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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Experimental_decades:_1910s–1980s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Experimental_decades:_1910s–1980s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Experimental decades: 1910s–1980s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Experimental_decades:_1910s–1980s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Birth_of_smart_virtual_assistants:_1990s–2010s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Birth_of_smart_virtual_assistants:_1990s–2010s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Birth of smart virtual assistants: 1990s–2010s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Birth_of_smart_virtual_assistants:_1990s–2010s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Artificial_intelligence_and_language_models:_2020s-present" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Artificial_intelligence_and_language_models:_2020s-present"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Artificial intelligence and language models: 2020s-present</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Artificial_intelligence_and_language_models:_2020s-present-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Method_of_interaction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Method_of_interaction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Method of interaction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Method_of_interaction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Devices_and_objects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Devices_and_objects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Devices and objects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Devices_and_objects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Services" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Services"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Services</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Services-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Services subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Services-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Conversational_commerce" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conversational_commerce"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Conversational commerce</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conversational_commerce-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Customer_support" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Customer_support"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Customer support</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Customer_support-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Third-party_services" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Third-party_services"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Third-party services</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Third-party_services-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Privacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Privacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Privacy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Privacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Privacy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Privacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Google_Assistant" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Google_Assistant"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Google Assistant</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Google_Assistant-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Amazon_Alexa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Amazon_Alexa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Amazon Alexa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Amazon_Alexa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Apple's_Siri" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Apple's_Siri"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Apple's Siri</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Apple's_Siri-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cortana" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cortana"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Cortana</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cortana-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consumer_interest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consumer_interest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Consumer interest</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Consumer_interest-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Consumer interest subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Consumer_interest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Presumed_added_value_as_allowing_a_new_way_of_interactions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presumed_added_value_as_allowing_a_new_way_of_interactions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Presumed added value as allowing a new way of interactions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Presumed_added_value_as_allowing_a_new_way_of_interactions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Perceived_interest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Perceived_interest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Perceived interest</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Perceived_interest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Controversies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controversies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Controversies</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Controversies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Controversies subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Controversies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Artificial_intelligence_controversies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Artificial_intelligence_controversies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Artificial intelligence controversies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Artificial_intelligence_controversies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethical_implications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethical_implications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Ethical implications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethical_implications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Developer_platforms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Developer_platforms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Developer platforms</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Developer_platforms-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Developer platforms subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Developer_platforms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Previous_generations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Previous_generations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Previous generations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Previous_generations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic_relevance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_relevance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Economic relevance</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economic_relevance-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Economic relevance subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Economic_relevance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-For_individuals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#For_individuals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>For individuals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-For_individuals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic_opportunity_for_enterprises" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_opportunity_for_enterprises"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Economic opportunity for enterprises</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_opportunity_for_enterprises-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Security" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Security"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Security</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Security-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comparison_of_notable_assistants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparison_of_notable_assistants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Comparison of notable assistants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comparison_of_notable_assistants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Virtual assistant</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 36 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-36" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">36 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assistent_personal_intel%C2%B7ligent" title="Assistent personal intel·ligent – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Assistent personal intel·ligent" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtu%C3%A1ln%C3%AD_asistent_(um%C4%9Bl%C3%A1_inteligence)" title="Virtuální asistent (umělá inteligence) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Virtuální asistent (umělá inteligence)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligenter_pers%C3%B6nlicher_Assistent" title="Intelligenter persönlicher Assistent – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Intelligenter persönlicher Assistent" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asistente_virtual" title="Asistente virtual – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Asistente virtual" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laguntzaile_birtual" title="Laguntzaile birtual – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Laguntzaile birtual" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C" title="دستیار مجازی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دستیار مجازی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assistant_personnel_intelligent" title="Assistant personnel intelligent – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Assistant personnel intelligent" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asistente_persoal_intelixente" title="Asistente persoal intelixente – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Asistente persoal intelixente" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B0%80%EC%83%81_%EB%B9%84%EC%84%9C" title="가상 비서 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="가상 비서" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%AB%D6%80%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A1%D5%AC_%D6%85%D5%A3%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Վիրտուալ օգնական – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վիրտուալ օգնական" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asisten_virtual" title="Asisten virtual – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Asisten virtual" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isilekeleli_sakuxhakaxholo" title="Isilekeleli