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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Budget_Act_and_the_Byrd_Rule" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Budget_Act_and_the_Byrd_Rule"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2.5</span> <span>Budget Act and the Byrd Rule</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Budget_Act_and_the_Byrd_Rule-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Estate_tax_and_other_tax_cuts_of_2001" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Estate_tax_and_other_tax_cuts_of_2001"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2.6</span> <span>Estate tax and other tax cuts of 2001</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Estate_tax_and_other_tax_cuts_of_2001-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-State_level" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#State_level"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.3</span> <span>State level</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-State_level-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Texas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Texas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.3.1</span> <span>Texas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Texas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_states" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_states"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.3.2</span> <span>Other states</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_states-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Germany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Korea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Korea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>South Korea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Korea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Republic_of_China_on_Taiwan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Republic_of_China_on_Taiwan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Republic of China on Taiwan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Republic_of_China_on_Taiwan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Zealand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Zealand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>New Zealand</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Zealand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled 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mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auslaufklausel" title="Auslaufklausel – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Auslaufklausel" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clause_d%27extinction" title="Clause d'extinction – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Clause d'extinction" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%BC%EB%AA%B0%EC%A0%9C" title="일몰제 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="일몰제" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megsz%C3%BCntet%C3%A9si_z%C3%A1rad%C3%A9k" title="Megszüntetési záradék – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Megszüntetési záradék" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B5%E3%83%B3%E3%82%BB%E3%83%83%E3%83%88%E6%9D%A1%E9%A0%85" title="サンセット条項 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="サンセット条項" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solnedgangslov" title="Solnedgangslov – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Solnedgangslov" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk 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i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses of "Sunset", see <a href="/wiki/Sunset_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Sunset (disambiguation)">Sunset (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Public_policy" title="Public policy">public policy</a>, a <b>sunset provision</b> or <b>sunset clause</b> is a measure within a <a href="/wiki/Statute" title="Statute">statute</a>, <a href="/wiki/Regulation" title="Regulation">regulation</a> or other law that provides for the law to cease to be effective after a specified date, unless further <a href="/wiki/Legislative" class="mw-redirect" title="Legislative">legislative</a> action is taken to extend it. Unlike most laws that remain in force indefinitely unless they are amended or repealed, sunset provisions have a specified expiration date. <a href="/wiki/Desuetude" title="Desuetude">Desuetude</a> renders a law invalid after long non-use.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origin">Origin</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sunset_provision&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The roots of sunset provisions are laid in <a href="/wiki/Roman_law" title="Roman law">Roman law</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Mandate_(politics)" title="Mandate (politics)">mandate</a> but the first philosophical reference is traced in the laws of Plato.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the time of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a>, the empowerment of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">Roman Senate</a> to collect special taxes and to activate troops was limited in time and extent. Those empowerments ended before the expiration of an electoral office, such as the <a href="/wiki/Proconsul" title="Proconsul">Proconsul</a>. The rule <i>Ad tempus concessa post tempus censetur denegata</i> is translated as "what is admitted for a period will be refused after the period". The same rules were applied in the Roman emergency legislation. The fundamental principle appeared in several areas of legislation and was later codified in the <i><a href="/wiki/Corpus_Juris_Civilis" title="Corpus Juris Civilis">Codex Iustinianus</a></i> (10, 61, 1). The principle was broken when <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a> became dictator for life. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Arguments">Arguments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sunset_provision&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Arguments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sunset provisions have been used extensively throughout legal history.