_Gem%C3%A4ldegalerie_-_Vanitas-Stilleben_-_GG_5714.jpg/622px-Maria_van_Oosterwijck%2C_Kunsthistorisches_Museum_Wien%2C_Gem%C3%A4ldegalerie_-_Vanitas-Stilleben_-_GG_5714.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1420" data-file-height="1165" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Vanitas Still Life</i>; by <a href="/wiki/Maria_van_Oosterwijck" title="Maria van Oosterwijck">Maria van Oosterwijck</a>; 1668; oil on canvas; 73 x 88.5 cm; Kunsthistorisches Museum<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> </ul> <p>Baroque painters worked deliberately to set themselves apart from the painters of the Renaissance and the Mannerism period after it. In their palette, they used intense and warm colours, and particularly made use of the <a href="/wiki/Primary_colors" class="mw-redirect" title="Primary colors">primary colours</a> red, blue and yellow, frequently putting all three in close proximity.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They avoided the even lighting of Renaissance painting and used strong contrasts of light and darkness on certain parts of the picture to direct attention to the central actions or figures. In their composition, they avoided the tranquil scenes of Renaissance paintings, and chose the moments of the greatest movement and drama. Unlike the tranquil faces of Renaissance paintings, the faces in Baroque paintings clearly expressed their emotions. They often used asymmetry, with action occurring away from the centre of the picture, and created axes that were neither vertical nor horizontal, but slanting to the left or right, giving a sense of instability and movement. They enhanced this impression of movement by having the costumes of the personages blown by the wind, or moved by their own gestures. The overall impressions were movement, emotion and drama.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another essential element of baroque painting was allegory; every painting told a story and had a message, often encrypted in symbols and allegorical characters, which an educated viewer was expected to know and read.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Early evidence of Italian Baroque ideas in painting occurred in Bologna, where <a href="/wiki/Annibale_Carracci" title="Annibale Carracci">Annibale Carracci</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agostino_Carracci" title="Agostino Carracci">Agostino Carracci</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ludovico_Carracci" title="Ludovico Carracci">Ludovico Carracci</a> sought to return the visual arts to the ordered Classicism of the Renaissance. Their art, however, also incorporated ideas central the Counter-Reformation; these included intense emotion and religious imagery that appealed more to the heart than to the intellect.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another influential painter of the Baroque era was <a href="/wiki/Michelangelo_Merisi_da_Caravaggio" class="mw-redirect" title="Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio">Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio</a>. His realistic approach to the human figure, painted directly from life and dramatically spotlit against a dark background, shocked his contemporaries and opened a new chapter in the history of painting. Other major painters associated closely with the Baroque style include <a href="/wiki/Artemisia_Gentileschi" title="Artemisia Gentileschi">Artemisia Gentileschi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elisabetta_Sirani" title="Elisabetta Sirani">Elisabetta Sirani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giovanna_Garzoni" title="Giovanna Garzoni">Giovanna Garzoni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guido_Reni" title="Guido Reni">Guido Reni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Domenichino" title="Domenichino">Domenichino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Pozzo" title="Andrea Pozzo">Andrea Pozzo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Paolo_de_Matteis" title="Paolo de Matteis">Paolo de Matteis</a> in Italy; <a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Zurbar%C3%A1n" title="Francisco de Zurbarán">Francisco de Zurbarán</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bartolom%C3%A9_Esteban_Murillo" title="Bartolomé Esteban Murillo">Bartolomé Esteban Murillo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez" title="Diego Velázquez">Diego Velázquez</a> in Spain; <a href="/wiki/Adam_Elsheimer" title="Adam Elsheimer">Adam Elsheimer</a> in Germany; and <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Poussin" title="Nicolas Poussin">Nicolas Poussin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Georges_de_La_Tour" title="Georges de La Tour">Georges de La Tour</a> in France (though Poussin spent most of his working life in Italy). Poussin and de La Tour adopted a "classical" Baroque style with less focus on emotion and greater attention to the line of the figures in the painting than to colour. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Peter_Paul_Rubens" title="Peter Paul Rubens">Peter Paul Rubens</a> was the most important painter of the <a href="/wiki/Flemish_Baroque_painting" title="Flemish Baroque painting">Flemish Baroque</a> style. Rubens' highly charged compositions reference erudite aspects of classical and Christian history. His unique and immensely popular Baroque style emphasised movement, colour, and sensuality, which followed the immediate, dramatic artistic style promoted in the <a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a>. Rubens specialized in making altarpieces, portraits, landscapes, and <a href="/wiki/History_painting" title="History painting">history paintings</a> of mythological and allegorical subjects. </p><p>One important domain of Baroque painting was <i><a href="/wiki/Illusionistic_ceiling_painting" title="Illusionistic ceiling painting">Quadratura</a></i>, or paintings in <i><a href="/wiki/Trompe-l%27%C5%93il" title="Trompe-l'œil">trompe-l'œil</a></i>, which literally "fooled the eye". These were usually painted on the <a href="/wiki/Stucco" title="Stucco">stucco</a> of ceilings or upper walls and balustrades, and gave the impression to those on the ground looking up were that they were seeing the heavens populated with crowds of angels, saints and other heavenly figures, set against painted skies and imaginary architecture.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDucher201492_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDucher201492-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Italy, artists often collaborated with architects on interior decoration; <a href="/wiki/Pietro_da_Cortona" title="Pietro da Cortona">Pietro da Cortona</a> was one of the painters of the 17th century who employed this illusionist way of painting. Among his most important commissions were the frescoes he painted for the <a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Barberini" title="Palazzo Barberini">Palazzo Barberini</a> (1633–39), to glorify the reign of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_VIII" title="Pope Urban VIII">Pope Urban VIII</a>. Pietro da Cortona's compositions were the largest decorative frescoes executed in Rome since the work of Michelangelo at the <a href="/wiki/Sistine_Chapel" title="Sistine Chapel">Sistine Chapel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Boucher" title="François Boucher">François Boucher</a> was an important figure in the more delicate French Rococo style, which appeared during the late Baroque period. He designed tapestries, carpets and theatre decoration as well as painting. His work was extremely popular with <a href="/wiki/Madame_de_Pompadour" title="Madame de Pompadour">Madame de Pompadour</a>, the Mistress of King <a href="/wiki/Louis_XV" title="Louis XV">Louis XV</a>. His paintings featured mythological romantic, and mildly erotic themes.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hispanic_Americas">Hispanic Americas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baroque&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Hispanic Americas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Cusco_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Cusco School">Cusco School</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quito_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Quito School">Quito School</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Indochristian_art" title="Indochristian art">Indochristian art</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Angel_letiel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Angel_letiel.jpg/150px-Angel_letiel.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Angel_letiel.jpg/225px-Angel_letiel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Angel_letiel.jpg/300px-Angel_letiel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1352" data-file-height="1896" /></a><figcaption>Example of Bolivian painting (part of the <a href="/wiki/Cusco_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Cusco School">Cusco School</a>): an <a href="/wiki/%C3%81ngeles_arcabuceros" class="mw-redirect" title="Ángeles arcabuceros">Arquebusier Angel</a>; by <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Calamarca" title="Master of Calamarca">Master of Calamarca</a>; 17th century</figcaption></figure> <p>In the Hispanic Americas, the first influences were from <a href="/wiki/Seville" title="Seville">Sevillan</a> <a href="/wiki/Tenebrism" title="Tenebrism">Tenebrism</a>, mainly from <a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Zurbar%C3%A1n" title="Francisco de Zurbarán">Zurbarán</a>—some of whose works are still preserved in Mexico and Peru—as can be seen in the work of the Mexicans <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Ju%C3%A1rez&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="José Juárez (page does not exist)">José Juárez</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sebasti%C3%A1n_L%C3%B3pez_de_Arteaga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sebastián López de Arteaga (page does not exist)">Sebastián López de Arteaga</a>, and the Bolivian <a href="/w/index.php?title=Melchor_P%C3%A9rez_de_Holgu%C3%ADn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Melchor Pérez de Holguín (page does not exist)">Melchor Pérez de Holguín</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Cusco_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Cusco School">Cusco School</a> of painting arose after the arrival of the Italian painter <a href="/wiki/Bernardo_Bitti" title="Bernardo Bitti">Bernardo Bitti</a> in 1583, who introduced <a href="/wiki/Mannerism" title="Mannerism">Mannerism</a> in the Americas. It highlighted the work of <a href="/wiki/Luis_de_Ria%C3%B1o" title="Luis de Riaño">Luis de Riaño</a>, disciple of the Italian <a href="/wiki/Angelino_Medoro" title="Angelino Medoro">Angelino Medoro</a>, author of the murals of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Church_of_San_Pedro,_Andahuaylillas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Church of San Pedro, Andahuaylillas (page does not exist)">Church of San Pedro, Andahuaylillas</a>. It also highlighted the Indian (<a href="/wiki/Quechua_people" title="Quechua people">Quechua</a>) painters <a href="/wiki/Diego_Quispe_Tito" title="Diego Quispe Tito">Diego Quispe Tito</a> and <a href="/wiki/Basilio_Santa_Cruz_Pumacallao" title="Basilio Santa Cruz Pumacallao">Basilio Santa Cruz Pumacallao</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Marcos_Zapata" title="Marcos Zapata">Marcos Zapata</a>, author of the fifty large canvases that cover the high arches of <a href="/wiki/Cusco_Cathedral" title="Cusco Cathedral">Cusco Cathedral</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Quito_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Quito School">Quito School</a> was formed, mainly represented by the <a href="/wiki/Mestizo" title="Mestizo">mestizo</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Miguel_de_Santiago&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Miguel de Santiago (page does not exist)">Miguel de Santiago</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Criollo_(people)" class="mw-redirect" title="Criollo (people)">criollo</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicol%C3%A1s_Javier_de_Gor%C3%ADbar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nicolás Javier de Goríbar (page does not exist)">Nicolás Javier de Goríbar</a>. </p><p>In the 18th century sculptural altarpieces began to be replaced by paintings, developing notably the Baroque painting in the Americas. Similarly, the demand for civil works, mainly portraits of the aristocratic classes and the ecclesiastical hierarchy, grew. The main influence was the <a href="/wiki/Bartolom%C3%A9_Esteban_Murillo" title="Bartolomé Esteban Murillo">Murillesque</a>, and in some cases—as in the criollo <a href="/wiki/Crist%C3%B3bal_de_Villalpando" title="Cristóbal de Villalpando">Cristóbal de Villalpando</a>–that of <a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Vald%C3%A9s_Leal" title="Juan de Valdés Leal">Juan de Valdés Leal</a>. The painting of this era has a more sentimental tone, with sweet and softer shapes. Its proponents incluse <a href="/wiki/Gregorio_Vasquez_de_Arce_y_Ceballos" class="mw-redirect" title="Gregorio Vasquez de Arce y Ceballos">Gregorio Vasquez de Arce y Ceballos</a> in Colombia, and <a href="/wiki/Juan_Rodr%C3%ADguez_Ju%C3%A1rez" title="Juan Rodríguez Juárez">Juan Rodríguez Juárez</a> and <a href="/wiki/Miguel_Cabrera_(painter)" title="Miguel Cabrera (painter)">Miguel Cabrera</a> in Mexico. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sculpture">Sculpture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baroque&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Sculpture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Baroque_sculpture" title="Baroque sculpture">Baroque sculpture</a></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 115.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 113.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Francesco_mochi,_santa_veronica,_1632,_02,2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Saint Veronica; by Francesco Mochi; 1629–1639; Carrara marble; height: 5 m; St. Peter's Basilica, Rome"><img alt="Saint Veronica; by Francesco Mochi; 1629–1639; Carrara marble; height: 5 m; St. Peter's Basilica, Rome" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Francesco_mochi%2C_santa_veronica%2C_1632%2C_02%2C2.jpg/170px-Francesco_mochi%2C_santa_veronica%2C_1632%2C_02%2C2.jpg" decoding="async" width="114" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Francesco_mochi%2C_santa_veronica%2C_1632%2C_02%2C2.jpg/255px-Francesco_mochi%2C_santa_veronica%2C_1632%2C_02%2C2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Francesco_mochi%2C_santa_veronica%2C_1632%2C_02%2C2.jpg/340px-Francesco_mochi%2C_santa_veronica%2C_1632%2C_02%2C2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2432" data-file-height="3648" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Saint Veronica</i>; by <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Mochi" title="Francesco Mochi">Francesco Mochi</a>; 1629–1639; <a href="/wiki/Carrara_marble" title="Carrara marble">Carrara marble</a>; height: 5 m; <a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="St. Peter's Basilica">St. Peter's Basilica</a>, Rome</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 109.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 107.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ecstasy_of_Saint_Teresa_September_2015-2a.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ecstasy of Saint Teresa; by Gian Lorenzo Bernini; 1647–1652; marble; height: 3.5 m; Santa Maria della Vittoria, Rome[118]"><img alt="Ecstasy of Saint Teresa; by Gian Lorenzo Bernini; 1647–1652; marble; height: 3.5 m; Santa Maria della Vittoria, Rome[118]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Ecstasy_of_Saint_Teresa_September_2015-2a.jpg/161px-Ecstasy_of_Saint_Teresa_September_2015-2a.jpg" decoding="async" width="108" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Ecstasy_of_Saint_Teresa_September_2015-2a.jpg/242px-Ecstasy_of_Saint_Teresa_September_2015-2a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Ecstasy_of_Saint_Teresa_September_2015-2a.jpg/322px-Ecstasy_of_Saint_Teresa_September_2015-2a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4242" data-file-height="6722" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Ecstasy_of_Saint_Teresa" title="Ecstasy of Saint Teresa">Ecstasy of Saint Teresa</a></i>; by <a href="/wiki/Gian_Lorenzo_Bernini" title="Gian Lorenzo Bernini">Gian Lorenzo Bernini</a>; 1647–1652; marble; height: 3.5 m; <a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_della_Vittoria,_Rome" title="Santa Maria della Vittoria, Rome">Santa Maria della Vittoria, Rome</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFortenberry2017252_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFortenberry2017252-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 163.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 161.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fame_riding_Pegasus_Coysevox_Louvre_MR1824.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The King's Fame Riding Pegasus; by Antoine Coysevox; 1698–1702; Carrara marble; height: 3.15 m; Louvre[119]"><img alt="The King's Fame Riding Pegasus; by Antoine Coysevox; 1698–1702; Carrara marble; height: 3.15 m; Louvre[119]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Fame_riding_Pegasus_Coysevox_Louvre_MR1824.jpg/242px-Fame_riding_Pegasus_Coysevox_Louvre_MR1824.jpg" decoding="async" width="162" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Fame_riding_Pegasus_Coysevox_Louvre_MR1824.jpg/364px-Fame_riding_Pegasus_Coysevox_Louvre_MR1824.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Fame_riding_Pegasus_Coysevox_Louvre_MR1824.jpg/485px-Fame_riding_Pegasus_Coysevox_Louvre_MR1824.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2200" data-file-height="2315" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>The King's Fame Riding Pegasus</i>; by <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Coysevox" title="Antoine Coysevox">Antoine Coysevox</a>; 1698–1702; Carrara marble; height: 3.15 m; <a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre</a><sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 138px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 136px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Venus_Giving_Arms_to_Aeneas_MET_DT215153.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Venus Giving Arms to Aeneas; by Jean Cornu; 1704; terracotta and painted wood; height: 108 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City"><img alt="Venus Giving Arms to Aeneas; by Jean Cornu; 1704; terracotta and painted wood; height: 108 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Venus_Giving_Arms_to_Aeneas_MET_DT215153.jpg/204px-Venus_Giving_Arms_to_Aeneas_MET_DT215153.jpg" decoding="async" width="136" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Venus_Giving_Arms_to_Aeneas_MET_DT215153.jpg/306px-Venus_Giving_Arms_to_Aeneas_MET_DT215153.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Venus_Giving_Arms_to_Aeneas_MET_DT215153.jpg/408px-Venus_Giving_Arms_to_Aeneas_MET_DT215153.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2978" data-file-height="3722" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Venus Giving Arms to Aeneas</i>; by <a href="/wiki/Jean_Cornu" title="Jean Cornu">Jean Cornu</a>; 1704; terracotta and painted wood; height: 108 cm; <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a>, New York City</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 129.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 127.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ermit%C3%A1%C5%BE_(39).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Death of Adonis; by Giuseppe Mazzuoli; 1710s; marble; height: 193 cm; Hermitage Museum, Saint Petersburg, Russia"><img alt="The Death of Adonis; by Giuseppe Mazzuoli; 1710s; marble; height: 193 cm; Hermitage Museum, Saint Petersburg, Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Ermit%C3%A1%C5%BE_%2839%29.jpg/191px-Ermit%C3%A1%C5%BE_%2839%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="128" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Ermit%C3%A1%C5%BE_%2839%29.jpg/287px-Ermit%C3%A1%C5%BE_%2839%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Ermit%C3%A1%C5%BE_%2839%29.jpg/382px-Ermit%C3%A1%C5%BE_%2839%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2112" data-file-height="2816" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Death_of_Adonis_(Mazzuoli)" title="The Death of Adonis (Mazzuoli)">The Death of Adonis</a></i>; by <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzuoli_(1644%E2%80%931725)" title="Giuseppe Mazzuoli (1644–1725)">Giuseppe Mazzuoli</a>; 1710s; marble; height: 193 cm; <a href="/wiki/Hermitage_Museum" title="Hermitage Museum">Hermitage Museum</a>, Saint Petersburg, Russia</div> </li> </ul> <p>The dominant figure in baroque sculpture was <a href="/wiki/Gian_Lorenzo_Bernini" title="Gian Lorenzo Bernini">Gian Lorenzo Bernini</a>. Under the patronage of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_VIII" title="Pope Urban VIII">Pope Urban VIII</a>, he made a remarkable series of monumental statues of saints and figures whose faces and gestures vividly expressed their emotions, as well as portrait busts of exceptional realism, and highly decorative works for the Vatican such as the imposing <a href="/wiki/Chair_of_St._Peter" class="mw-redirect" title="Chair of St. Peter">Chair of St. Peter</a> beneath the dome in <a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="St. Peter's Basilica">St. Peter's Basilica</a>. In addition, he designed fountains with monumental groups of sculpture to decorate the major squares of Rome.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoucher1998146_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoucher1998146-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Baroque sculpture was inspired by ancient Roman statuary, particularly by the famous first century CE statue of <i><a href="/wiki/Laoco%C3%B6n_and_His_Sons" title="Laocoön and His Sons">Laocoön and His Sons</a></i>, which was unearthed in 1506 and put on display in the gallery of the Vatican. When he visited Paris in 1665, Bernini addressed the students at the academy of painting and sculpture. He advised the students to work from classical models, rather than from nature. He told the students, "When I had trouble with my first statue, I consulted the <i>Antinous</i> like an oracle."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoucher199816_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoucher199816-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That <i>Antinous</i> statue is known today as the <a href="/wiki/Hermes_of_the_Museo_Pio-Clementino" class="mw-redirect" title="Hermes of the Museo Pio-Clementino">Hermes of the Museo Pio-Clementino</a>. </p><p>Notable late French baroque sculptors included <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Maurice_Falconet" title="Étienne Maurice Falconet">Étienne Maurice Falconet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_Pigalle" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean Baptiste Pigalle">Jean Baptiste Pigalle</a>. Pigalle was commissioned by <a href="/wiki/Frederick_the_Great" title="Frederick the Great">Frederick the Great</a> to make statues for Frederick's own version of Versailles at <a href="/wiki/Sanssouci" title="Sanssouci">Sanssouci</a> in <a href="/wiki/Potsdam" title="Potsdam">Potsdam</a>, Germany. Falconet also received an important foreign commission, creating the famous <i><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Horseman" title="Bronze Horseman">Bronze Horseman</a></i> statue of <a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Great" title="Peter the Great">Peter the Great</a> found in <a href="/wiki/St._Petersburg" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Petersburg">St. Petersburg</a>. </p><p>In Spain, the sculptor <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Salzillo" title="Francisco Salzillo">Francisco Salzillo</a> worked exclusively on religious themes, using polychromed wood. Some of the finest baroque sculptural craftsmanship was found in the gilded stucco altars of churches of the Spanish colonies of the New World, made by local craftsmen; examples include the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chapel_del_Rosario,_Puebla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chapel del Rosario, Puebla (page does not exist)">Chapel del Rosario, Puebla</a>, (Mexico), 1724–1731. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Furniture">Furniture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baroque&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Furniture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV_furniture" title="Louis XIV furniture">Louis XIV furniture</a></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 133.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 131.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Decorative_arts_in_the_Louvre_-_Room_32_D201903_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Four-poster bed from the Château d'Effiat; c.1650; natural walnut, chiselled Genoa silk velvet and embroidered silks; 295 cm; Louvre[122]"><img alt="Four-poster bed from the Château d'Effiat; c.1650; natural walnut, chiselled Genoa silk velvet and embroidered silks; 295 cm; Louvre[122]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Decorative_arts_in_the_Louvre_-_Room_32_D201903_%28cropped%29.jpg/197px-Decorative_arts_in_the_Louvre_-_Room_32_D201903_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="132" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Decorative_arts_in_the_Louvre_-_Room_32_D201903_%28cropped%29.jpg/296px-Decorative_arts_in_the_Louvre_-_Room_32_D201903_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Decorative_arts_in_the_Louvre_-_Room_32_D201903_%28cropped%29.jpg/394px-Decorative_arts_in_the_Louvre_-_Room_32_D201903_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="872" data-file-height="1127" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Four-poster bed from the Château d'Effiat; <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>1650; natural walnut, chiselled Genoa silk velvet and embroidered silks; 295 cm; <a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre</a><sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 115.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 113.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Antichambre_du_prince-%C3%A9v%C3%AAque_(Palais_Rohan,_Strasbourg)_cabinet.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Cabinet with caryatids; c.1675; ebony, kingwood, marquetry of hard stones, gilt bronze, pewter, glass, tinted mirror and horn; unknown dimensions; Musée des Arts décoratifs, Strasbourg, France[123]"><img alt="Cabinet with caryatids; c.1675; ebony, kingwood, marquetry of hard stones, gilt bronze, pewter, glass, tinted mirror and horn; unknown dimensions; Musée des Arts décoratifs, Strasbourg, France[123]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Antichambre_du_prince-%C3%A9v%C3%AAque_%28Palais_Rohan%2C_Strasbourg%29_cabinet.JPG/170px-Antichambre_du_prince-%C3%A9v%C3%AAque_%28Palais_Rohan%2C_Strasbourg%29_cabinet.JPG" decoding="async" width="114" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Antichambre_du_prince-%C3%A9v%C3%AAque_%28Palais_Rohan%2C_Strasbourg%29_cabinet.JPG/255px-Antichambre_du_prince-%C3%A9v%C3%AAque_%28Palais_Rohan%2C_Strasbourg%29_cabinet.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Antichambre_du_prince-%C3%A9v%C3%AAque_%28Palais_Rohan%2C_Strasbourg%29_cabinet.JPG/340px-Antichambre_du_prince-%C3%A9v%C3%AAque_%28Palais_Rohan%2C_Strasbourg%29_cabinet.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="4272" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Cabinet with caryatids; <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>1675; ebony, kingwood, marquetry of hard stones, gilt bronze, pewter, glass, tinted mirror and horn; unknown dimensions; <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_des_Arts_d%C3%A9coratifs,_Strasbourg" title="Musée des Arts décoratifs, Strasbourg">Musée des Arts décoratifs, Strasbourg</a>, France<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 246.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 244.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Francia,_tavolo_da_parete,_1685-90_ca.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pier table; 1685–1690; carved, gessoed, and gilded wood, with a marble top; 83.6 × 128.6 × 71.6 cm; Art Institute of Chicago, US[124]"><img alt="Pier table; 1685–1690; carved, gessoed, and gilded wood, with a marble top; 83.6 × 128.6 × 71.6 cm; Art Institute of Chicago, US[124]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Francia%2C_tavolo_da_parete%2C_1685-90_ca.jpg/367px-Francia%2C_tavolo_da_parete%2C_1685-90_ca.jpg" decoding="async" width="245" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Francia%2C_tavolo_da_parete%2C_1685-90_ca.jpg/551px-Francia%2C_tavolo_da_parete%2C_1685-90_ca.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Francia%2C_tavolo_da_parete%2C_1685-90_ca.jpg/733px-Francia%2C_tavolo_da_parete%2C_1685-90_ca.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2260" data-file-height="1572" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Pier table; 1685–1690; carved, <a href="/wiki/Gesso" title="Gesso">gessoed</a>, and gilded wood, with a marble top; 83.6 × 128.6 × 71.6 cm; <a href="/wiki/Art_Institute_of_Chicago" title="Art Institute of Chicago">Art Institute of Chicago</a>, US<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 115.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 113.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Armoire_aux_perroquets_du_Louvre.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cupboard; by André Charles Boulle; c.1700; ebony and amaranth veneering, polychrome woods, brass, tin, shell, and horn marquetry on an oak frame, gilt-bronze; 255.5 x 157.5 cm; Louvre[125]"><img alt="Cupboard; by André Charles Boulle; c.1700; ebony and amaranth veneering, polychrome woods, brass, tin, shell, and horn marquetry on an oak frame, gilt-bronze; 255.5 x 157.5 cm; Louvre[125]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Armoire_aux_perroquets_du_Louvre.jpg/170px-Armoire_aux_perroquets_du_Louvre.jpg" decoding="async" width="114" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Armoire_aux_perroquets_du_Louvre.jpg/255px-Armoire_aux_perroquets_du_Louvre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Armoire_aux_perroquets_du_Louvre.jpg/340px-Armoire_aux_perroquets_du_Louvre.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="5184" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Cupboard; by <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Charles_Boulle" class="mw-redirect" title="André Charles Boulle">André Charles Boulle</a>; <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>1700; ebony and amaranth veneering, polychrome woods, brass, tin, shell, and horn <a href="/wiki/Marquetry" title="Marquetry">marquetry</a> on an oak frame, gilt-bronze; 255.5 x 157.5 cm; Louvre<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 132px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 130px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Andrea_brustolon,_sedie_con_etiopi,_1700-15_ca._09.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Armchair; by Andrea Brustolon; c.1700–1715; wood and upholstery; unknown dimsensions; Ca' Rezzonico, Venice"><img alt="Armchair; by Andrea Brustolon; c.1700–1715; wood and upholstery; unknown dimsensions; Ca' Rezzonico, Venice" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Andrea_brustolon%2C_sedie_con_etiopi%2C_1700-15_ca._09.jpg/195px-Andrea_brustolon%2C_sedie_con_etiopi%2C_1700-15_ca._09.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Andrea_brustolon%2C_sedie_con_etiopi%2C_1700-15_ca._09.jpg/292px-Andrea_brustolon%2C_sedie_con_etiopi%2C_1700-15_ca._09.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Andrea_brustolon%2C_sedie_con_etiopi%2C_1700-15_ca._09.jpg/389px-Andrea_brustolon%2C_sedie_con_etiopi%2C_1700-15_ca._09.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2108" data-file-height="2760" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Armchair; by <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Brustolon" title="Andrea Brustolon">Andrea Brustolon</a>; <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>1700–1715; wood and upholstery; unknown dimsensions; <a href="/wiki/Ca%27_Rezzonico" title="Ca' Rezzonico">Ca' Rezzonico</a>, Venice</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 159.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 157.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Trono_di_pio_VI,_usato_il_10_marzo_1782,_databile_al_1700-20_ca.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Throne; c.1700–1720; gilded wood and upholstery; unknown dimsensions; Ca' Rezzonico"><img alt="Throne; c.1700–1720; gilded wood and upholstery; unknown dimsensions; Ca' Rezzonico" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Trono_di_pio_VI%2C_usato_il_10_marzo_1782%2C_databile_al_1700-20_ca.jpg/236px-Trono_di_pio_VI%2C_usato_il_10_marzo_1782%2C_databile_al_1700-20_ca.jpg" decoding="async" width="158" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Trono_di_pio_VI%2C_usato_il_10_marzo_1782%2C_databile_al_1700-20_ca.jpg/354px-Trono_di_pio_VI%2C_usato_il_10_marzo_1782%2C_databile_al_1700-20_ca.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Trono_di_pio_VI%2C_usato_il_10_marzo_1782%2C_databile_al_1700-20_ca.jpg/471px-Trono_di_pio_VI%2C_usato_il_10_marzo_1782%2C_databile_al_1700-20_ca.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="2492" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Throne; <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>1700–1720; gilded wood and upholstery; unknown dimsensions; Ca' Rezzonico</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 203.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commode_MET_DP108742.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Commode; by André-Charles Boulle; c.1710–1732; walnut veneered with ebony and marquetry of engraved brass and tortoiseshell, gilt-bronze mounts, antique marble top; 87.6 x 128.3 x 62.9 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York City)[126]"><img alt="Commode; by André-Charles Boulle; c.1710–1732; walnut veneered with ebony and marquetry of engraved brass and tortoiseshell, gilt-bronze mounts, antique marble top; 87.6 x 128.3 x 62.9 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York City)[126]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Commode_MET_DP108742.jpg/305px-Commode_MET_DP108742.jpg" decoding="async" width="204" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Commode_MET_DP108742.jpg/459px-Commode_MET_DP108742.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Commode_MET_DP108742.jpg/611px-Commode_MET_DP108742.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3857" data-file-height="3222" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Commode; by <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9-Charles_Boulle" title="André-Charles Boulle">André-Charles Boulle</a>; <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>1710–1732; walnut veneered with ebony and <a href="/wiki/Marquetry" title="Marquetry">marquetry</a> of engraved brass and tortoiseshell, gilt-bronze mounts, antique marble top; 87.6 x 128.3 x 62.9 cm; <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a> (New York City)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBailey2012287_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBailey2012287-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 159.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 157.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Heinrich_ludwig_rohde_o_ferdinand_plitzner_(attr.),_scrittoio_a_ribalta,_magonza_1720_ca.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="German slant-front desk; by Heinrich Ludwig Rohde or Ferdinand Plitzner; c.1715–1725; marquetry with maple, amaranth, mahogany, and walnut on spruce and oak; 90 × 84 × 44.5 cm; Art Institute of Chicago[127]"><img alt="German slant-front desk; by Heinrich Ludwig Rohde or Ferdinand Plitzner; c.1715–1725; marquetry with maple, amaranth, mahogany, and walnut on spruce and oak; 90 × 84 × 44.5 cm; Art Institute of Chicago[127]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Heinrich_ludwig_rohde_o_ferdinand_plitzner_%28attr.%29%2C_scrittoio_a_ribalta%2C_magonza_1720_ca.jpg/236px-Heinrich_ludwig_rohde_o_ferdinand_plitzner_%28attr.%29%2C_scrittoio_a_ribalta%2C_magonza_1720_ca.jpg" decoding="async" width="158" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Heinrich_ludwig_rohde_o_ferdinand_plitzner_%28attr.%29%2C_scrittoio_a_ribalta%2C_magonza_1720_ca.jpg/355px-Heinrich_ludwig_rohde_o_ferdinand_plitzner_%28attr.%29%2C_scrittoio_a_ribalta%2C_magonza_1720_ca.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Heinrich_ludwig_rohde_o_ferdinand_plitzner_%28attr.%29%2C_scrittoio_a_ribalta%2C_magonza_1720_ca.jpg/473px-Heinrich_ludwig_rohde_o_ferdinand_plitzner_%28attr.%29%2C_scrittoio_a_ribalta%2C_magonza_1720_ca.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1672" data-file-height="1804" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">German slant-front desk; by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_Ludwig_Rohde&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heinrich Ludwig Rohde (page does not exist)">Heinrich Ludwig Rohde</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Plitzner" title="Ferdinand Plitzner">Ferdinand Plitzner</a>; <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>1715–1725; marquetry with maple, amaranth, mahogany, and walnut on spruce and oak; 90 × 84 × 44.5 cm; <a href="/wiki/Art_Institute_of_Chicago" title="Art Institute of Chicago">Art Institute of Chicago</a><sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> </ul> <p>The main motifs used are: <a href="/wiki/Cornucopia" title="Cornucopia">horns of plenty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Festoon" title="Festoon">festoons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Putti" class="mw-redirect" title="Putti">baby angels</a>, lion heads holding a metal ring in their mouths, female <a href="/wiki/Mascaron_(architecture)" title="Mascaron (architecture)">faces</a> surrounded by garlands, oval <a href="/wiki/Cartouche_(design)" title="Cartouche (design)">cartouches</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acanthus_(ornament)" title="Acanthus (ornament)">acanthus leaves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Classical_orders" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical orders">classical</a> columns, <a href="/wiki/Caryatid" title="Caryatid">caryatids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pediments" class="mw-redirect" title="Pediments">pediments</a>, and other elements of <a href="/wiki/Classical_architecture" title="Classical architecture">Classical architecture</a> sculpted on some parts of pieces of furniture,<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> baskets with fruits or flowers, shells, armour and trophies, heads of <a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a> or <a href="/wiki/Bacchus" class="mw-redirect" title="Bacchus">Bacchus</a>, and C-shaped <a href="/wiki/Volute" title="Volute">volutes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the first period of the reign of Louis XIV, furniture followed the previous <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIII_style" title="Louis XIII style">Louis XIII style</a>, and was massive, and profusely decorated with sculpture and gilding. After 1680, thanks in large part to the furniture designer <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9-Charles_Boulle" title="André-Charles Boulle">André-Charles Boulle</a>, a more original and delicate style appeared, sometimes known as <a href="/wiki/Boulle_work" title="Boulle work">Boulle work</a>. It was based on the inlay of <a href="/wiki/Ebony" title="Ebony">ebony</a> and other rare woods, a technique first used in Florence in the 15th century, which was refined and developed by Boulle and others working for Louis XIV. Furniture was inlaid with plaques of ebony, copper, and exotic woods of different colors.<sup id="cite_ref-Lazé,_2006_pg._59_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lazé,_2006_pg._59-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>New and often enduring types of furniture appeared; the <a href="/wiki/Commode" title="Commode">commode</a>, with two to four drawers, replaced the old <i>coffre</i>, or chest. The <i>canapé</i>, or sofa, appeared, in the form of a combination of two or three armchairs. New kinds of armchairs appeared, including the <i>fauteuil en confessionale</i> or "Confessional armchair", which had padded cushions ions on either side of the back of the chair. The console table also made its first appearance; it was designed to be placed against a wall. Another new type of furniture was the <i>table à gibier</i>, a marble-topped table for holding dishes. Early varieties of the desk appeared; the <a href="/wiki/Bureau_Mazarin" title="Bureau Mazarin">Mazarin desk</a> had a central section set back, placed between two columns of drawers, with four feet on each column.<sup id="cite_ref-Lazé,_2006_pg._59_130-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lazé,_2006_pg._59-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Music">Music</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baroque&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Baroque_music" title="Baroque music">Baroque music</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vivaldi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Vivaldi.jpg/170px-Vivaldi.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Vivaldi.jpg/255px-Vivaldi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Vivaldi.jpg/340px-Vivaldi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1595" data-file-height="1966" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Vivaldi" title="Antonio Vivaldi">Antonio Vivaldi</a>, (1678–1741)</figcaption></figure> <p>The term <i>Baroque</i> is also used to designate the style of music composed during a period that overlaps with that of Baroque art. The first uses of the term 'baroque' for music were criticisms. In an anonymous, satirical review of the première in October 1733 of <a href="/wiki/Jean-Philippe_Rameau" title="Jean-Philippe Rameau">Jean-Philippe Rameau</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_et_Aricie" title="Hippolyte et Aricie">Hippolyte et Aricie</a>,</i> printed in the <i><a href="/wiki/Mercure_de_France" title="Mercure de France">Mercure de France</a></i> in May 1734, the critic implied that the novelty of this opera was "du barocque," complaining that the music lacked coherent melody, was filled with unremitting dissonances, constantly changed key and meter, and speedily ran through every compositional device.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPalisca2001_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalisca2001-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Jean-Jacques Rousseau</a>, who was a musician and noted composer as well as philosopher, made a very similar observation in 1768 in the famous <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A9die" title="Encyclopédie">Encyclopédie</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Denis_Diderot" title="Denis Diderot">Denis Diderot</a>: "Baroque music is that in which the harmony is confused, and loaded with modulations and dissonances. The singing is harsh and unnatural, the intonation difficult, and the movement limited. It appears that term comes from the word 'baroco' used by logicians."