sakuxhakaxholo – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Isilekeleli sakuxhakaxholo" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assistente_virtuale" title="Assistente virtuale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Assistente virtuale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%96%D7%A8_%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%95%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99" title="עוזר וירטואלי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="עוזר וירטואלי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtu%C4%81lais_asistents" title="Virtuālais asistents – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Virtuālais asistents" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtualus_asistentas" title="Virtualus asistentas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Virtualus asistentas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtuele_assistent" title="Virtuele assistent – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Virtuele assistent" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%90%E3%83%BC%E3%83%81%E3%83%A3%E3%83%AB%E3%82%A2%E3%82%B7%E3%82%B9%E3%82%BF%E3%83%B3%E3%83%88" title="バーチャルアシスタント – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="バーチャルアシスタント" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtuell_assistent" title="Virtuell assistent – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Virtuell assistent" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_yordamchi" title="Virtual yordamchi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Virtual yordamchi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%9A%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%B2_%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%9F" title="ਵਰਚੁਅਲ ਅਸਿਸਟੈਂਟ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਵਰਚੁਅਲ ਅਸਿਸਟੈਂਟ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assistente_virtual_inteligente" title="Assistente virtual inteligente – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Assistente virtual inteligente" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirma_yanapaysiq" title="Sirma yanapaysiq – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Sirma yanapaysiq" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Виртуальный ассистент – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Виртуальный ассистент" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_assistant" title="Virtual assistant – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Virtual assistant" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AF%DB%95%D8%AF%DB%95%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%AE%DB%95%DB%8C%D8%A7%DA%B5%DB%8C" title="یاریدەدەری خەیاڵی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="یاریدەدەری خەیاڵی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtuelni_asistent" title="Virtuelni asistent – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Virtuelni asistent" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtuaaliavustaja" title="Virtuaaliavustaja – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Virtuaaliavustaja" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_assistent" title="Digital assistent – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Digital assistent" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanal_asistan" title="Sanal asistan – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sanal asistan" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Віртуальний помічник – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Віртуальний помічник" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%86" title="مجازی معاون – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مجازی معاون" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asistente_virtua%C5%82e" title="Asistente virtuałe – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Asistente virtuałe" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%E1%BB%A3_l%C3%BD_%E1%BA%A3o" title="Trợ lý ảo – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Trợ lý ảo" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%99%9B%E6%93%AC%E5%8A%A9%E7%90%86" title="虛擬助理 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="虛擬助理" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%99%9B%E6%93%AC%E5%8A%A9%E7%90%86" title="虛擬助理 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="虛擬助理" 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Software agent</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the human occupation, see <a href="/wiki/Virtual_assistant_(occupation)" title="Virtual assistant (occupation)">Virtual assistant (occupation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Personal_digital_assistant" title="Personal digital assistant">Personal digital assistant</a> or <a href="/wiki/Embodied_agent" title="Embodied agent">Embodied agent</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Android_Assistant_on_the_Google_Pixel_XL_smartphone_(29526761674).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Android_Assistant_on_the_Google_Pixel_XL_smartphone_%2829526761674%29.jpg/170px-Android_Assistant_on_the_Google_Pixel_XL_smartphone_%2829526761674%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Android_Assistant_on_the_Google_Pixel_XL_smartphone_%2829526761674%29.jpg/255px-Android_Assistant_on_the_Google_Pixel_XL_smartphone_%2829526761674%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Android_Assistant_on_the_Google_Pixel_XL_smartphone_%2829526761674%29.jpg/340px-Android_Assistant_on_the_Google_Pixel_XL_smartphone_%2829526761674%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1954" data-file-height="2793" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Google_Assistant" title="Google Assistant">Google Assistant</a> running on a <a href="/wiki/Google_Pixel" title="Google Pixel">Pixel XL</a> <a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">smartphone</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>virtual assistant</b> (<b>VA</b>) is a <a href="/wiki/Software_agent" title="Software agent">software agent</a> that can perform a range of tasks or services for a user based on user input such as commands or questions, including verbal ones. Such technologies often incorporate <a href="/wiki/Chatbot" title="Chatbot">chatbot</a> capabilities to simulate human conversation, such as via <a href="/wiki/Online_chat" title="Online chat">online chat</a>, to facilitate interaction with their users. The interaction may be via text, graphical interface, or voice - as some virtual assistants are able to interpret human speech and respond via synthesized voices. </p><p>In many cases, users can ask their virtual assistants questions, control home automation devices and media playback, and manage other basic tasks such as email, to-do lists, and calendars - all with verbal commands.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In recent years, prominent virtual assistants for direct consumer use have included <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Siri" title="Siri">Siri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Alexa" title="Amazon Alexa">Amazon Alexa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Google_Assistant" title="Google Assistant">Google Assistant</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Samsung" title="Samsung">Samsung</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Bixby_(software)" title="Bixby (software)">Bixby</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, companies in various industries often incorporate some kind of virtual assistant technology into their customer service or support.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Into the 2020s, the emergence of <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">artificial intelligence</a> based <a href="/wiki/Chatbot" title="Chatbot">chatbots</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/ChatGPT" title="ChatGPT">ChatGPT</a>, has brought increased capability and interest to the field of virtual assistant products and services.<sup id="cite_ref-rd.com_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rd.com-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virtual_assistant&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Experimental_decades:_1910s–1980s"><span id="Experimental_decades:_1910s.E2.80.931980s"></span>Experimental decades: 1910s–1980s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virtual_assistant&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Experimental decades: 1910s–1980s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Radio Rex was the first voice activated toy, patented in 1916<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and released in 1922.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was a wooden toy in the shape of a dog that would come out of its house when its name is called. </p><p>In 1952, <a href="/wiki/Bell_Labs" title="Bell Labs">Bell Labs</a> presented "Audrey", the Automatic Digit Recognition machine. It occupied a six- foot-high relay rack, consumed substantial power, had streams of cables and exhibited the myriad maintenance problems associated with complex vacuum-tube circuitry. It could recognize the fundamental units of speech, phonemes. It was limited to accurate recognition of digits spoken by designated talkers. It could therefore be used for voice dialing, but in most cases push-button dialing was cheaper and faster, rather than speaking the consecutive digits.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another early tool which was enabled to perform digital speech recognition was the <a href="/wiki/IBM_Shoebox" title="IBM Shoebox">IBM Shoebox</a> voice-activated calculator, presented to the general public during the <a href="/wiki/1962_Seattle_World%27s_Fair" class="mw-redirect" title="1962 Seattle World's Fair">1962 Seattle World's Fair</a> after its initial market launch in 1961. This early computer, developed almost 20 years before the introduction of the first <a href="/wiki/IBM_Personal_Computer" title="IBM Personal Computer">IBM Personal Computer</a> in 1981, was able to recognize 16 spoken words and the digits 0 to 9. </p><p>The first <a href="/wiki/Natural_language_processing" title="Natural language processing">natural language processing</a> computer program or the chatbot <a href="/wiki/ELIZA" title="ELIZA">ELIZA</a> was developed by MIT professor <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Weizenbaum" title="Joseph Weizenbaum">Joseph Weizenbaum</a> in the 1960s. It was created to "demonstrate that the communication between man and machine was superficial".<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ELIZA used pattern matching and substitution methodology into scripted responses to simulate conversation, which gave an illusion of understanding on the part of the program. </p><p>Weizenbaum's own secretary reportedly asked Weizenbaum to leave the room so that she and ELIZA could have a real conversation. Weizenbaum was surprised by this, later writing: "I had not realized ... that extremely short exposures to a relatively simple computer program could induce powerful delusional thinking in quite normal people.