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The idea of general sunset provisions was discussed extensively in the late 1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sunset clauses with an effective extension review process have been argued as a safeguard of <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democracy</a> to ensure emergency provisions, such as <a href="/wiki/State_of_emergency" title="State of emergency">state of emergency</a>, remain temporary.<sup id="cite_ref-j756_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-j756-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An increase in <a href="/wiki/Accountability#Electoral_accountability" title="Accountability">electoral accountability</a> can be achieved with brief reviews resulting in a majority of provisions extended with no or cosmetic modifications and a record who advocates for extending the provisions.<sup id="cite_ref-y665_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-y665-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sunset clauses with automatic expiration can reduce <a href="/wiki/Legal_certainty" title="Legal certainty">legal certainty</a> and circumvent long-term <a href="/wiki/Budget_constraint" title="Budget constraint">budget constraints</a> and <a href="/wiki/Regulatory_impact_analysis" title="Regulatory impact analysis">regulatory impact analysis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-q095_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-q095-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Experimental regulations can test temporarily new legislative approaches.<sup id="cite_ref-q095_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-q095-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="By_country">By country</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sunset_provision&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: By country"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sunset_provision&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Colonial_and_early_state_legislatures">Colonial and early state legislatures</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sunset_provision&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Colonial and early state legislatures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sunset provisions were a frequent legislative tool used by the colonial and early state legislatures but would decrease in popularity as the legislatures were institutionalized.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Federal_level">Federal level</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sunset_provision&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Federal level"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In American federal law parlance, legislation that renews an expired mandate is a <i>reauthorization act</i> or <i>extension act</i>. Extensive political wrangling often precedes reauthorizations of controversial laws or agencies. High-profile examples in <a href="/wiki/American_law" class="mw-redirect" title="American law">American law</a> include: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="U.S._Constitution">U.S. Constitution</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sunset_provision&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: U.S. Constitution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Section_8:_Powers_of_Congress" title="Article One of the United States Constitution">Article I, Section 8</a>, which enumerates the powers of Congress, includes a sunset provision for expenditures on “Armies,” but not the Navy:</p><blockquote><p>The Congress shall have Power<br />[…]<br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://constitution.congress.gov/browse/essay/artI-S8-C12-1/ALDE_00013670/">To raise and support Armies</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://constitution.congress.gov/browse/essay/artI-S8-C12-2/ALDE_00001074/">but no Appropriation of Money to that Use shall be for a longer Term than two Years</a>;<br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://constitution.congress.gov/browse/essay/artI-S8-C13-1/ALDE_00013363/">To provide and maintain a Navy</a>;<br />[…]</p></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Article_Five_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Article Five of the United States Constitution">Article V</a> contains a provision “that no Amendment which may be made prior to the Year One thousand eight hundred and eight shall in any Manner affect the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://constitution.congress.gov/browse/essay/artI-S9-C1-1/ALDE_00001086/">first</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://constitution.congress.gov/browse/essay/artI-S9-C4-1/ALDE_00013592/">fourth</a> Clauses in the <a href="/wiki/Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Section_9:_Limits_on_Federal_power" title="Article One of the United States Constitution">Ninth Section of the first Article</a>,” which, by its words, had sunsetted by 1808. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Sedition_Act_of_1798">Sedition Act of 1798</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sunset_provision&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Sedition Act of 1798"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Part of the <a href="/wiki/Alien_and_Sedition_Acts" title="Alien and Sedition Acts">Alien and Sedition Acts</a>, the Sedition Act was a political tool used by <a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Federalist_Party_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Federalist Party (United States)">Federalist Party</a> to suppress opposition. The authors ensured the act would terminate at the end of Adams' term so that it could not be used by <a href="/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party" title="Democratic-Republican Party">Democratic-Republicans</a> against the President's own party. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="USA_PATRIOT_Act">USA PATRIOT Act</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sunset_provision&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: USA PATRIOT Act"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Under §224 of the <a href="/wiki/USA_PATRIOT_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="USA PATRIOT Act">USA PATRIOT Act</a>, several of the surveillance portions originally expired on December 31, 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These were later renewed, but expired again on March 10, 2006, and were renewed once more in 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Section 102(b)(1), which states, "the civil rights and civil liberties of all Americans, including Arab Americans, Muslim Americans, and Americans from South Asia, must be protected, and that every effort must be taken to preserve their safety" was set to sunset on March 15, 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On March 15, 2020, the House of Representatives left the chamber without voting on an extension for the remaining provisions of the act,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which sunset the following provisions: </p> <ul><li>§201 <a href="/wiki/Telephone_tapping" class="mw-redirect" title="Telephone tapping">Wiretapping</a> for <a href="/wiki/Terrorism" title="Terrorism">terrorism</a> cases</li> <li>§202 Wiretapping for <a href="/wiki/Computer_fraud" title="Computer fraud">computer fraud</a> and abuse</li> <li>§203(b) and (d) Sharing of wiretap and <a href="/wiki/Foreign_intelligence" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign intelligence">foreign intelligence</a> information</li> <li>§§204, 206, 207, 214, 215, 218, and 225 <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Intelligence_Surveillance_Act" title="Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act">Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act</a> related sections including roving wiretaps</li> <li>§209 Warranted seizure of <a href="/wiki/Voicemail" title="Voicemail">voicemail</a> messages</li> <li>§217 Computer trespasser communications</li> <li>§220 Nationwide service or warrants for electronic evidence</li> <li>§223 <a href="/wiki/Privacy" title="Privacy">Privacy</a> violation <a href="/wiki/Civil_liability" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil liability">civil liability</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Assault_Weapons_Ban">Assault Weapons Ban</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sunset_provision&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Assault Weapons Ban"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2004, the sunset provision of the 1994 <a href="/wiki/Federal_Assault_Weapons_Ban" title="Federal Assault Weapons Ban">Federal Assault Weapons Ban</a> terminated the law. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Budget_Act_and_the_Byrd_Rule">Budget Act and the Byrd Rule</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sunset_provision&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Budget Act and the Byrd Rule"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Reconciliation_(United_States_Congress)" title="Reconciliation (United States Congress)">Reconciliation (United States Congress)</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Congressional_Budget_and_Impoundment_Control_Act_of_1974" title="Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974">Congressional Budget Act</a> governs the role of Congress in the budget process. Among other provisions, it affects Senate rules of debate during the budget reconciliation, not least by preventing the use of the <a href="/wiki/Filibuster" title="Filibuster">filibuster</a> against the budget resolutions. The Byrd rule, named after its principal sponsor, <a href="/wiki/Robert_C._Byrd" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert C. Byrd">Senator Robert C. Byrd</a>, was adopted in 1985 and amended in 1990 to modify the Budget Act and is contained in section 313.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rule allows Senators to raise a point of order against any provision that is extraneous, where extraneous is defined according to one of several criteria.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The definition of extraneous includes provisions that are outside the jurisdiction of the committee or that do not affect revenues nor outlays. </p><p>Importantly for sunset provisions, the Byrd rule also defines as extraneous provisions that "...would increase the deficit for a fiscal year beyond those covered by the reconciliation measure." Since the Budget Act says the budget resolution covers at least the four years following the <i>budget year,</i> which is typically the year following the year it was adopted, that is the usual period of time. However, budget resolutions have covered periods as long as ten years, so a reconciliation measure may cover the ten years. This rule has the effect of allowing congress members to raise a point of order against any spending increase or tax cut that does not contain a sunset provision that ends it after five or ten years (conceivably longer). (Otherwise, the provision increases the deficit in a fiscal year after the period covered by the budget resolution.) Appealing or waiving a ruling based on the Byrd rule requires a three-fifths majority of 60 in the Senate. In short, a net effect of the Byrd Rule is to require that any spending increase or tax cut be approved by a majority of 60 if it does not contain a sunset provision. This is intended to assure there is no increase in the deficit after the budget resolution period (though there is an exception that, if the total effect on the deficit in a particular title is to not increase the deficit, the point of order is not triggered). With the sunset provision, only a simple majority is necessary in the budget reconciliation process. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Estate_tax_and_other_tax_cuts_of_2001">Estate tax and other tax cuts of 2001</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sunset_provision&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Estate tax and other tax cuts of 2001"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Economic_Growth_and_Tax_Relief_Reconciliation_Act_of_2001" title="Economic Growth and Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2001">Economic Growth and Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2001</a> the US Congress enacted a phaseout of the federal <a href="/wiki/Estate_tax" class="mw-redirect" title="Estate tax">estate tax</a> over the following 10 years, so that the tax would be completely repealed in 2010. However, while a majority of the Senate favored the repeal, there was not a three-fifths supermajority in favor. Therefore, a sunset provision in the Act reinstates the tax to its original levels (and indeed, all tax cuts contained in the Act) on January 1, 2011, in order to comply with the <a href="/wiki/Reconciliation_(United_States_Congress)#Byrd_Rule" title="Reconciliation (United States Congress)">Byrd Rule</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Congress enacted new estate tax levels before the sunset provision was triggered.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Estate_tax_in_the_United_States#History" title="Estate tax in the United States">Estate tax in the United States § History</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="State_level">State level</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sunset_provision&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: State level"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the <a href="/wiki/National_Conference_of_State_Legislatures" title="National Conference of State Legislatures">National Conference of State Legislatures</a>, "Colorado, Florida and Alabama passed the first sunset laws in 1976. Texas and 21 other states followed suit in 1977. Eventually, a total of 36 states passed broad sunset statutes"; however, dissatisfaction with the sunset process left only 22 states still using it by 1992.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Texas">Texas</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sunset_provision&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Texas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Texas Sunset provision was established in 1977. Under Texas law, all agencies – except universities, courts, and agencies established by the <a href="/wiki/Texas_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Texas Constitution">Texas Constitution</a> – will be abolished on a specific date, generally 12 years after creation or renewal, unless the <a href="/wiki/Texas_Legislature" title="Texas Legislature">Texas Legislature</a> passes specific legislation to continue its functions. </p><p>A 12-member <a href="/wiki/Sunset_Advisory_Commission" title="Sunset Advisory Commission">Sunset Advisory Commission</a> oversees the provisions of the Texas Sunset Act. The commission consisting of five members of the <a href="/wiki/Texas_Senate" title="Texas Senate">Texas Senate</a> and one member from the general public appointed by the <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Texas" title="Lieutenant Governor of Texas">Lieutenant Governor of Texas</a>, and five members of the House and one member from the general public appointed by the Speaker of the <a href="/wiki/Texas_House_of_Representatives" title="Texas House of Representatives">Texas House of Representatives</a>. Legislative members are appointed for four-year terms, with half of the commission reappointed on or before September 1 of odd-numbered years, while public members serve two-year terms. The chairman and vice-chairman are appointed by the lieutenant governor and speaker, and the chairmanship alternates between the Senate and House every two years. The commission is assisted by an executive director and staff, who review each agency subject to sunset provisions. </p><p>Under the process, each agency must perform for the commission a self-review of its roles and responsibilities, including areas where its duties may overlap those of other agencies and the effect of the agency's abolition on loss of federal funding. The self-review must be completed by September 1 of the odd-numbered year before the year when the agency would be otherwise abolished. The commission must then complete its own review by the following January 1 and hold public hearings by the following February 1. </p><p>About 20 to 30 agencies go through the sunset process each legislative session. Constitutionally established agencies are subject to review, but they cannot be abolished under the sunset provisions. </p><p>The commission may recommend that an agency be continued in its present form (nearly always with recommendations to the legislature for improvement), consolidated with another agency, or abolished, with its duties either eliminated or transferred to other agencies. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Other_states">Other states</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sunset_provision&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Other states"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Alabama has a similar review process with a more limited number of agencies and a review cycle of every four years.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sunset_provision&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A sunset clause was introduced by the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a> to some parts of the <a href="/wiki/Prevention_of_Terrorism_Act_2005" title="Prevention of Terrorism Act 2005">Prevention of Terrorism Act 2005</a>; the act was eventually passed without it.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Part 5 of the <a href="/wiki/Enterprise_and_Regulatory_Reform_Act_2013" title="Enterprise and Regulatory Reform Act 2013">Enterprise and Regulatory Reform Act 2013</a>, "Reduction of legislative burdens", made provision for sunset and review provisions" in <a href="/wiki/Secondary_legislation" class="mw-redirect" title="Secondary legislation">secondary legislation</a>, i.e. </p> <ul><li>a power to review the effectiveness of the legislation within a specified period or at the end of a specified period</li> <li>provision for the legislation to cease to have effect at the end of a specified day or a specified period</li> <li>a power to consider whether the objectives which it was the purpose of the legislation to achieve remain appropriate and, if so, whether they could be achieved in another way.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Coronavirus_Act_2020" title="Coronavirus Act 2020">Coronavirus Act 2020</a> had a sunset clause provision of two years.