<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopedie_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedie-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Common use of the term for the music of the period began only in 1919, by <a href="/wiki/Curt_Sachs" title="Curt Sachs">Curt Sachs</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it was not until 1940 that it was first used in English in an article published by <a href="/wiki/Manfred_Bukofzer" title="Manfred Bukofzer">Manfred Bukofzer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPalisca2001_131-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalisca2001-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The baroque was a period of musical experimentation and innovation which explains the amount of ornaments and improvisation performed by the musicians. New forms were invented, including the <a href="/wiki/Concerto" title="Concerto">concerto</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sinfonia" title="Sinfonia">sinfonia</a>. <a href="/wiki/Opera" title="Opera">Opera</a> was born in Italy at the end of the 16th century (with <a href="/wiki/Jacopo_Peri" title="Jacopo Peri">Jacopo Peri</a>'s mostly lost <i><a href="/wiki/Dafne" title="Dafne">Dafne</a></i>, produced in <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a> in 1598) and soon spread through the rest of Europe: Louis XIV created the first <a href="/wiki/Paris_Opera" title="Paris Opera">Royal Academy of Music</a>. In 1669, the poet <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Perrin" title="Pierre Perrin">Pierre Perrin</a> opened an academy of opera in Paris, the first opera theatre in France open to the public, and premiered <i><a href="/wiki/Pomone_(opera)" title="Pomone (opera)">Pomone</a></i>, the first grand opera in French, with music by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Cambert" title="Robert Cambert">Robert Cambert</a>, with five acts, elaborate stage machinery, and a ballet.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBély2005152–54_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBély2005152–54-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Sch%C3%BCtz" title="Heinrich Schütz">Heinrich Schütz</a> in Germany, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Lully" title="Jean-Baptiste Lully">Jean-Baptiste Lully</a> in France, and <a href="/wiki/Henry_Purcell" title="Henry Purcell">Henry Purcell</a> in England all helped to establish their national traditions in the 17th century. </p><p>Several new instruments, including the <a href="/wiki/Piano" title="Piano">piano</a>, were introduced during this period. The invention of the piano is credited to <a href="/wiki/Bartolomeo_Cristofori" title="Bartolomeo Cristofori">Bartolomeo Cristofori</a> (1655–1731) of <a href="/wiki/Padua" title="Padua">Padua</a>, Italy, who was employed by <a href="/wiki/Ferdinando_de%27_Medici,_Grand_Prince_of_Tuscany" title="Ferdinando de' Medici, Grand Prince of Tuscany">Ferdinando de' Medici, Grand Prince of Tuscany</a>, as the Keeper of the Instruments.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cristofori named the instrument <i>un cimbalo di cipresso di piano e forte</i> ("a keyboard of <a href="/wiki/Cypress" title="Cypress">cypress</a> with soft and loud"), abbreviated over time as <i>pianoforte</i>, <i>fortepiano</i>, and later, simply, piano.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsacoff201223_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsacoff201223-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Composers_and_examples">Composers and examples</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baroque&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Composers and examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gabrieli" title="Giovanni Gabrieli">Giovanni Gabrieli</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1554</span>/1557–1612) <i><a href="/wiki/Sonata_pian%27_e_forte" title="Sonata pian' e forte">Sonata pian' e forte</a></i> (1597), <i><a href="/wiki/In_Ecclesiis" title="In Ecclesiis">In Ecclesiis</a></i> (from <i>Symphoniae sacrae</i> book 2, 1615)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Girolamo_Kapsperger" title="Giovanni Girolamo Kapsperger">Giovanni Girolamo Kapsperger</a> (c. 1580–1651) <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Libro_primo_di_villanelle,_20&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Libro primo di villanelle, 20 (page does not exist)">Libro primo di villanelle, 20</a></i> (1610)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudio_Monteverdi" title="Claudio Monteverdi">Claudio Monteverdi</a> (1567–1643), <i><a href="/wiki/L%27Orfeo" title="L'Orfeo">L'Orfeo, favola in musica</a></i> (1610)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Sch%C3%BCtz" title="Heinrich Schütz">Heinrich Schütz</a> (1585–1672), <i><a href="/wiki/Musikalische_Exequien" title="Musikalische Exequien">Musikalische Exequien</a></i> (1629, 1647, 1650)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Cavalli" title="Francesco Cavalli">Francesco Cavalli</a> (1602–1676), <i><a href="/wiki/Egisto_(opera)" class="mw-redirect" title="Egisto (opera)">L'Egisto</a></i> (1643), <i><a href="/wiki/Ercole_amante" title="Ercole amante">Ercole amante</a></i> (1662), <i><a href="/wiki/Scipione_affricano" title="Scipione affricano">Scipione affricano</a></i> (1664)<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Johann_Sebastian_Bach.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Johann_Sebastian_Bach.jpg/220px-Johann_Sebastian_Bach.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Johann_Sebastian_Bach.jpg/330px-Johann_Sebastian_Bach.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Johann_Sebastian_Bach.jpg/440px-Johann_Sebastian_Bach.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="591" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach">JS Bach (1685–1750)</a></figcaption></figure></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Jacob_Froberger" class="mw-redirect" title="Johann Jacob Froberger">Johann Jacob Froberger</a> (1616–1667), Complete Music for Harpsichord and Organ, <a href="/wiki/Simone_Stella" title="Simone Stella">Simone Stella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Lully" title="Jean-Baptiste Lully">Jean-Baptiste Lully</a> (1632–1687), <i><a href="/wiki/Armide_(Lully)" title="Armide (Lully)">Armide</a></i> (1686)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc-Antoine_Charpentier" title="Marc-Antoine Charpentier">Marc-Antoine Charpentier</a> (1643–1704), <i><a href="/wiki/Te_Deum_(Charpentier)" title="Te Deum (Charpentier)">Te Deum</a></i> (1688–1698)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Ignaz_Franz_Biber" title="Heinrich Ignaz Franz Biber">Heinrich Ignaz Franz Biber</a> (1644–1704), <i><a href="/wiki/Mystery_Sonatas" class="mw-redirect" title="Mystery Sonatas">Mystery Sonatas</a></i> (1681)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Blow" title="John Blow">John Blow</a> (1649–1708), <i><a href="/wiki/Venus_and_Adonis_(opera)" title="Venus and Adonis (opera)">Venus and Adonis</a></i> (1680–1687)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Pachelbel" title="Johann Pachelbel">Johann Pachelbel</a> (1653–1706), <i><a href="/wiki/Pachelbel%27s_Canon" title="Pachelbel's Canon">Canon in D</a></i> (1680)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcangelo_Corelli" title="Arcangelo Corelli">Arcangelo Corelli</a> (1653–1713), <a href="/wiki/Twelve_concerti_grossi,_op.6_(Corelli)" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelve concerti grossi, op.6 (Corelli)">12 concerti grossi, Op. 6</a> (1714)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marin_Marais" title="Marin Marais">Marin Marais</a> (1656–1728), <i><a href="/wiki/Sonnerie_de_Ste-Genevi%C3%A8ve_du_Mont-de-Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Sonnerie de Ste-Geneviève du Mont-de-Paris">Sonnerie de Ste-Geneviève du Mont-de-Paris</a></i> (1723)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Purcell" title="Henry Purcell">Henry Purcell</a> (1659–1695), <i><a href="/wiki/Dido_and_Aeneas" title="Dido and Aeneas">Dido and Aeneas</a></i> (1688)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Scarlatti" title="Alessandro Scarlatti">Alessandro Scarlatti</a> (1660–1725), <i><a href="/wiki/L%27honest%C3%A0_negli_amori" title="L'honestà negli amori">L'honestà negli amori</a></i> (1680), <i><a href="/wiki/Il_Pompeo" title="Il Pompeo">Il Pompeo</a></i> (1683), <i><a href="/wiki/Mitridate_Eupatore" title="Mitridate Eupatore">Mitridate Eupatore</a></i> (1707)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Couperin" title="François Couperin">François Couperin</a> (1668–1733), <i><a href="/wiki/Les_barricades_myst%C3%A9rieuses" class="mw-redirect" title="Les barricades mystérieuses">Les barricades mystérieuses</a></i> (1717)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomaso_Albinoni" title="Tomaso Albinoni">Tomaso Albinoni</a> (1671–1751), <i><a href="/wiki/Didone_abbandonata_(Albinoni)" title="Didone abbandonata (Albinoni)">Didone abbandonata</a></i> (1724)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Vivaldi" title="Antonio Vivaldi">Antonio Vivaldi</a> (1678–1741), <i><a href="/wiki/The_Four_Seasons_(Vivaldi)" title="The Four Seasons (Vivaldi)">The Four Seasons</a></i> (1725)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Dismas_Zelenka" title="Jan Dismas Zelenka">Jan Dismas Zelenka</a> (1679–1745), <i><a href="/wiki/Il_Serpente_di_Bronzo" title="Il Serpente di Bronzo">Il Serpente di Bronzo</a></i> (1730), <i><a href="/wiki/Missa_Sanctissimae_Trinitatis" title="Missa Sanctissimae Trinitatis">Missa Sanctissimae Trinitatis</a></i> (1736)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Philipp_Telemann" title="Georg Philipp Telemann">Georg Philipp Telemann</a> (1681–1767), <i><a href="/wiki/Der_Tag_des_Gerichts" title="Der Tag des Gerichts">Der Tag des Gerichts</a></i> (1762)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_David_Heinichen" title="Johann David Heinichen">Johann David Heinichen</a> (1683–1729)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Philippe_Rameau" title="Jean-Philippe Rameau">Jean-Philippe Rameau</a> (1683–1764), <i><a href="/wiki/Dardanus_(opera)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dardanus (opera)">Dardanus</a></i> (1739)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Frideric_Handel" title="George Frideric Handel">George Frideric Handel</a> (1685–1759), <i><a href="/wiki/Water_Music_(Handel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Water Music (Handel)">Water Music</a></i> (1717), <i><a href="/wiki/Messiah_(Handel)" title="Messiah (Handel)">Messiah</a></i> (1741)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domenico_Scarlatti" title="Domenico Scarlatti">Domenico Scarlatti</a> (1685–1757), <a href="/wiki/List_of_solo_keyboard_sonatas_by_Domenico_Scarlatti" title="List of solo keyboard sonatas by Domenico Scarlatti">Sonatas for harpsichord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach">Johann Sebastian Bach</a> (1685–1750), <a href="/wiki/Toccata_and_Fugue_in_D_minor,_BWV_565" title="Toccata and Fugue in D minor, BWV 565">Toccata and Fugue in D minor</a> (1703–1707), <i><a href="/wiki/Brandenburg_Concertos" title="Brandenburg Concertos">Brandenburg Concertos</a></i> (1721), <i><a href="/wiki/St_Matthew_Passion" title="St Matthew Passion">St Matthew Passion</a></i> (1727)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicola_Porpora" title="Nicola Porpora">Nicola Porpora</a> (1686–1768), <i><a href="/wiki/Semiramide_riconosciuta_(Porpora)" title="Semiramide riconosciuta (Porpora)">Semiramide riconosciuta</a></i> (1729)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Pergolesi" title="Giovanni Battista Pergolesi">Giovanni Battista Pergolesi</a> (1710–1736), <i><a href="/wiki/Stabat_Mater" title="Stabat Mater">Stabat Mater</a></i> (1736)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dance">Dance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baroque&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Dance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Baroque_dance" title="Baroque dance">Baroque dance</a></div> <p>The classical ballet also originated in the Baroque era. The style of court dance was brought to France by <a href="/wiki/Marie_de%27_Medici" title="Marie de' Medici">Marie de' Medici</a>, and in the beginning the members of the court themselves were the dancers. <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV">Louis XIV</a> himself performed in public in several ballets. In March 1662, the <a href="/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_Royale_de_Danse" title="Académie Royale de Danse">Académie Royale de Danse</a>, was founded by the King. It was the first professional dance school and company, and set the standards and vocabulary for ballet throughout Europe during the period.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBély2005152–54_133-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBély2005152–54-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literary_theory">Literary theory</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baroque&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Literary theory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_W%C3%B6lfflin" title="Heinrich Wölfflin">Heinrich Wölfflin</a> was the first to transfer the term Baroque to literature.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The key concepts of Baroque literary theory, such as "<a href="/wiki/Conceit" class="mw-redirect" title="Conceit">conceit</a>" (<i>concetto</i>), "<a href="/wiki/Wit" title="Wit">wit</a>" (<i>acutezza</i>, <i>ingegno</i>), and "<a href="/wiki/Wonder_(emotion)" title="Wonder (emotion)">wonder</a>" (<i>meraviglia</i>), were not fully developed in literary theory until the publication of <a href="/wiki/Emanuele_Tesauro" title="Emanuele Tesauro">Emanuele Tesauro</a>'s <i>Il Cannocchiale aristotelico</i> (The Aristotelian Telescope) in 1654. This seminal treatise - inspired by <a href="/wiki/Giambattista_Marino" title="Giambattista Marino">Giambattista Marino</a>'s epic <i>Adone</i> and the work of the Spanish <a href="/wiki/Jesuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit">Jesuit</a> philosopher <a href="/wiki/Baltasar_Graci%C3%A1n" title="Baltasar Gracián">Baltasar Gracián</a> - developed a theory of <a href="/wiki/Metaphor" title="Metaphor">metaphor</a> as a universal language of images and as a supreme intellectual act, at once an artifice and an epistemologically privileged mode of access to truth.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Theatre">Theatre</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baroque&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Theatre"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Set_design_Act5_of_Androm%C3%A8de_by_P_Corneille_1650_-_Gallica.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Set_design_Act5_of_Androm%C3%A8de_by_P_Corneille_1650_-_Gallica.jpg/250px-Set_design_Act5_of_Androm%C3%A8de_by_P_Corneille_1650_-_Gallica.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Set_design_Act5_of_Androm%C3%A8de_by_P_Corneille_1650_-_Gallica.jpg/375px-Set_design_Act5_of_Androm%C3%A8de_by_P_Corneille_1650_-_Gallica.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Set_design_Act5_of_Androm%C3%A8de_by_P_Corneille_1650_-_Gallica.jpg/500px-Set_design_Act5_of_Androm%C3%A8de_by_P_Corneille_1650_-_Gallica.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5060" data-file-height="3450" /></a><figcaption>Set design for <i>Andromedé</i> by <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Corneille" title="Pierre Corneille">Pierre Corneille</a>, (1650)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Design_for_a_theater_set_created_by_Giacomo_Torelli_da_Fano_for_the_ballet_%27Les_Noces_de_Th%C3%A9tis%27,_from_%27D%C3%A9corations_et_machines_aprest%C3%A9es_aux_nopces_de_T%C3%A9tis,_Ballet_Royal%27_MET_DP855549.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Design_for_a_theater_set_created_by_Giacomo_Torelli_da_Fano_for_the_ballet_%27Les_Noces_de_Th%C3%A9tis%27%2C_from_%27D%C3%A9corations_et_machines_aprest%C3%A9es_aux_nopces_de_T%C3%A9tis%2C_Ballet_Royal%27_MET_DP855549.jpg/250px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Design_for_a_theater_set_created_by_Giacomo_Torelli_da_Fano_for_the_ballet_%27Les_Noces_de_Th%C3%A9tis%27%2C_from_%27D%C3%A9corations_et_machines_aprest%C3%A9es_aux_nopces_de_T%C3%A9tis%2C_Ballet_Royal%27_MET_DP855549.jpg/375px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Design_for_a_theater_set_created_by_Giacomo_Torelli_da_Fano_for_the_ballet_%27Les_Noces_de_Th%C3%A9tis%27%2C_from_%27D%C3%A9corations_et_machines_aprest%C3%A9es_aux_nopces_de_T%C3%A9tis%2C_Ballet_Royal%27_MET_DP855549.jpg/500px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3658" data-file-height="2746" /></a><figcaption>Design for a theater set created by <a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Torelli" title="Giacomo Torelli">Giacomo Torelli</a> for the ballet <i>Les Noces de Thétis</i>, from <i>Décorations et machines aprestées aux nopces de Tétis, Ballet Royal</i></figcaption></figure> <p>The Baroque period was a golden age for theatre in France and Spain; playwrights included <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Corneille" title="Pierre Corneille">Corneille</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Racine" title="Jean Racine">Racine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moli%C3%A8re" title="Molière">Molière</a> in France; and <a href="/wiki/Lope_de_Vega" title="Lope de Vega">Lope de Vega</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Calder%C3%B3n_de_la_Barca" title="Pedro Calderón de la Barca">Pedro Calderón de la Barca</a> in Spain. </p><p>During the Baroque period, the art and style of the theatre evolved rapidly, alongside the development of opera and of ballet. The design of newer and larger theatres, the invention the use of more elaborate machinery, the wider use of the <a href="/wiki/Proscenium_arch" class="mw-redirect" title="Proscenium arch">proscenium arch</a>, which framed the stage and hid the machinery from the audience, encouraged more scenic effects and spectacle.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Baroque had a Catholic and conservative character in Spain, following an Italian literary model during the Renaissance.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGonzález_Mas19801–2_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGonzález_Mas19801–2-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Hispanic Baroque theatre aimed for a public content with an ideal reality that manifested fundamental three sentiments: Catholic religion, monarchist and national pride and honour originating from the chivalric, knightly world.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGonzález_Mas19808_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGonzález_Mas19808-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two periods are known in the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Golden_Age_theatre" title="Spanish Golden Age theatre">Baroque Spanish theatre</a>, with the division occurring in 1630. The first period is represented chiefly by <a href="/wiki/Lope_de_Vega" title="Lope de Vega">Lope de Vega</a>, but also by <a href="/wiki/Tirso_de_Molina" title="Tirso de Molina">Tirso de Molina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gaspar_Aguilar" title="Gaspar Aguilar">Gaspar Aguilar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guill%C3%A9n_de_Castro" class="mw-redirect" title="Guillén de Castro">Guillén de Castro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Mira_de_Amescua" title="Antonio Mira de Amescua">Antonio Mira de Amescua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luis_V%C3%A9lez_de_Guevara" title="Luis Vélez de Guevara">Luis Vélez de Guevara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Juan_Ruiz_de_Alarc%C3%B3n" title="Juan Ruiz de Alarcón">Juan Ruiz de Alarcón</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diego_Jim%C3%A9nez_de_Enciso" title="Diego Jiménez de Enciso">Diego Jiménez de Enciso</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luis_Belmonte_Berm%C3%BAdez" title="Luis Belmonte Bermúdez">Luis Belmonte Bermúdez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Felipe_God%C3%ADnez" title="Felipe Godínez">Felipe Godínez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luis_Qui%C3%B1ones_de_Benavente" title="Luis Quiñones de Benavente">Luis Quiñones de Benavente</a> or <a href="/wiki/Juan_P%C3%A9rez_de_Montalb%C3%A1n" title="Juan Pérez de Montalbán">Juan Pérez de Montalbán</a>. The second period is represented by <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Calder%C3%B3n_de_la_Barca" title="Pedro Calderón de la Barca">Pedro Calderón de la Barca</a> and fellow dramatists <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Hurtado_de_Mendoza" title="Antonio Hurtado de Mendoza">Antonio Hurtado de Mendoza</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_Cubillo_de_Arag%C3%B3n" title="Álvaro Cubillo de Aragón">Álvaro Cubillo de Aragón</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jer%C3%B3nimo_de_C%C3%A1ncer" title="Jerónimo de Cáncer">Jerónimo de Cáncer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Rojas_Zorrilla" title="Francisco de Rojas Zorrilla">Francisco de Rojas Zorrilla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Matos_Fragoso" title="Juan de Matos Fragoso">Juan de Matos Fragoso</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Coello_y_Ochoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Antonio Coello y Ochoa">Antonio Coello y Ochoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agust%C3%ADn_Moreto" class="mw-redirect" title="Agustín Moreto">Agustín Moreto</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Bances_Candamo" title="Francisco Bances Candamo">Francisco Bances Candamo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGonzález_Mas198013_142-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGonzález_Mas198013-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These classifications are loose because each author had his own way and could occasionally adhere himself to the formula established by Lope. It may even be that Lope's "manner" was more liberal and structured than Calderón's.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGonzález_Mas198091_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGonzález_Mas198091-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lope de Vega introduced through his <i>Arte nuevo de hacer comedias en este tiempo</i> (1609) the <i>new comedy</i>. He established a new dramatic formula that broke the three <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> unities of the Italian school of poetry (action, time, and place) and a fourth unity of Aristotle which is about style, mixing of tragic and comic elements showing different types of verses and stanzas upon what is represented.<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Lope has a great knowledge of the plastic arts, he did not use it during the major part of his career nor in theatre or scenography. The Lope's comedy granted a second role to the visual aspects of the theatrical representation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmadei-Pulice19906_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmadei-Pulice19906-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tirso de Molina, Lope de Vega, and Calderón were the most important play writers in Golden Era Spain. Their works, known for their subtle intelligence and profound comprehension of a person's humanity, could be considered a bridge between Lope's primitive comedy and the more elaborate comedy of Calderón. Tirso de Molina is best known for two works, <i>The Convicted Suspicions</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Trickster_of_Seville" class="mw-redirect" title="The Trickster of Seville">The Trickster of Seville</a></i>, one of the first versions of the <a href="/wiki/Don_Juan" title="Don Juan">Don Juan</a> myth.<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Upon his arrival to Madrid, <a href="/wiki/Cosimo_Lotti" title="Cosimo Lotti">Cosimo Lotti</a> brought to the Spanish court the most advanced theatrical techniques of Europe. His techniques and mechanic knowledge were applied in palace exhibitions called "Fiestas" and in lavish exhibitions of rivers or artificial fountains called "<a href="/wiki/Naumachia" title="Naumachia">Naumaquias</a>". He was in charge of styling the Gardens of <a href="/wiki/Buen_Retiro" class="mw-redirect" title="Buen Retiro">Buen Retiro</a>, of <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Zarzuela" title="Palace of Zarzuela">Zarzuela</a>, and of <a href="/wiki/Royal_Palace_of_Aranjuez" title="Royal Palace of Aranjuez">Aranjuez</a> and the construction of the theatrical building of Coliseo del Buen Retiro.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmadei-Pulice199026–27_147-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmadei-Pulice199026–27-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lope's formulas begin with a verse that it unbefitting of the palace theatre foundation and the birth of new concepts that begun the careers of some play writers like Calderón de la Barca. Marking the principal innovations of the New Lopesian Comedy, Calderón's style marked many differences, with a great deal of constructive care and attention to his internal structure. Calderón's work is in formal perfection and a very lyric and symbolic language. Liberty, vitality and openness of Lope gave a step to Calderón's intellectual reflection and formal precision. In his comedy it reflected his ideological and doctrine intentions in above the passion and the action, the work of <a href="/wiki/Autos_sacramentales" title="Autos sacramentales">Autos sacramentales</a> achieved high ranks.<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The genre of Comedia is political, multi-artistic and in a sense hybrid. The poetic text interweaved with Medias and resources originating from architecture, music and painting freeing the deception that is in the Lopesian comedy was made up from the lack of scenery and engaging the dialogue of action.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmadei-Pulice19906–9_149-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmadei-Pulice19906–9-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The best known German playwright was <a href="/wiki/Andreas_Gryphius" title="Andreas Gryphius">Andreas Gryphius</a>, who used the Jesuit model of the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Dutch</a> <a href="/wiki/Joost_van_den_Vondel" title="Joost van den Vondel">Joost van den Vondel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Corneille" title="Pierre Corneille">Pierre Corneille</a>. There was also <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Velten" class="mw-redirect" title="Johannes Velten">Johannes Velten</a> who combined the traditions of the English comedians and the <a href="/wiki/Commedia_dell%27arte" title="Commedia dell'arte">commedia dell'arte</a> with the classic theatre of <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Corneille" title="Pierre Corneille">Corneille</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moli%C3%A8re" title="Molière">Molière</a>. His touring company was perhaps the most significant and important of the 17th century. </p><p>The foremost Italian baroque tragedian was <a href="/wiki/Federico_Della_Valle" title="Federico Della Valle">Federico Della Valle</a>. His literary activity is summed up by the four plays that he wrote for the courtly theater: the <a href="/wiki/Tragicomedy" title="Tragicomedy">tragicomedy</a> <i>Adelonda di Frigia</i> (1595) and especially his three tragedies, <i>Judith</i> (1627), <i>Esther</i> (1627) and <i>La reina di Scotia</i> (1628). Della Valle had many imitators and followers who combined in their works Baroque taste and the didactic aims of the Jesuits (<a href="/wiki/Francesco_Sforza_Pallavicino" title="Francesco Sforza Pallavicino">Francesco Sforza Pallavicino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Girolamo_Graziani" title="Girolamo Graziani">Girolamo Graziani</a>, etc.) </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Tsardom of Russia">Tsardom of Russia</a>, the development of the Russian version of Baroque took shape only in the second half of the 17th century, primarily due to the initiative of tsar <a href="/wiki/Alexis_of_Russia" title="Alexis of Russia">Alexis of Russia</a>, who wanted to open a court theatre in 1672. Its director and dramatist was Johann Gottfried Gregorii, a German-Russian Lutheran pastor, who wrote, in particular, a 10-hour play <i>The Action of Artaxerxes</i>. The dramaturgy of <a href="/wiki/Symeon_of_Polotsk" title="Symeon of Polotsk">Symeon of Polotsk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Demetrius_of_Rostov" title="Demetrius of Rostov">Demetrius of Rostov</a> became key contribution to the Russian Baroque.<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spanish_colonial_Americas">Spanish colonial Americas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baroque&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Spanish colonial Americas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following the evolution marked from Spain, at the end of the 16th century, the companies of comedians, essentially transhumant, began to professionalize. With professionalization came regulation and censorship: as in Europe, the theatre oscillated between tolerance and even government protection and rejection (with exceptions) or persecution by the Church. The theatre was useful to the authorities as an instrument to disseminate the desired behavior and models, respect for the social order and the monarchy, school of religious dogma.<sup id="cite_ref-MayaRamos_151-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MayaRamos-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>corrales</i> were administered for the benefit of hospitals that shared the benefits of the representations. The itinerant companies (or "of the <a href="/wiki/League_(unit)" title="League (unit)">league</a>"), who carried the theatre in improvised open-air stages by the regions that did not have fixed locals, required a viceregal license to work, whose price or <i>pinción</i> was destined to alms and works pious.<sup id="cite_ref-MayaRamos_151-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MayaRamos-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For companies that worked stably in the capitals and major cities, one of their main sources of income was participation in the <a href="/wiki/Corpus_Christi_(feast)" class="mw-redirect" title="Corpus Christi (feast)">festivities of the Corpus Christi</a>, which provided them with not only economic benefits, but also recognition and social prestige. The representations in the viceregal palace and the mansions of the aristocracy, where they represented both the comedies of their repertoire and special productions with great lighting effects, scenery, and stage, were also an important source of well-paid and prestigious work.<sup id="cite_ref-MayaRamos_151-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MayaRamos-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Born in the Viceroyalty of <a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a><sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but later settled in Spain, <a href="/wiki/Juan_Ruiz_de_Alarc%C3%B3n" title="Juan Ruiz de Alarcón">Juan Ruiz de Alarcón</a> is the most prominent figure in the Baroque theatre of New Spain. Despite his accommodation to Lope de Vega's new comedy, his "marked secularism", his discretion and restraint, and a keen capacity for "psychological penetration" as distinctive features of Alarcón against his Spanish contemporaries have been noted. Noteworthy among his works <i><a href="/wiki/La_verdad_sospechosa" class="mw-redirect" title="La verdad sospechosa">La verdad sospechosa</a></i>, a comedy of characters that reflected his constant moralizing purpose.<sup id="cite_ref-MayaRamos_151-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MayaRamos-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The dramatic production of Sor <a href="/wiki/Juana_In%C3%A9s_de_la_Cruz" title="Juana Inés de la Cruz">Juana Inés de la Cruz</a> places her as the second figure of the Spanish-American Baroque theatre. It is worth mentioning among her works the <a href="/wiki/Autos_sacramentales" title="Autos sacramentales">auto sacramental</a> <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=El_divino_Narciso_(auto_sacramental)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="El divino Narciso (auto sacramental) (page does not exist)">El divino Narciso</a></i> and the comedy <i><a href="/wiki/Los_empe%C3%B1os_de_una_casa" class="mw-redirect" title="Los empeños de una casa">Los empeños de una casa</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gardens">Gardens</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baroque&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Gardens"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Baroque_garden" title="Baroque garden">Baroque garden</a></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 228.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 226.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kasteel_van_Vaux-le-Vicomte_-_Maincy_06.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gardens at Vaux-le-Vicomte, France, by André Le Nôtre, 1657–1661[153]"><img alt="Gardens at Vaux-le-Vicomte, France, by André Le Nôtre, 1657–1661[153]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Kasteel_van_Vaux-le-Vicomte_-_Maincy_06.jpg/340px-Kasteel_van_Vaux-le-Vicomte_-_Maincy_06.jpg" decoding="async" width="227" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Kasteel_van_Vaux-le-Vicomte_-_Maincy_06.jpg/511px-Kasteel_van_Vaux-le-Vicomte_-_Maincy_06.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Kasteel_van_Vaux-le-Vicomte_-_Maincy_06.jpg/680px-Kasteel_van_Vaux-le-Vicomte_-_Maincy_06.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Gardens at <a href="/wiki/Vaux-le-Vicomte" title="Vaux-le-Vicomte">Vaux-le-Vicomte</a>, France, by <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Le_N%C3%B4tre" title="André Le Nôtre">André Le Nôtre</a>, 1657–1661<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBailey2012328_153-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBailey2012328-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 258px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 256px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vue_a%C3%A9rienne_du_domaine_de_Versailles_le_20_ao%C3%BBt_2014_par_ToucanWings_-_Creative_Commons_By_Sa_3.0_-_22.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gardens of Versailles, by André Le Nôtre, begun in 1661[154]"><img alt="Gardens of Versailles, by André Le Nôtre, begun in 1661[154]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Vue_a%C3%A9rienne_du_domaine_de_Versailles_le_20_ao%C3%BBt_2014_par_ToucanWings_-_Creative_Commons_By_Sa_3.0_-_22.jpg/384px-Vue_a%C3%A9rienne_du_domaine_de_Versailles_le_20_ao%C3%BBt_2014_par_ToucanWings_-_Creative_Commons_By_Sa_3.0_-_22.jpg" decoding="async" width="256" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Vue_a%C3%A9rienne_du_domaine_de_Versailles_le_20_ao%C3%BBt_2014_par_ToucanWings_-_Creative_Commons_By_Sa_3.0_-_22.jpg/577px-Vue_a%C3%A9rienne_du_domaine_de_Versailles_le_20_ao%C3%BBt_2014_par_ToucanWings_-_Creative_Commons_By_Sa_3.0_-_22.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Vue_a%C3%A9rienne_du_domaine_de_Versailles_le_20_ao%C3%BBt_2014_par_ToucanWings_-_Creative_Commons_By_Sa_3.0_-_22.jpg/768px-Vue_a%C3%A9rienne_du_domaine_de_Versailles_le_20_ao%C3%BBt_2014_par_ToucanWings_-_Creative_Commons_By_Sa_3.0_-_22.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4726" data-file-height="3140" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Gardens_of_Versailles" title="Gardens of Versailles">Gardens of Versailles</a>, by André Le Nôtre, begun in 1661<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBailey2012332_154-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBailey2012332-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 228.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 226.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Het_Loo_Hauptachse.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Gardens of the Het Loo Palace, Netherlands, unknown architect, 1689[155]"><img alt="Gardens of the Het Loo Palace, Netherlands, unknown architect, 1689[155]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Het_Loo_Hauptachse.JPG/340px-Het_Loo_Hauptachse.JPG" decoding="async" width="227" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Het_Loo_Hauptachse.JPG/511px-Het_Loo_Hauptachse.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Het_Loo_Hauptachse.JPG/680px-Het_Loo_Hauptachse.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Gardens of the <a href="/wiki/Het_Loo_Palace" title="Het Loo Palace">Het Loo Palace</a>, Netherlands, unknown architect, 1689<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBailey2012334_155-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBailey2012334-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 256px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 254px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1_Tessinska_palatset_tr%C3%A4dg%C3%A5rd_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Garden of the Tessin Palace, Stockholm, Sweden, by Nicodemus Tessin the Younger, 1692–1700[156]"><img alt="Garden of the Tessin Palace, Stockholm, Sweden, by Nicodemus Tessin the Younger, 1692–1700[156]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/1_Tessinska_palatset_tr%C3%A4dg%C3%A5rd_2.jpg/381px-1_Tessinska_palatset_tr%C3%A4dg%C3%A5rd_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="254" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/1_Tessinska_palatset_tr%C3%A4dg%C3%A5rd_2.jpg/572px-1_Tessinska_palatset_tr%C3%A4dg%C3%A5rd_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/1_Tessinska_palatset_tr%C3%A4dg%C3%A5rd_2.jpg/762px-1_Tessinska_palatset_tr%C3%A4dg%C3%A5rd_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Garden of the <a href="/wiki/Tessin_Palace" title="Tessin Palace">Tessin Palace</a>, Stockholm, Sweden, by <a href="/wiki/Nicodemus_Tessin_the_Younger" title="Nicodemus Tessin the Younger">Nicodemus Tessin the Younger</a>, 1692–1700<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBailey2012336_156-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBailey2012336-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 257.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 255.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:20200403_Schweriner_Schloss.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Garden of the Schwerin Castle, Schwerin, Germany, unknown architect, unknown date"><img alt="Garden of the Schwerin Castle, Schwerin, Germany, unknown architect, unknown date" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/20200403_Schweriner_Schloss.jpg/383px-20200403_Schweriner_Schloss.jpg" decoding="async" width="256" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/20200403_Schweriner_Schloss.jpg/575px-20200403_Schweriner_Schloss.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/20200403_Schweriner_Schloss.jpg/765px-20200403_Schweriner_Schloss.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2667" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Garden of the <a href="/wiki/Schwerin_Castle" title="Schwerin Castle">Schwerin Castle</a>, Schwerin, Germany, unknown architect, unknown date</div> </li> </ul> <p>The Baroque garden, also known as the <i>jardin à la française</i> or <a href="/wiki/French_formal_garden" title="French formal garden">French formal garden</a>, first appeared in Rome in the 16th century, and then most famously in France in the 17th century in the gardens of <a href="/wiki/Vaux_le_Vicomte" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaux le Vicomte">Vaux le Vicomte</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Versailles" title="Palace of Versailles">Palace of Versailles</a>. Baroque gardens were built by Kings and princes in Germany, the Netherlands, Austria, Spain, Poland, Italy and Russia until the mid-18th century, when they began to be remade into by the more natural <a href="/wiki/English_landscape_garden" title="English landscape garden">English landscape garden</a>. </p><p>The purpose of the baroque garden was to illustrate the power of man over nature, and the glory of its builder, Baroque gardens were laid out in geometric patterns, like the rooms of a house. They were usually best seen from the outside and looking down, either from a château or terrace. The elements of a baroque garden included <a href="/wiki/Parterres" class="mw-redirect" title="Parterres">parterres</a> of flower beds or low hedges trimmed into ornate Baroque designs, and straight lanes and alleys of gravel which divided and crisscrossed the garden. Terraces, ramps, staircases and cascades were placed where there were differences of elevation, and provided viewing points. Circular or rectangular ponds or basins of water were the settings for fountains and statues. <a href="/wiki/Bosquets" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosquets">Bosquets</a> or carefully trimmed groves or lines of identical trees, gave the appearance of walls of greenery and were backdrops for statues. On the edges, the gardens usually had pavilions, orangeries and other structures where visitors could take shelter from the sun or rain.<sup id="cite_ref-Kluckert_2015_pp._152-160_157-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kluckert_2015_pp._152-160-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Baroque gardens required enormous numbers of gardeners, continual trimming, and abundant water. In the later part of the Baroque period, the formal elements began to be replaced with more natural features, including winding paths, groves of varied trees left to grow untrimmed; rustic architecture and picturesque structures, such as Roman temples or Chinese pagodas, as well as "secret gardens" on the edges of the main garden, filled with greenery, where visitors could read or have quiet conversations. By the mid-18th century most of the Baroque gardens were partially or entirely transformed into variations of the <a href="/wiki/English_landscape_garden" title="English landscape garden">English landscape garden</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kluckert_2015_pp._152-160_157-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kluckert_2015_pp._152-160-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Besides Versailles and Vaux-le-Vicomte, celebrated baroque gardens still retaining much of their original appearance include the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Palace_of_Caserta" title="Royal Palace of Caserta">Royal Palace of Caserta</a> near Naples; <a href="/wiki/Nymphenburg_Palace" title="Nymphenburg Palace">Nymphenburg Palace</a> and <a href="/wiki/Augustusburg_and_Falkenlust_Palaces,_Br%C3%BChl" title="Augustusburg and Falkenlust Palaces, Brühl">Augustusburg and Falkenlust Palaces, Brühl</a> in Germany; <a href="/wiki/Het_Loo_Palace" title="Het Loo Palace">Het Loo Palace</a>, Netherlands; the <a href="/wiki/Belvedere_Palace" class="mw-redirect" title="Belvedere Palace">Belvedere Palace</a> in <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>; <a href="/wiki/Royal_Palace_of_La_Granja_de_San_Ildefonso" title="Royal Palace of La Granja de San Ildefonso">Royal Palace of La Granja de San Ildefonso</a>, Spain; and <a href="/wiki/Peterhof_Palace" title="Peterhof Palace">Peterhof Palace</a> in St. Petersburg, Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-Kluckert_2015_pp._152-160_157-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kluckert_2015_pp._152-160-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Urban_planning_and_design">Urban planning and design</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baroque&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Urban planning and design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>16th through 19th century European cities witnessed a large change in <a href="/wiki/Urban_design" title="Urban design">urban design</a> and <a href="/wiki/Urban_planning" title="Urban planning">planning</a> principals that reshaped the landscapes and built environment. Rome, Paris, and other major cities were transformed to accommodate growing populations through improvements in housing, transportation, and public services. Throughout this time, the Baroque style was in full swing, and the influences of elaborate, dramatic, and artistic architectural styles extended into the urban fabric through what is known as Baroque urban planning. The experience of living and walking in the cities aims to complement the emotions of the Baroque style. This style of planning often embraced displaying the wealth and strength of the ruling powers, and the important buildings served as the visual and symbolic center of the cities.