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This gave name to the <a href="/wiki/ELIZA_effect" title="ELIZA effect">ELIZA effect</a>, the tendency to unconsciously assume computer behaviors are analogous to human behaviors; that is, anthropomorphisation, a phenomenon present in human interactions with virtual assistants. </p><p>The next milestone in the development of voice recognition technology was achieved in the 1970s at the <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Mellon_University" title="Carnegie Mellon University">Carnegie Mellon University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh">Pittsburgh</a>, Pennsylvania with substantial support of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">United States Department of Defense</a> and its <a href="/wiki/DARPA" title="DARPA">DARPA</a> agency, funded five years of a Speech Understanding Research program, aiming to reach a minimum vocabulary of 1,000 words. Companies and academia including IBM, Carnegie Mellon University (CMU) and Stanford Research Institute took part in the program. </p><p>The result was "Harpy", it mastered about 1000 words, the vocabulary of a three-year-old and it could understand sentences. It could process speech that followed pre-programmed vocabulary, pronunciation, and grammar structures to determine which sequences of words made sense together, and thus reducing speech recognition errors. </p><p>In 1986, Tangora was an upgrade of the Shoebox, it was a voice recognizing typewriter. Named after the world's fastest typist at the time, it had a vocabulary of 20,000 words and used prediction to decide the most likely result based on what was said in the past. IBM's approach was based on a <a href="/wiki/Hidden_Markov_model" title="Hidden Markov model">hidden Markov model</a>, which adds statistics to digital signal processing techniques. The method makes it possible to predict the most likely <a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">phonemes</a> to follow a given phoneme. Still each speaker had to individually train the typewriter to recognize his or her voice, and pause between each word. </p><p>In 1983, Gus Searcy invented the "Butler In A Box", an electronic voice home controller system.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Birth_of_smart_virtual_assistants:_1990s–2010s"><span id="Birth_of_smart_virtual_assistants:_1990s.E2.80.932010s"></span>Birth of smart virtual assistants: 1990s–2010s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virtual_assistant&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Birth of smart virtual assistants: 1990s–2010s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Weak_artificial_intelligence" title="Weak artificial intelligence">Weak artificial intelligence</a> and <a href="/wiki/Speech_recognition" title="Speech recognition">Speech recognition</a></div> <p>In the 1990s, digital speech recognition technology became a feature of the personal computer with <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philips" title="Philips">Philips</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lernout_%26_Hauspie" title="Lernout & Hauspie">Lernout & Hauspie</a> fighting for customers. Much later the market launch of the first <a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">smartphone</a> <a href="/wiki/IBM_Simon" title="IBM Simon">IBM Simon</a> in 1994 laid the foundation for smart virtual assistants as we know them today.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1997, Dragon's <a href="/wiki/Dragon_NaturallySpeaking" title="Dragon NaturallySpeaking">Naturally Speaking</a> software could recognize and transcribe natural human speech without pauses between each word into a document at a rate of 100 words per minute. A version of Naturally Speaking is still available for download and it is still used today, for instance, by many doctors in the US and the UK to document their medical records.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 2001 <a href="/wiki/Colloquis" title="Colloquis">Colloquis</a> publicly launched <a href="/wiki/SmarterChild" title="SmarterChild">SmarterChild</a>, on platforms like <a href="/wiki/AIM_(software)" title="AIM (software)">AIM</a> and <a href="/wiki/MSN_Messenger" title="MSN Messenger">MSN Messenger</a>. While entirely text-based SmarterChild was able to play games, check the weather, look up facts, and converse with users to an extent.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first modern digital virtual assistant installed on a smartphone was <a href="/wiki/Siri" title="Siri">Siri</a>, which was introduced as a feature of the <a href="/wiki/IPhone_4S" class="mw-redirect" title="IPhone 4S">iPhone 4S</a> on 4 October 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple Inc.</a> developed Siri following the 2010 acquisition of <a href="/wiki/Siri_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Siri Inc.">Siri Inc.</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Corporate_spin-off" title="Corporate spin-off">spin-off</a> of <a href="/wiki/SRI_International" title="SRI International">SRI International</a>, which is a research institute financed by <a href="/wiki/DARPA" title="DARPA">DARPA</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">United States Department of Defense</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-spracherkennung12_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spracherkennung12-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its aim was to aid in tasks such as sending a text message, making phone calls, checking the weather or setting up an alarm. Over time, it has developed to provide restaurant recommendations, search the internet, and provide driving directions.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In November 2014, Amazon announced Alexa alongside the Echo.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In April 2017 Amazon released a service for building <a href="/wiki/Conversational_interfaces" class="mw-redirect" title="Conversational interfaces">conversational interfaces</a> for any type of virtual assistant or interface. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Artificial_intelligence_and_language_models:_2020s-present">Artificial intelligence and language models: 2020s-present</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virtual_assistant&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Artificial intelligence and language models: 2020s-present"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_artificial_intelligence" title="History of artificial intelligence">History of artificial intelligence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Generative_pre-trained_transformer" title="Generative pre-trained transformer">Generative pre-trained transformer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Natural_language_generation" title="Natural language generation">Natural language generation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Language_model" title="Language model">Language model</a></div> <p>In the 2020s, artificial intelligence (AI) systems like <a href="/wiki/ChatGPT" title="ChatGPT">ChatGPT</a> have gained popularity for their ability to generate human-like responses to text-based conversations. In February 2020, Microsoft introduced its Turing Natural Language Generation (T-NLG), which was then the "largest language model ever published at 17 billion parameters."<sup id="cite_ref-Wired_Sterling_20200213_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wired_Sterling_20200213-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On November 30, 2022, ChatGPT was launched as a prototype and quickly garnered attention for its detailed responses and articulate answers across many domains of knowledge. The advent of ChatGPT and its introduction to the wider public increased interest and competition in the space. In February 2023, Google began introducing an experimental service called "Bard" which is based on its <a href="/wiki/LaMDA" title="LaMDA">LaMDA</a> program to generate text responses to questions asked based on information gathered from the <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">web</a>. </p><p>While ChatGPT and other generalized chatbots based on the latest <a href="/wiki/Generative_AI" class="mw-redirect" title="Generative AI">generative AI</a> are capable of performing various tasks associated with virtual assistants, there are also more specialized forms of such technology that are designed to target more specific situations or needs.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rd.com_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rd.com-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Method_of_interaction">Method of interaction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virtual_assistant&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Method of interaction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amazon_Echo_Dot_(27716286638).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Amazon_Echo_Dot_%2827716286638%29.jpg/220px-Amazon_Echo_Dot_%2827716286638%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Amazon_Echo_Dot_%2827716286638%29.jpg/330px-Amazon_Echo_Dot_%2827716286638%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Amazon_Echo_Dot_%2827716286638%29.jpg/440px-Amazon_Echo_Dot_%2827716286638%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4471" data-file-height="2981" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Echo_Dot" class="mw-redirect" title="Amazon Echo Dot">Amazon Echo Dot</a> <a href="/wiki/Smart_speaker" title="Smart speaker">smart speaker</a> running the <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Alexa" title="Amazon Alexa">Alexa</a> virtual assistant</figcaption></figure> <p>Virtual assistants work via: </p> <ul><li>Text, including: <a href="/wiki/Online_chat" title="Online chat">online chat</a> (especially in an <a href="/wiki/Instant_messaging" title="Instant messaging">instant messaging</a> application or other application ), <a href="/wiki/SMS" title="SMS">SMS text</a>, <a href="/wiki/Email" title="Email">e-mail</a> or other text-based communication channel, for example <a href="/wiki/Conversica" title="Conversica">Conversica</a>'s intelligent virtual assistants for business.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Voice: for example with <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Alexa" title="Amazon Alexa">Amazon Alexa</a><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Echo" title="Amazon Echo">Amazon Echo</a> devices, Siri on an <a href="/wiki/IPhone" title="IPhone">iPhone</a>, Google Assistant on Google-enabled <a href="/wiki/Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a> devices, or <a href="/wiki/Bixby_(software)" title="Bixby (software)">Bixby</a> on Samsung devices.</li> <li>Images: some assistants, such as Google Assistant (which includes <a href="/wiki/Google_Lens" title="Google Lens">Google Lens</a>) and Bixby on the <a href="/wiki/Samsung_Galaxy" title="Samsung Galaxy">Samsung Galaxy</a> series, have the added capability of performing <a href="/wiki/Image_processing" class="mw-redirect" title="Image processing">image processing</a> to recognize objects in images.</li></ul> <p>Many virtual assistants are accessible via multiple methods, offering versatility in how users can interact with them, whether through chat, voice commands, or other integrated technologies. </p><p>Virtual assistants use <a href="/wiki/Natural_language_processing" title="Natural language processing">natural language processing</a> (NLP) to match user text or voice input to executable commands. Some continually learn using <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">artificial intelligence</a> techniques including <a href="/wiki/Machine_learning" title="Machine learning">machine learning</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ambient_intelligence" title="Ambient intelligence">ambient intelligence</a>. </p><p>To activate a virtual assistant using the voice, a wake word might be used. This is a word or groups of words such as "Hey Siri", "OK Google" or "Hey Google", "Alexa", and "Hey Microsoft".