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sunset_provision&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Canada all legislation enacted under <a href="/wiki/Section_Thirty-three_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" class="mw-redirect" title="Section Thirty-three of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">Section Thirty-three of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms</a> (subsection three of the <i>notwithstanding clause</i>) has an implied sunset clause of five years, this being the maximum length legislation enacted under the section may be operative for (unless an earlier date is specified). </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Anti-Terrorism_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian Anti-Terrorism Act">Canadian Anti-Terrorism Act</a> contains a sunset clause that went into effect in February 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Special_law" title="Special law">Special laws</a> enacted to deal with emergency situations often contain sunset clauses; Quebec's <a href="/wiki/Bill_78" title="Bill 78">Bill 78</a>, had a sunset clause. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sunset_provision&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2005, the Australian Government decided to legislate new <a href="/wiki/Anti-Terrorism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Terrorism">Anti-Terrorism</a> laws. These laws have a sunset clause of ten years. </p><p>In 2007, the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democratic_Party_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal Democratic Party (Australia)">Liberal Democratic Party</a> proposed a constitutional amendment to make sunset clauses compulsory in all legislation that lacks the support of a 75% parliamentary supermajority.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.comlaw.gov.au/Details/C2012C00709">Legislative Instruments Act 2003</a> legislates the automatic expiry of most legislative instruments (<a href="/wiki/Delegated_legislation" class="mw-redirect" title="Delegated legislation">delegated legislation</a>). Starting in 2015 these legislative instruments must be renewed or they expire automatically.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germany">Germany</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sunset_provision&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the German legislation sunset provisions are applied on several federal levels. The <a href="/wiki/Basic_Law_for_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany" title="Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany">German constitution</a> rules a general sunset provision of six months for emergency legislation. Some <a href="/wiki/States_of_Germany" title="States of Germany">federal states</a>, e.g., <a href="/wiki/Hesse" title="Hesse">Hesse</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="North Rhine-Westphalia">North Rhine-Westphalia</a> sporadically add sunset provisions to bills. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_Korea">South Korea</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sunset_provision&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: South Korea"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A sunset provision can be found in the Corporate Restructuring Promotion Act,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is to facilitate <a href="/wiki/Debt_restructuring" title="Debt restructuring">out-of-court workout</a> of insolvent companies. This Act was effective during the period: </p> <dl><dd>i) from January 2001 to December 2005 for the first time; and again</dd> <dd>ii) from January 2007 to December 2010.</dd></dl> <p>Now the Act came into force for the third time on May 19, 2011, and will be effective to December 2013. The main content of the Act has been kept intact for the purpose of constant corporate debt restructuring through market functions and promotion of speedy and smooth corporate restructuring, while some minor provisions were modified from time to time. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Republic_of_China_on_Taiwan">Republic of China on Taiwan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sunset_provision&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Republic of China on Taiwan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Additional_Articles_of_the_Constitution_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Additional Articles of the Constitution of the Republic of China">Additional Articles of the Constitution of the Republic of China</a> are a set of temporary articles of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Constitution of the Republic of China">original constitution</a> that apply to the <a href="/wiki/Free_area_of_the_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Free area of the Republic of China">Free area of the Republic of China</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Semi-presidential_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-presidential system">semi-presidential system</a>. These articles that have a sunset provision that will terminate them in the event the ROC regains control of <a href="/wiki/Mainland_China" title="Mainland China">Mainland China</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Zealand">New Zealand</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sunset_provision&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: New Zealand"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Electoral_Integrity_Act&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Electoral Integrity Act (page does not exist)">Electoral Integrity Act</a> was passed in 1999 to discourage "<a href="/wiki/Waka-jumping" title="Waka-jumping">waka-jumping</a>" in a <a href="/wiki/Mixed-member_proportional" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixed-member proportional">mixed-member proportional</a> parliamentary system. The amendment expired as scheduled in 2005. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sunset_provision&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKornstein2005" class="citation book cs1">Kornstein, Daniel (2005). <i>Kill All the Lawyers?: Shakespeare's Legal Appeal</i>. <a href="/wiki/Lincoln,_Nebraska" title="Lincoln, Nebraska">Lincoln, Nebraska</a>: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Nebraska_Press" title="University of Nebraska Press">University of Nebraska Press</a>. p. 47. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780803278219" title="Special:BookSources/9780803278219"><bdi>9780803278219</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kill+All+the+Lawyers%3F%3A+Shakespeare%27s+Legal+Appeal&rft.place=Lincoln%2C+Nebraska&rft.pages=47&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780803278219&rft.aulast=Kornstein&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASunset+provision" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Antonios Kouroutakis, "The Constitutional Value of Sunset Clauses" Routledge 2017</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Steve Charnovitz, "Evaluating Sunset: What Would It Mean?", in Contemporary Public Budgeting (edited by Thomas Lynch), Washington DC: Transaction Books, 1981.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-j756-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-j756_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/ejlr23&div=12&id=&page=">"Approach with Caution: Sunset Clauses as Safeguards of Democracy?"</a>. <i>23 Eur. 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Reform 147</i>. 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=23+Eur.+J.L.+Reform+147&rft.atitle=Approach+with+Caution%3A+Sunset+Clauses+as+Safeguards+of+Democracy%3F&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fheinonline.org%2FHOL%2FLandingPage%3Fhandle%3Dhein.journals%2Fejlr23%26div%3D12%26id%3D%26page%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASunset+provision" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-y665-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-y665_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis1981" class="citation journal cs1">Davis, Lewis Anthony (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/40709182">"Review Procedures And Public Accountability In Sunset Legislation: An Analysis And Proposal For Reform"</a>. <i>Administrative Law Review</i>. <b>33</b> (4). American Bar Association: 393–413. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0001-8368">0001-8368</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40709182">40709182</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Administrative+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Review+Procedures+And+Public+Accountability+In+Sunset+Legislation%3A+An+Analysis+And+Proposal+For+Reform&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=393-413&rft.date=1981&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40709182%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=00018368&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Lewis+Anthony&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40709182&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASunset+provision" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-q095-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-q095_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-q095_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRanchordas2015" class="citation journal cs1">Ranchordas, S. 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"Sunset Clauses and Experimental Regulations: Blessing or Curse for Legal Certainty?". <i>Statute Law Review</i>. <b>36</b> (1): 28–45. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fslr%2Fhmu002">10.1093/slr/hmu002</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0144-3593">0144-3593</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Statute+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Sunset+Clauses+and+Experimental+Regulations%3A+Blessing+or+Curse+for+Legal+Certainty%3F&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=28-45&rft.date=2015-02-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fslr%2Fhmu002&rft.issn=0144-3593&rft.aulast=Ranchordas&rft.aufirst=S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASunset+provision" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDorssom2021" class="citation journal cs1">Dorssom, Elizabeth I. (March 21, 2021). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/ssqu.12956">"Does Legislative Institutionalization Impact Policy Adoption? 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-06-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Free+Trade&rft.pub=Ldp.org.au&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fldp.org.au%2Ffederal%2Fpolicies%2FDemocracy.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASunset+provision" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ag.gov.au/LegalSystem/AdministrativeLaw/Pages/LegislativeinstrumentsAct2003.aspx">"Legislative Instruments Act 2003"</a>. ag.gov.au.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Legislative+Instruments+Act+2003&rft.pub=ag.gov.au&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ag.gov.au%2FLegalSystem%2FAdministrativeLaw%2FPages%2FLegislativeinstrumentsAct2003.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASunset+provision" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The English translation of this Act as of May 17, 2010 is <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.moleg.go.kr/lawinfo/engLawInfo?pstSeq=57258&searchCondition=AllForEngLaw&searchKeyword=%ea%b8%b0%ec%97%85%ea%b5%ac%ec%a1%b0%ec%a1%b0%ec%a0%95">available here</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sunset_provision&oldid=1244401544">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sunset_provision&oldid=1244401544</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:International_law" title="Category:International law">International law</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Legislative_legal_terminology" title="Category:Legislative legal terminology">Legislative legal terminology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Public_policy" title="Category:Public policy">Public policy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaty_law" title="Category:Treaty law">Treaty law</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Time_in_government" title="Category:Time in government">Time in government</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 6 September 2024, at 21:46<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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