<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Piazza_San_Pietro,_Rome.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Piazza_San_Pietro%2C_Rome.jpg/220px-Piazza_San_Pietro%2C_Rome.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Piazza_San_Pietro%2C_Rome.jpg/330px-Piazza_San_Pietro%2C_Rome.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Piazza_San_Pietro%2C_Rome.jpg/440px-Piazza_San_Pietro%2C_Rome.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3162" data-file-height="2075" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Square" title="St. Peter's Square">St. Peter's Square</a> is located directly in front of <a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="St. Peter's Basilica">St. Peter's Basilica</a> in <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The replanning of the city of Rome under the rule of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_V" title="Pope Sixtus V">Pope Sixtus V</a> revived and expanded the city in the 16th century. Many grand piazzas and squares were added as public spaces to contribute to the dramatic effect of the Baroque style. The piazzas featured fountains and other decorative features to embody the emotions of the time. An important factor in Baroque style planning was to connect churches, government structures, and piazzas together in a refined network of axis'. This allowed the important landmarks of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> to become the focal points of the city.<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As another example of Baroque urban planning, Paris was in desperate need for an urban revival in the 19th century. The city underwent a dramatic change within its urban fabric through the help of <a href="/wiki/Baron_Haussmann" class="mw-redirect" title="Baron Haussmann">Baron Haussmann</a>. Under the rule of <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_III" title="Napoleon III">Napoleon III</a>, Haussmann was appointed to reconstruct Paris by adding a new network of streets, parks, trains, and public services. Some of the characteristics of Haussmann's design include straight, wide <a href="/wiki/Boulevard" title="Boulevard">boulevards</a> lined with trees, and short access to parks and green spaces.<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The plan highlights some important buildings, such as the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Opera" title="Paris Opera">Paris Opera House</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aerial_view_of_Barcelona,_Spain_(51227309370)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Aerial_view_of_Barcelona%2C_Spain_%2851227309370%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Aerial_view_of_Barcelona%2C_Spain_%2851227309370%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Aerial_view_of_Barcelona%2C_Spain_%2851227309370%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Aerial_view_of_Barcelona%2C_Spain_%2851227309370%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Aerial_view_of_Barcelona%2C_Spain_%2851227309370%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Aerial_view_of_Barcelona%2C_Spain_%2851227309370%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5211" data-file-height="2278" /></a><figcaption>Aerial view of Barcelona</figcaption></figure> <p>More characteristics of Baroque urban planning are embodied in Barcelona. The <a href="/wiki/Eixample" title="Eixample">Eixample</a> district, designed by <a href="/wiki/Ildefons_Cerd%C3%A0" title="Ildefons Cerdà">Ildefons Cerdà</a>, showcases wide avenues in a grid system with a few diagonal boulevards. The intersections are unique with <a href="/wiki/Octagon" title="Octagon">octagonal</a> blocks, which provide the streets with great visibility and light.<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many works in this district come from architect <a href="/wiki/Antoni_Gaud%C3%AD" title="Antoni Gaudí">Antoni Gaudí</a>, who displays a unique style. Centered in the Eixample district design is the <a href="/wiki/Sagrada_Fam%C3%ADlia" title="Sagrada Família">Sagrada Família</a> by Gaudí, which poses great significance to the city. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Posterity">Posterity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baroque&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Posterity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transition_to_rococo">Transition to rococo</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baroque&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Transition to rococo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rococo" title="Rococo">Rococo</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Louis_XV_style" title="Louis XV style">Louis XV style</a></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 114.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 112.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Meudon_observatoire_2016_(15).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Meudon Observatory, Château de Meudon, Meudon, France, an example of an early Rococo building from the last years of Louis XIV, unknown architect, 1706–1709[162]"><img alt="Meudon Observatory, Château de Meudon, Meudon, France, an example of an early Rococo building from the last years of Louis XIV, unknown architect, 1706–1709[162]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Meudon_observatoire_2016_%2815%29.jpg/169px-Meudon_observatoire_2016_%2815%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="113" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Meudon_observatoire_2016_%2815%29.jpg/253px-Meudon_observatoire_2016_%2815%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Meudon_observatoire_2016_%2815%29.jpg/337px-Meudon_observatoire_2016_%2815%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Meudon Observatory, <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Meudon" title="Château de Meudon">Château de Meudon</a>, Meudon, France, an example of an early Rococo building from the last years of <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV">Louis XIV</a>, unknown architect, 1706–1709<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 242.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 240.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_Cressent,_Chest_of_drawers,_c._1730_at_Waddesdon_Manor.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chest of drawers; by Charles Cressent; c.1730; various wood types; gilt-bronze mounts and a Brèche d'Aleps marble top; height: 91.1 cm; Waddesdon Manor, Waddesdon, UK"><img alt="Chest of drawers; by Charles Cressent; c.1730; various wood types; gilt-bronze mounts and a Brèche d'Aleps marble top; height: 91.1 cm; Waddesdon Manor, Waddesdon, UK" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Charles_Cressent%2C_Chest_of_drawers%2C_c._1730_at_Waddesdon_Manor.jpg/361px-Charles_Cressent%2C_Chest_of_drawers%2C_c._1730_at_Waddesdon_Manor.jpg" decoding="async" width="241" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Charles_Cressent%2C_Chest_of_drawers%2C_c._1730_at_Waddesdon_Manor.jpg/543px-Charles_Cressent%2C_Chest_of_drawers%2C_c._1730_at_Waddesdon_Manor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Charles_Cressent%2C_Chest_of_drawers%2C_c._1730_at_Waddesdon_Manor.jpg/722px-Charles_Cressent%2C_Chest_of_drawers%2C_c._1730_at_Waddesdon_Manor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2672" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Chest of drawers; by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Cressent" title="Charles Cressent">Charles Cressent</a>; <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>1730; various wood types; gilt-bronze mounts and a Brèche d'Aleps marble top; height: 91.1 cm; <a href="/wiki/Waddesdon_Manor" title="Waddesdon Manor">Waddesdon Manor</a>, Waddesdon, UK</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 226.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 224.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:20230209_Amalienburg_Nymphenburg.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Amalienburg, Nymphenburg Palace Park, Munich, Germany, by François de Cuvilliés, 1734–1739[163]"><img alt="Amalienburg, Nymphenburg Palace Park, Munich, Germany, by François de Cuvilliés, 1734–1739[163]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/20230209_Amalienburg_Nymphenburg.jpg/337px-20230209_Amalienburg_Nymphenburg.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/20230209_Amalienburg_Nymphenburg.jpg/507px-20230209_Amalienburg_Nymphenburg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/20230209_Amalienburg_Nymphenburg.jpg/674px-20230209_Amalienburg_Nymphenburg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4762" data-file-height="3179" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Amalienburg" title="Amalienburg">Amalienburg</a>, Nymphenburg Palace Park, Munich, Germany, by <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Cuvilli%C3%A9s" title="François de Cuvilliés">François de Cuvilliés</a>, 1734–1739<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHodge201995_163-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHodge201995-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 114px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 112px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Salon_ovale_de_la_princesse_in_the_H%C3%B4tel_de_Soubise_(11).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Salon Oval de la Princesse of the Hôtel de Soubise, Paris, by Germain Boffrand, Charles-Joseph Natoire and Jean-Baptiste Lemoyne, 1737–1739"><img alt="Salon Oval de la Princesse of the Hôtel de Soubise, Paris, by Germain Boffrand, Charles-Joseph Natoire and Jean-Baptiste Lemoyne, 1737–1739" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Salon_ovale_de_la_princesse_in_the_H%C3%B4tel_de_Soubise_%2811%29.jpg/168px-Salon_ovale_de_la_princesse_in_the_H%C3%B4tel_de_Soubise_%2811%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="112" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Salon_ovale_de_la_princesse_in_the_H%C3%B4tel_de_Soubise_%2811%29.jpg/252px-Salon_ovale_de_la_princesse_in_the_H%C3%B4tel_de_Soubise_%2811%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Salon_ovale_de_la_princesse_in_the_H%C3%B4tel_de_Soubise_%2811%29.jpg/336px-Salon_ovale_de_la_princesse_in_the_H%C3%B4tel_de_Soubise_%2811%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2983" data-file-height="3996" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Salon Oval de la Princesse of the <a href="/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_de_Soubise" title="Hôtel de Soubise">Hôtel de Soubise</a>, Paris, by <a href="/wiki/Germain_Boffrand" title="Germain Boffrand">Germain Boffrand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles-Joseph_Natoire" title="Charles-Joseph Natoire">Charles-Joseph Natoire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Lemoyne" title="Jean-Baptiste Lemoyne">Jean-Baptiste Lemoyne</a>, 1737–1739</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 190px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 188px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Triumph_of_Venus,_by_Fran%C3%A7ois_Boucher.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Triumph of Venus; by François Boucher; 1740; oil on canvas; 130 × 162 cm; Nationalmuseum, Stockholm, Sweden"><img alt="The Triumph of Venus; by François Boucher; 1740; oil on canvas; 130 × 162 cm; Nationalmuseum, Stockholm, Sweden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/The_Triumph_of_Venus%2C_by_Fran%C3%A7ois_Boucher.jpg/282px-The_Triumph_of_Venus%2C_by_Fran%C3%A7ois_Boucher.jpg" decoding="async" width="188" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/The_Triumph_of_Venus%2C_by_Fran%C3%A7ois_Boucher.jpg/424px-The_Triumph_of_Venus%2C_by_Fran%C3%A7ois_Boucher.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/The_Triumph_of_Venus%2C_by_Fran%C3%A7ois_Boucher.jpg/564px-The_Triumph_of_Venus%2C_by_Fran%C3%A7ois_Boucher.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7056" data-file-height="5632" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Triumph_of_Venus" title="The Triumph of Venus">The Triumph of Venus</a></i>; by <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Boucher" title="François Boucher">François Boucher</a>; 1740; oil on canvas; 130 × 162 cm; <a href="/wiki/Nationalmuseum" title="Nationalmuseum">Nationalmuseum</a>, Stockholm, Sweden</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 227.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 225.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vienna_(124619801).jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vieux-Laque Room, Schönbrunn Palace, Vienna, Austria, decorated with Chinese black lacquerware panels, by Nikolaus Pacassi, 1743–1763[164]"><img alt="Vieux-Laque Room, Schönbrunn Palace, Vienna, Austria, decorated with Chinese black lacquerware panels, by Nikolaus Pacassi, 1743–1763[164]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Vienna_%28124619801%29.jpeg/338px-Vienna_%28124619801%29.jpeg" decoding="async" width="226" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Vienna_%28124619801%29.jpeg/507px-Vienna_%28124619801%29.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Vienna_%28124619801%29.jpeg/675px-Vienna_%28124619801%29.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1365" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Vieux-Laque Room, <a href="/wiki/Sch%C3%B6nbrunn_Palace" title="Schönbrunn Palace">Schönbrunn Palace</a>, Vienna, Austria, decorated with Chinese black <a href="/wiki/Lacquerware" title="Lacquerware">lacquerware</a> panels, by <a href="/wiki/Nikolaus_Pacassi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikolaus Pacassi">Nikolaus Pacassi</a>, 1743–1763<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHopkins201494_164-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHopkins201494-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 114.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 112.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gate_-_Residence_Square_W%C3%BCrzburg_-_DSC02894.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Gate with two statues and elaborate wrought-iron grilles, Würzburg, Germany, grilles by Johann Georg Oegg, 1752"><img alt="Gate with two statues and elaborate wrought-iron grilles, Würzburg, Germany, grilles by Johann Georg Oegg, 1752" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Gate_-_Residence_Square_W%C3%BCrzburg_-_DSC02894.JPG/169px-Gate_-_Residence_Square_W%C3%BCrzburg_-_DSC02894.JPG" decoding="async" width="113" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Gate_-_Residence_Square_W%C3%BCrzburg_-_DSC02894.JPG/253px-Gate_-_Residence_Square_W%C3%BCrzburg_-_DSC02894.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Gate_-_Residence_Square_W%C3%BCrzburg_-_DSC02894.JPG/337px-Gate_-_Residence_Square_W%C3%BCrzburg_-_DSC02894.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3240" data-file-height="4320" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Gate with two statues and elaborate wrought-iron grilles, <a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrzburg" title="Würzburg">Würzburg</a>, Germany, grilles by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Johann_Georg_Oegg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johann Georg Oegg (page does not exist)">Johann Georg Oegg</a>, 1752</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 180.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 178.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chinese_House_Potsdam-,_Germany.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chinese House, Sanssouci Park, Potsdam, Germany, an example of Chinoiserie, by Johann Gottfried Büring, 1755–1764[165]"><img alt="Chinese House, Sanssouci Park, Potsdam, Germany, an example of Chinoiserie, by Johann Gottfried Büring, 1755–1764[165]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Chinese_House_Potsdam-%2C_Germany.jpg/268px-Chinese_House_Potsdam-%2C_Germany.jpg" decoding="async" width="179" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Chinese_House_Potsdam-%2C_Germany.jpg/403px-Chinese_House_Potsdam-%2C_Germany.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Chinese_House_Potsdam-%2C_Germany.jpg/536px-Chinese_House_Potsdam-%2C_Germany.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4294" data-file-height="3605" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_House_(Potsdam)" title="Chinese House (Potsdam)">Chinese House</a>, Sanssouci Park, Potsdam, Germany, an example of <a href="/wiki/Chinoiserie" title="Chinoiserie">Chinoiserie</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_B%C3%BCring" title="Johann Gottfried Büring">Johann Gottfried Büring</a>, 1755–1764<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESund2019104_165-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESund2019104-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 113.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 111.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coffeepot_MET_DP103144_(cropped),.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coffeepot, decorated with foliage; 1757; silver; height: 29.5 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York"><img alt="Coffeepot, decorated with foliage; 1757; silver; height: 29.5 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Coffeepot_MET_DP103144_%28cropped%29%2C.jpg/167px-Coffeepot_MET_DP103144_%28cropped%29%2C.jpg" decoding="async" width="112" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Coffeepot_MET_DP103144_%28cropped%29%2C.jpg/251px-Coffeepot_MET_DP103144_%28cropped%29%2C.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Coffeepot_MET_DP103144_%28cropped%29%2C.jpg/334px-Coffeepot_MET_DP103144_%28cropped%29%2C.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2470" data-file-height="3325" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Coffeepot, decorated with <a href="/wiki/Foliage" class="mw-redirect" title="Foliage">foliage</a>; 1757; silver; height: 29.5 cm; <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a>, New York</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 134px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 132px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Music_Lesson_MET_DP-14272-001_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Music Lesson; by the Chelsea porcelain factory; c.1765; soft-paste porcelain; 39.1 × 31.1 × 22.2 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art"><img alt="The Music Lesson; by the Chelsea porcelain factory; c.1765; soft-paste porcelain; 39.1 × 31.1 × 22.2 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/The_Music_Lesson_MET_DP-14272-001_%28cropped%29.jpg/198px-The_Music_Lesson_MET_DP-14272-001_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="132" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/The_Music_Lesson_MET_DP-14272-001_%28cropped%29.jpg/297px-The_Music_Lesson_MET_DP-14272-001_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/The_Music_Lesson_MET_DP-14272-001_%28cropped%29.jpg/395px-The_Music_Lesson_MET_DP-14272-001_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2573" data-file-height="2929" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>The Music Lesson</i>; by the <a href="/wiki/Chelsea_porcelain_factory" title="Chelsea porcelain factory">Chelsea porcelain factory</a>; <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>1765; soft-paste porcelain; 39.1 × 31.1 × 22.2 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 142px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 140px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nodding_pagod,_Meissen,_Germany,_c._1760,_porcelain,_1892.60.325_-_Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art_-_New_York_City_-_DSC07727.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pagod, based on Asian figures of Budai, an example of Chinoiserie; by Johann Joachim Kändler; c.1765; hard paste porcelain; Metropolitan Museum of Art[166]"><img alt="Pagod, based on Asian figures of Budai, an example of Chinoiserie; by Johann Joachim Kändler; c.1765; hard paste porcelain; Metropolitan Museum of Art[166]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Nodding_pagod%2C_Meissen%2C_Germany%2C_c._1760%2C_porcelain%2C_1892.60.325_-_Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art_-_New_York_City_-_DSC07727.jpg/210px-Nodding_pagod%2C_Meissen%2C_Germany%2C_c._1760%2C_porcelain%2C_1892.60.325_-_Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art_-_New_York_City_-_DSC07727.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Nodding_pagod%2C_Meissen%2C_Germany%2C_c._1760%2C_porcelain%2C_1892.60.325_-_Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art_-_New_York_City_-_DSC07727.jpg/316px-Nodding_pagod%2C_Meissen%2C_Germany%2C_c._1760%2C_porcelain%2C_1892.60.325_-_Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art_-_New_York_City_-_DSC07727.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Nodding_pagod%2C_Meissen%2C_Germany%2C_c._1760%2C_porcelain%2C_1892.60.325_-_Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art_-_New_York_City_-_DSC07727.jpg/421px-Nodding_pagod%2C_Meissen%2C_Germany%2C_c._1760%2C_porcelain%2C_1892.60.325_-_Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art_-_New_York_City_-_DSC07727.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="3899" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Pagod, based on Asian figures of <a href="/wiki/Budai" title="Budai">Budai</a>, an example of Chinoiserie; by <a href="/wiki/Johann_Joachim_K%C3%A4ndler" title="Johann Joachim Kändler">Johann Joachim Kändler</a>; <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>1765; hard paste porcelain; Metropolitan Museum of Art<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESund201999,_100_166-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESund201999,_100-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 126.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 124.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cartouche_bekroond_met_drietand_Second_livre_de_cartouches_(serietitel_op_object),_RP-P-2011-164-8.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cartouche from the Second Livre de Cartouches, an example of asymmetry; c.1710–1772; engraving on paper; 23 x 19.8 cm; Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam, the Netherlands"><img alt="Cartouche from the Second Livre de Cartouches, an example of asymmetry; c.1710–1772; engraving on paper; 23 x 19.8 cm; Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam, the Netherlands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Cartouche_bekroond_met_drietand_Second_livre_de_cartouches_%28serietitel_op_object%29%2C_RP-P-2011-164-8.jpg/187px-Cartouche_bekroond_met_drietand_Second_livre_de_cartouches_%28serietitel_op_object%29%2C_RP-P-2011-164-8.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Cartouche_bekroond_met_drietand_Second_livre_de_cartouches_%28serietitel_op_object%29%2C_RP-P-2011-164-8.jpg/282px-Cartouche_bekroond_met_drietand_Second_livre_de_cartouches_%28serietitel_op_object%29%2C_RP-P-2011-164-8.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Cartouche_bekroond_met_drietand_Second_livre_de_cartouches_%28serietitel_op_object%29%2C_RP-P-2011-164-8.jpg/375px-Cartouche_bekroond_met_drietand_Second_livre_de_cartouches_%28serietitel_op_object%29%2C_RP-P-2011-164-8.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3198" data-file-height="3838" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Cartouche_(design)" title="Cartouche (design)">Cartouche</a> from the <i>Second <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr">Livre de Cartouches</span></span></i>, an example of asymmetry; <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>1710–1772; engraving on paper; 23 x 19.8 cm; <a href="/wiki/Rijksmuseum" title="Rijksmuseum">Rijksmuseum</a>, Amsterdam, the Netherlands</div> </li> </ul> <p>The Rococo is the final stage of the Baroque, and in many ways took the Baroque's fundamental qualities of illusion and drama to their logical extremes. Beginning in France as a reaction against the heavy Baroque grandeur of <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV">Louis XIV</a>'s court at the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Versailles" title="Palace of Versailles">Palace of Versailles</a>, the rococo movement became associated particularly with the powerful <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Madame_de_Pompadour" title="Madame de Pompadour">Madame de Pompadour</a></span></span> (1721–1764), the mistress of the new king, <a href="/wiki/Louis_XV" title="Louis XV">Louis XV</a> (1710–1774). Because of this, the style was also known as <i>Pompadour</i>. Although it's highly associated with the reign of Louis XV, it didn't appear in this period. Multiple works from the last years of Louis XIV's reign are examples of early Rococo. The name of the movement derives from the French <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">rocaille</i></span>, or pebble, and refers to stones and shells that decorate the interiors of caves, as similar shell forms became a common feature in Rococo design. It began as a design and <a href="/wiki/Decorative_arts" title="Decorative arts">decorative arts</a> style, and was characterized by elegant flowing shapes. Architecture followed and then painting and sculpture. The French painter with whom the term Rococo is most often associated is <a href="/wiki/Jean-Antoine_Watteau" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean-Antoine Watteau">Jean-Antoine Watteau</a>, whose pastoral scenes, or <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/F%C3%AAte_galante" title="Fête galante">fêtes galantes</a></i></span>, dominate the early part of the 18th century. </p><p>There are multiple similarities between Rococo and Baroque. Both styles insist on monumental forms, and so use continuous spaces, <a href="/wiki/Coupled_column" title="Coupled column">double columns</a> or pilasters, and luxurious materials (including gilded elements). There also noticeable differences. Rococo designed freed themselves from the adherence to symmetry that had dominated architecture and design since the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>. Many small objects, like ink pots or porcelain figures, but also some ornaments, are often asymmetrical. This goes hand in hand with the fact that most ornamentation consisted of interpretation of foliage and sea shells, not as many Classical ornaments inherited from the Renaissance like in Baroque. Another key difference is the fact that since the Baroque is the main cultural manifestation of the spirit of the <a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a>, it is most often associated with ecclesiastical architecture. In contrast, the Rococo is mainly associated with palaces and domestic architecture. In Paris, the popularity of the Rococo coincided with the emergence of the salon as a new type of social gathering, the venues for which were often decorated in this style. Rococo rooms were typically smaller than their Baroque counterparts, reflecting a movement towards domestic intimacy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHopkins2014294_167-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHopkins2014294-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Colours also match this change, from the earthy tones of <a href="/wiki/Caravaggio" title="Caravaggio">Caravaggio</a>'s paintings, and the interiors of red marble and gilded mounts of the reign of <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV">Louis XIV</a>, to the pastel and relaxed pale blue, Pompadour pink, and white of the Louis XV and Madame de Pompadour's France. Similarly to colours, there was also a transition from serious, dramatic and moralistic subjects in painting and sculpture, to lighthearted and joyful themes. </p><p>One last difference between Baroque and Rococo is the interest that 18th century aristocrats had for <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a>. <a href="/wiki/Chinoiserie" title="Chinoiserie">Chinoiserie</a> was a style in fine art, architecture and design, popular during the 18th century, that was heavily inspired by Chinese art, but also by Rococo at the same time. Because traveling to China or other Far Eastern countries was hard at that time and so remained mysterious to most Westerners, European imagination were fuelled by perceptions of Asia as a place of wealth and luxury, and consequently patrons from emperors to merchants vied with each other in adorning their living quarters with Asian goods and decorating them in Asian styles. Where Asian objects were hard to obtain, European craftsmen and painters stepped up to fill the demand, creating a blend of Rococo forms and Asian figures, motifs and techniques. Aside from European recreations of objects in East Asian style, Chinese <a href="/wiki/Lacquerware" title="Lacquerware">lacquerware</a> was reused in multiple ways. European aristocrats fully decorated a handful of rooms of palaces, with Chinese lacquer panels used as wall panels. Due to its aspect, black lacquer was popular for Western men's studies. Those panels used were usually glossy and black, made in the <a href="/wiki/Henan_province" class="mw-redirect" title="Henan province">Henan province</a> of China. They were made of multiple layers of lacquer, then incised with motifs in-filled with colour and gold. Chinese, but also <a href="/wiki/Japanese_lacquerware" title="Japanese lacquerware">Japanese lacquer</a> panels were also used by some 18th century European carpenters for making furniture. In order to be produced, Asian screens were dismantled and used to veneer European-made furniture. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Condemnation_and_academic_rediscovery">Condemnation and academic rediscovery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baroque&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Condemnation and academic rediscovery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The pioneer German art historian and archeologist <a href="/wiki/Johann_Joachim_Winckelmann" title="Johann Joachim Winckelmann">Johann Joachim Winckelmann</a> also condemned the baroque style, and praised the superior values of classical art and architecture. By the 19th century, Baroque was a target for ridicule and criticism. The neoclassical critic Francesco Milizia wrote: "Borrominini in architecture, Bernini in sculpture, Pietro da Cortona in painting...are a plague on good taste, which infected a large number of artists."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoucher19989_168-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoucher19989-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 19th century, criticism went even further; the British critic <a href="/wiki/John_Ruskin" title="John Ruskin">John Ruskin</a> declared that baroque sculpture was not only bad, but also morally corrupt.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoucher19989_168-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoucher19989-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Swiss-born art historian <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_W%C3%B6lfflin" title="Heinrich Wölfflin">Heinrich Wölfflin</a> (1864–1945) started the rehabilitation of the word Baroque in his <i>Renaissance und Barock</i> (1888); Wölfflin identified the Baroque as "movement imported into mass", an art antithetic to Renaissance art. He did not make the distinctions between Mannerism and Baroque that modern writers do, and he ignored the later phase, the academic Baroque that lasted into the 18th century. Baroque art and architecture became fashionable in the <a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">interwar period</a>, and has largely remained in critical favor. The term "Baroque" may still be used, often pejoratively, describing works of art, craft, or design that are thought to have excessive ornamentation or complexity of line.<sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time "baroque" has become an accepted terms for various trends in <a href="/wiki/Roman_art" title="Roman art">Roman art</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roman_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman architecture">Roman architecture</a> in the 2nd and 3rd centuries AD, which display some of the same characteristics as the later Baroque.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Revivals_and_influence_through_eclecticism">Revivals and influence through eclecticism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baroque&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Revivals and influence through eclecticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 118.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 116.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Beauvais_(Oise)_-_MUDO_-_%22Cabaret_%C3%A0_la_mani%C3%A8re_de_Boulle%22_(vers_1850-1870).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cabinet; c.1850–1870; Boulle marquetry; unknown dimensions; Musée départemental de l'Oise, Beauvais, France"><img alt="Cabinet; c.1850–1870; Boulle marquetry; unknown dimensions; Musée départemental de l'Oise, Beauvais, France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Beauvais_%28Oise%29_-_MUDO_-_%22Cabaret_%C3%A0_la_mani%C3%A8re_de_Boulle%22_%28vers_1850-1870%29.jpg/175px-Beauvais_%28Oise%29_-_MUDO_-_%22Cabaret_%C3%A0_la_mani%C3%A8re_de_Boulle%22_%28vers_1850-1870%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="117" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Beauvais_%28Oise%29_-_MUDO_-_%22Cabaret_%C3%A0_la_mani%C3%A8re_de_Boulle%22_%28vers_1850-1870%29.jpg/262px-Beauvais_%28Oise%29_-_MUDO_-_%22Cabaret_%C3%A0_la_mani%C3%A8re_de_Boulle%22_%28vers_1850-1870%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Beauvais_%28Oise%29_-_MUDO_-_%22Cabaret_%C3%A0_la_mani%C3%A8re_de_Boulle%22_%28vers_1850-1870%29.jpg/350px-Beauvais_%28Oise%29_-_MUDO_-_%22Cabaret_%C3%A0_la_mani%C3%A8re_de_Boulle%22_%28vers_1850-1870%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3170" data-file-height="4623" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Cabinet; <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>1850–1870; <a href="/wiki/Boulle_work" title="Boulle work">Boulle marquetry</a>; unknown dimensions; <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_d%C3%A9partemental_de_l%27Oise" title="Musée départemental de l'Oise">Musée départemental de l'Oise</a>, Beauvais, France</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 278.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 276.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Decorative_arts_in_the_Louvre_-_Room_85_(01).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Large console with central projection; by Benjamin Deguil and Benjamin-Paul Ramillon; 1850–1875; gilt wood and marble; 100 x 283 x 77 cm; Napoleon III Apartments, Louvre Palace, Paris[170]"><img alt="Large console with central projection; by Benjamin Deguil and Benjamin-Paul Ramillon; 1850–1875; gilt wood and marble; 100 x 283 x 77 cm; Napoleon III Apartments, Louvre Palace, Paris[170]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Decorative_arts_in_the_Louvre_-_Room_85_%2801%29.jpg/415px-Decorative_arts_in_the_Louvre_-_Room_85_%2801%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="277" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Decorative_arts_in_the_Louvre_-_Room_85_%2801%29.jpg/623px-Decorative_arts_in_the_Louvre_-_Room_85_%2801%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Decorative_arts_in_the_Louvre_-_Room_85_%2801%29.jpg/829px-Decorative_arts_in_the_Louvre_-_Room_85_%2801%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3747" data-file-height="2305" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Large console with central projection; by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_Deguil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Benjamin Deguil (page does not exist)">Benjamin Deguil</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Benjamin-Paul_Ramillon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Benjamin-Paul Ramillon (page does not exist)">Benjamin-Paul Ramillon</a>; 1850–1875; gilt wood and marble; 100 x 283 x 77 cm; <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_III" title="Napoleon III">Napoleon III</a> Apartments, <a href="/wiki/Louvre_Palace" title="Louvre Palace">Louvre Palace</a>, Paris<sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 257.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 255.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Napoleon_III_Apartments_(44883695984).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Grand Salon of the apartments of the minister of state, currently known as the Napoleon III Apartments, designed by Hector Lefuel and decorated with paintings by Charles Raphaël Maréchal, 1859–1860[171]"><img alt="The Grand Salon of the apartments of the minister of state, currently known as the Napoleon III Apartments, designed by Hector Lefuel and decorated with paintings by Charles Raphaël Maréchal, 1859–1860[171]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Napoleon_III_Apartments_%2844883695984%29.jpg/383px-Napoleon_III_Apartments_%2844883695984%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="256" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Napoleon_III_Apartments_%2844883695984%29.jpg/575px-Napoleon_III_Apartments_%2844883695984%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Napoleon_III_Apartments_%2844883695984%29.jpg/765px-Napoleon_III_Apartments_%2844883695984%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5314" data-file-height="3543" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Grand Salon of the apartments of the minister of state, currently known as the Napoleon III Apartments, designed by <a href="/wiki/Hector_Lefuel" class="mw-redirect" title="Hector Lefuel">Hector Lefuel</a> and decorated with paintings by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Rapha%C3%ABl_Mar%C3%A9chal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Raphaël Maréchal (page does not exist)">Charles Raphaël Maréchal</a>, 1859–1860<sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 106.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 104.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Compi%C3%A8gne-Serre_bijoux_de_l%27Imp%C3%A8ratrice_Eug%C3%A8nie-20150303.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jewelry toilet of Empress Eugénie; by Jules Fossey; c.1860; unknown materials; unknown dimensions; Château de Compiègne, Compiègne, France"><img alt="Jewelry toilet of Empress Eugénie; by Jules Fossey; c.1860; unknown materials; unknown dimensions; Château de Compiègne, Compiègne, France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Compi%C3%A8gne-Serre_bijoux_de_l%27Imp%C3%A8ratrice_Eug%C3%A8nie-20150303.jpg/157px-Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Compi%C3%A8gne-Serre_bijoux_de_l%27Imp%C3%A8ratrice_Eug%C3%A8nie-20150303.jpg" decoding="async" width="105" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Compi%C3%A8gne-Serre_bijoux_de_l%27Imp%C3%A8ratrice_Eug%C3%A8nie-20150303.jpg/236px-Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Compi%C3%A8gne-Serre_bijoux_de_l%27Imp%C3%A8ratrice_Eug%C3%A8nie-20150303.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Compi%C3%A8gne-Serre_bijoux_de_l%27Imp%C3%A8ratrice_Eug%C3%A8nie-20150303.jpg/314px-Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Compi%C3%A8gne-Serre_bijoux_de_l%27Imp%C3%A8ratrice_Eug%C3%A8nie-20150303.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2876" data-file-height="4667" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Jewelry toilet of <a href="/wiki/Empress_Eug%C3%A9nie" class="mw-redirect" title="Empress Eugénie">Empress Eugénie</a>; by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jules_Fossey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jules Fossey (page does not exist)">Jules Fossey</a>; <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>1860; unknown materials; unknown dimensions; <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Compi%C3%A8gne" title="Château de Compiègne">Château de Compiègne</a>, Compiègne, France</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 98px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 96px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Decorative_arts_in_the_Louvre_-_Room_83_(07).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Candelabrum with eleven lights; by Ferdinand Barbedienne; 1861; gilt bronze; height: 83.7 cm, length: 49.4 cm; Napoleon III Apartments[172]"><img alt="Candelabrum with eleven lights; by Ferdinand Barbedienne; 1861; gilt bronze; height: 83.7 cm, length: 49.4 cm; Napoleon III Apartments[172]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Decorative_arts_in_the_Louvre_-_Room_83_%2807%29.jpg/144px-Decorative_arts_in_the_Louvre_-_Room_83_%2807%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="96" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Decorative_arts_in_the_Louvre_-_Room_83_%2807%29.jpg/216px-Decorative_arts_in_the_Louvre_-_Room_83_%2807%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Decorative_arts_in_the_Louvre_-_Room_83_%2807%29.jpg/288px-Decorative_arts_in_the_Louvre_-_Room_83_%2807%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2101" data-file-height="3720" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Candelabrum with eleven lights; by <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Barbedienne" title="Ferdinand Barbedienne">Ferdinand Barbedienne</a>; 1861; gilt bronze; height: 83.7 cm, length: 49.4 cm; Napoleon III Apartments<sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 302.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 300.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Paris_Palais_Garnier_2010-04-06_16.55.07.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Exterior of the Palais Garnier, Paris, an example of Beaux Arts architecture, by Charles Garnier, 1860–1875[173]"><img alt="Exterior of the Palais Garnier, Paris, an example of Beaux Arts architecture, by Charles Garnier, 1860–1875[173]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Paris_Palais_Garnier_2010-04-06_16.55.07.jpg/451px-Paris_Palais_Garnier_2010-04-06_16.55.07.jpg" decoding="async" width="301" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Paris_Palais_Garnier_2010-04-06_16.55.07.jpg/678px-Paris_Palais_Garnier_2010-04-06_16.55.07.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Paris_Palais_Garnier_2010-04-06_16.55.07.jpg/902px-Paris_Palais_Garnier_2010-04-06_16.55.07.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4085" data-file-height="2310" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Exterior of the <a href="/wiki/Palais_Garnier" title="Palais Garnier">Palais Garnier</a>, Paris, an example of <a href="/wiki/Beaux_Arts_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Beaux Arts architecture">Beaux Arts architecture</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Garnier_(architect)" title="Charles Garnier (architect)">Charles Garnier</a>, 1860–1875<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones2014296_173-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones2014296-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 228.