<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As virtual assistants become more popular, there are increasing legal risks involved.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 815">: 815 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Devices_and_objects">Devices and objects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virtual_assistant&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Devices and objects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Apple_tv_gen_4_remote.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Apple_tv_gen_4_remote.jpeg/220px-Apple_tv_gen_4_remote.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Apple_tv_gen_4_remote.jpeg/330px-Apple_tv_gen_4_remote.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Apple_tv_gen_4_remote.jpeg/440px-Apple_tv_gen_4_remote.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="3678" data-file-height="2451" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Apple_TV" title="Apple TV">Apple TV</a> <a href="/wiki/Remote_control" title="Remote control">remote control</a>, with which users can ask <a href="/wiki/Siri" title="Siri">Siri</a> the virtual assistant to find content to watch</figcaption></figure> <p>Virtual assistants may be integrated into many types of platforms or, like Amazon Alexa, across several of them: </p> <ul><li>Into devices like smart speakers such as Amazon Echo, Google Home and <a href="/wiki/Apple_HomePod" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple HomePod">Apple HomePod</a></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Instant_messaging" title="Instant messaging">instant messaging</a> applications on both smartphones and via the Web, e.g. <a href="/wiki/M_(virtual_assistant)" title="M (virtual assistant)">M (virtual assistant)</a> on both <a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a> and <a href="/wiki/Facebook_Messenger" class="mw-redirect" title="Facebook Messenger">Facebook Messenger</a> apps or via the Web</li> <li>Built into a <a href="/wiki/Mobile_operating_system" title="Mobile operating system">mobile operating system</a> (OS), as are Apple's Siri on <a href="/wiki/IOS" title="IOS">iOS</a> devices and BlackBerry Assistant on <a href="/wiki/BlackBerry_10" title="BlackBerry 10">BlackBerry 10</a> devices, or into a desktop OS such as <a href="/wiki/Cortana_(software)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cortana (software)">Cortana</a> on <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a> OS</li> <li>Built into a smartphone independent of the OS, as is <a href="/wiki/Bixby_(virtual_assistant)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bixby (virtual assistant)">Bixby</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Samsung_Galaxy_S8" title="Samsung Galaxy S8">Samsung Galaxy S8</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samsung_Galaxy_Note_8" title="Samsung Galaxy Note 8">Note 8</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Within instant messaging platforms, assistants from specific organizations, such as <a href="/wiki/Aeromexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Aeromexico">Aeromexico</a>'s Aerobot on Facebook Messenger or <a href="/wiki/WeChat" title="WeChat">WeChat</a> Secretary.</li> <li>Within mobile apps from specific companies and other organizations, such as Dom from <a href="/wiki/Domino%27s_Pizza" class="mw-redirect" title="Domino's Pizza">Domino's Pizza</a><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In appliances,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> cars,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Wearable_computer" title="Wearable computer">wearable technology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Previous generations of virtual assistants often worked on websites, such as <a href="/wiki/Alaska_Airlines" title="Alaska Airlines">Alaska Airlines</a>' Ask Jenn,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or on <a href="/wiki/Interactive_voice_response" title="Interactive voice response">interactive voice response</a> (IVR) systems such as <a href="/wiki/American_Airlines" title="American Airlines">American Airlines</a>' IVR by <a href="/wiki/Nuance_Communications" title="Nuance Communications">Nuance</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Services">Services</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virtual_assistant&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Services"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Virtual assistants can provide a wide variety of services. These include:<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Provide information such as weather, facts from e.g. <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> or <a href="/wiki/IMDb" title="IMDb">IMDb</a>, set an alarm, make to-do lists and shopping lists</li> <li>Play music from streaming services such as <a href="/wiki/Spotify" title="Spotify">Spotify</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pandora_Radio" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandora Radio">Pandora</a>; play radio stations; read <a href="/wiki/Audiobooks" class="mw-redirect" title="Audiobooks">audiobooks</a></li> <li>Play videos, TV shows or movies on televisions, streaming from e.g. <a href="/wiki/Netflix" title="Netflix">Netflix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversational_commerce" title="Conversational commerce">Conversational commerce</a> (see below)</li> <li>Assist public interactions with government (see <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_in_government" title="Artificial intelligence in government">Artificial intelligence in government</a>)</li> <li>Complement and/or replace human customer service specialists<sup id="cite_ref-:0_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in domains like healthcare, sales, and banking. One report estimated that an automated online assistant produced a 30% decrease in the work-load for a human-provided <a href="/wiki/Call_centre" title="Call centre">call centre</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Enhance the driving experience by enabling interaction with virtual assistants like Siri and Alexa while in the car.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conversational_commerce">Conversational commerce</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virtual_assistant&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Conversational commerce"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Conversational_commerce" title="Conversational commerce">Conversational commerce</a></div> <p>Conversational commerce is <a href="/wiki/E-commerce" title="E-commerce">e-commerce</a> via various means of messaging, including via voice assistants<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but also <a href="/wiki/Live_chat" class="mw-redirect" title="Live chat">live chat</a> on e-commerce <a href="/wiki/Web_sites" class="mw-redirect" title="Web sites">Web sites</a>, live chat on messaging applications such as <a href="/wiki/WeChat" title="WeChat">WeChat</a>, Facebook Messenger and <a href="/wiki/WhatsApp" title="WhatsApp">WhatsApp</a><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Chatbots" class="mw-redirect" title="Chatbots">chatbots</a> on messaging applications or Web sites. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Customer_support">Customer support</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virtual_assistant&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Customer support"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Customer_support" title="Customer support">Customer support</a></div> <p>A virtual assistant can work with customer support team of a business to provide <a href="/wiki/24/7_service" title="24/7 service">24x7</a> support to customers. It provides quick responses, which enhances a customer's experience. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Third-party_services">Third-party services</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virtual_assistant&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Third-party services"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Amazon enables Alexa "Skills" and Google "Actions", essentially applications that run on the assistant platforms. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Privacy">Privacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virtual_assistant&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Privacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Virtual_assistant_privacy" title="Virtual assistant privacy">Virtual assistant privacy</a></div> <p>Virtual assistants have a <a href="/wiki/Virtual_assistant_privacy" title="Virtual assistant privacy">variety of privacy concerns</a> associated with them. Features such as activation by voice pose a threat, as such features requires the device to always be listening.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modes of privacy such as the virtual security button have been proposed to create a multilayer authentication for virtual assistants.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Google_Assistant">Google Assistant</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virtual_assistant&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Google Assistant"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The privacy policy of Google Assistant states that it does not store the audio data without the user's permission, but may store the conversation transcripts to personalise its experience. Personalisation can be turned off in settings. If a user wants Google Assistant to store audio data, they can go to Voice & Audio Activity (VAA) and turn on this feature. Audio files are sent to the cloud and used by Google to improve the performance of Google Assistant, but only if the VAA feature is turned on.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Amazon_Alexa">Amazon Alexa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virtual_assistant&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Amazon Alexa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The privacy policy of Amazon's virtual assistant, Alexa, states that it only listens to conversations when its wake word (like Alexa, Amazon, Echo) is used. It starts recording the conversation after the call of a wake word, and stops recording after 8 seconds of silence. It sends the recorded conversation to the cloud. It is possible to delete the recording from the cloud by visiting 'Alexa Privacy' in 'Alexa'.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Apple's_Siri"><span id="Apple.27s_Siri"></span>Apple's Siri</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virtual_assistant&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Apple's Siri"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Apple states that it does not record audio to improve Siri. Instead, it claims to use transcripts. Transcript data is only sent if it is deemed important for analysis. Users can opt out anytime if they don't want Siri to send the transcripts in the cloud.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cortana">Cortana</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virtual_assistant&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Cortana"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cortana is a voice-only virtual assistant with singular authentication<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. This voice-activated device accesses user data to perform common tasks like checking weather or making calls, raising privacy concerns due to the lack of secondary authentication.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Consumer_interest">Consumer interest</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virtual_assistant&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Consumer interest"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Presumed_added_value_as_allowing_a_new_way_of_interactions">Presumed added value as allowing a new way of interactions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virtual_assistant&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Presumed added value as allowing a new way of interactions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Added value of the virtual assistants can come among others from the following: </p> <ul><li>Voice communication can sometimes represent the optimal <a href="/wiki/Human-computer_interaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Human-computer interaction">man-machine communication</a>:</li></ul> <ol><li>It is convenient: there are some sectors where voice is the only way of possible communication, and more generally, it allows to free-up both hands and vision potentially for doing another activity in parallel, or helps also disabled people.</li> <li>It is faster: Voice is more efficient than writing on a keyboard: we can speak up to 200 <a href="/wiki/Words_per_minute" title="Words per minute">words per minute</a> opposed to 60 in case of writing on a keyboard. It is also more natural thus requiring less effort (reading a text however can reach 700 words per minute).<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <ul><li>Virtual assistants save a lot of time by automation: they can take appointments, or read the news while the consumer does something else. It is also possible to ask the virtual assistant to schedule meetings, hence helping to organize time. The designers of new digital schedulers explained the ambition they had that these calendars schedule lives to make the consumer use his time more efficiently, through machine learning processes, and complete organization of work time and free time. As an example when the consumer expresses the desire of scheduling a break, the VA will schedule it at an optimal moment for this purpose (for example at a time of the week where they are less productive), with the additional long-term objective of being able to schedule and organize the free time of the consumer, to assure them optimal work efficiency.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Perceived_interest">Perceived interest</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virtual_assistant&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Perceived interest"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Study_results.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Study_results.jpg/220px-Study_results.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Study_results.jpg/330px-Study_results.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Study_results.jpg/440px-Study_results.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2205" data-file-height="1240" /></a><figcaption>Graphical sum up of the study capturing reasons of interest of virtual assistants for consumers</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>According to a recent study (2019), the two reasons for using virtual assistants for consumers are perceived usefulness and perceived enjoyment. The first result of this study is that both perceived usefulness and perceived enjoyment have an equivalent very strong influence for the consumer willingness to use a virtual assistant.</li> <li>The second result of this study is that:</li></ul> <ol><li>Provided content quality has a very strong influence on perceived usefulness and a strong influence on perceived enjoyment.</li> <li>Visual attractiveness has a very strong influence on perceived enjoyment.</li> <li>Automation has a strong influence on perceived usefulness.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Controversies">Controversies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virtual_assistant&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Controversies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Artificial_intelligence_controversies">Artificial intelligence controversies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virtual_assistant&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Artificial intelligence controversies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Virtual assistants spur the <a href="/wiki/Filter_bubble" title="Filter bubble">filter bubble</a>: As for <a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a>, virtual assistants' algorithms are trained to show pertinent data and discard others based on previous activities of the consumer: The pertinent data is the one which will interest or please the consumer. As a result, they become isolated from data that disagrees with their viewpoints, effectively isolating them into their own intellectual bubble, and reinforcing their opinions. This phenomenon was known to reinforce <a href="/wiki/Fake_news" title="Fake news">fake news</a> and <a href="/wiki/Echo_chamber_(media)" title="Echo chamber (media)">echo chambers.</a><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Virtual assistants are also sometimes criticized for being overrated. In particular, <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Casilli" title="Antonio Casilli">A. Casilli</a> points out that the AI of virtual assistants are neither intelligent nor artificial for two reasons:</li></ul> <ol><li>Not intelligent because all they do is being the assistant of the human, and only by doing tasks that a human could do easily, and in a very limited specter of actions: find, class, and present information, offers or documents. Also, virtual assistants are neither able to make decisions on their own nor to anticipate things.</li> <li>And not artificial because they would be impossible without human labelization through <a href="/wiki/Microwork" title="Microwork">micro working</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Casilli,_Antonio_A._2019_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Casilli,_Antonio_A._2019-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethical_implications">Ethical implications</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virtual_assistant&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Ethical implications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2019 <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Casilli" title="Antonio Casilli">Antonio A. Casilli</a>, a French <a href="/wiki/Sociologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Sociologist">sociologist</a>, criticized artificial intelligence and virtual assistants in particular in the following way: </p><p>At a first level the fact that the consumer provides free data for the training and improvement of the virtual assistant, often without knowing it, is ethically disturbing. </p><p>But at a second level, it might be even more ethically disturbing to know how these <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">AIs</a> are trained with this data. </p><p>This <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">artificial intelligence</a> is trained via <a href="/wiki/Artificial_neural_networks" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial neural networks">neural networks</a>, which require a huge amount of <a href="/wiki/Labeled_data" title="Labeled data">labelled data.</a> However, this data needs to be labelled through a human process, which explains the rise of <a href="/wiki/Microwork" title="Microwork">microwork</a> in the last decade. That is, remotely using some people worldwide doing some repetitive and very simple tasks for a few cents, such as listening to virtual assistant speech data, and writing down what was said. Microwork has been criticized for the job insecurity it causes, and for the total lack of regulation: The average salary was 1,38 <abbr>dollar/hour</abbr> in 2010,<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it provides neither healthcare nor retirement benefits, <a href="/wiki/Sick_pay" class="mw-redirect" title="Sick pay">sick pay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minimum_wage" title="Minimum wage">minimum wage</a>. Hence, virtual assistants and their designers are controversial for spurring job insecurity, and the AIs they propose are still human in the way that they would be impossible without the microwork of millions of human workers.<sup id="cite_ref-Casilli,_Antonio_A._2019_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Casilli,_Antonio_A._2019-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Privacy concerns are raised by the fact that voice commands are available to the providers of virtual assistants in unencrypted form, and can thus be shared with third parties and be processed in an unauthorized or unexpected manner.<sup id="cite_ref-Fortune_2019_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fortune_2019-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally to the linguistic content of recorded speech, a user's manner of expression and voice characteristics can implicitly contain information about his or her biometric identity, personality traits, body shape, physical and mental health condition, sex, gender, moods and emotions, socioeconomic status and geographical origin.<sup id="cite_ref-KrögerLutz2020_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KrögerLutz2020-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Developer_platforms">Developer platforms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virtual_assistant&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Developer platforms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Notable developer platforms for virtual assistants include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Lex" title="Amazon Lex">Amazon Lex</a> was opened to developers in April 2017. It involves <a href="/wiki/Natural_language_understanding" title="Natural language understanding">natural language understanding</a> technology combined with automatic speech recognition and had been introduced in November 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Google provides the <a href="/wiki/Actions_on_Google" title="Actions on Google">Actions on Google</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dialogflow" title="Dialogflow">Dialogflow</a> platforms for developers to create "Actions" for Google Assistant<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Apple provides SiriKit for developers to create extensions for <a href="/wiki/Siri" title="Siri">Siri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Watson_(computer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Watson (computer)">Watson</a>, while sometimes spoken of as a virtual assistant is in fact an entire <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">artificial intelligence</a> platform and community powering some virtual assistants, <a href="/wiki/Chatbots" class="mw-redirect" title="Chatbots">chatbots</a>. and many other types of solutions.