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 226.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Foyer_(51865286672).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Grand foyer of the Palais Garnier, inspired by the Hall of Mirrors of the Palace of Versailles, but with some ornaments taken from other historical styles, like the neo-Renaissance column lower parts, or the Greek Revival lyres at the tops of windows, by Charles Garnier, 1860–1875[173]"><img alt="Grand foyer of the Palais Garnier, inspired by the Hall of Mirrors of the Palace of Versailles, but with some ornaments taken from other historical styles, like the neo-Renaissance column lower parts, or the Greek Revival lyres at the tops of windows, by Charles Garnier, 1860–1875[173]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Foyer_%2851865286672%29.jpg/340px-Foyer_%2851865286672%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="227" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Foyer_%2851865286672%29.jpg/511px-Foyer_%2851865286672%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Foyer_%2851865286672%29.jpg/680px-Foyer_%2851865286672%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Grand foyer of the Palais Garnier, inspired by the <a href="/wiki/Hall_of_Mirrors" title="Hall of Mirrors">Hall of Mirrors</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Versailles" title="Palace of Versailles">Palace of Versailles</a>, but with some ornaments taken from other historical styles, like the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_Revival" class="mw-redirect" title="Renaissance Revival">neo-Renaissance</a> column lower parts, or the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Revival_architecture" title="Greek Revival architecture">Greek Revival</a> lyres at the tops of windows, by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Garnier_(architect)" title="Charles Garnier (architect)">Charles Garnier</a>, 1860–1875<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones2014296_173-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones2014296-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Table,_European_workshop,_second_half_of_the_19th_century.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Table; 2nd half of the 19th century; Boulle marquetry; unknown dimensions; in a temporary exhibition called "Dress Code Parfum de Secol XIX" at the Suțu Palace, Bucharest, Romania"><img alt="Table; 2nd half of the 19th century; Boulle marquetry; unknown dimensions; in a temporary exhibition called "Dress Code Parfum de Secol XIX" at the Suțu Palace, Bucharest, Romania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Table%2C_European_workshop%2C_second_half_of_the_19th_century.jpg/300px-Table%2C_European_workshop%2C_second_half_of_the_19th_century.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Table%2C_European_workshop%2C_second_half_of_the_19th_century.jpg/450px-Table%2C_European_workshop%2C_second_half_of_the_19th_century.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Table%2C_European_workshop%2C_second_half_of_the_19th_century.jpg/599px-Table%2C_European_workshop%2C_second_half_of_the_19th_century.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3647" data-file-height="3104" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Table; 2nd half of the 19th century; Boulle marquetry; unknown dimensions; in a temporary exhibition called "Dress Code Parfum de Secol XIX" at the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Su%C8%9Bu_Palace&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Suțu Palace (page does not exist)">Suțu Palace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a>, Romania</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 347.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 345.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Petit-Palais-Paris-02-2018.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Petit Palais, Paris, an example of Beaux Arts architecture, with Ionic columns very similar to those of the reign of Louis XIV, by Charles Giraud, 1900[174]"><img alt="Petit Palais, Paris, an example of Beaux Arts architecture, with Ionic columns very similar to those of the reign of Louis XIV, by Charles Giraud, 1900[174]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Petit-Palais-Paris-02-2018.jpg/518px-Petit-Palais-Paris-02-2018.jpg" decoding="async" width="346" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Petit-Palais-Paris-02-2018.jpg/778px-Petit-Palais-Paris-02-2018.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Petit-Palais-Paris-02-2018.jpg/1036px-Petit-Palais-Paris-02-2018.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4059" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Petit_Palais" title="Petit Palais">Petit Palais</a>, Paris, an example of Beaux Arts architecture, with Ionic columns very similar to those of the reign of <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV">Louis XIV</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Giraud" title="Charles Giraud">Charles Giraud</a>, 1900<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones2014294_174-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones2014294-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 226.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 224.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rue_de_Vaugirard,_Paris_15_April_2017.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rue Guynemer no. 2, Paris, with a facade made up from a mix of detailed stone elements and big simple brick surfaces like what is in Place des Vosges from Paris, by Louis Périn, 1914"><img alt="Rue Guynemer no. 2, Paris, with a facade made up from a mix of detailed stone elements and big simple brick surfaces like what is in Place des Vosges from Paris, by Louis Périn, 1914" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Rue_de_Vaugirard%2C_Paris_15_April_2017.jpg/337px-Rue_de_Vaugirard%2C_Paris_15_April_2017.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Rue_de_Vaugirard%2C_Paris_15_April_2017.jpg/506px-Rue_de_Vaugirard%2C_Paris_15_April_2017.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Rue_de_Vaugirard%2C_Paris_15_April_2017.jpg/674px-Rue_de_Vaugirard%2C_Paris_15_April_2017.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4820" data-file-height="3648" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rue_Guynemer_(Paris)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rue Guynemer (Paris) (page does not exist)">Rue Guynemer</a> no. 2, Paris, with a facade made up from a mix of detailed stone elements and big simple brick surfaces like what is in <a href="/wiki/Place_des_Vosges" title="Place des Vosges">Place des Vosges</a> from Paris, by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_P%C3%A9rin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Louis Périn (page does not exist)">Louis Périn</a>, 1914</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 129.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 127.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Porte_d%27un_immeuble,_2_rue_Guynemer_%C3%A0_Paris.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Door of Rue Guynemer no. 2, Paris, with palmettes, shells, volutes, garlands, proportions and other elements seen on wrought iron, furniture, textiles and ceramics from the reign of Louis XIV"><img alt="Door of Rue Guynemer no. 2, Paris, with palmettes, shells, volutes, garlands, proportions and other elements seen on wrought iron, furniture, textiles and ceramics from the reign of Louis XIV" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Porte_d%27un_immeuble%2C_2_rue_Guynemer_%C3%A0_Paris.jpg/191px-Porte_d%27un_immeuble%2C_2_rue_Guynemer_%C3%A0_Paris.jpg" decoding="async" width="128" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Porte_d%27un_immeuble%2C_2_rue_Guynemer_%C3%A0_Paris.jpg/287px-Porte_d%27un_immeuble%2C_2_rue_Guynemer_%C3%A0_Paris.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Porte_d%27un_immeuble%2C_2_rue_Guynemer_%C3%A0_Paris.jpg/382px-Porte_d%27un_immeuble%2C_2_rue_Guynemer_%C3%A0_Paris.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3240" data-file-height="4320" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Door of Rue Guynemer no. 2, Paris, with <a href="/wiki/Palmette" title="Palmette">palmettes</a>, shells, <a href="/wiki/Volute" title="Volute">volutes</a>, garlands, proportions and other elements seen on wrought iron, furniture, textiles and ceramics from the reign of Louis XIV</div> </li> </ul> <p>Highly criticized, the Baroque would later be a source of inspiration for artists, architects and designers during the 19th century through <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a>, a movement that developed in the 18th century and that reached its peak in the 19th. It was characterized by its emphasis on emotion and <a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">individualism</a>, as well as glorification of the past and nature, preferring the medieval to the classical. A mix of literary, religious, and political factors prompted late-18th and 19th century British architects and designers to look back to the Middle Ages for inspiration. Romanticism is the reason the 19th century is best known as the century of <a href="/wiki/Revivalism_(architecture)" title="Revivalism (architecture)">revivals</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In France, Romanticism was not the key factor that led to the revival of Gothic architecture and design. Vandalism of monuments and buildings associated with the <a href="/wiki/Ancien_R%C3%A9gime" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancien Régime">Ancien Régime</a> (Old Regime) happened during the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>. Because of this an archaeologist, <a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Lenoir" title="Alexandre Lenoir">Alexandre Lenoir</a>, was appointed curator of the Petits-Augustins depot, where sculptures, statues and tombs removed from churches, abbeys and convents had been transported. He organized the <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_des_Monuments_fran%C3%A7ais_(1795%E2%80%931816)" title="Musée des Monuments français (1795–1816)">Museum of French Monuments</a> (1795–1816), and was the first to bring back the taste for the art of the Middle Ages, which progressed slowly to flourish a quarter of a century later.<sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This taste and revival of medieval art led to the revival of other periods, including the Baroque and Rococo. Revivalism started with themes first from the Middle Ages, then, towards the end of the reign of <a href="/wiki/Louis_Philippe_I" title="Louis Philippe I">Louis Philippe I</a> (1830–1848), from the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>. Baroque and Rococo inspiration was more popular during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_III" title="Napoleon III">Napoleon III</a> (1852–1870), and continued later, after the fall of the <a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">Second French Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-177" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Compared to how in England architects and designers saw the <a href="/wiki/Gothic_architecture" title="Gothic architecture">Gothic</a> as a national style, Rococo was seen as one of the most representative movements for France. The French felt much more connected to the styles of the <a href="/wiki/Ancien_R%C3%A9gime" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancien Régime">Ancien Régime</a> and <a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">Napoleon's Empire</a>, than to the medieval or Renaissance past, although Gothic architecture appeared in France, not in England. </p><p>The revivalism of the 19th century led in time to <a href="/wiki/Eclecticism" title="Eclecticism">eclecticism</a> (mix of elements of different styles). Because architects often revived Classical styles, most Eclectic buildings and designs have a distinctive look. Besides pure revivals, the Baroque was also one of the main sources of inspiration for eclecticism. The <a href="/wiki/Coupled_column" title="Coupled column">coupled column</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Giant_order" title="Giant order">giant order</a>, two elements widely used in Baroque, are often present in this kind of 19th and early 20th century buildings. Eclecticism was not limited only to architecture. Many designs from the <a href="/wiki/Second_Empire_style" title="Second Empire style">Second Empire style</a> (1848–1870) have elements taken from different styles. Little furniture from the period escaped its three most prevalent historicist influences, which are sometimes kept distinct and sometimes combined: the Renaissance, <a href="/wiki/Louis_XV_style" title="Louis XV style">Louis XV</a> (Rococo), and <a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI_style" title="Louis XVI style">Louis XVI styles</a>. Revivals and inspiration also came sometimes from Baroque, like in the case of remakes and <a href="/wiki/Arabesque" title="Arabesque">arabesques</a> that imitate <a href="/wiki/Boulle_work" title="Boulle work">Boulle marquetry</a>, and from other styles, like Gothic, Renaissance, or <a href="/wiki/Regency_era" title="Regency era">English Regency</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-178" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Belle_%C3%89poque" title="Belle Époque">Belle Époque</a> was a period that begun around 1871–1880 and that ended with the outbreak of World War I in 1914. It was characterized by optimism, regional peace, economic prosperity, colonial expansion, and technological, scientific, and cultural innovations. Eclecticism reached its peak in this period, with <a href="/wiki/Beaux_Arts_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Beaux Arts architecture">Beaux Arts architecture</a>. The style takes its name from the <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_des_Beaux-Arts" title="École des Beaux-Arts">École des Beaux-Arts</a> in Paris, where it developed and where many of the main exponents of the style studied. Buildings in this style often feature <a href="/wiki/Ionic_order" title="Ionic order">Ionic columns</a> with their <a href="/wiki/Volue" title="Volue">volues</a> on the corner (like those found in French Baroque), a rusticated basement level, overall simplicity but with some really detailed parts, arched doors, and an arch above the entrance like the one of the <a href="/wiki/Petit_Palais" title="Petit Palais">Petit Palais</a> in Paris. The style aimed for a Baroque opulence through lavishly decorated monumental structures that evoked <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV">Louis XIV</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Versailles" class="mw-redirect" title="Versailles">Versailles</a>. When it comes to the design of the <a href="/wiki/Belle_%C3%89poque" title="Belle Époque">Belle Époque</a>, all furniture from the past was admired, including, perhaps, contrary to expectations, the Second Empire style (the style of the proceeding period), which remained popular until 1900. In the years around 1900, there was a gigantic recapitulation of styles of all countries in all preceding periods. Everything from Chinese to Spanish models, from Boulle to Gothic, found its way into furniture production, but some styles were more appreciated than others. The <a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a> and the early Renaissance were especially prized. <a href="/wiki/Exoticism" title="Exoticism">Exoticism</a> of every stripe and exuberant Rococo designs were also favoured.<sup id="cite_ref-179" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Revivals and influence of the Baroque faded away and disappeared with <a href="/wiki/Art_Deco" title="Art Deco">Art Deco</a>, a style created as a collective effort of multiple French designers to make a new modern style around 1910. It was obscure before WW1, but became very popular during the <a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">interwar period</a>, being heavily associated with the 1920s and the 1930s. The movement was a blend of multiple characteristics taken from <a href="/wiki/Modern_art" title="Modern art">Modernist</a> currents from the 1900s and the 1910s, like the <a href="/wiki/Vienna_Secession" title="Vienna Secession">Vienna Secession</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cubism" title="Cubism">Cubism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fauvism" title="Fauvism">Fauvism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Primitivism" title="Primitivism">Primitivism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suprematism" title="Suprematism">Suprematism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Constructivism_(art)" title="Constructivism (art)">Constructivism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Futurism" title="Futurism">Futurism</a>, <a href="/wiki/De_Stijl" title="De Stijl">De Stijl</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Expressionism" title="Expressionism">Expressionism</a>. Besides Modernism, elements taken from styles popular during the Belle Époque, like <a href="/wiki/Rococo_Revival" title="Rococo Revival">Rococo Revival</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neoclassicism" title="Neoclassicism">Neoclassicism</a>, or the neo-<a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI_style" title="Louis XVI style">Louis XVI style</a>, are also present in Art Deco. The proportions, volumes and structure of Beaux Arts architecture before WW1 is present in early Art Deco buildings of the 1910s and 1920s. Elements taken from Baroque are quite rare, architects and designers preferring the Louis XVI style. </p><p>At the end of the interwar period, with the rise in popularity of the <a href="/wiki/International_Style" title="International Style">International Style</a>, characterized by the complete lack of any ornamentation led to the complete abandonment of influence and revivals of the Baroque. Multiple International Style architects and designers, but also <a href="/wiki/Modern_art" title="Modern art">Modernist</a> artists criticized Baroque for its extravagance and what they saw as "excess". Ironically this was just at the same time as the critical appreciation of the original Baroque was reviving strongly. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Postmodern_appreciation_and_reinterpretations">Postmodern appreciation and reinterpretations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baroque&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Postmodern appreciation and reinterpretations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 136px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 134px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sony_Building_by_David_Shankbone_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="550 Madison Avenue, New York, with a top broken pediment, reminiscent of those found in Baroque highboys, by Philip Johnson, 1981-1984[180]"><img alt="550 Madison Avenue, New York, with a top broken pediment, reminiscent of those found in Baroque highboys, by Philip Johnson, 1981-1984[180]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Sony_Building_by_David_Shankbone_crop.jpg/201px-Sony_Building_by_David_Shankbone_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="134" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Sony_Building_by_David_Shankbone_crop.jpg/302px-Sony_Building_by_David_Shankbone_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Sony_Building_by_David_Shankbone_crop.jpg/403px-Sony_Building_by_David_Shankbone_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1365" data-file-height="2337" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/550_Madison_Avenue" title="550 Madison Avenue">550 Madison Avenue</a>, New York, with a top broken <a href="/wiki/Pediment" title="Pediment">pediment</a>, reminiscent of those found in Baroque <a href="/wiki/Tallboy_(furniture)" title="Tallboy (furniture)">highboys</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Philip_Johnson" title="Philip Johnson">Philip Johnson</a>, 1981-1984<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHopkins2014203_180-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHopkins2014203-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 238px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 236px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chiesa_San_Marcello_al_Corso_(cropped_broken_pediment).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Broken pediment of San Marcello al Corso, Rome, by Carlo Fontana, 1682–1683[181]"><img alt="Broken pediment of San Marcello al Corso, Rome, by Carlo Fontana, 1682–1683[181]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Chiesa_San_Marcello_al_Corso_%28cropped_broken_pediment%29.jpg/354px-Chiesa_San_Marcello_al_Corso_%28cropped_broken_pediment%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="236" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Chiesa_San_Marcello_al_Corso_%28cropped_broken_pediment%29.jpg/531px-Chiesa_San_Marcello_al_Corso_%28cropped_broken_pediment%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Chiesa_San_Marcello_al_Corso_%28cropped_broken_pediment%29.jpg/707px-Chiesa_San_Marcello_al_Corso_%28cropped_broken_pediment%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4236" data-file-height="4134" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Broken pediment of <a href="/wiki/San_Marcello_al_Corso" title="San Marcello al Corso">San Marcello al Corso</a>, Rome, by <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Fontana" title="Carlo Fontana">Carlo Fontana</a>, 1682–1683<sup id="cite_ref-181" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 308.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 306.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Notre_dame_de_la_paix_yamoussoukro_by_felix_krohn.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Basilica of Our Lady of Peace, Yamoussoukro, Ivory Coast, by Pierre Fakhoury, 1985–1990"><img alt="Basilica of Our Lady of Peace, Yamoussoukro, Ivory Coast, by Pierre Fakhoury, 1985–1990" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/02/Notre_dame_de_la_paix_yamoussoukro_by_felix_krohn.jpg/460px-Notre_dame_de_la_paix_yamoussoukro_by_felix_krohn.jpg" decoding="async" width="307" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/02/Notre_dame_de_la_paix_yamoussoukro_by_felix_krohn.jpg/691px-Notre_dame_de_la_paix_yamoussoukro_by_felix_krohn.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/02/Notre_dame_de_la_paix_yamoussoukro_by_felix_krohn.jpg/920px-Notre_dame_de_la_paix_yamoussoukro_by_felix_krohn.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2640" data-file-height="1980" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Our_Lady_of_Peace" title="Basilica of Our Lady of Peace">Basilica of Our Lady of Peace</a>, Yamoussoukro, Ivory Coast, by <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Fakhoury" title="Pierre Fakhoury">Pierre Fakhoury</a>, 1985–1990</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 232px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Via_della_Conciliazione_at_dawn.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="St. Peter's Basilica, Rome, by Donato Bramante, Michelangelo, Carlo Maderno and others, completed in 1615[27]"><img alt="St. Peter's Basilica, Rome, by Donato Bramante, Michelangelo, Carlo Maderno and others, completed in 1615[27]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Via_della_Conciliazione_at_dawn.JPG/345px-Via_della_Conciliazione_at_dawn.JPG" decoding="async" width="230" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Via_della_Conciliazione_at_dawn.JPG/518px-Via_della_Conciliazione_at_dawn.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Via_della_Conciliazione_at_dawn.JPG/690px-Via_della_Conciliazione_at_dawn.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3054" data-file-height="3054" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="St. Peter's Basilica">St. Peter's Basilica</a>, Rome, by <a href="/wiki/Donato_Bramante" title="Donato Bramante">Donato Bramante</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michelangelo" title="Michelangelo">Michelangelo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Maderno" title="Carlo Maderno">Carlo Maderno</a> and others, completed in 1615<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBailey2012211_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBailey2012211-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 325.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 323.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Downtown_Disney_05.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Dolphin Hotel, Orlando, Florida, US, with urn tops that are reminiscent of urns that decorate corners, tops and roof railings of buildings and furniture from the reign of Louis XIV, by Michael Graves, 1989[182]"><img alt="Dolphin Hotel, Orlando, Florida, US, with urn tops that are reminiscent of urns that decorate corners, tops and roof railings of buildings and furniture from the reign of Louis XIV, by Michael Graves, 1989[182]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Downtown_Disney_05.JPG/485px-Downtown_Disney_05.JPG" decoding="async" width="324" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Downtown_Disney_05.JPG/729px-Downtown_Disney_05.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Downtown_Disney_05.JPG/971px-Downtown_Disney_05.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Dolphin Hotel, <a href="/wiki/Orlando,_Florida" title="Orlando, Florida">Orlando, Florida</a>, US, with <a href="/wiki/Urn" title="Urn">urn</a> tops that are reminiscent of urns that decorate corners, tops and roof railings of buildings and furniture from the reign of <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV">Louis XIV</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Graves" title="Michael Graves">Michael Graves</a>, 1989<sup id="cite_ref-182" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 347.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 345.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Versailles_roof_details_dormer_windows.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Urns that decorate the roof railing of the Marble Court of the Palace of Versailles, Versailles, France, by Louis Le Vau and Jules Hardouin-Mansart, c. 1660–1715[183]"><img alt="Urns that decorate the roof railing of the Marble Court of the Palace of Versailles, Versailles, France, by Louis Le Vau and Jules Hardouin-Mansart, c. 1660–1715[183]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Versailles_roof_details_dormer_windows.jpg/518px-Versailles_roof_details_dormer_windows.jpg" decoding="async" width="346" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Versailles_roof_details_dormer_windows.jpg/777px-Versailles_roof_details_dormer_windows.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Versailles_roof_details_dormer_windows.jpg/1035px-Versailles_roof_details_dormer_windows.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Urns that decorate the roof railing of the Marble Court of the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Versailles" title="Palace of Versailles">Palace of Versailles</a>, Versailles, France, by <a href="/wiki/Louis_Le_Vau" title="Louis Le Vau">Louis Le Vau</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jules_Hardouin-Mansart" title="Jules Hardouin-Mansart">Jules Hardouin-Mansart</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1660</span>–1715<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHodge2019102_183-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHodge2019102-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 136.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 134.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bourgie_lamp,_by_Ferruccio_Laviani_for_Kartell,_2004,_polycarbonate,_sold_at_Kartell_Milano_on_Via_Carlo_Porta_in_Milan.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bourgie lamp, by Ferruccio Laviani for Kartell, 2004, polycarbonate, sold at Kartell Milano (Via Carlo Porta no. 1), Milan, Italy"><img alt="Bourgie lamp, by Ferruccio Laviani for Kartell, 2004, polycarbonate, sold at Kartell Milano (Via Carlo Porta no. 1), Milan, Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Bourgie_lamp%2C_by_Ferruccio_Laviani_for_Kartell%2C_2004%2C_polycarbonate%2C_sold_at_Kartell_Milano_on_Via_Carlo_Porta_in_Milan.jpg/202px-Bourgie_lamp%2C_by_Ferruccio_Laviani_for_Kartell%2C_2004%2C_polycarbonate%2C_sold_at_Kartell_Milano_on_Via_Carlo_Porta_in_Milan.jpg" decoding="async" width="135" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Bourgie_lamp%2C_by_Ferruccio_Laviani_for_Kartell%2C_2004%2C_polycarbonate%2C_sold_at_Kartell_Milano_on_Via_Carlo_Porta_in_Milan.jpg/303px-Bourgie_lamp%2C_by_Ferruccio_Laviani_for_Kartell%2C_2004%2C_polycarbonate%2C_sold_at_Kartell_Milano_on_Via_Carlo_Porta_in_Milan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Bourgie_lamp%2C_by_Ferruccio_Laviani_for_Kartell%2C_2004%2C_polycarbonate%2C_sold_at_Kartell_Milano_on_Via_Carlo_Porta_in_Milan.jpg/404px-Bourgie_lamp%2C_by_Ferruccio_Laviani_for_Kartell%2C_2004%2C_polycarbonate%2C_sold_at_Kartell_Milano_on_Via_Carlo_Porta_in_Milan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2173" data-file-height="3708" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Bourgie</i> lamp, by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferruccio_Laviani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ferruccio Laviani (page does not exist)">Ferruccio Laviani</a> for <a href="/wiki/Kartell" title="Kartell">Kartell</a>, 2004, <a href="/wiki/Polycarbonate" title="Polycarbonate">polycarbonate</a>, sold at Kartell Milano (Via Carlo Porta no. 1), <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a>, Italy</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 76px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 74px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coppia_di_candelabri_in_argento,_1681,_02.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Church candlestick, 1681, silver, Museum of the Kotor Cathedral, Kotor, Montenegro"><img alt="Church candlestick, 1681, silver, Museum of the Kotor Cathedral, Kotor, Montenegro" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Coppia_di_candelabri_in_argento%2C_1681%2C_02.JPG/111px-Coppia_di_candelabri_in_argento%2C_1681%2C_02.JPG" decoding="async" width="74" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Coppia_di_candelabri_in_argento%2C_1681%2C_02.JPG/166px-Coppia_di_candelabri_in_argento%2C_1681%2C_02.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Coppia_di_candelabri_in_argento%2C_1681%2C_02.JPG/222px-Coppia_di_candelabri_in_argento%2C_1681%2C_02.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1068" data-file-height="3320" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Church candlestick, 1681, silver, Museum of the <a href="/wiki/Kotor_Cathedral" title="Kotor Cathedral">Kotor Cathedral</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kotor" title="Kotor">Kotor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Zaanstad_Inntel_Hotel_15.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hotel Zaandam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, inspired by Dutch 16th and 17th century canal houses, by Wam Architecten, 2010[184]"><img alt="Hotel Zaandam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, inspired by Dutch 16th and 17th century canal houses, by Wam Architecten, 2010[184]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Zaanstad_Inntel_Hotel_15.jpg/271px-Zaanstad_Inntel_Hotel_15.jpg" decoding="async" width="181" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Zaanstad_Inntel_Hotel_15.jpg/407px-Zaanstad_Inntel_Hotel_15.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Zaanstad_Inntel_Hotel_15.jpg/542px-Zaanstad_Inntel_Hotel_15.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3334" data-file-height="4244" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Hotel Zaandam, <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, inspired by Dutch 16th and 17th century canal houses, by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wam_Architecten&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wam Architecten (page does not exist)">Wam Architecten</a>, 2010<sup id="cite_ref-184" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 154.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 152.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:WLM2011_-_Amsterdam_-_Herengracht_120.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Herengracht no. 120, Amsterdam, unknown architect, c.1625[185]"><img alt="Herengracht no. 120, Amsterdam, unknown architect, c.1625[185]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/WLM2011_-_Amsterdam_-_Herengracht_120.JPG/229px-WLM2011_-_Amsterdam_-_Herengracht_120.JPG" decoding="async" width="153" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/WLM2011_-_Amsterdam_-_Herengracht_120.JPG/345px-WLM2011_-_Amsterdam_-_Herengracht_120.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/WLM2011_-_Amsterdam_-_Herengracht_120.JPG/459px-WLM2011_-_Amsterdam_-_Herengracht_120.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3056" data-file-height="4592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Herengracht" title="Herengracht">Herengracht</a> no. 120, Amsterdam, unknown architect, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>1625<sup id="cite_ref-185" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 309.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 307.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rosenthal_Porzellandose_018.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Box, part of the Le Jardin de Versace collection, with complex rinceaux that are reminiscent of the Baroque ones from the 17th and very early 18th centuries, but also similar to the ones from the reign of Napoleon; designed by Versace and produced by Rosenthal; unknown date; porcelain; unknown dimensions or location"><img alt="Box, part of the Le Jardin de Versace collection, with complex rinceaux that are reminiscent of the Baroque ones from the 17th and very early 18th centuries, but also similar to the ones from the reign of Napoleon; designed by Versace and produced by Rosenthal; unknown date; porcelain; unknown dimensions or location" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Rosenthal_Porzellandose_018.jpg/461px-Rosenthal_Porzellandose_018.jpg" decoding="async" width="308" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Rosenthal_Porzellandose_018.jpg/692px-Rosenthal_Porzellandose_018.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Rosenthal_Porzellandose_018.jpg/922px-Rosenthal_Porzellandose_018.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3664" data-file-height="2742" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Box, part of the Le Jardin de Versace collection, with complex <a href="/wiki/Rinceaux" class="mw-redirect" title="Rinceaux">rinceaux</a> that are reminiscent of the Baroque ones from the 17th and very early 18th centuries, but also similar to the ones from the reign of Napoleon; designed by <a href="/wiki/Versace" title="Versace">Versace</a> and produced by <a href="/wiki/Rosenthal_(company)" title="Rosenthal (company)">Rosenthal</a>; unknown date; porcelain; unknown dimensions or location</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 174.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 172.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:H%C3%B4tel_Colbert_de_Villacerf_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Baroque rinceaux with putti painted on the boiserie of a room from the Hôtel Colbert de Villacerf, now in the Musée Carnavalet, Paris, unknown architect, sculptor and painter, c.1650[186]"><img alt="Baroque rinceaux with putti painted on the boiserie of a room from the Hôtel Colbert de Villacerf, now in the Musée Carnavalet, Paris, unknown architect, sculptor and painter, c.1650[186]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/H%C3%B4tel_Colbert_de_Villacerf_3.jpg/259px-H%C3%B4tel_Colbert_de_Villacerf_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="173" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/H%C3%B4tel_Colbert_de_Villacerf_3.jpg/388px-H%C3%B4tel_Colbert_de_Villacerf_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/H%C3%B4tel_Colbert_de_Villacerf_3.jpg/517px-H%C3%B4tel_Colbert_de_Villacerf_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Baroque rinceaux with <a href="/wiki/Putti" class="mw-redirect" title="Putti">putti</a> painted on the <a href="/wiki/Boiserie" class="mw-redirect" title="Boiserie">boiserie</a> of a room from the <a href="/w/index.php?title=H%C3%B4tel_Colbert_de_Villacerf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hôtel Colbert de Villacerf (page does not exist)">Hôtel Colbert de Villacerf</a>, now in the <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_Carnavalet" title="Musée Carnavalet">Musée Carnavalet</a>, Paris, unknown architect, sculptor and painter, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>1650<sup id="cite_ref-186" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 154px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 152px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nicolas_Sageot_(attr.)_Armoire_Mus%C3%A9e_des_Arts_D%C3%A9coratifs_Paris_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Baroque rinceaux on an armoire, attributed to Nicolas Sageot, c.1710, oak, marquetry of tortoiseshell on a brass background, Museum of Decorative Arts, Paris"><img alt="Baroque rinceaux on an armoire, attributed to Nicolas Sageot, c.1710, oak, marquetry of tortoiseshell on a brass background, Museum of Decorative Arts, Paris" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Nicolas_Sageot_%28attr.%29_Armoire_Mus%C3%A9e_des_Arts_D%C3%A9coratifs_Paris_001.jpg/228px-Nicolas_Sageot_%28attr.%29_Armoire_Mus%C3%A9e_des_Arts_D%C3%A9coratifs_Paris_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="152" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Nicolas_Sageot_%28attr.%29_Armoire_Mus%C3%A9e_des_Arts_D%C3%A9coratifs_Paris_001.jpg/343px-Nicolas_Sageot_%28attr.%29_Armoire_Mus%C3%A9e_des_Arts_D%C3%A9coratifs_Paris_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Nicolas_Sageot_%28attr.%29_Armoire_Mus%C3%A9e_des_Arts_D%C3%A9coratifs_Paris_001.jpg/456px-Nicolas_Sageot_%28attr.%29_Armoire_Mus%C3%A9e_des_Arts_D%C3%A9coratifs_Paris_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1355" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Baroque rinceaux on an <a href="/wiki/Armoire" class="mw-redirect" title="Armoire">armoire</a>, attributed to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolas_Sageot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nicolas Sageot (page does not exist)">Nicolas Sageot</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>1710, oak, <a href="/wiki/Marquetry" title="Marquetry">marquetry</a> of tortoiseshell on a brass background, <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_des_Arts_d%C3%A9coratifs,_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Musée des Arts décoratifs, Paris">Museum of Decorative Arts</a>, Paris</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 278px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 276px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pair_of_Spindle_Vases_-_OA_11090_-_Louvre_(08).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Empire style rinceaux on a vase, by the Sèvres Porcelain Manufactory, 1814, hard-paste porcelain with platinum background and gilt bronze mounts, Louvre[187]"><img alt="Empire style rinceaux on a vase, by the Sèvres Porcelain Manufactory, 1814, hard-paste porcelain with platinum background and gilt bronze mounts, Louvre[187]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Pair_of_Spindle_Vases_-_OA_11090_-_Louvre_%2808%29.jpg/414px-Pair_of_Spindle_Vases_-_OA_11090_-_Louvre_%2808%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="276" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Pair_of_Spindle_Vases_-_OA_11090_-_Louvre_%2808%29.jpg/622px-Pair_of_Spindle_Vases_-_OA_11090_-_Louvre_%2808%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Pair_of_Spindle_Vases_-_OA_11090_-_Louvre_%2808%29.jpg/829px-Pair_of_Spindle_Vases_-_OA_11090_-_Louvre_%2808%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3501" data-file-height="2915" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Empire_style" title="Empire style">Empire style</a> rinceaux on a vase, by the <a href="/wiki/Manufacture_nationale_de_S%C3%A8vres" title="Manufacture nationale de Sèvres">Sèvres Porcelain Manufactory</a>, 1814, hard-paste porcelain with platinum background and gilt bronze mounts, <a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre</a><sup id="cite_ref-187" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> </ul> <p>Appreciation for the Baroque reappeared with the rise of <a href="/wiki/Postmodernism" title="Postmodernism">Postmodernism</a>, a movement that questioned <a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">Modernism</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Status_quo" title="Status quo">status quo</a> after WW2), and which promoted the inclusion of elements of historic styles in new designs, and appreciation for the pre-Modernist past. Specific references to Baroque are rare, since Postmodernism often included highly simplified elements that were 'quotations' of Classicism in general, like pediments or columns. </p><p>More references to Baroque are found in <a href="/wiki/Versace" title="Versace">Versace</a> ceramic ware and fashion, decorated with maximalist <a href="/wiki/Acanthus_(ornament)" title="Acanthus (ornament)">acanthus</a> <a href="/wiki/Rinceau" title="Rinceau">rinceaux</a>, very similar to the ones found in Italian Baroque ornament plates and in <a href="/wiki/Boulle_work" title="Boulle work">Boulle work</a>, but also similar to the ones found on <a href="/wiki/Empire_style" title="Empire style">Empire</a> objects, especially textiles, from the reign of <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon I">Napoleon I</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baroque&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Sicilian_Baroque" title="Sicilian Baroque">Sicilian Baroque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Spanish_Baroque" title="New Spanish Baroque">New Spanish Baroque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_art#Mexican_Baroque" title="Mexican art">Mexican Baroque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassicism_(music)" title="Neoclassicism (music)">Neoclassicism (music)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andean_Baroque" title="Andean Baroque">Andean Baroque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroque_in_Poland" title="Baroque in Poland">Baroque in Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroque_architecture_in_Portugal" title="Baroque architecture in Portugal">Baroque architecture in Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naryshkin_Baroque" title="Naryshkin Baroque">Naryshkin Baroque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Baroque" title="Siberian Baroque">Siberian Baroque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Baroque_literature" title="Spanish Baroque literature">Spanish Baroque literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Baroque" title="Ukrainian Baroque">Ukrainian Baroque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasquale_Bellonio" title="Pasquale Bellonio">Pasquale Bellonio</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Li%C3%A8ge%E2%80%93Aachen_Baroque_furniture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liège–Aachen Baroque furniture (page does not exist)">Liège–Aachen Baroque furniture</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aachen-L%C3%BCtticher_M%C3%B6belstil" class="extiw" title="de:Aachen-Lütticher Möbelstil">de</a>]</span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baroque&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.baroque.org/baroque">"About the Baroque Period - Music of the Baroque"</a>. <i>www.baroque.