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Previous_generations">Previous generations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virtual_assistant&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Previous generations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In previous generations of text chat-based virtual assistants, the assistant was often represented by an <a href="/wiki/Avatar_(computing)" title="Avatar (computing)">avatar</a> (a.k.a. <i>interactive online character</i> or <i>automated character</i>) — this was known as an <a href="/wiki/Embodied_agent" title="Embodied agent">embodied agent</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economic_relevance">Economic relevance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virtual_assistant&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Economic relevance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="For_individuals">For individuals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virtual_assistant&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: For individuals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Digital experiences enabled by virtual assistants are considered to be among the major recent technological advances and most promising consumer trends. Experts claim that digital experiences will achieve a status-weight comparable to 'real' experiences, if not become more sought-after and prized.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The trend is verified by a high number of frequent users and the substantial growth of worldwide user numbers of virtual digital assistants. In mid-2017, the number of frequent users of digital virtual assistants is estimated to be around 1 bn worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, it can be observed that virtual digital assistant technology is no longer restricted to smartphone applications, but present across many industry sectors (incl. <a href="/wiki/Automotive" class="mw-redirect" title="Automotive">automotive</a>, telecommunications, <a href="/wiki/Retail" title="Retail">retail</a>, healthcare and education).<sup id="cite_ref-wordpress1_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wordpress1-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response to the significant R&D expenses of firms across all sectors and an increasing implementation of mobile devices, the market for speech recognition technology is predicted to grow at a <a href="/wiki/CAGR" class="mw-redirect" title="CAGR">CAGR</a> of 34.9% globally over the period of 2016 to 2024 and thereby surpass a global market size of US$7.5 billion by 2024.<sup id="cite_ref-wordpress1_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wordpress1-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to an <a href="/wiki/Ovum_Ltd." title="Ovum Ltd.">Ovum</a> study, the "native digital assistant installed base" is projected to exceed the world's population by 2021, with 7.5 billion active voice AI–capable devices.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Ovum, by that time "Google Assistant will dominate the voice AI–capable device market with 23.3% market share, followed by Samsung's Bixby (14.5%), Apple's Siri (13.1%), Amazon's Alexa (3.9%), and Microsoft's Cortana (2.3%)."<sup id="cite_ref-:2_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Taking into consideration the regional distribution of market leaders, North American companies (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Nuance_Communications" title="Nuance Communications">Nuance Communications</a>, <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a>, <a href="/wiki/EGain" title="EGain">eGain</a>) are expected to dominate the industry over the next years, due to the significant impact of BYOD (<a href="/wiki/Bring_Your_Own_Device" class="mw-redirect" title="Bring Your Own Device">Bring Your Own Device</a>) and enterprise mobility business models. Furthermore, the increasing demand for smartphone-assisted platforms are expected to further boost the North American intelligent virtual assistant (IVA) industry growth. Despite its smaller size in comparison to the North American market, the intelligent virtual assistant industry from the <a href="/wiki/Asia-Pacific" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia-Pacific">Asia-Pacific</a> region, with its main players located in India and China is predicted to grow at an annual growth rate of 40% (above global average) over the 2016–2024 period.<sup id="cite_ref-wordpress1_59-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wordpress1-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic_opportunity_for_enterprises">Economic opportunity for enterprises</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virtual_assistant&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Economic opportunity for enterprises"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Virtual assistants should not be only seen as a gadget for individuals, as they could have a real economic utility for enterprises. As an example, a virtual assistant can take the role of an always available assistant with an encyclopedic knowledge. And which can organize meetings, check inventories, verify informations. Virtual assistants are all the more important that their integration in small and middle-sized enterprises often consists in an easy first step through the more global adaptation and use of <a href="/wiki/Internet_of_things" title="Internet of things">Internet of Things (IoT)</a>. Indeed, IoT technologies are first perceived by small and medium-sized enterprises as technologies of critical importance, but too complicated, risky or costly to be used.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Security">Security</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virtual_assistant&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Security"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In May 2018, researchers from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a>, published a paper that showed audio commands undetectable for the human ear could be directly embedded into music or spoken text, thereby manipulating virtual assistants into performing certain actions without the user taking note of it.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The researchers made small changes to audio files, which cancelled out the sound patterns that speech recognition systems are meant to detect. These were replaced with sounds that would be interpreted differently by the system and command it to dial phone numbers, open websites or even transfer money.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The possibility of this has been known since 2016,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_62-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and affects devices from Apple, Amazon and Google.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to unintentional actions and voice recording, another security and privacy risk associated with intelligent virtual assistants is malicious voice commands: An attacker who impersonates a user and issues malicious voice commands to, for example, unlock a smart door to gain unauthorized entry to a home or garage or order items online without the user's knowledge. Although some IVAs provide a voice-training feature to prevent such impersonation, it can be difficult for the system to distinguish between similar voices. Thus, a malicious person who is able to access an IVA-enabled device might be able to fool the system into thinking that they are the real owner and carry out criminal or mischievous acts.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Comparison_of_notable_assistants">Comparison of notable assistants</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virtual_assistant&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Comparison of notable assistants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_chatbots" title="List of chatbots">List of chatbots</a></div> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 85%; text-align: center; width: auto;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Intelligent personal assistant </th> <th>Developer </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Free_software" title="Free software">Free software</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Open-source_hardware" title="Open-source hardware">Free and open-source hardware</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/HDMI" title="HDMI">HDMI</a> out </th> <th>External I/O </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Internet_of_things" title="Internet of things">IOT</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Chromecast" title="Chromecast">Chromecast</a> integration </th> <th>Smart phone app </th> <th>Always on </th> <th>Unit to unit voice channel </th> <th>Skill language </th></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;" scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Alexa" title="Amazon Alexa">Alexa</a> (a.k.a. <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Echo" title="Amazon Echo">Echo</a>) </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Amazon.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Amazon.com">Amazon.com</a> </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td>? </td> <td>JavaScript </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;" scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Alisa_(virtual_assistant)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alisa (virtual assistant)">Alice</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Yandex" title="Yandex">Yandex</a> </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>? </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;" scope="col"><a href="/wiki/AliGenie" title="AliGenie">AliGenie</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Alibaba_Group" title="Alibaba Group">Alibaba Group</a> </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>? </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;" scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Assistant_(by_Speaktoit)" title="Assistant (by Speaktoit)">Assistant</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Speaktoit" class="mw-redirect" title="Speaktoit">Speaktoit</a> </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>? </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;" scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Bixby_(voice_assistant)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bixby (voice assistant)">Bixby</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Samsung_Electronics" title="Samsung Electronics">Samsung Electronics</a> </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>JavaScript </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;" scope="col"><a href="/wiki/BlackBerry_10#Miscellaneous" title="BlackBerry 10">BlackBerry Assistant</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/BlackBerry_Limited" title="BlackBerry Limited">BlackBerry Limited</a> </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>? </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;" scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Braina" title="Braina">Braina</a> </th> <td>Brainasoft </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>? </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;" scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Clova_(virtual_assistant)" title="Clova (virtual assistant)">Clova</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Naver_(corporation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Naver (corporation)">Naver Corporation</a> </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>? </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;" scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Cortana_(software)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cortana (software)">Cortana</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>? </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;" scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Baidu" title="Baidu">Duer</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Baidu" title="Baidu">Baidu</a><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;" scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Evi_(software)" title="Evi (software)">Evi</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Amazon.