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.baroque.org&rft.atitle=About+the+Baroque+Period+-+Music+of+the+Baroque&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.baroque.org%2Fbaroque&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaroque" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Heal2011-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Heal2011_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heal2011_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeal2011" class="citation journal cs1">Heal, Bridget (1 December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgerhis%2Fghr066">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Better Papist than Calvinist': Art and Identity in Later Lutheran Germany"</a>. <i>German History</i>. <b>29</b> (4). German History Society: 584–609. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgerhis%2Fghr066">10.1093/gerhis/ghr066</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=German+History&rft.atitle=%27Better+Papist+than+Calvinist%27%3A+Art+and+Identity+in+Later+Lutheran+Germany&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=584-609&rft.date=2011-12-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fgerhis%2Fghr066&rft.aulast=Heal&rft.aufirst=Bridget&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fgerhis%252Fghr066&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaroque" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraur1970" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Graur, Neaga (1970). <i>Stiluri în arta decorativă</i> (in Romanian). Cerces. pp. 153, 154, 156.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stiluri+%C3%AEn+arta+decorativ%C4%83&rft.pages=153%2C+154%2C+156&rft.pub=Cerces&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Graur&rft.aufirst=Neaga&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaroque" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dicionarioetimologico.com.br/barroco/">"Origem da palavra BARROCO"</a>. <i>Dicionário Etimológico</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dicion%C3%A1rio+Etimol%C3%B3gico&rft.atitle=Origem+da+palavra+BARROCO&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dicionarioetimologico.com.br%2Fbarroco%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaroque" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnrtl.fr/etymologie/baroque">"BAROQUE : Etymologie de BAROQUE"</a>. <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Centre_national_de_ressources_textuelles_et_lexicales" title="Centre national de ressources textuelles et lexicales">Centre national de ressources textuelles et lexicales</a></span></span>. <q><span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr">empr. au port. <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">barroco</i></span> « rocher granitique » et « perle irrégulière », attesté dep. le xiii<sup>e</sup> s. sous la forme <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">barroca</i></span> (<i>Inquisitiones</i>, p. 99, <i>Portugaliae Monumenta Historica</i>, 1856 sqq. dans Mach.), d'orig. obsc., prob. préromane en raison du suff. -ǒccu très répandu sur le territoire ibérique</span></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BAROQUE+%3A+Etymologie+de+BAROQUE&rft.pub=%3Cspan+title%3D%22French-language+text%22%3E%3Cspan+lang%3D%22fr%22+style%3D%22font-style%3A+normal%3B%22%3ECentre+national+de+ressources+textuelles+et+lexicales%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fspan%3ECategory%3AArticles+containing+French-language+text&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnrtl.fr%2Fetymologie%2Fbaroque&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaroque" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Baroque"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Baroque">"Baroque" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). 1911.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Baroque&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaroque" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Baroque_Poetics-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Baroque_Poetics_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baroque_Poetics_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert Hudson Vincent, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVincent2019" class="citation journal cs1">Vincent, Robert Hudson (September 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://read.dukeupress.edu/modern-language-quarterly/article-abstract/80/3/233/139274">"Baroco: The Logic of English Baroque Poetics"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Modern_Language_Quarterly" title="Modern Language Quarterly">Modern Language Quarterly</a></i>. <b>80</b> (3): 233–259. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1215%2F00267929-7569598">10.1215/00267929-7569598</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:202373825">202373825</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Modern+Language+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Baroco%3A+The+Logic+of+English+Baroque+Poetics&rft.volume=80&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=233-259&rft.date=2019-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1215%2F00267929-7569598&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A202373825%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Vincent&rft.aufirst=Robert+Hudson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fread.dukeupress.edu%2Fmodern-language-quarterly%2Farticle-abstract%2F80%2F3%2F233%2F139274&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaroque" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BAROQUE_:_Etymologie_de_BAROQUE-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BAROQUE_:_Etymologie_de_BAROQUE_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BAROQUE_:_Etymologie_de_BAROQUE_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnrtl.fr/etymologie/baroque">"BAROQUE : Etymologie de BAROQUE"</a>. <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Centre_national_de_ressources_textuelles_et_lexicales" title="Centre national de ressources textuelles et lexicales">Centre national de ressources textuelles et lexicales</a></span></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BAROQUE+%3A+Etymologie+de+BAROQUE&rft.pub=%3Cspan+title%3D%22French-language+text%22%3E%3Cspan+lang%3D%22fr%22+style%3D%22font-style%3A+normal%3B%22%3ECentre+national+de+ressources+textuelles+et+lexicales%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fspan%3ECategory%3AArticles+containing+French-language+text&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnrtl.fr%2Fetymologie%2Fbaroque&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaroque" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CMdwCgAAQBAJ&pg=PR28&lpg">Michael Meere, <i>French Renaissance and Baroque Drama: Text, Performance, Theory</i></a>, Rowman & Littlefield, 2015, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-61149-549-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-61149-549-0">1-61149-549-0</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"se dit seulement des perles qui sont d'une rondeur fort imparfaite". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://artflsrv03.uchicago.edu/philologic4/publicdicos/navigate/3/1385/">Le Dictionnaire de l'Académie Française (1694)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200608155119/https://artflsrv03.uchicago.edu/philologic4/publicdicos/navigate/3/1385/">Archived</a> 8 June 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBluteau1728" class="citation book cs1">Bluteau, Raphael (1728). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190102094518/http://dicionarios.bbm.usp.br/pt-br/dicionario/1/barroca"><i>Vocabulario Portuguez & Latino</i></a>. Vol. 2. p. 58. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dicionarios.bbm.usp.br/pt-br/dicionario/1/barroca">the original</a> on 2 January 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vocabulario+Portuguez+%26+Latino&rft.pages=58&rft.date=1728&rft.aulast=Bluteau&rft.aufirst=Raphael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdicionarios.bbm.usp.br%2Fpt-br%2Fdicionario%2F1%2Fbarroca&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaroque" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/word/baroque#etymonline_v_5258">"Baroque"</a>. <i>Online Etymological Dictionary</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 December</span> 2018</span>. <q>But Klein suggests the name may be from Italian painter Federico Barocci (1528–1612), whose work influenced the style.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Baroque&rft.btitle=Online+Etymological+Dictionary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Fword%2Fbaroque%23etymonline_v_5258&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaroque" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Claude V. Palisca, "Baroque". <i>The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians</i>, second edition, edited by <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Sadie" title="Stanley Sadie">Stanley Sadie</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Tyrrell_(professor_of_music)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Tyrrell (professor of music)">John Tyrrell</a> (London: Macmillan Publishers, 2001).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"se dit aussi au figuré, pour irrégulier, bizarre, inégale." <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://artflsrv03.uchicago.edu/philologic4/publicdicos/navigate/8/3310/">Le Dictionnaire de l'Académie Française (1762)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191228164119/https://artflsrv03.uchicago.edu/philologic4/publicdicos/navigate/8/3310/">Archived</a> 28 December 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Encyclopedie-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedie_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedie_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Encyclopedie</i>; <i>Lettre sur la Musique Française</i> under the direction of <a href="/wiki/Denis_Diderot" title="Denis Diderot">Denis Diderot</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quatremère de Quincy, <i>Encyclopédie Méthodique</i>, <i>Architecture</i>, volume 1, cited by B. Migliorini, <i>Manierismo, baròcco, rococò</i>, Rome, 1962, p. 46</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200821054535/https://artflsrv03.uchicago.edu/philologic4/publicdicos/navigate/12/4108/?byte=1867064">"dictionnaires d'autrefois public access collection"</a>. <i>artflsrv03.uchicago.edu</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://artflsrv03.uchicago.edu/philologic4/publicdicos/navigate/12/4108/?byte=1867064">the original</a> on 21 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=artflsrv03.uchicago.edu&rft.atitle=dictionnaires+d%27autrefois+public+access+collection&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fartflsrv03.uchicago.edu%2Fphilologic4%2Fpublicdicos%2Fnavigate%2F12%2F4108%2F%3Fbyte%3D1867064&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaroque" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurckhardt1855" class="citation book cs1">Burckhardt, Jacob (1855). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gri_33125008298461/page/n377"><i>Der Cicerone : eine Anleitung zum Genuss der Kunstwerke Italiens</i></a>. Schweighauser. p. 356. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/315796790">315796790</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Der+Cicerone%26thinsp%3B%3A+eine+Anleitung+zum+Genuss+der+Kunstwerke+Italiens&rft.pages=356&rft.pub=Schweighauser&rft.date=1855&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F315796790&rft.aulast=Burckhardt&rft.aufirst=Jacob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgri_33125008298461%2Fpage%2Fn377&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaroque" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hopkins, Owen, <i>Les Styles en Architecture</i> (2014), p. 70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDenizeau2018" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Denizeau, Gérard (2018). <i>Zapping Prin Istoria Artelor</i> (in Romanian). rao. p. 117. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-606-006-149-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-606-006-149-6"><bdi>978-606-006-149-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zapping+Prin+Istoria+Artelor&rft.pages=117&rft.pub=rao&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-606-006-149-6&rft.aulast=Denizeau&rft.aufirst=G%C3%A9rard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaroque" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hughes, J. Quentin (1953). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://melitensiawth.com/incoming/Index/Melita%20Historica/MH.01(1952-55)/MH.1(1953)2/orig05.pdf">The Influence of Italian Mannerism Upon Maltese Architecture</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170314232116/http://melitensiawth.com/incoming/Index/Melita%20Historica/MH.01(1952-55)/MH.1(1953)2/orig05.pdf">Archived</a> 14 March 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>Melitensiawath</i>. Retrieved 8 July 2016. pp. 104–110.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Helen Gardner, Fred S. Kleiner, and Christin J. Mamiya, <i>Gardner's Art Through the Ages</i> (Belmont, CA: <a href="/wiki/Thomson/Wadsworth" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomson/Wadsworth">Thomson/Wadsworth</a>, 2005), p. 516.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeal2018" class="citation web cs1">Heal, Bridget (20 February 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blog.oup.com/2018/02/reformation-lutheran-baroque/">"The Reformation and Lutheran Baroque"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2018</span>. <q>However, the writings of theologians can go only so far towards explaining the evolution of confessional consciousness and the shaping of religious identity. Lutheran attachment to religious images was a result not only of Luther's own cautious endorsement of their use, but also of the particular religious and political context in which his Reformation unfolded. After the reformer's death in 1546, the image question was fiercely contested once again. But as Calvinism, with its iconoclastic tendencies, spread, Germany's Lutherans responded by reaffirming their commitment to the proper use of religious images. In 1615, Berlin's Lutheran citizens even rioted when their Calvinist rulers removed images from the city's Cathedral.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Reformation+and+Lutheran+Baroque&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2018-02-20&rft.aulast=Heal&rft.aufirst=Bridget&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblog.oup.com%2F2018%2F02%2Freformation-lutheran-baroque%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaroque" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ducher, p. 102</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ducher_pages_106-107-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ducher_pages_106-107_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ducher_pages_106-107_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ducher (1988) pp. 106–107</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ducher (1988), p. 102</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBailey2012211-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBailey2012211_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBailey2012211_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBailey2012211_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBailey2012">Bailey 2012</a>, p. 211.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHodge201929-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHodge201929_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHodge2019">Hodge 2019</a>, p. 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBailey2012213-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBailey2012213_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBailey2012">Bailey 2012</a>, p. 213.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHopkins201473-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHopkins201473_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHopkins2014">Hopkins 2014</a>, p. 73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cabanne (1988) p.12</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ducher (1988)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ducher_page_104-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ducher_page_104_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ducher_page_104_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ducher (1988) p. 104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cabanne (1988) p. 15</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cabanne (1988), pp. 18–19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><i>1000 de Minuni Arhitecturale</i> (in Romanian). Editura Aquila. 2009. p. 190. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-973-714-450-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-973-714-450-8"><bdi>978-973-714-450-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1000+de+Minuni+Arhitecturale&rft.pages=190&rft.pub=Editura+Aquila&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-973-714-450-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaroque" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBailey201212-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBailey201212_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBailey2012">Bailey 2012</a>, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cabanne (1988) page 48–49</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cabanne_pages_48-51-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cabanne_pages_48-51_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cabanne_pages_48-51_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cabanne_pages_48-51_39-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cabanne (1988) pp. 48–51</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cabanne (1988) p. 63</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><i>1000 de Minuni Arhitecturale</i> (in Romanian). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CODART&rft.atitle=Tylman+z+Gameren+%E2%80%93+architekt+Warszawy%3A+Polak+z+wyboru%2C+Holender+z+pochodzenia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.codart.nl%2Fguide%2Fagenda%2Ftylman-z-gameren-architekt-warszawy-polak-z-wyboru-holender-z-pochodzenia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaroque" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.medievalchronicles.com/medieval-architecture/medieval-architecture-history/holy-roman-empire-architecture/#:~:text=Following%20the%20Renaissance%20period%2C%20Baroque%20architecture%20became%20the,colors%20and%20tones%20in%20the%20outlook%20of%20buildings">"Holy Roman Empire Architecture"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Holy+Roman+Empire+Architecture&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.medievalchronicles.com%2Fmedieval-architecture%2Fmedieval-architecture-history%2Fholy-roman-empire-architecture%2F%23%3A~%3Atext%3DFollowing%2520the%2520Renaissance%2520period%252C%2520Baroque%2520architecture%2520became%2520the%2Ccolors%2520and%2520tones%2520in%2520the%2520outlook%2520of%2520buildings&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaroque" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ducher (1988) pp. 104–105.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHopkins201485-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHopkins201485_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHopkins2014">Hopkins 2014</a>, p. 85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharman2022" class="citation book cs1">Sharman, Ruth (2022). <i>Yves Saint Laurent & Art</i>. 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Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-40333-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-40333-7"><bdi>978-0-521-40333-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+Eight%3A+The+Foundations+of+the+Baroque+in+Saint+Petersburg&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Russian+Architecture&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-521-40333-7&rft.au=William+Craft+Brumfield&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofrussian0000brum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaroque" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConner_Gorry2018" class="citation book cs1">Conner Gorry (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Um1dDwAAQBAJ&dq=basilica+san+francisco+havana&pg=PT32"><i>100 Places in Cuba Every Woman Should Go</i></a>. 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MAVCOR of the <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Painting+Beyond+the+Frame%3A+Religious+Murals+of+Colonial+Peru&rft.pub=MAVCOR+of+the+Yale+University&rft.date=2016-05&rft.au=Ananda+Cohen+Suarez&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmavcor.yale.edu%2Fconversations%2Fcollections%2Fpainting-beyond-frame-religious-murals-colonial-peru&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaroque" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas_da_Costa_Kaufmann1999" class="citation book cs1">Thomas da Costa Kaufmann (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Hzbsz3TOsZAC&pg=PA274">"12 / East and West: Jesuit Art and Artists in Central Europe, and Central European Art in the Americas"</a>. In John W. O'Malley; Gauvin Alexander Bailey; Steven J. Harris; T. Frank Kennedy (eds.). <i>The Jesuits: Cultures, Sciences, and the Arts, 1540–1773, Volume 1</i>. University of Toronto Press. pp. 274–304. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-4287-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-4287-3"><bdi>978-0-8020-4287-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=12+%2F+East+and+West%3A+Jesuit+Art+and+Artists+in+Central+Europe%2C+and+Central+European+Art+in+the+Americas&rft.btitle=The+Jesuits%3A+Cultures%2C+Sciences%2C+and+the+Arts%2C+1540%E2%80%931773%2C+Volume+1&rft.pages=274-304&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-8020-4287-3&rft.au=Thomas+da+Costa+Kaufmann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHzbsz3TOsZAC%26pg%3DPA274&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaroque" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGauvin_Alexander_Bailey1999" class="citation book cs1">Gauvin Alexander Bailey (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6-sWGjwVmEQC&q=missions+jesuits&pg=PA1"><i>Art on the Jesuit Missions in Asia and Latin America, 1542–1773</i></a>. University of Toronto Press. pp. 4–10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-8507-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-8507-8"><bdi>978-0-8020-8507-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Art+on+the+Jesuit+Missions+in+Asia+and+Latin+America%2C+1542%E2%80%931773&rft.pages=4-10&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-8020-8507-8&rft.au=Gauvin+Alexander+Bailey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6-sWGjwVmEQC%26q%3Dmissions%2Bjesuits%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaroque" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJosé_Maria_Azcarate_RistoriAlfonso_Emilio_Perez_SanchezJuan_Antonio_Ramirez_Dominguez1983" class="citation web cs1">José Maria Azcarate Ristori; Alfonso Emilio Perez Sanchez; Juan Antonio Ramirez Dominguez (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iberlibro.com/Historia-Arte-Cou-Jos%C3%A9-Maria-Azcarate/30142498322/bd">"Historia Del Arte"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Historia+Del+Arte&rft.date=1983&rft.au=Jos%C3%A9+Maria+Azcarate+Ristori&rft.au=Alfonso+Emilio+Perez+Sanchez&rft.au=Juan+Antonio+Ramirez+Dominguez&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iberlibro.com%2FHistoria-Arte-Cou-Jos%25C3%25A9-Maria-Azcarate%2F30142498322%2Fbd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaroque" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLarousse1990" class="citation book cs1">Larousse (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iberlibro.com/DICCIONARIO-ENCICLOPEDICO-LAROUSSE-12-TOMOS-VV.AA/1337306759/bd"><i>Diccionario Enciclopedico Larousse. 12 Tomos</i></a>. Barcelona: Editorial Planeta.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Diccionario+Enciclopedico+Larousse.+12+Tomos.&rft.place=Barcelona&rft.pub=Editorial+Planeta&rft.date=1990&rft.au=Larousse&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iberlibro.com%2FDICCIONARIO-ENCICLOPEDICO-LAROUSSE-12-TOMOS-VV.AA%2F1337306759%2Fbd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaroque" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBailey2012226-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBailey2012226_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBailey2012">Bailey 2012</a>, p. 226.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBailey2012378-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBailey2012378_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBailey2012">Bailey 2012</a>, p. 378.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlorea2016" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Florea, Vasile (2016). <i>Arta Românească de la Origini până în Prezent</i> (in Romanian). Litera. p. 243. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-606-33-1053-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-606-33-1053-9"><bdi>978-606-33-1053-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arta+Rom%C3%A2neasc%C4%83+de+la+Origini+p%C3%A2n%C4%83+%C3%AEn+Prezent&rft.pages=243&rft.pub=Litera&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-606-33-1053-9&rft.aulast=Florea&rft.aufirst=Vasile&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaroque" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECelacCarabelaMarcu-Lapadat2017216-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECelacCarabelaMarcu-Lapadat2017216_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCelacCarabelaMarcu-Lapadat2017">Celac, Carabela & Marcu-Lapadat 2017</a>, p. 216.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorge_Oprescu1985" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/George_Oprescu" title="George Oprescu">George Oprescu</a> (1985). <i>Manual de Istoria Artei - Barocu</i> (in Romanian). Editura Meridiane. pp. 233, 234, 235, 236, 237, 238.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manual+de+Istoria+Artei+-+Barocu&rft.pages=233%2C+234%2C+235%2C+236%2C+237%2C+238&rft.pub=Editura+Meridiane&rft.date=1985&rft.au=George+Oprescu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaroque" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHodge201723-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHodge201723_103-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHodge2017">Hodge 2017</a>, p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFortenberry2017246-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFortenberry2017246_104-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFortenberry2017">Fortenberry 2017</a>, p. 246.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFortenberry2017244-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFortenberry2017244_105-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFortenberry2017">Fortenberry 2017</a>, p. 244.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorrill2019" class="citation book cs1">Morrill, Rebecca (2019). <i>Great Women Artists</i>. Phaidon. p. 150. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7148-7877-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7148-7877-5"><bdi>978-0-7148-7877-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Great+Women+Artists&rft.pages=150&rft.pub=Phaidon&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0-7148-7877-5&rft.aulast=Morrill&rft.aufirst=Rebecca&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaroque" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFortenberry2017243-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFortenberry2017243_107-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFortenberry2017">Fortenberry 2017</a>, p. 243.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFortenberry2017256-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFortenberry2017256_108-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFortenberry2017">Fortenberry 2017</a>, p. 256.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFortenberry2017262-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFortenberry2017262_109-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFortenberry2017">Fortenberry 2017</a>, p. 262.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorrill2019" class="citation book cs1">Morrill, Rebecca (2019). <i>Great Women Artists</i>. 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In <i>Arts and Humanities Through the Eras</i>, edited by Edward I. Bleiberg, James Allan Evans, Kristen Mossler Figg, Philip M. Soergel, and John Block Friedman, 466–470. Vol. 5, The Age of the Baroque and Enlightenment 1600–1800. 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Parkstone. p. 44. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84484-899-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84484-899-7"><bdi>978-1-84484-899-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Decorative+Art&rft.pages=44&rft.pub=Parkstone&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-84484-899-7&rft.aulast=Jacquemart&rft.aufirst=Albert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaroque" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musees-strasbourg.skin-web.org/document/33-978-0-23/5ee3388d461cda28a3a5b66c?q=gobelins&pos=1">"Cabinet parisien 17e siècle"</a>. <i>musees-strasbourg.skin-web.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=musees-strasbourg.skin-web.org&rft.atitle=Cabinet+parisien+17e+si%C3%A8cle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmusees-strasbourg.skin-web.org%2Fdocument%2F33-978-0-23%2F5ee3388d461cda28a3a5b66c%3Fq%3Dgobelins%26pos%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaroque" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.artic.edu/artworks/93997/pier-table">"Pier Table"</a>. <i>The Art Institute of Chicago</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Art+Institute+of+Chicago&rft.atitle=Pier+Table&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.artic.edu%2Fartworks%2F93997%2Fpier-table&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaroque" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacquemart2012" class="citation book cs1">Jacquemart, Albert (2012). <i>Decorative Art</i>. Parkstone. p. 70. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84484-899-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84484-899-7"><bdi>978-1-84484-899-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Decorative+Art&rft.pages=70&rft.pub=Parkstone&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-84484-899-7&rft.aulast=Jacquemart&rft.aufirst=Albert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaroque" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBailey2012287-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBailey2012287_126-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBailey2012">Bailey 2012</a>, p. 287.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.artic.edu/artworks/187069/slant-front-desk">"Slant-Front Desk"</a>. <i>The Art Institute of Chicago</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Art+Institute+of+Chicago&rft.atitle=Slant-Front+Desk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.artic.edu%2Fartworks%2F187069%2Fslant-front-desk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaroque" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraur1970" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Graur, Neaga (1970). <i>Stiluri în arta decorativă</i> (in Romanian). Cerces. p. 168.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stiluri+%C3%AEn+arta+decorativ%C4%83&rft.pages=168&rft.pub=Cerces&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Graur&rft.aufirst=Neaga&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaroque" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraur1970" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Graur, Neaga (1970). <i>Stiluri în arta decorativă</i> (in Romanian). Cerces. pp. 176–177.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stiluri+%C3%AEn+arta+decorativ%C4%83&rft.pages=176-177&rft.pub=Cerces&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Graur&rft.aufirst=Neaga&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaroque" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lazé,_2006_pg._59-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lazé,_2006_pg._59_130-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lazé,_2006_pg._59_130-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Renault and Lazé, <i>Les Styles de l'architecture et du mobilier</i> (2006), p. 59</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalisca2001-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPalisca2001_131-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPalisca2001_131-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPalisca2001">Palisca 2001</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSachs1919" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Curt_Sachs" title="Curt Sachs">Sachs, Curt</a> (1919). <i>Barockmusik</i> [<i>Baroque Music</i>]. Jahrbuch der Musikbibliothek Peters (in German). Vol. 26. Leipzig: Edition Peters. pp. 7–15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Barockmusik&rft.place=Leipzig&rft.series=Jahrbuch+der+Musikbibliothek+Peters&rft.pages=7-15&rft.pub=Edition+Peters&rft.date=1919&rft.aulast=Sachs&rft.aufirst=Curt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaroque" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBély2005152–54-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBély2005152–54_133-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBély2005152–54_133-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBély2005">Bély (2005)</a>, pp. 152–54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErlich1990" class="citation book cs1">Erlich, Cyril (1990). <i>The Piano: A History</i> (rev. ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, USA. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-816171-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-816171-9"><bdi>0-19-816171-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Piano%3A+A+History&rft.edition=rev.&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2C+USA&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-19-816171-9&rft.aulast=Erlich&rft.aufirst=Cyril&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaroque" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPowers2003" class="citation web cs1">Powers, Wendy (October 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/cris/hd_cris.htm">"The Piano: The Pianofortes of Bartolomeo Cristofori (1655–1731)"</a>. <i>Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History</i>. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Heilbrunn+Timeline+of+Art+History&rft.atitle=The+Piano%3A+The+Pianofortes+of+Bartolomeo+Cristofori+%281655%E2%80%931731%29&rft.date=2003-10&rft.aulast=Powers&rft.aufirst=Wendy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.metmuseum.org%2Ftoah%2Fhd%2Fcris%2Fhd_cris.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaroque" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsacoff201223-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsacoff201223_136-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIsacoff2012">Isacoff (2012)</a>, p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Heinrich Wölfflin, <i>Renaissance und Barock</i> (Munich: F. Bruckmann, 1888); in English, <i>Renaissance and Baroque</i>, trans. Kathrin Simon (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1964).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSohm1991" class="citation book cs1">Sohm, Philip (1991). <i>Pittoresco. Marco Boschini, His Critics, and Their Critiques of Painterly Brushwork in Seventeenth- and Eighteenth-Century Italy</i>. Cambridge University Press. p. 126. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521382564" title="Special:BookSources/9780521382564"><bdi>9780521382564</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pittoresco.+Marco+Boschini%2C+His+Critics%2C+and+Their+Critiques+of+Painterly+Brushwork+in+Seventeenth-+and+Eighteenth-Century+Italy&rft.pages=126&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=9780521382564&rft.aulast=Sohm&rft.aufirst=Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaroque" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/art/theater-building/Baroque-theatres-and-staging">"Baroque theatres and staging"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Baroque+theatres+and+staging&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fart%2Ftheater-building%2FBaroque-theatres-and-staging&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaroque" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGonzález_Mas19801–2-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGonzález_Mas19801–2_140-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGonzález_Mas1980">González Mas (1980)</a>, pp. 1–2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGonzález_Mas19808-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGonzález_Mas19808_141-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGonzález_Mas1980">González Mas (1980)</a>, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGonzález_Mas198013-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGonzález_Mas198013_142-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGonzález_Mas1980">González Mas (1980)</a>, p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGonzález_Mas198091-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGonzález_Mas198091_143-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGonzález_Mas1980">González Mas (1980)</a>, p. 91.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lope de Vega, 2010, Comedias: El Remedio en la Desdicha. El Mejor Alcalde El Rey, pp. 446–447</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmadei-Pulice19906-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmadei-Pulice19906_145-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAmadei-Pulice1990">Amadei-Pulice (1990)</a>, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wilson, Edward M.; Moir, Duncan (1992). <i>Historia de la literatura española: Siglo De Oro: Teatro</i> (1492–1700). Editorial Ariel, pp. 155–158</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmadei-Pulice199026–27-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmadei-Pulice199026–27_147-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAmadei-Pulice1990">Amadei-Pulice (1990)</a>, pp. 26–27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Molina Jiménez, María Belén (2008). El teatro musical de Calderón de la Barca: Análisis textual. EDITUM, p. 56</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmadei-Pulice19906–9-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmadei-Pulice19906–9_149-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAmadei-Pulice1990">Amadei-Pulice (1990)</a>, pp. 6–9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKahnLipovetskyReyfmanSandler2018" class="citation book cs1">Kahn, Andrew; <a href="/wiki/Mark_Lipovetsky" title="Mark Lipovetsky">Lipovetsky, Mark</a>; Reyfman, Irina; Sandler, Stephanie (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7qZTDwAAQBAJ"><i>A History of Russian Literature</i></a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 153–157. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199663941" title="Special:BookSources/9780199663941"><bdi>9780199663941</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Russian+Literature&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=153-157&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9780199663941&rft.aulast=Kahn&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft.au=Lipovetsky%2C+Mark&rft.au=Reyfman%2C+Irina&rft.au=Sandler%2C+Stephanie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7qZTDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaroque" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MayaRamos-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MayaRamos_151-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MayaRamos_151-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MayaRamos_151-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MayaRamos_151-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaya_Ramos_SmithConcepción_Reverte_BernalMercedes_de_los_Reyes_Peña1996" class="citation book cs1">Maya Ramos Smith; Concepción Reverte Bernal; Mercedes de los Reyes Peña (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JaQTBUKYfSgC&pg=PA77"><i>América y el teatro español del Siglo de Oro. II Congreso Iberoamericano del Teatro – Tercera ponencia: Actores y compañías de América durante la época virreinal</i></a>. Cádiz: Publications Service of the University of Cádiz. pp. 79–80, 85–86, 133–134, 141. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-7786-536-1" title="Special:BookSources/84-7786-536-1"><bdi>84-7786-536-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Am%C3%A9rica+y+el+teatro+espa%C3%B1ol+del+Siglo+de+Oro.+II+Congreso+Iberoamericano+del+Teatro+%E2%80%93+Tercera+ponencia%3A+Actores+y+compa%C3%B1%C3%ADas+de+Am%C3%A9rica+durante+la+%C3%A9poca+virreinal&rft.place=C%C3%A1diz&rft.pages=79-80%2C+85-86%2C+133-134%2C+141&rft.pub=Publications+Service+of+the+University+of+C%C3%A1diz&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=84-7786-536-1&rft.au=Maya+Ramos+Smith&rft.au=Concepci%C3%B3n+Reverte+Bernal&rft.au=Mercedes+de+los+Reyes+Pe%C3%B1a&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJaQTBUKYfSgC%26pg%3DPA77&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaroque" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to the playwright's own statements, he was born in Mexico City in 1580 or 1581. However, a baptismal certificate dated December 30, 1572 has been found in Taxco, belonging to a boy named Juan, son of Pedro Ruiz de Alarcón and Leonor de Mendoza, the poet's parents. Despite Alarcón's statements, most critics consider Taxco his birthplace. See Lola Josa, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/obra/juan-ruiz-de-alarcn-y-su-nuevo-arte-de-entender-la-comedia-0/">Juan Ruiz de Alarcón y su nuevo arte de entender la comedia</a>, Madrid, International Association of Hispanists, 2008, pp. 7–14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBailey2012328-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBailey2012328_153-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBailey2012">Bailey 2012</a>, p. 328.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBailey2012332-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBailey2012332_154-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBailey2012">Bailey 2012</a>, p. 332.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBailey2012334-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBailey2012334_155-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBailey2012">Bailey 2012</a>, p. 334.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBailey2012336-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBailey2012336_156-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBailey2012">Bailey 2012</a>, p. 336.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kluckert_2015_pp._152-160-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kluckert_2015_pp._152-160_157-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kluckert_2015_pp._152-160_157-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kluckert_2015_pp._152-160_157-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKluckert2015" class="citation book cs1">Kluckert, Ehrenfried (2015). "Les Jardins Baroques". <i>L'Art Baroque – Architecture – Sculpture – Peinture</i>. Cologne: H.F. Ulmann. pp. 152–160. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8480-0856-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8480-0856-8"><bdi>978-3-8480-0856-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Les+Jardins+Baroques&rft.btitle=L%27Art+Baroque+%E2%80%93+Architecture+%E2%80%93+Sculpture+%E2%80%93+Peinture&rft.place=Cologne&rft.pages=152-160&rft.pub=H.F.+Ulmann&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-3-8480-0856-8&rft.aulast=Kluckert&rft.aufirst=Ehrenfried&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaroque" class="Z3988"></span> (French translation from German)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohenSzabo2022" class="citation book cs1">Cohen, Gary B.; Szabo, Franz A.J. (31 December 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9780857450500-004"><i>Introduction Embodiments of Power: Building Baroque Cities in Austria and Europe</i></a>. Berghahn Books. pp. 1–8. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9780857450500-004">10.1515/9780857450500-004</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85745-050-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85745-050-0"><bdi>978-0-85745-050-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+Embodiments+of+Power%3A+Building+Baroque+Cities+in+Austria+and+Europe&rft.pages=1-8&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=2022-12-31&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9780857450500-004&rft.isbn=978-0-85745-050-0&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Gary+B.&rft.au=Szabo%2C+Franz+A.J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1515%2F9780857450500-004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaroque" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFmoore544" class="citation web cs1">moore544. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ohiostate.pressbooks.pub/exploringarchitectureandlandscape/chapter/baroque-replanning-of-rome/">"Baroque Replanning of Rome"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Baroque+Replanning+of+Rome&rft.au=moore544&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fohiostate.pressbooks.pub%2Fexploringarchitectureandlandscape%2Fchapter%2Fbaroque-replanning-of-rome%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaroque" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rideout, Amy. <i>Beyond the Façade: Haussmannization in Paris as a Transformation of ...</i>, University of Tennessee Knoxville, Apr. 2016, trace.tennessee.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1321&context=pursuit.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBausells2016" class="citation news cs1">Bausells, Marta (1 April 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2016/apr/01/story-cities-13-eixample-barcelona-ildefons-cerda-planner-urbanisation">"Story of cities #13: Barcelona's unloved planner invents science of 'urbanisation'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Story+of+cities+%2313%3A+Barcelona%27s+unloved+planner+invents+science+of+%27urbanisation%27&rft.date=2016-04-01&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Bausells&rft.aufirst=Marta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcities%2F2016%2Fapr%2F01%2Fstory-cities-13-eixample-barcelona-ildefons-cerda-planner-urbanisation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaroque" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin1927" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Martin, Henry (1927). <i>Le Style Louis XIV</i> (in French). 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Little, Brown and Company. pp. 128, 141.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=French+Furniture+%E2%80%A2+From+Louis+XIII+to+Art+Deco&rft.pages=128%2C+141&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown+and+Company&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Sylvie&rft.aufirst=Chadenet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaroque" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSylvie2001" class="citation book cs1">Sylvie, Chadenet (2001). <i>French Furniture • From Louis XIII to Art Deco</i>. Little, Brown and Company. pp. 141, 143.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=French+Furniture+%E2%80%A2+From+Louis+XIII+to+Art+Deco&rft.pages=141%2C+143&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown+and+Company&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Sylvie&rft.aufirst=Chadenet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaroque" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSylvie2001" class="citation book cs1">Sylvie, Chadenet (2001). <i>French Furniture • From Louis XIII to Art Deco</i>. Little, Brown and Company. p. 157.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=French+Furniture+%E2%80%A2+From+Louis+XIII+to+Art+Deco&rft.pages=157&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown+and+Company&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Sylvie&rft.aufirst=Chadenet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaroque" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHopkins2014203-180"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHopkins2014203_180-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHopkins2014">Hopkins 2014</a>, p. 203.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiorgi2010" class="citation book cs1">Giorgi, Rosa (2010). <i>Secolul al XVII – lea – Secole de Artâ</i>. rao. p. 76. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-606-8251-30-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-606-8251-30-1"><bdi>978-606-8251-30-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Secolul+al+XVII+%E2%80%93+lea+%E2%80%93+Secole+de+Art%C3%A2&rft.pages=76&rft.pub=rao&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-606-8251-30-1&rft.aulast=Giorgi&rft.aufirst=Rosa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaroque" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHopkins2020" class="citation book cs1">Hopkins, Owen (2020). <i>Postmodern Architecture – Less is a Bore</i>. Phaidon. p. 198. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7148-7812-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7148-7812-6"><bdi>978-0-7148-7812-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Postmodern+Architecture+%E2%80%93+Less+is+a+Bore&rft.pages=198&rft.pub=Phaidon&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0-7148-7812-6&rft.aulast=Hopkins&rft.aufirst=Owen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaroque" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHodge2019102-183"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHodge2019102_183-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHodge2019">Hodge 2019</a>, p. 102.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHopkins2020" class="citation book cs1">Hopkins, Owen (2020). <i>Postmodern Architecture – Less is a Bore</i>. Phaidon. p. 57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7148-7812-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7148-7812-6"><bdi>978-0-7148-7812-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Postmodern+Architecture+%E2%80%93+Less+is+a+Bore&rft.pages=57&rft.pub=Phaidon&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0-7148-7812-6&rft.aulast=Hopkins&rft.aufirst=Owen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaroque" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://monumentenregister.cultureelerfgoed.nl/monumenten/1743">"Woonhuis, Herengracht 120, 1015 BT te Amsterdam"</a>. <i>monumentenregister.cultureelerfgoed.nl</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=monumentenregister.cultureelerfgoed.nl&rft.atitle=Woonhuis%2C+Herengracht+120%2C+1015+BT+te+Amsterdam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmonumentenregister.cultureelerfgoed.nl%2Fmonumenten%2F1743&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaroque" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.carnavalet.paris.fr/collections/lambris-du-cabinet-de-lhotel-colbert-de-villacerf">"Lambris du Cabinet de L'Hôtel Colbert de Villacerf"</a>. <i>carnavalet.paris.fr</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=carnavalet.paris.fr&rft.atitle=Lambris+du+Cabinet+de+L%27H%C3%B4tel+Colbert+de+Villacerf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.carnavalet.paris.fr%2Fcollections%2Flambris-du-cabinet-de-lhotel-colbert-de-villacerf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaroque" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amisdulouvre.fr/acquisitions/paire-vases-fuseau">"Paire de Cases 'Fuseau'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>amisdulouvre.fr</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=amisdulouvre.fr&rft.atitle=Paire+de+Cases+%27Fuseau%27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amisdulouvre.fr%2Facquisitions%2Fpaire-vases-fuseau&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaroque" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baroque&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmadei-Pulice1990" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Amadei-Pulice, María Alicia (1990). <i>Calderón y el barroco: exaltación y engaño de los sentidos</i>. Purdue University monographs in Romance languages (in Italian). Vol. 31. Amsterdam; Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-02-721747-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-02-721747-9"><bdi>978-9-02-721747-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Calder%C3%B3n+y+el+barroco%3A+exaltaci%C3%B3n+y+enga%C3%B1o+de+los+sentidos&rft.place=Amsterdam%3B+Philadelphia&rft.series=Purdue+University+monographs+in+Romance+languages&rft.pub=John+Benjamins+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-9-02-721747-9&rft.aulast=Amadei-Pulice&rft.aufirst=Mar%C3%ADa+Alicia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaroque" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBailey2012" class="citation book cs1">Bailey, Gauvin Alexander (2012). <i>Baroque & Rococo</i>. Phaidon. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7148-5742-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7148-5742-8"><bdi>978-0-7148-5742-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Baroque+%26+Rococo&rft.pub=Phaidon&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-7148-5742-8&rft.aulast=Bailey&rft.aufirst=Gauvin+Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaroque" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBély2005" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bély, Lucien (2005). <i>Louis XIV – Le Plus Grand Roi du Monde</i> (in French). Editions Jean-Paul Gisserot. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-87-747772-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-87-747772-7"><bdi>978-2-87-747772-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Louis+XIV+%E2%80%93+Le+Plus+Grand+Roi+du+Monde&rft.pub=Editions+Jean-Paul+Gisserot&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-2-87-747772-7&rft.aulast=B%C3%A9ly&rft.aufirst=Lucien&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaroque" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoucher1998" class="citation book cs1">Boucher, Bruce (1998). <i>Italian Baroque Sculpture</i>. World of Art. Thames & Hudson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-500-20307-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-500-20307-5"><bdi>0-500-20307-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Italian+Baroque+Sculpture&rft.series=World+of+Art&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-500-20307-5&rft.aulast=Boucher&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaroque" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCabanne1988" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Cabanne, Pierre (1988). <i>L'Art Classique et le Baroque</i> (in French). Paris: Larousse. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-03-583324-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-03-583324-2"><bdi>978-2-03-583324-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27Art+Classique+et+le+Baroque&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Larousse&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-2-03-583324-2&rft.aulast=Cabanne&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaroque" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Causa, Raffaello, <i>L'Art au XVIII siècle du rococo à Goya</i> (1963), (in French) Hachcette, Paris <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-86535-036-3" title="Special:BookSources/2-86535-036-3">2-86535-036-3</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCelacCarabelaMarcu-Lapadat2017" class="citation book cs1">Celac, Mariana; Carabela, Octavian; Marcu-Lapadat, Marius (2017). <i>Bucharest Architecture - an annotated guide</i>. Order of Architects of Romania. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-973-0-23884-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-973-0-23884-6"><bdi>978-973-0-23884-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bucharest+Architecture+-+an+annotated+guide&rft.pub=Order+of+Architects+of+Romania&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-973-0-23884-6&rft.aulast=Celac&rft.aufirst=Mariana&rft.au=Carabela%2C+Octavian&rft.au=Marcu-Lapadat%2C+Marius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaroque" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDucher1988" class="citation book cs1">Ducher, Robert (1988). <i>Caractéristique des Styles</i>. Paris: Flammarion. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-08-011539-1" title="Special:BookSources/2-08-011539-1"><bdi>2-08-011539-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Caract%C3%A9ristique+des+Styles&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Flammarion&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=2-08-011539-1&rft.aulast=Ducher&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaroque" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDucher2014" class="citation book cs1">Ducher, Robert (2014). <i>La Caractéristique des Styles</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Caract%C3%A9ristique+des+Styles&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Ducher&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaroque" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Gardner, Helen, Fred S. Kleiner, and Christin J. Mamiya. 2005. <i><a href="/wiki/Gardner%27s_Art_Through_the_Ages" title="Gardner's Art Through the Ages">Gardner's Art Through the Ages</a></i>, 12th edition. Belmont, CA: <a href="/wiki/Thomson/Wadsworth" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomson/Wadsworth">Thomson/Wadsworth</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-15-505090-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-15-505090-7">978-0-15-505090-7</a> (hardcover)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFortenberry2017" class="citation book cs1">Fortenberry, Diane (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YsxDswEACAAJ"><i>The Art Museum</i></a> (Revised ed.). London: Phaidon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7148-7502-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7148-7502-6"><bdi>978-0-7148-7502-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Art+Museum&rft.place=London&rft.edition=Revised&rft.pub=Phaidon+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-7148-7502-6&rft.aulast=Fortenberry&rft.aufirst=Diane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYsxDswEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaroque" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGonzález_Mas1980" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ezequiel_Gonz%C3%A1lez_Mas" title="Ezequiel González Mas">González Mas, Ezequiel</a> (1980). <i>Historia de la literatura española: (Siglo XVII). Barroco</i>, Volumen 3<i><span></span></i>. La Editorial, UPR.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historia+de+la+literatura+espa%C3%B1ola%3A+%28Siglo+XVII%29.+Barroco%2C+Volumen+3&rft.pub=La+Editorial%2C+UPR&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Gonz%C3%A1lez+Mas&rft.aufirst=Ezequiel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaroque" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHodge2017" class="citation book cs1">Hodge, Susie (2017). <i>The Short Story of Art</i>. Laurence King Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78067-968-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78067-968-6"><bdi>978-1-78067-968-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Short+Story+of+Art&rft.pub=Laurence+King+Publishing&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-78067-968-6&rft.aulast=Hodge&rft.aufirst=Susie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaroque" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHodge2019" class="citation book cs1">Hodge, Susie (2019). <i>The Short Story of Architecture</i>. Laurence King Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-7862-7370-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-7862-7370-3"><bdi>978-1-7862-7370-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Short+Story+of+Architecture&rft.pub=Laurence+King+Publishing&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-7862-7370-3&rft.aulast=Hodge&rft.aufirst=Susie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaroque" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHopkins2014" class="citation book cs1">Hopkins, Owen (2014). <i>Architectural Styles: A Visual Guide</i>. Laurence King. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-178067-163-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-178067-163-5"><bdi>978-178067-163-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Architectural+Styles%3A+A+Visual+Guide&rft.pub=Laurence+King&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-178067-163-5&rft.aulast=Hopkins&rft.aufirst=Owen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaroque" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsacoff2012" class="citation book cs1">Isacoff, Stuart (2012). <i>A Natural History of the Piano: The Instrument, the Music, the Musicians – From Mozart to Modern Jazz and Everything in Between</i>. Knopf Doubleday Publishing.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Natural+History+of+the+Piano%3A+The+Instrument%2C+the+Music%2C+the+Musicians+%E2%80%93+From+Mozart+to+Modern+Jazz+and+Everything+in+Between&rft.pub=Knopf+Doubleday+Publishing&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Isacoff&rft.aufirst=Stuart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaroque" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2014" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Denna, ed. (2014). <i>Architecture : the whole story</i>. London: Thames and Hudson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-500-29148-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-500-29148-1"><bdi>978-0-500-29148-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Architecture+%3A+the+whole+story&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Thames+and+Hudson&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-500-29148-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaroque" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalisca2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Claude_V._Palisca" title="Claude V. Palisca">Palisca, Claude V.</a> (2001). "Baroque". In <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Sadie" title="Stanley Sadie">Stanley Sadie</a> (ed.). <i>The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781561592630" title="Special:BookSources/9781561592630"><bdi>9781561592630</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Baroque&rft.btitle=The+New+Grove+Dictionary+of+Music+and+Musicians&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9781561592630&rft.aulast=Palisca&rft.aufirst=Claude+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaroque" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Prater, Andreas, and Bauer, Hermann, <i>La Peinture du baroque</i> (1997), (in French), Taschen, Paris <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-8228-8365-4" title="Special:BookSources/3-8228-8365-4">3-8228-8365-4</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSund2019" class="citation book cs1">Sund, July (2019). <i>Exotic: A Fetish for the Foreign</i>. Phaidon. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7148-7637-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7148-7637-5"><bdi>978-0-7148-7637-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Exotic%3A+A+Fetish+for+the+Foreign&rft.pub=Phaidon&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0-7148-7637-5&rft.aulast=Sund&rft.aufirst=July&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaroque" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Tazartes, Maurizia, <i>Fontaines de Rome</i>, (2004), (in French) Citadelles, Paris <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-85088-200-3" title="Special:BookSources/2-85088-200-3">2-85088-200-3</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baroque&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li>Andersen, Liselotte. 1969. <i>Baroque and Rococo Art</i>, New York: H. N. Abrams. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8109-8027-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8109-8027-3">978-0-8109-8027-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gauvin_Alexander_Bailey" title="Gauvin Alexander Bailey">Bailey, Gauvin Alexander</a>. 2012. <i>Baroque & Rococo</i>, London: Phaidon Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7148-5742-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7148-5742-8">978-0-7148-5742-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germain_Bazin" title="Germain Bazin">Bazin, Germain</a>, 1964. <i>Baroque and Rococo</i>. Praeger World of Art Series. New York: Praeger. (Originally published in French, as <i>Classique, baroque et rococo</i>. Paris: Larousse. English edition reprinted as <i>Baroque and Rococo Art</i>, New York: Praeger, 1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christine_Buci-Glucksmann" title="Christine Buci-Glucksmann">Buci-Glucksmann, Christine</a>. 1994. <i>Baroque Reason: The Aesthetics of Modernity</i>. Sage.</li> <li>Bailey, Gauvin; Lanthier, Lillian, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordartonline.com/subscriber/article/grove/art/T006459">"Baroque"</a> (2003), <a href="/wiki/Grove_Art_Online" title="Grove Art Online">Grove Art Online</a>, Oxford Art Online, Oxford University Press, Web. Retrieved 30 March 2021. <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></li> <li>Hills, Helen (ed.). 2011. <i>Rethinking the Baroque</i>. Farnham, Surrey; Burlington, VT: Ashgate. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-6685-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-6685-1">978-0-7546-6685-1</a>.</li> <li>Hofer, Philip. 1951.<i>Baroque Book Illustration: A Short Survey.</i>Harvard University Press, Cambridge.</li> <li>Hortolà, Policarp, 2013, <i>The Aesthetics of Haemotaphonomy: Stylistic Parallels between a Science and Literature and the Visual Arts</i>. <a href="/wiki/Sant_Vicent_del_Raspeig" class="mw-redirect" title="Sant Vicent del Raspeig">Sant Vicent del Raspeig</a>: ECU. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-9948-991-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-9948-991-9">978-84-9948-991-9</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Kitson" title="Michael Kitson">Kitson, Michael</a>. 1966. <i>The Age of Baroque</i>. Landmarks of the World's Art. London: Hamlyn; New York: McGraw-Hill.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregg_Lambert" title="Gregg Lambert">Lambert, Gregg</a>, 2004. <i>Return of the Baroque in Modern Culture</i>. Continuum. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-6648-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-6648-8">978-0-8264-6648-8</a>.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Rupert_Martin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Rupert Martin (page does not exist)">Martin, John Rupert</a>. 1977. <i>Baroque</i>. Icon Editions. New York: Harper and Rowe. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-435332-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-435332-X">0-06-435332-X</a> (cloth); <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-430077-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-430077-3">0-06-430077-3</a> (pbk.)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalisca1991" class="citation book cs1">Palisca, Claude V. (1991) [1961]. <i>Baroque Music</i>. Prentice Hall History of Music (3rd ed.). Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-13-058496-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-13-058496-7"><bdi>0-13-058496-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/318382784">318382784</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Baroque+Music&rft.place=Englewood+Cliffs%2C+N.J.&rft.series=Prentice+Hall+History+of+Music&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F318382784&rft.isbn=0-13-058496-7&rft.aulast=Palisca&rft.aufirst=Claude+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaroque" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiegl2010" class="citation book cs1">Riegl, Alois (2010). Hopkins, Andrew (ed.). <i>The Origins of Baroque Art in Rome (Texts and Documents)</i>. Getty Research Institute. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-6060-6041-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-6060-6041-4"><bdi>978-1-6060-6041-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+Baroque+Art+in+Rome+%28Texts+and+Documents%29&rft.pub=Getty+Research+Institute&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-6060-6041-4&rft.aulast=Riegl&rft.aufirst=Alois&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaroque" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWölfflin1964" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_W%C3%B6lfflin" title="Heinrich Wölfflin">Wölfflin, Heinrich</a> (1964) [Originally published in German, 1888]. <i>Renaissance and Baroque</i>. Translated by Simon, Kathrin. Collins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-00-217349-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-00-217349-2"><bdi>0-00-217349-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Renaissance+and+Baroque&rft.pub=Collins&rft.date=1964&rft.isbn=0-00-217349-2&rft.aulast=W%C3%B6lfflin&rft.aufirst=Heinrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaroque" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vuillemin,_Jean-Claude" class="mw-redirect" title="Vuillemin, Jean-Claude">Vuillemin, Jean-Claude</a>, 2013. <i>Episteme baroque: le mot et la chose</i>. Hermann. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7056-8448-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-7056-8448-8">978-2-7056-8448-8</a>.</li> <li>Wakefield, Steve. 2004. <i>Carpentier's Baroque Fiction: Returning Medusa's Gaze</i>. Colección Támesis. Serie A, Monografías 208. Rochester, NY: Tamesis. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85566-107-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-85566-107-1">1-85566-107-1</a>.</li> <li>Massimo Colella, <i>Separatezza e conversazione. Sondaggi intertestuali attorno a Ciro di Pers</i>, in «Xenia. Trimestrale di Letteratura e Cultura» (Genova), IV, 1, 2019, pp. 11–37.</li> <li>Massimo Colella, <i>Il Barocco sabaudo tra mecenatismo e retorica. Maria Giovanna Battista di Savoia Nemours e l’Accademia Reale Letteraria di Torino</i>, con Prefazione di Maria Luisa Doglio, Fondazione 1563 per l’Arte e la Cultura della Compagnia di San Paolo, Torino (“Alti Studi sull’Età e la Cultura del Barocco”, IV-1), 2019.</li> <li>Massimo Colella, <i>Seicento satirico: "Il Viaggio" di Antonio Abati (con edizione critica in appendice)</i>, in «La parola del testo», XXVI, 1–2, 2022, pp. 77–100.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baroque&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Baroque_art" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Baroque art">Baroque art</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.baroquelife.org">The baroque and rococo culture</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibiblio.org/wm/paint/glo/baroque/">Webmuseum Paris</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180902092035/http://www.sentieridelbarocco.it/">barocke in Val di Noto – Sizilien</a> (archived 2 September 2018)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.all-art.org/history252_contents_Baroque_Rococo.html">Baroque in the "History of Art"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101030044455/http://all-art.org/history252_contents_Baroque_Rococo.html">Archived</a> 30 October 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070624152123/http://www.antiquestopic.com/the-baroque-style-1620-1700/">The Baroque style and Luis XIV influence</a> (archived 24 June 2007)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/history/inourtime/inourtime.shtml">Melvyn Bragg's BBC Radio 4 program <i>In Our Time</i>: The Baroque</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vam.ac.uk/vastatic/microsites/british_galleries/bg_styles/Style03b/index.html">"Baroque Style Guide"</a>. British Galleries. <a href="/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum" title="Victoria and Albert Museum">Victoria and Albert Museum</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070819090827/http://www.vam.ac.uk/vastatic/microsites/british_galleries/bg_styles/Style03b/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 August 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 July</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Baroque+Style+Guide&rft.pub=Victoria+and+Albert+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vam.ac.uk%2Fvastatic%2Fmicrosites%2Fbritish_galleries%2Fbg_styles%2FStyle03b%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaroque" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output 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class="mw-redirect" title="English Baroque">England</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Anne_style_architecture" title="Queen Anne style architecture">Queen Anne style</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Baroque_architecture" title="French Baroque architecture">France</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baroque_architecture_in_Germany&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baroque architecture in Germany (page does not exist)">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Baroque_architecture" title="Italian Baroque architecture">Italy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baroque_in_Milan" title="Baroque in Milan">Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_Baroque" title="Sicilian Baroque">Sicily</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_Baroque_architecture" title="Maltese Baroque architecture">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Spanish_Baroque" title="New Spanish Baroque">New Spain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_art#Mexican_Baroque" title="Mexican art">Mexico</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Baroque_architecture_in_the_Philippines" title="Category:Baroque architecture in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroque_in_Poland" title="Baroque in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroque_architecture_in_Portugal" title="Baroque architecture in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baroque_architecture_in_Russia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baroque architecture in Russia (page does not exist)">Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Petrine_Baroque" title="Petrine Baroque">Petrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naryshkin_Baroque" title="Naryshkin Baroque">Naryshkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_Baroque" title="Elizabethan Baroque">Elizabethan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Baroque" title="Siberian Baroque">Siberian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Baroque_architecture" title="Spanish Baroque architecture">Spain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Churrigueresque" title="Churrigueresque">Churrigueresque</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Baroque" title="Ukrainian Baroque">Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_architecture" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_architecture" 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class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/BCE" class="mw-redirect" title="BCE">BCE</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_architecture" title="Neolithic architecture">Neolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Mesopotamia" title="Architecture of Mesopotamia">Mesopotamian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_architecture" title="Ancient Egyptian architecture">Ancient Egyptian</a></li> <li>Aegean <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minoan_civilization#Architecture" title="Minoan civilization">Minoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece#Architecture" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_architecture" title="Etruscan architecture">Etruscan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_architecture" title="Classical architecture">Classical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_architecture" title="Ancient Greek architecture">Ancient Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_architecture" title="Ancient Roman architecture">Ancient Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herodian_architecture" title="Herodian architecture">Herodian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_architecture#Pre-Islamic_architecture_of_Persia" title="Iranian architecture">Pre-Islamic Persian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_architecture" title="Achaemenid architecture">Achaemenid</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/1st_millennium" title="1st millennium">1st millennium</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_architecture" title="Sasanian architecture">Sasanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_architecture" title="Byzantine architecture">Byzantine</a></li> <li>East Slavic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="Architecture of Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_church_architecture" title="Russian church architecture">Muscovite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture" title="Islamic architecture">Islamic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_architecture" title="Umayyad architecture">Umayyad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moorish_architecture" title="Moorish architecture">Moorish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_architecture" title="Abbasid architecture">Abbasid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_architecture" title="Fatimid architecture">Fatimid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_architecture#Islamic_architecture_of_Persia" title="Iranian architecture">Islamic Persian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Scandinavian_architecture" title="Medieval Scandinavian architecture">Medieval Scandinavian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Romanesque_art_and_architecture" title="Pre-Romanesque art and architecture">Pre-Romanesque</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carolingian_architecture" title="Carolingian architecture">Carolingian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1000–1500</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanesque_architecture" title="Romanesque architecture">Romanesque</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galician_school_(architecture)" title="Galician school (architecture)">Galician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottonian_architecture" title="Ottonian architecture">Ottonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_architecture" title="Norman architecture">Norman</a></li></ul></li> <li>Indian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hoysala_architecture" title="Hoysala architecture">Hoysala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_architecture" title="Vijayanagara architecture">Vijayanagara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Chalukya_architecture" title="Western Chalukya architecture">Western Chalukya</a></li></ul></li> <li>Islamic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Seljuk_architecture" title="Great Seljuk architecture">Great Seljuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_Seljuk_architecture" title="Anatolian Seljuk architecture">Anatolian Seljuk architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamluk_architecture" title="Mamluk architecture">Mamluk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timurid_architecture" title="Timurid architecture">Timurid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_architecture" title="Ottoman architecture">Ottoman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Islamic_architecture" title="Indo-Islamic architecture">Indo-Islamic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano-Gothic" title="Romano-Gothic">Romano-Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_architecture" title="Gothic architecture">Gothic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sondergotik" title="Sondergotik">Sondergotik</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_architecture" title="Inca architecture">Incan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_architecture" title="Aztec architecture">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_architecture" title="Renaissance architecture">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plateresque" title="Plateresque">Plateresque</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1500–1750</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manueline" title="Manueline">Manueline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palladian_architecture" title="Palladian architecture">Palladian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Colonial_architecture" title="Spanish Colonial architecture">Spanish Colonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_colonial_architecture" title="Portuguese colonial architecture">Portuguese Colonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_architecture" title="Mughal architecture">Mughal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_architecture" title="Sikh architecture">Sikh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1750–1900</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baroque_architecture" title="Baroque architecture">Baroque</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andean_Baroque" title="Andean Baroque">Andean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Baroque_architecture" title="Czech Baroque architecture">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Baroque_architecture" title="Dutch Baroque architecture">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Baroque" class="mw-redirect" title="English Baroque">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Baroque_architecture" title="French Baroque architecture">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Baroque_architecture" title="Italian Baroque architecture">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_Baroque_architecture" title="Maltese Baroque architecture">Maltese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrine_Baroque" title="Petrine Baroque">Petrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_Baroque" title="Elizabethan Baroque">Elizabethan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naryshkin_Baroque" title="Naryshkin Baroque">Naryshkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroque_architecture_in_Portugal" title="Baroque architecture in Portugal">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Baroque" title="Siberian Baroque">Siberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Baroque" title="Ukrainian Baroque">Ukrainian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_architecture" title="Industrial architecture">Industrial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_industrial_architecture" title="British industrial architecture">British</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revivalism_(architecture)" title="Revivalism (architecture)">Revivalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Revival_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Revival architecture">Byzantine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Byzantine_architecture_in_the_Russian_Empire" title="Neo-Byzantine architecture in the Russian Empire">Russo-Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbo-Byzantine_Revival_architecture" title="Serbo-Byzantine Revival architecture">Serbo-Byzantine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_Revival_architecture" title="Colonial Revival architecture">Colonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Revival_architecture" title="Egyptian Revival architecture">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture" title="Gothic Revival architecture">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayan_Revival_architecture" title="Mayan Revival architecture">Mayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Revival_architecture" title="Mediterranean Revival architecture">Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_Revival_architecture" title="Mission Revival architecture">Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monumentalism" title="Monumentalism">Monumentalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baroque_Revival_architecture" title="Baroque Revival architecture">Baroque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rococo_architecture" title="Rococo architecture">Rococo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture" title="Neoclassical architecture">Neoclassical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moorish_Revival_architecture" title="Moorish Revival architecture">Moorish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Manueline" title="Neo-Manueline">Neo-Manueline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_Revival_architecture" title="Pueblo Revival architecture">Pueblo</a></li> <li>Queen Anne <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Queen_Anne_Revival" class="mw-redirect" title="British Queen Anne Revival">Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_World_Queen_Anne_Revival_architecture" title="New World Queen Anne Revival architecture">America and Australia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_Revival_architecture" title="Renaissance Revival architecture">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Revival_architecture" title="Romanian Revival architecture">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revival_architecture" title="Russian Revival architecture">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Colonial_Revival_architecture" title="Spanish Colonial Revival architecture">Spanish Colonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_Revival_architecture" title="Territorial Revival architecture">Territorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tudor_Revival_architecture" title="Tudor Revival architecture">Tudor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_Nouveau" title="Art Nouveau">Art Nouveau</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jugendstil" title="Jugendstil">Jugendstil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_style" title="Liberty style">Liberty style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Style_(British_Art_Nouveau_style)" title="Modern Style (British Art Nouveau style)">Modern Style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernisme" title="Modernisme">Modernisme</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1900–1950</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rationalism_(architecture)" title="Rationalism (architecture)">Rationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Revival_architecture" title="Mycenaean Revival architecture">Mycenaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_architecture" title="Modern architecture">Modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prairie_School" title="Prairie School">Prairie School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expressionist_architecture" title="Expressionist architecture">Expressionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Cubism" title="Czech Cubism">Cubism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Stijl" title="De Stijl">De Stijl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bauhaus" title="Bauhaus">Bauhaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constructivist_architecture" title="Constructivist architecture">Constructivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Objectivity_(architecture)" title="New Objectivity (architecture)">New Objectivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streamline_Moderne" title="Streamline Moderne">Streamline Moderne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarian_architecture" title="Totalitarian architecture">Totalitarianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_architecture" title="Fascist architecture">Rationalist-Fascist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_architecture" title="Nazi architecture">Nazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinist_architecture" title="Stalinist architecture">Stalinist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Style_(architecture)" class="mw-redirect" title="International Style (architecture)">International style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functionalism_(architecture)" title="Functionalism (architecture)">Functionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futurist_architecture" title="Futurist architecture">Futurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_architecture" title="Organic architecture">Organicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_Deco" title="Art Deco">Art Deco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stripped_Classicism" title="Stripped Classicism">Stripped Classicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postconstructivism" title="Postconstructivism">Postconstructivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PWA_Moderne" class="mw-redirect" title="PWA Moderne">PWA Moderne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Googie_architecture" title="Googie architecture">Googie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1950–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brutalist_architecture" title="Brutalist architecture">Brutalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structuralism_(architecture)" title="Structuralism (architecture)">Structuralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodern_architecture" title="Postmodern architecture">Postmodern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blobitecture" title="Blobitecture">Blobitecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-tech_architecture" title="High-tech architecture">High-tech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcology" title="Arcology">Arcology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_regionalism" title="Critical regionalism">Critical regionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-futurism" title="Neo-futurism">Neo-futurism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deconstructivism" title="Deconstructivism">Deconstructivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neomodern" title="Neomodern">Neomodern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Classical_architecture" title="New Classical architecture">New Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_architecture" title="Contemporary architecture">Contemporary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_architecture" title="Chinese architecture">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_architecture" title="Colonial architecture">Colonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_India" title="Architecture of India">Indian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_architecture" title="Dravidian architecture">Dravidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple_architecture" title="Hindu temple architecture">Hindu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_architecture" title="Japanese architecture">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_architecture" title="Korean architecture">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_architecture" title="Mesoamerican architecture">Mesoamerican</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maya_architecture" title="Maya architecture">Maya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newa_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Newa architecture">Newari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese Architecture">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian architecture">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_architecture" title="Spanish architecture">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_architecture" title="Somali architecture">Somali</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Premodern,_Modern_and_Contemporary_art_movements" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#EAE0C8;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Western_art_movements" title="Template:Western art movements"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Western_art_movements" title="Template talk:Western art movements"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Western_art_movements" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Western art movements"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Premodern,_Modern_and_Contemporary_art_movements" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Europe" title="Art of Europe">Premodern</a>, <a href="/wiki/Modern_art" title="Modern art">Modern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_art" title="Contemporary art">Contemporary</a> art movements</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#EAE0C8;"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_art_movements" title="List of art movements">List of art movements</a>/<a href="/wiki/Periods_in_Western_art_history" title="Periods in Western art history">periods</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#EAE0C8;;width:1%">Premodern<br />(Western)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_art" title="Ancient art">Ancient</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thracian_treasure" title="Thracian treasure">Thracian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dacian_art" title="Dacian art">Dacian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuragic_civilization#Culture" title="Nuragic civilization">Nuragic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aegean_art" title="Aegean art">Aegean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cycladic_art" title="Cycladic art">Cycladic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minoan_art" title="Minoan art">Minoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minyan_ware" title="Minyan ware">Minyan ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece#Art_and_pottery" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_art" title="Ancient Greek art">Greek</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sub-Mycenaean_pottery" title="Sub-Mycenaean pottery">Sub-Mycenaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protogeometric_style" title="Protogeometric style">Protogeometric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geometric_art" title="Geometric art">Geometric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orientalizing_period" title="Orientalizing period">Orientalizing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greek_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaic Greek art">Archaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-figure_pottery" title="Black-figure pottery">Black-figure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red-figure_pottery" title="Red-figure pottery">Red-figure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severe_style" title="Severe style">Severe style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_art#Classical" title="Ancient Greek art">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerch_style" title="Kerch style">Kerch style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_art" title="Hellenistic art">Hellenistic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_art#"Baroque"" title="Hellenistic art">"Baroque"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek_art" title="Indo-Greek art">Indo-Greek</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhist_art" title="Greco-Buddhist art">Greco-Buddhist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Attic" title="Neo-Attic">Neo-Attic</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_art" title="Etruscan art">Etruscan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythian_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Scythian art">Scythian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_sculpture" title="Iberian sculpture">Iberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gauls#Art" title="Gauls">Gaulish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_art" title="Roman art">Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republican_art" title="Roman Republican art">Republican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Roman_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallo-Roman art">Gallo-Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustan_and_Julio-Claudian_art" title="Augustan and Julio-Claudian art">Julio-Claudian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pompeian_Styles" title="Pompeian Styles">Pompeian Styles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trajanic_art" title="Trajanic art">Trajanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severan_art" title="Severan art">Severan</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_art" title="Medieval art">Medieval</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_Antique_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Antique art">Late antique</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Christian_art_and_architecture" title="Early Christian art and architecture">Early Christian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_art" title="Coptic art">Coptic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_art" title="Ethiopian art">Ethiopian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_Period_art" title="Migration Period art">Migration Period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_art" title="Anglo-Saxon art">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunnic_art" title="Hunnic art">Hunnic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_art" title="Insular art">Insular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lombards#Art" title="Lombards">Lombard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visigothic_art_and_architecture" title="Visigothic art and architecture">Visigothic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donor_portrait" title="Donor portrait">Donor portrait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picts#Art" title="Picts">Pictish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozarabic_art_and_architecture" title="Mozarabic art and architecture">Mozarabic</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Repoblaci%C3%B3n_art_and_architecture" title="Repoblación art and architecture">Repoblación</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_art" title="Viking art">Viking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_art" title="Byzantine art">Byzantine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Iconoclast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_art_(Byzantine)" title="Macedonian art (Byzantine)">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palaeologan_Renaissance#Art_and_architecture" title="Palaeologan Renaissance">Palaeologan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Byzantine" title="Italo-Byzantine">Italo-Byzantine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franks#Art_and_architecture" title="Franks">Frankish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Merovingian_art_and_architecture" title="Merovingian art and architecture">Merovingian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolingian_art" title="Carolingian art">Carolingian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Romanesque_art_and_architecture" title="Pre-Romanesque art and architecture">Pre-Romanesque</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottonian_art" title="Ottonian art">Ottonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanesque_art" title="Romanesque art">Romanesque</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mosan_art" title="Mosan art">Mosan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Romanesque" title="Spanish Romanesque">Spanish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normans#Visual_arts" title="Normans">Norman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norman%E2%80%93Arab%E2%80%93Byzantine_culture" title="Norman–Arab–Byzantine culture">Norman-Sicilian</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Opus_Anglicanum" title="Opus Anglicanum">Opus Anglicanum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_art" title="Gothic art">Gothic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_art_in_Milan" title="Gothic art in Milan">Gothic art in Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Gothic" title="International Gothic">International Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Gothic_art_in_Italy" title="International Gothic art in Italy">International Gothic art in Italy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucchese_school" title="Lucchese school">Lucchese school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_the_Crusades" title="Art of the Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novgorod_school" title="Novgorod school">Novgorod school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duecento" title="Duecento">Duecento</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sienese_school" title="Sienese school">Sienese school</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mud%C3%A9jar_art" title="Mudéjar art">Mudéjar</a></li> <li>Medieval <a href="/wiki/History_of_cartography#Medieval_Europe" title="History of cartography">cartography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_cartography#Italian_cartography_and_the_birth_of_portolan_charts" title="History of cartography">Italian school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majorcan_cartographic_school" title="Majorcan cartographic school">Majorcan school</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mappa_mundi" title="Mappa mundi">Mappa mundi</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_art" title="Renaissance art">Renaissance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Renaissance_painting" title="Italian Renaissance painting">Italian Renaissance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trecento" title="Trecento">Trecento</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Renaissance" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Renaissance">Proto-Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florentine_painting" title="Florentine painting">Florentine school</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pittura_infamante" title="Pittura infamante">Pittura infamante</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quattrocento" title="Quattrocento">Quattrocento</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Ferrara" title="School of Ferrara">Ferrarese school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forlivese_school_of_art" title="Forlivese school of art">Forlivese school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetian_painting" title="Venetian painting">Venetian school</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinquecento" title="Cinquecento">Cinquecento</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High_Renaissance" title="High Renaissance">High Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolognese_school" title="Bolognese school">Bolognese school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mannerism" title="Mannerism">Mannerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Maniera" title="Counter-Maniera">Counter-<i>Maniera</i></a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Renaissance" title="Northern Renaissance">Northern Renaissance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Netherlandish_painting" title="Early Netherlandish painting">Early Netherlandish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_landscape" title="World landscape">World landscape</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghent%E2%80%93Bruges_school" title="Ghent–Bruges school">Ghent–Bruges school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mannerism" title="Northern Mannerism">Northern Mannerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Renaissance" title="German Renaissance">German Renaissance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cologne_school_of_painting" title="Cologne school of painting">Cologne school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danube_school" title="Danube school">Danube school</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_and_Flemish_Renaissance_painting" title="Dutch and Flemish Renaissance painting">Dutch and Flemish Renaissance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antwerp_Mannerism" title="Antwerp Mannerism">Antwerp Mannerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanism_(painting)" title="Romanism (painting)">Romanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Still_life" title="Still life">Still life</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Renaissance#Visual_arts" title="English Renaissance">English Renaissance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artists_of_the_Tudor_court" title="Artists of the Tudor court">Tudor court</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_school" title="Cretan school">Cretan school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turquerie" title="Turquerie">Turquerie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Fontainebleau" title="School of Fontainebleau">Fontainebleau school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_the_late_16th_century_in_Milan" title="Art of the late 16th century in Milan">Art of the late 16th century in Milan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">17th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Baroque</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baroque_in_Milan" title="Baroque in Milan">Baroque in Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flemish_Baroque_painting" title="Flemish Baroque painting">Flemish Baroque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caravaggisti" title="Caravaggisti">Caravaggisti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Utrecht_Caravaggism" title="Utrecht Caravaggism">in Utrecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenebrism" title="Tenebrism">Tenebrism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XIII_style" title="Louis XIII style">Louis XIII style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_baroque" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran baroque">Lutheran Baroque</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stroganov_school" title="Stroganov school">Stroganov school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_painter" title="Animal painter">Animal painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guild_of_Romanists" title="Guild of Romanists">Guild of Romanists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Golden_Age_painting" title="Dutch Golden Age painting">Dutch Golden Age</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Delft_school_(painting)" title="Delft school (painting)">Delft school</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capriccio_(art)" title="Capriccio (art)">Capriccio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_school_(painting)" title="Ionian school (painting)">Heptanese school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classicism#In_the_fine_arts" title="Classicism">Classicism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV_style" title="Louis XIV style">Louis XIV style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poussinists_and_Rubenists" title="Poussinists and Rubenists">Poussinists and Rubenists</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">18th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rococo" title="Rococo">Rococo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rocaille" title="Rocaille">Rocaille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XV_style" title="Louis XV style">Louis XV style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederician_Rococo" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederician Rococo">Frederician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinoiserie" title="Chinoiserie">Chinoiserie</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/F%C3%AAte_galante" title="Fête galante">Fête galante</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassicism" title="Neoclassicism">Neoclassicism</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Go%C3%BBt_grec" title="Goût grec">Goût grec</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI_style" title="Louis XVI style">Louis XVI style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_style" title="Adam style">Adam style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directoire_style" title="Directoire style">Directoire style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture_in_Milan" title="Neoclassical architecture in Milan">Neoclassical architecture in Milan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picturesque" title="Picturesque">Picturesque</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">Colonial art</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Art of the <a href="/wiki/African_diaspora" title="African diaspora">African diaspora</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_art" title="African-American art">African-American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_art" title="Caribbean art">Caribbean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_art" title="Haitian art">Haitian</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Colonial Asian art <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arts_in_the_Philippines" title="Arts in the Philippines">Arts in the Philippines</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Letras_y_figuras" title="Letras y figuras">Letras y figuras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tipos_del_Pa%C3%ADs" title="Tipos del País">Tipos del País</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Baroque_in_the_Spanish_and_Portuguese_Colonial_Asia">Colonial Asian Baroque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Company_style" title="Company style">Company style</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_art" title="Latin American art">Latin American art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Casta_painting" class="mw-redirect" title="Casta painting">Casta painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indochristian_art" title="Indochristian art">Indochristian art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chilote_school_of_religious_imagery" title="Chilote school of religious imagery">Chilote school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuzco_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuzco school">Cuzco school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quito_school" title="Quito school">Quito school</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Baroque_in_the_Spanish_and_Portuguese_Colonial_Americas">Latin American Baroque</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">Art borrowing<br />Western elements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Islamic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus#Art_and_architecture" title="Al-Andalus">Moorish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manichaean_art" title="Manichaean art">Manichaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal art">Mughal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qajar_art" title="Qajar art">Qajar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qing_handicrafts" title="Qing handicrafts">Qing handicrafts</a></li> <li>Western influence in <a href="/wiki/Japanese_art" title="Japanese art">Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akita_ranga" title="Akita ranga">Akita ranga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uki-e" title="Uki-e">Uki-e</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_art#Western_art_after_1770" title="History of art">Transition<br />to modern</a><br />(c. 1770 – 1862)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism#Visual_arts" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fairy_painting" title="Fairy painting">Fairy painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_Golden_Age" title="Danish Golden Age">Danish Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troubadour_style" title="Troubadour style">Troubadour style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazarene_movement" title="Nazarene movement">Nazarene movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purismo" title="Purismo">Purismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancients_(art_group)" title="Ancients (art group)">Shoreham Ancients</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf_school_of_painting" class="mw-redirect" title="Düsseldorf school of painting">Düsseldorf school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Raphaelite_Brotherhood" title="Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood">Pre-Raphaelites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hudson_River_School" title="Hudson River School">Hudson River School</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luminism_(American_art_style)" title="Luminism (American art style)">American luminism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orientalism#Orientalist_art" title="Orientalism">Orientalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwich_school_of_painters" title="Norwich school of painters">Norwich school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_style" title="Empire style">Empire style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicism_(art)" title="Historicism (art)">Historicism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revivalism_(architecture)" title="Revivalism (architecture)">Revivalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biedermeier" title="Biedermeier">Biedermeier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Realism_(art_movement)" title="Realism (art movement)">Realism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbizon_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbizon school">Barbizon school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costumbrismo" title="Costumbrismo">Costumbrismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verismo_(painting)" title="Verismo (painting)">Verismo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macchiaioli" title="Macchiaioli">Macchiaioli</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_art" title="Academic art">Academic art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Munich_school" title="Munich school">Munich school</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_academic_art_of_the_19th_century" title="Greek academic art of the 19th century">in Greece</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Grec#Painting" title="Neo-Grec">Neo-Grec</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etching_revival" title="Etching revival">Etching revival</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#EAE0C8;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_art" title="Modern art">Modern</a><br />(1863–1944)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">1863–1899</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-romanticism" title="Neo-romanticism">Neo-romanticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_nationalism#Arts" title="Romantic nationalism">National romanticism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C5%8Dga" title="Yōga">Yōga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihonga" title="Nihonga">Nihonga</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Japonisme" title="Japonisme">Japonisme</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Japanese_style" title="Anglo-Japanese style">Anglo-Japanese style</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beuron_school" title="Beuron school">Beuron school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hague_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Hague school">Hague school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peredvizhniki" title="Peredvizhniki">Peredvizhniki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impressionism" title="Impressionism">Impressionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Impressionism" title="American Impressionism">American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hoosier_Group" title="Hoosier Group">Hoosier Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_school_(painting)" title="Boston school (painting)">Boston school</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amsterdam_Impressionism" title="Amsterdam Impressionism">Amsterdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Impressionism" title="Canadian Impressionism">Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heidelberg_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Heidelberg school">Heidelberg school</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aestheticism" title="Aestheticism">Aestheticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arts_and_Crafts_movement" title="Arts and Crafts movement">Arts and Crafts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_pottery" title="Art pottery">Art pottery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonalism" title="Tonalism">Tonalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decadent_movement" title="Decadent movement">Decadent movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolism_(arts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbolism (arts)">Symbolism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Symbolist_movement_in_Romania" title="Symbolist movement in Romania">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_symbolism#Visual_arts" title="Russian symbolism">Russian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcano_school" title="Volcano school">Volcano school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incoherents" title="Incoherents">Incoherents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Impressionism" title="Post-Impressionism">Post-Impressionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Impressionism" title="Neo-Impressionism">Neo-Impressionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luminism_(Impressionism)" title="Luminism (Impressionism)">Luminism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divisionism" title="Divisionism">Divisionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pointillism" title="Pointillism">Pointillism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pont-Aven_School" title="Pont-Aven School">Pont-Aven School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloisonnism" title="Cloisonnism">Cloisonnism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthetism" title="Synthetism">Synthetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Nabis" class="mw-redirect" title="Les Nabis">Les Nabis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Barbizon_school" class="mw-redirect" title="American Barbizon school">American Barbizon school</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/California_tonalism" class="mw-redirect" title="California tonalism">California tonalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costumbrismo#Visual_costumbrismo_in_the_Americas" title="Costumbrismo">Costumbrismo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">1900–1914</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_Nouveau" title="Art Nouveau">Art Nouveau</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_Nouveau_in_Milan" title="Art Nouveau in Milan">Art Nouveau in Milan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primitivism" title="Primitivism">Primitivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Impressionism" title="California Impressionism">California Impressionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secession_(art)" title="Secession (art)">Secessionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Paris" title="School of Paris">School of Paris</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Munich_Secession" title="Munich Secession">Munich Secession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vienna_Secession" title="Vienna Secession">Vienna Secession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Secession" title="Berlin Secession">Berlin Secession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonderbund_westdeutscher_Kunstfreunde_und_K%C3%BCnstler" title="Sonderbund westdeutscher Kunstfreunde und Künstler">Sonderbund</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Impressionism" title="Pennsylvania Impressionism">Pennsylvania Impressionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mir_iskusstva" title="Mir iskusstva">Mir iskusstva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_American_Painters" title="Ten American Painters">Ten American Painters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauvism" title="Fauvism">Fauvism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expressionism" title="Expressionism">Expressionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Die_Br%C3%BCcke" title="Die Brücke">Die Brücke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Der_Blaue_Reiter" title="Der Blaue Reiter">Der Blaue Reiter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noucentisme" title="Noucentisme">Noucentisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutscher_Werkbund" title="Deutscher Werkbund">Deutscher Werkbund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Realism" class="mw-redirect" title="American Realism">American Realism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashcan_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashcan school">Ashcan school</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cubism" title="Cubism">Cubism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Cubism" title="Proto-Cubism">Proto-Cubism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphism_(art)" title="Orphism (art)">Orphism</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Eight_(painters)" title="The Eight (painters)">A Nyolcak</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neue_K%C3%BCnstlervereinigung_M%C3%BCnchen" title="Neue Künstlervereinigung München">Neue Künstlervereinigung München</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futurism" title="Futurism">Futurism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cubo-Futurism" title="Cubo-Futurism">Cubo-Futurism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_Deco" title="Art Deco">Art Deco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaphysical_painting" title="Metaphysical painting">Metaphysical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rayonism" title="Rayonism">Rayonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Productivism_(art)" title="Productivism (art)">Productivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synchromism" title="Synchromism">Synchromism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vorticism" title="Vorticism">Vorticism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">1915–1944</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sosaku-hanga" class="mw-redirect" title="Sosaku-hanga">Sosaku-hanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suprematism" title="Suprematism">Suprematism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Paris" title="School of Paris">School of Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystal_Cubism" title="Crystal Cubism">Crystal Cubism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constructivism_(art)" title="Constructivism (art)">Constructivism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_art#Constructivist_movement" title="Latin American art">Latin American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Constructivism" title="Universal Constructivism">Universal Constructivism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dada" title="Dada">Dada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shin-hanga" title="Shin-hanga">Shin-hanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoplasticism" title="Neoplasticism">Neoplasticism</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/De_Stijl" title="De Stijl">De Stijl</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purism" title="Purism">Purism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Return_to_order" title="Return to order">Return to order</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Novecento_Italiano" title="Novecento Italiano">Novecento Italiano</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figurative_Constructivism" title="Figurative Constructivism">Figurative Constructivism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stupid_(art_movement)" title="Stupid (art movement)">Stupid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cologne_Progressives" title="Cologne Progressives">Cologne Progressives</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arbeitsrat_f%C3%BCr_Kunst" title="Arbeitsrat für Kunst">Arbeitsrat für Kunst</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/November_Group_(German)" title="November Group (German)">November Group</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_tonalism" title="Australian tonalism">Australian tonalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dresden_Secession" title="Dresden Secession">Dresden Secession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_realism" title="Social realism">Social realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functionalism_(architecture)" title="Functionalism (architecture)">Functionalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bauhaus" title="Bauhaus">Bauhaus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinetic_art" title="Kinetic art">Kinetic art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifesto_Antrop%C3%B3fago" title="Manifesto Antropófago">Anthropophagy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mingei" title="Mingei">Mingei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_of_Seven_(artists)" title="Group of Seven (artists)">Group of Seven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Objectivity" title="New Objectivity">New Objectivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grosvenor_School_of_Modern_Art" title="Grosvenor School of Modern Art">Grosvenor school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neues_Sehen" title="Neues Sehen">Neues Sehen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrealism" title="Surrealism">Surrealism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_modern_and_contemporary_art#Surrealism_in_Iran" title="Iranian modern and contemporary art">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_art#Surrealism" title="Latin American art">Latin American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_muralism" title="Mexican muralism">Mexican muralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Fauvism" title="Neo-Fauvism">Neo-Fauvism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precisionism" title="Precisionism">Precisionism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aeropittura" title="Aeropittura">Aeropittura</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Revolutionary_Visual_Artists" title="Association of Revolutionary Visual Artists">Asso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuola_Romana" title="Scuola Romana">Scuola Romana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cercle_et_Carr%C3%A9" title="Cercle et Carré">Cercle et Carré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlem_Renaissance" title="Harlem Renaissance">Harlem Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapists" title="Kapists">Kapists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regionalism_(art)" title="Regionalism (art)">Regionalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/California_Scene_Painting" title="California Scene Painting">California Scene Painting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heroic_realism" title="Heroic realism">Heroic realism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_realism" title="Socialist realism">Socialist realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Art in Nazi Germany">Nazi art</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streamline_Moderne" title="Streamline Moderne">Streamline Moderne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concrete_art" title="Concrete art">Concrete art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstraction-Cr%C3%A9ation" title="Abstraction-Création">Abstraction-Création</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Ten_(Expressionists)" title="The Ten (Expressionists)">The Ten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_dimension_in_art#Dimensionist_manifesto" title="Fourth dimension in art">Dimensionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Expressionism" title="Boston Expressionism">Boston Expressionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leningrad_School_of_Painting" title="Leningrad School of Painting">Leningrad school</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#EAE0C8;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_art" title="Contemporary art">Contemporary</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Postmodern_art" title="Postmodern art">Postmodern</a><br />(1945–present)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">1945–1959</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Typographic_Style" title="International Typographic Style">International Typographic Style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_expressionism" title="Abstract expressionism">Abstract expressionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Color_School" title="Washington Color School">Washington Color School</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visionary_art" title="Visionary art">Visionary art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vienna_School_of_Fantastic_Realism" title="Vienna School of Fantastic Realism">Vienna School of Fantastic Realism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spatialism" title="Spatialism">Spatialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_field" title="Color field">Color field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyrical_abstraction" title="Lyrical abstraction">Lyrical abstraction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tachisme" title="Tachisme">Tachisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arte_Informale" title="Arte Informale">Arte Informale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COBRA_(art_movement)" title="COBRA (art movement)">COBRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuagisme" title="Nuagisme">Nuagisme</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generaci%C3%B3n_de_la_Ruptura" title="Generación de la Ruptura">Generación de la Ruptura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jikken_K%C5%8Db%C5%8D" title="Jikken Kōbō">Jikken Kōbō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metcalf_Chateau" title="Metcalf Chateau">Metcalf Chateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mono-ha" title="Mono-ha">Mono-ha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanyang_Style" title="Nanyang Style">Nanyang Style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_painting" title="Action painting">Action painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Figurative_Expressionism" title="American Figurative Expressionism">American Figurative Expressionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Figurative_Expressionism" title="New York Figurative Expressionism">in New York</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_media_art" title="New media art">New media art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_School_(art)#Visual_arts" title="New York School (art)">New York school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard-edge_painting" title="Hard-edge painting">Hard-edge painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_Area_Figurative_Movement" title="Bay Area Figurative Movement">Bay Area Figurative Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Plasticiens" title="Les Plasticiens">Les Plasticiens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutai_Art_Association" title="Gutai Art Association">Gutai Art Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gendai_Bijutsu_Kondankai" title="Gendai Bijutsu Kondankai">Gendai Bijutsu Kondankai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pop_art" title="Pop art">Pop art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Situationist_International" title="Situationist International">Situationist International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Nonconformist_Art" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Nonconformist Art">Soviet Nonconformist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_underground" title="Ukrainian underground">Ukrainian underground</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lettrism" title="Lettrism">Lettrism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Letterist_International" title="Letterist International">Letterist International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-Lettrist" title="Ultra-Lettrist">Ultra-Lettrist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_Highwaymen" class="mw-redirect" title="Florida Highwaymen">Florida Highwaymen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybernetic_art" title="Cybernetic art">Cybernetic art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antipodeans" title="Antipodeans">Antipodeans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">1960–1969</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Otra_Figuraci%C3%B3n" title="Otra Figuración">Otra Figuración</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrofuturism" title="Afrofuturism">Afrofuturism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nueva_Presencia" title="Nueva Presencia">Nueva Presencia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero_(art)" title="Zero (art)">ZERO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Happening" title="Happening">Happening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Dada" title="Neo-Dada">Neo-Dada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Dada_Organizers" title="Neo-Dada Organizers">Neo-Dada Organizers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Op_art" title="Op art">Op art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nouveau_r%C3%A9alisme" title="Nouveau réalisme">Nouveau réalisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_tendance" title="Nouvelle tendance">Nouvelle tendance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalist_realism" title="Capitalist realism">Capitalist realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_%26_Language" title="Art & Language">Art & Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arte_Povera" title="Arte Povera">Arte Povera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Arts_Movement" title="Black Arts Movement">Black Arts Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Caribbean_Artists_Movement" title="The Caribbean Artists Movement">The Caribbean Artists Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicano_art_movement" title="Chicano art movement">Chicano art movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conceptual_art" title="Conceptual art">Conceptual art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_art" title="Land art">Land art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_art" title="Systems art">Systems art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_art" title="Video art">Video art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimalism_(visual_arts)" title="Minimalism (visual arts)">Minimalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluxus" title="Fluxus">Fluxus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generative_art" title="Generative art">Generative art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-painterly_abstraction" title="Post-painterly abstraction">Post-painterly abstraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermedia" title="Intermedia">Intermedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_art" title="Psychedelic art">Psychedelic art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nut_Art" title="Nut Art">Nut Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photorealism" title="Photorealism">Photorealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_art" title="Environmental art">Environmental art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performance_art" title="Performance art">Performance art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_art" title="Process art">Process art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_critique" class="mw-redirect" title="Institutional critique">Institutional critique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_and_Space" title="Light and Space">Light and Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_art" title="Street art">Street art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_art_movement" title="Feminist art movement">Feminist art movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_art_movement_in_the_United_States" title="Feminist art movement in the United States">in the US</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_modern_and_contemporary_art#Saqqakhaneh_movement" title="Iranian modern and contemporary art">Saqqakhaneh movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Stars_Art_Group" title="The Stars Art Group">The Stars Art Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropic%C3%A1lia" title="Tropicália">Tropicália</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoru_no_Kai" title="Yoru no Kai">Yoru no Kai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_art" title="Artificial intelligence art">Artificial intelligence art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">1970–1999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Post-conceptual_art" title="Post-conceptual art">Post-conceptual art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Installation_art" title="Installation art">Installation art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artscene" class="mw-redirect" title="Artscene">Artscene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postminimalism" title="Postminimalism">Postminimalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endurance_art" title="Endurance art">Endurance art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sots_Art" title="Sots Art">Sots Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moscow_Conceptualists" title="Moscow Conceptualists">Moscow Conceptualists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pattern_and_Decoration" title="Pattern and Decoration">Pattern and Decoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pliontanism" title="Pliontanism">Pliontanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_visual_art" title="Punk visual art">Punk art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-expressionism" title="Neo-expressionism">Neo-expressionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transavantgarde" title="Transavantgarde">Transavantgarde</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_art#Saint_Soleil_School" title="Haitian art">Saint Soleil school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_art" title="Guerrilla art">Guerrilla art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowbrow_(art_movement)" title="Lowbrow (art movement)">Lowbrow art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telematic_art" title="Telematic art">Telematic art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appropriation_(art)" title="Appropriation (art)">Appropriation art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-conceptual_art" title="Neo-conceptual art">Neo-conceptual art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_European_Painting" title="New European Painting">New European Painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_collaborative_painting" title="Tunisian collaborative painting">Tunisian collaborative painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memphis_Group" title="Memphis Group">Memphis Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberdelic" title="Cyberdelic">Cyberdelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neue_Slowenische_Kunst" title="Neue Slowenische Kunst">Neue Slowenische Kunst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scratch_video" title="Scratch video">Scratch video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retrofuturism" title="Retrofuturism">Retrofuturism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_British_Artists" title="Young British Artists">Young British Artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superfiction" title="Superfiction">Superfiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taring_Padi" title="Taring Padi">Taring Padi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superflat" title="Superflat">Superflat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Leipzig_School" title="New Leipzig School">New Leipzig school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artist-run_initiative" class="mw-redirect" title="Artist-run initiative">Artist-run initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artivism" title="Artivism">Artivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Designers_Republic" title="The Designers Republic">The Designers Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grunge#Graphic_design" title="Grunge">Grunge design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verdadism" title="Verdadism">Verdadism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">2000–<br />present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazonian_pop_art" title="Amazonian pop art">Amazonian pop art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altermodern" title="Altermodern">Altermodern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_for_art" title="Art for art">Art for art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_game" title="Art game">Art game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_intervention" title="Art intervention">Art intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brandalism" title="Brandalism">Brandalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Realism" title="Classical Realism">Classical Realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_African_art" title="Contemporary African art">Contemporary African art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africanfuturism" title="Africanfuturism">Africanfuturism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Indigenous_Australian_art" title="Contemporary Indigenous Australian art">Contemporary Indigenous Australian art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-fungible_token#Digital_art" title="Non-fungible token">Crypto art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyborg_art" title="Cyborg art">Cyborg art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excessivism" title="Excessivism">Excessivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fictive_art" title="Fictive art">Fictive art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flat_design" title="Flat design">Flat design</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_Memphis" title="Corporate Memphis">Corporate Memphis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypermodernism_(art)" title="Hypermodernism (art)">Hypermodernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperrealism_(visual_arts)" title="Hyperrealism (visual arts)">Hyperrealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idea_art" title="Idea art">Idea art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_art" title="Internet art">Internet art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Post-Internet" title="Post-Internet">Post-Internet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPhone_art" title="IPhone art">iPhone art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitsch_movement" title="Kitsch movement">Kitsch movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lightpainting" title="Lightpainting">Lightpainting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massurrealism" title="Massurrealism">Massurrealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_European_ink_painting" title="Modern European ink painting">Modern European ink painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-futurism" title="Neo-futurism">Neo-futurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neomodern#Artist_group" title="Neomodern">Neomodern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neosymbolism" title="Neosymbolism">Neosymbolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passionism" title="Passionism">Passionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-YBAs" title="Post-YBAs">Post-YBAs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relational_art" title="Relational art">Relational art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skeuomorph#In_design" title="Skeuomorph">Skeuomorphism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_art" title="Software art">Software art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_art" title="Sound art">Sound art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuckism" title="Stuckism">Stuckism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superflat" title="Superflat">Superflat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SoFlo_Superflat" title="SoFlo Superflat">SoFlo Superflat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superstroke" title="Superstroke">Superstroke</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toyism" title="Toyism">Toyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unilalianism" title="Unilalianism">Unilalianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walking_Artists_Network" title="Walking Artists Network">Walking Artists Network</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#EAE0C8;;width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_art" title="History of art">History of art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_art" title="Abstract art">Abstract art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asemic_writing" title="Asemic writing">Asemic writing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-art" title="Anti-art">Anti-art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avant-garde" title="Avant-garde">Avant-garde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballets_Russes" title="Ballets Russes">Ballets Russes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_art" title="Christian art">Christian art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_in_the_Protestant_Reformation_and_Counter-Reformation" title="Art in the Protestant Reformation and Counter-Reformation">Art in the Protestant Reformation and Counter-Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_art" title="Catholic art">Catholic art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icon" title="Icon">Icon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_art" title="Lutheran art">Lutheran art</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_art" title="Digital art">Digital art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantastic_art" title="Fantastic art">Fantastic art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_art" title="Folk art">Folk art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierarchy_of_genres" title="Hierarchy of genres">Hierarchy of genres</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genre_painting" title="Genre painting">Genre painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_painting" title="History painting">History painting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illuminated_manuscript" title="Illuminated manuscript">Illuminated manuscript</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illustration" title="Illustration">Illustration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interactive_art" title="Interactive art">Interactive art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_art" title="Jewish art">Jewish art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitsch" title="Kitsch">Kitsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landscape_painting" title="Landscape painting">Landscape painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">Modernism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_sculpture" title="Modern sculpture">Modern sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_modernism" title="Late modernism">Late modernism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Na%C3%AFve_art" title="Naïve art">Naïve art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outsider_art" title="Outsider art">Outsider art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portrait" title="Portrait">Portrait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_art#Europe" title="Prehistoric art">Prehistoric European art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_art" title="Queer art">Queer art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Realism_(arts)" title="Realism (arts)">Realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shock_art" title="Shock art">Shock art</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trompe-l%27%C5%93il" title="Trompe-l'œil">Trompe-l'œil</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_painting" title="Western painting">Western painting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#EAE0C8;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Art_movements" title="Category:Art movements">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Europe" title="Template:History of Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Europe" title="Template talk:History of Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Europe" title="History of Europe">History of Europe</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Europe" title="Prehistoric Europe">Prehistory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_Europe" title="Paleolithic Europe">Paleolithic Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Europe" title="Neolithic Europe">Neolithic Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Europe" title="Bronze Age Europe">Bronze Age Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_Europe" title="Iron Age Europe">Iron Age Europe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">Classical antiquity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">Classical Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Christianity in late antiquity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crisis_of_the_Third_Century" title="Crisis of the Third Century">Crisis of the Third Century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" title="Fall of the Western Roman Empire">Fall of the Western Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_antiquity" title="Late antiquity">Late antiquity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_Period" title="Migration Period">Migration Period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Christianity in the Middle Ages">Christianity in the Middle Ages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianization" title="Christianization">Christianization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francia" title="Francia">Francia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="History of Anglo-Saxon England">Anglo-Saxon England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li>Bulgarian Empire <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire" title="Second Bulgarian Empire">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_republics" title="Maritime republics">Maritime republics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Pisa" title="Republic of Pisa">Pisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Amalfi" title="Duchy of Amalfi">Amalfi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Crown of Aragon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aragon" title="Kingdom of Aragon">Aragon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Catalonia" title="Principality of Catalonia">Catalonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Valencia" title="Kingdom of Valencia">Valencia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Majorca" title="Kingdom of Majorca">Majorca</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Florence" title="Republic of Florence">Republic of Florence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Europe" title="Mongol invasion of Europe">Mongol invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Empire" title="Serbian Empire">Serbian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">Late Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">Black Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War" title="Hundred Years' War">Hundred Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalmar_Union" title="Kalmar Union">Kalmar Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern period">Modern period</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_Europe" title="Early modern Europe">Early modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">Christianity in the modern era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Discovery" title="Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Baroque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Grand Duchy of Tuscany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">Absolute monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Early modern France">Early modern France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cossack_Hetmanate" title="Cossack Hetmanate">Cossack Hetmanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Empire" title="Swedish Empire">Swedish Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Habsburg monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Divergence" title="Great Divergence">Great Divergence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rise_of_nationalism_in_Europe" title="Rise of nationalism in Europe">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">Revolutions of 1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">Interwar period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_integration" title="European integration">European integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_debt_crisis" title="European debt crisis">European debt crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Europe">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Europe" title="Art of Europe">Art of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_European_history" title="Bibliography of European history">Bibliography of European history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Europe" title="Genetic history of Europe">Genetic history of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">History of Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Mediterranean_region" title="History of the Mediterranean region">History of the Mediterranean region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_European_Union" title="History of the European Union">History of the European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Western_civilization" title="History of Western civilization">History of Western civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_history_of_Europe" title="Maritime history of Europe">Maritime history of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Europe" title="Military history of Europe">Military history of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusading_movement" title="Crusading movement">Crusading movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_the_Catholic_Church" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Template:History of the Catholic Church"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Template talk:History of the Catholic Church"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of the Catholic Church"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_the_Catholic_Church" class="wraplinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">History</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">History of the Catholic Church</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_the_Catholic_Church_by_country" title="Category:History of the Catholic Church by country">By country or region</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_history_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Ecclesiastical history of the Catholic Church">Ecclesiastical history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Timeline of the Catholic Church">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_papacy" title="History of the papacy">Papacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_papal_primacy" title="History of papal primacy">Papal primacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_ecumenical_councils" title="Catholic ecumenical councils">Catholic ecumenical councils</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">First seven</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Bible" title="Catholic Bible">Catholic Bible</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Christian_biblical_canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Development of the Christian biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusading_movement" title="Crusading movement">Crusading movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Roman_Curia" title="History of the Roman Curia">History of the Roman Curia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_institute" title="Religious institute">Religious institutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Christian monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic culture">Catholic culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_art" title="Catholic art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_Christianity_in_civilization" title="Role of Christianity in civilization">Role in civilization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic Churches</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Church</a><br />(30–325/476)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Origins of Christianity">Origins</a> and<br /><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic Age">Apostolic Age</a> (30–100)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Jesus_in_the_New_Testament" class="mw-redirect" title="Life of Jesus in the New Testament">Jesus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles in the New Testament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commissioning_of_the_Twelve_Apostles" title="Commissioning of the Twelve Apostles">Commissioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Apostle" title="John the Apostle">John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Stephen" title="Saint Stephen">Stephen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Jerusalem" title="Council of Jerusalem">Council of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Split_of_Christianity_and_Judaism" title="Split of Christianity and Judaism">Split with Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_background_of_the_New_Testament" title="Historical background of the New Testament">Background</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_epistles" title="Pauline epistles">Pauline epistles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_epistles" title="Catholic epistles">General epistles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Revelation</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ante-Nicene_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Ante-Nicene period">Ante-Nicene period</a> (100–325)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire" title="Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic Fathers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope Clement I">Pope Clement I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycarp" title="Polycarp">Polycarp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Martyr" title="Justin Martyr">Justin Martyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_New_Testament_canon" title="Development of the New Testament canon">Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Late antiquity</a><br />(313–476)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Great_Church(180–451)Romanstate_church(380–451)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great Church</a><br />(180–451)<br /><a href="/wiki/State_church_of_the_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="State church of the Roman Empire">Roman<br />state church</a><br />(380–451)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine the Great</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great_and_Christianity" title="Constantine the Great and Christianity">Christianity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arian_controversy" title="Arian controversy">Arian controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archbasilica_of_Saint_John_Lateran" title="Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran">Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="Old St. Peter's Basilica">Old St. Peter's Basilica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">First Council of Nicaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sylvester_I" title="Pope Sylvester I">Pope Sylvester I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Constantinople" title="First Council of Constantinople">First Council of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ephesus" title="Council of Ephesus">Council of Ephesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Council of Chalcedon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benedict_of_Nursia" title="Benedict of Nursia">Benedict of Nursia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Constantinople" title="Second Council of Constantinople">Second Council of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Pope Gregory I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregorian_chant" title="Gregorian chant">Gregorian chant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Council_of_Constantinople" title="Third Council of Constantinople">Third Council of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Boniface" title="Saint Boniface">Saint Boniface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Byzantine Iconoclasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Nicaea" title="Second Council of Nicaea">Second Council of Nicaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_III" title="Pope Leo III">Pope Leo III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Council_of_Constantinople_(Catholic_Church)" title="Fourth Council of Constantinople (Catholic Church)">Fourth Council of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_II" title="Pope Urban II">Pope Urban II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture Controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_clash_between_the_Church_and_the_Empire" title="The clash between the Church and the Empire">Clash against the empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_university" title="Medieval university">Universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="First Council of the Lateran">First Council of the Lateran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="Second Council of the Lateran">Second Council of the Lateran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="Third Council of the Lateran">Third Council of the Lateran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_III" title="Pope Innocent III">Pope Innocent III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Empire" title="Latin Empire">Latin Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi" title="Francis of Assisi">Francis of Assisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="Fourth Council of the Lateran">Fourth Council of the Lateran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inquisition" title="Inquisition">Inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Lyon" title="First Council of Lyon">First Council of Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Lyon" title="Second Council of Lyon">Second Council of Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Clairvaux" title="Bernard of Clairvaux">Bernard of Clairvaux</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">Late Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_VIII" title="Pope Boniface VIII">Pope Boniface VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Schism" title="Western Schism">Western Schism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avignon_Papacy" title="Avignon Papacy">Avignon Papacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_V" title="Pope Clement V">Pope Clement V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Vienne" title="Council of Vienne">Council of Vienne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knights_Templar" title="Knights Templar">Knights Templar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Siena" title="Catherine of Siena">Catherine of Siena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_VI" title="Pope Alexander VI">Pope Alexander VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_the_Age_of_Discovery" title="Catholic Church and the Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Catholic Counter-Reformation</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Exsurge_Domine" title="Exsurge Domine">Exsurge Domine</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_monasteries" title="Dissolution of the monasteries">Dissolution of the monasteries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Council of Trent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_X" title="Pope Leo X">Pope Leo X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Society of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Loyola" title="Ignatius of Loyola">Ignatius of Loyola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Xavier" title="Francis Xavier">Francis Xavier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_V" title="Pope Pius V">Pope Pius V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tridentine_Mass" title="Tridentine Mass">Tridentine Mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_of_%C3%81vila" title="Teresa of Ávila">Teresa of Ávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_the_Cross" title="John of the Cross">John of the Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Canisius" title="Peter Canisius">Peter Canisius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Neri" title="Philip Neri">Philip Neri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bellarmine" title="Robert Bellarmine">Robert Bellarmine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_wars_of_religion" title="European wars of religion">European wars of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Baroque period</a> to the<br /><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_XI" title="Pope Innocent XI">Pope Innocent XI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XIV" title="Pope Benedict XIV">Pope Benedict XIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suppression_of_the_Society_of_Jesus" title="Suppression of the Society of Jesus">Suppression of the Society of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-clericalism" title="Anti-clericalism">Anti-clericalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_VI" title="Pope Pius VI">Pope Pius VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shimabara_Rebellion" title="Shimabara Rebellion">Shimabara Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Nantes" title="Edict of Nantes">Edict of Nantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dechristianization_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution" title="Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution">Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_VII" title="Pope Pius VII">Pope Pius VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_IX" title="Pope Pius IX">Pope Pius IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_politics_in_the_United_States" title="Catholic Church and politics in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Dogma of the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_La_Salette" title="Our Lady of La Salette">Our Lady of La Salette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Lourdes" title="Our Lady of Lourdes">Our Lady of Lourdes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Vatican_Council" title="First Vatican Council">First Vatican Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_infallibility" title="Papal infallibility">Papal infallibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_XIII" title="Pope Leo XIII">Pope Leo XIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_the_Divine_Heart" title="Mary of the Divine Heart">Mary of the Divine Heart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_of_Consecration_to_the_Sacred_Heart" class="mw-redirect" title="Prayer of Consecration to the Sacred Heart">Prayer of Consecration to the Sacred Heart</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rerum_novarum" title="Rerum novarum">Rerum novarum</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_the_20th_century" title="Catholic Church in the 20th century">20th century</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_X" title="Pope Pius X">Pope Pius X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_F%C3%A1tima" title="Our Lady of Fátima">Our Lady of Fátima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecutions_of_the_Catholic_Church_and_Pius_XII" title="Persecutions of the Catholic Church and Pius XII">Persecutions of the Catholic Church and Pius XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII" title="Pope Pius XII">Pope Pius XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII_1942_consecration_to_the_Immaculate_Heart_of_Mary" title="Pope Pius XII 1942 consecration to the Immaculate Heart of Mary">Pope Pius XII 1942 consecration to the Immaculate Heart of Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">Dogma of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateran_Treaty" title="Lateran Treaty">Lateran Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Nazi_Germany" title="Catholic Church and Nazi Germany">Nazism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mit_brennender_Sorge" title="Mit brennender Sorge">Mit brennender Sorge</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXIII" title="Pope John XXIII">Pope John XXIII</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pacem_in_terris" title="Pacem in terris">Pacem in terris</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Second Vatican Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_ecumenism" title="Catholic Church and ecumenism">Ecumenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Judaism" title="Catholic Church and Judaism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI" title="Pope Paul VI">Pope Paul VI</a> (<a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_Pope_Paul_VI" title="Coronation of Pope Paul VI">coronation</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_I" title="Pope John Paul I">Pope John Paul I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Teresa" title="Mother Teresa">Mother Teresa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Holy See–Soviet Union relations">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_HIV/AIDS" title="Catholic Church and HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day" title="World Youth Day">World Youth Day</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_1995" title="World Youth Day 1995">1995</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%">21st century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_sexual_abuse_cases" title="Catholic Church sexual abuse cases">Sexual abuse scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Islam" title="Catholic Church and Islam">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day" title="World Youth Day">World Youth Day</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2000" title="World Youth Day 2000">2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2002" title="World Youth Day 2002">2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2005" title="World Youth Day 2005">2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2008" title="World Youth Day 2008">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2011" title="World Youth Day 2011">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2013" title="World Youth Day 2013">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2016" title="World Youth Day 2016">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2019" title="World Youth Day 2019">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2023" title="World Youth Day 2023">2023</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Pope Benedict XVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Laudato_si%27" title="Laudato si'">Laudato si'</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Declaration_of_Pope_Francis_and_Patriarch_Kirill" title="Joint Declaration of Pope Francis and Patriarch Kirill">Patriarch Kirill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_Catholic_Church" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Catholic Church">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="background-color: gold"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Vatican_City" title="Portal:Vatican City">Vatican City portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Catholicism">Catholicism portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37853#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37853#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37853#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4004541-9">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85008345">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Baroque"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11948397n">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Baroque"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11948397n">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="baroko"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph118766&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX525325">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007294952305171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/011182">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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