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Amazon.com">Amazon.com</a> and <a href="/wiki/True_Knowledge" class="mw-redirect" title="True Knowledge">True Knowledge</a> </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>? </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;" scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Google_Assistant" title="Google Assistant">Google Assistant</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a> </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>C++ </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;" scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Google_Now" title="Google Now">Google Now</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a> </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>? </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;" scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Mycroft_(software)" title="Mycroft (software)">Mycroft</a><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td>Mycroft AI </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td>Python </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;" scope="col"><a href="/wiki/SILVIA" title="SILVIA">SILVIA</a> </th> <td>Cognitive Code </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>? </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;" scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Siri" title="Siri">Siri</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple Inc.</a> </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>? </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;" scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Viv_(software)" title="Viv (software)">Viv</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Samsung_Electronics" title="Samsung Electronics">Samsung Electronics</a> </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>? </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;" scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Xiaowei" title="Xiaowei">Xiaowei</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Tencent" title="Tencent">Tencent</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>? </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;" scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Celia_(Virtual_assistant)" class="mw-redirect" title="Celia (Virtual assistant)">Celia</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Huawei" title="Huawei">Huawei</a> </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>? </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virtual_assistant&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Applications_of_artificial_intelligence" title="Applications of artificial intelligence">Applications of artificial intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_agent" title="Autonomous agent">Autonomous agent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_facial_animation" title="Computer facial animation">Computer facial animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expert_system" title="Expert system">Expert system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friendly_artificial_intelligence" title="Friendly artificial intelligence">Friendly artificial intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_network" title="Home network">Home network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_intelligent_system" title="Hybrid intelligent system">Hybrid intelligent system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligent_agent" title="Intelligent agent">Intelligent agent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interactions_Corporation" title="Interactions Corporation">Interactions Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_Navigator" title="Knowledge Navigator">Knowledge Navigator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_Assistant" title="Office Assistant">Office Assistant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-agent_system" title="Multi-agent system">Multi-agent system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simulation_hypothesis" title="Simulation hypothesis">Simulation hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_bot" title="Social bot">Social bot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_data_revolution" title="Social data revolution">Social data revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_bot" title="Software bot">Software bot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wizard_(software)" title="Wizard (software)">Wizard (software)</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virtual_assistant&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHoy2018" class="citation journal cs1">Hoy, Matthew B. 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href="/wiki/Viv_(software)" title="Viv (software)">Viv</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braina" title="Braina">Braina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celia_(virtual_assistant)" title="Celia (virtual assistant)">Celia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clova_(virtual_assistant)" title="Clova (virtual assistant)">Clova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Assistant" title="Google Assistant">Google Assistant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maluuba" title="Maluuba">Maluuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siri" title="Siri">Siri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voice_Mate" title="Voice Mate">Voice Mate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Watson" title="IBM Watson">Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WolframAlpha" title="WolframAlpha">WolframAlpha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiaoice" title="Xiaoice">Xiaoice</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Discontinued</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BlackBerry_10" title="BlackBerry 10">BlackBerry Assistant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cortana_(virtual_assistant)" title="Cortana (virtual assistant)">Cortana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Now" title="Google Now">Google Now</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M_(virtual_assistant)" title="M (virtual assistant)">M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Agent" title="Microsoft Agent">Microsoft Agent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Bob" title="Microsoft Bob">Microsoft Bob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Voice_Command" title="Microsoft Voice Command">Microsoft Voice Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ms._Dewey" title="Ms. Dewey">Ms. Dewey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mya_(program)" title="Mya (program)">Mya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycroft_(software)" title="Mycroft (software)">Mycroft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_Assistant" title="Office Assistant">Office Assistant</a> (Clippy)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/S_Voice" title="S Voice">S Voice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assistant_(by_Speaktoit)" title="Assistant (by Speaktoit)">Speaktoit Assistant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tafiti" title="Tafiti">Tafiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlingo" title="Vlingo">Vlingo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Natural_language_processing" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Natural_language_processing" title="Template:Natural language processing"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Natural_language_processing" title="Template talk:Natural language processing"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Natural_language_processing" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Natural language processing"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Natural_language_processing" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Natural_language_processing" title="Natural language processing">Natural language processing</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General terms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AI-complete" title="AI-complete">AI-complete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bag-of-words_model" title="Bag-of-words model">Bag-of-words</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-gram" title="N-gram">n-gram</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bigram" title="Bigram">Bigram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trigram" title="Trigram">Trigram</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_linguistics" title="Computational linguistics">Computational linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_language_understanding" title="Natural language understanding">Natural language understanding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stop_word" title="Stop word">Stop words</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Text_processing" title="Text processing">Text processing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Text_mining" title="Text mining">Text analysis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argument_mining" title="Argument mining">Argument mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collocation_extraction" title="Collocation extraction">Collocation extraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concept_mining" title="Concept mining">Concept mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coreference#Coreference_resolution" title="Coreference">Coreference resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_linguistic_processing" title="Deep linguistic processing">Deep linguistic processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distant_reading" title="Distant reading">Distant reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_extraction" title="Information extraction">Information extraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Named-entity_recognition" title="Named-entity recognition">Named-entity recognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontology_learning" title="Ontology learning">Ontology learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parsing" title="Parsing">Parsing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_parsing" title="Semantic parsing">Semantic parsing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syntactic_parsing_(computational_linguistics)" title="Syntactic parsing (computational linguistics)">Syntactic parsing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Part-of-speech_tagging" title="Part-of-speech tagging">Part-of-speech tagging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_analysis_(machine_learning)" title="Semantic analysis (machine learning)">Semantic analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_role_labeling" title="Semantic role labeling">Semantic role labeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_decomposition_(natural_language_processing)" title="Semantic decomposition (natural language processing)">Semantic decomposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_similarity" title="Semantic similarity">Semantic similarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentiment_analysis" title="Sentiment analysis">Sentiment analysis</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terminology_extraction" title="Terminology extraction">Terminology extraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Text_mining" title="Text mining">Text mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textual_entailment" title="Textual entailment">Textual entailment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truecasing" title="Truecasing">Truecasing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Word-sense_disambiguation" title="Word-sense disambiguation">Word-sense disambiguation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Word-sense_induction" title="Word-sense induction">Word-sense induction</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Text_segmentation" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Text_segmentation" title="Text segmentation">Text segmentation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compound-term_processing" title="Compound-term processing">Compound-term processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemmatisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Lemmatisation">Lemmatisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lexical_analysis" title="Lexical analysis">Lexical analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shallow_parsing" title="Shallow parsing">Text chunking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stemming" title="Stemming">Stemming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentence_boundary_disambiguation" title="Sentence boundary disambiguation">Sentence segmentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Word#Word_boundaries" title="Word">Word segmentation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Automatic_summarization" title="Automatic summarization">Automatic summarization</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multi-document_summarization" title="Multi-document summarization">Multi-document summarization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentence_extraction" title="Sentence extraction">Sentence extraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Text_simplification" title="Text simplification">Text simplification</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Machine_translation" title="Machine translation">Machine translation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer-assisted_translation" title="Computer-assisted translation">Computer-assisted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Example-based_machine_translation" title="Example-based machine translation">Example-based</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule-based_machine_translation" title="Rule-based machine translation">Rule-based</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistical_machine_translation" title="Statistical machine translation">Statistical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfer-based_machine_translation" title="Transfer-based machine translation">Transfer-based</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neural_machine_translation" title="Neural machine translation">Neural</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Distributional_semantics" title="Distributional semantics">Distributional semantics</a> models</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BERT_(language_model)" title="BERT (language model)">BERT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Document-term_matrix" title="Document-term matrix">Document-term matrix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explicit_semantic_analysis" title="Explicit semantic analysis">Explicit semantic analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FastText" title="FastText">fastText</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GloVe" title="GloVe">GloVe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_model" title="Language model">Language model</a> (<a href="/wiki/Large_language_model" title="Large language model">large</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latent_semantic_analysis" title="Latent semantic analysis">Latent semantic analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seq2seq" title="Seq2seq">Seq2seq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Word_embedding" title="Word embedding">Word embedding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Word2vec" title="Word2vec">Word2vec</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Language_resource" title="Language resource">Language resources</a>,<br />datasets and corpora</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types and<br />standards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corpus_linguistics" title="Corpus linguistics">Corpus linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lexical_resource" title="Lexical resource">Lexical resource</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_Linked_Open_Data" title="Linguistic Linked Open Data">Linguistic Linked Open Data</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machine-readable_dictionary" title="Machine-readable dictionary">Machine-readable dictionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_text" title="Parallel text">Parallel text</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PropBank" title="PropBank">PropBank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_network" title="Semantic network">Semantic network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_Knowledge_Organization_System" title="Simple Knowledge Organization System">Simple Knowledge Organization System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speech_corpus" title="Speech corpus">Speech corpus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Text_corpus" title="Text corpus">Text corpus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thesaurus_(information_retrieval)" title="Thesaurus (information retrieval)">Thesaurus (information retrieval)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treebank" title="Treebank">Treebank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Dependencies" title="Universal Dependencies">Universal Dependencies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Data</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BabelNet" title="BabelNet">BabelNet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_English" title="Bank of English">Bank of English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DBpedia" title="DBpedia">DBpedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FrameNet" title="FrameNet">FrameNet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Ngram_Viewer" class="mw-redirect" title="Google Ngram Viewer">Google Ngram Viewer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UBY" title="UBY">UBY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WordNet" title="WordNet">WordNet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Automatic_identification_and_data_capture" title="Automatic identification and data capture">Automatic identification<br />and data capture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Speech_recognition" title="Speech recognition">Speech recognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speech_segmentation" title="Speech segmentation">Speech segmentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speech_synthesis" title="Speech synthesis">Speech synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_language_generation" title="Natural language generation">Natural language generation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_character_recognition" title="Optical character recognition">Optical character recognition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Topic_model" title="Topic model">Topic model</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Document_classification" title="Document classification">Document classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latent_Dirichlet_allocation" title="Latent Dirichlet allocation">Latent Dirichlet allocation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pachinko_allocation" title="Pachinko allocation">Pachinko allocation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Computer-assisted_reviewing" title="Computer-assisted reviewing">Computer-assisted<br />reviewing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automated_essay_scoring" title="Automated essay scoring">Automated essay scoring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concordancer" title="Concordancer">Concordancer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammar_checker" title="Grammar checker">Grammar checker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predictive_text" title="Predictive text">Predictive text</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pronunciation_assessment" title="Pronunciation assessment">Pronunciation assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spell_checker" title="Spell checker">Spell checker</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Natural-language_user_interface" title="Natural-language user interface">Natural language<br />user interface</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chatbot" title="Chatbot">Chatbot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interactive_fiction" title="Interactive fiction">Interactive fiction</a> (c.f. <a href="/wiki/Syntax_guessing" class="mw-redirect" title="Syntax guessing">Syntax guessing</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Question_answering" title="Question answering">Question answering</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Virtual assistant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voice_user_interface" title="Voice user interface">Voice user interface</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Formal_semantics_(natural_language)" title="Formal semantics (natural language)">Formal semantics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallucination_(artificial_intelligence)" title="Hallucination (artificial intelligence)">Hallucination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_Language_Toolkit" title="Natural Language Toolkit">Natural Language Toolkit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaCy" title="SpaCy">spaCy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span 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