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href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Function" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Function"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Function</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Function-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Safety" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Safety"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Safety</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Safety-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types_of_curb" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types_of_curb"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Types of curb</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types_of_curb-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Types of curb subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Types_of_curb-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Shape" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shape"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Shape</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shape-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Material" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Material"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Material</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Material-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Height" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Height"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Height</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Height-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Integral_gutter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Integral_gutter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Integral gutter</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Integral_gutter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Paint" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paint"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Paint</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paint-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Auto_racing_curbs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Auto_racing_curbs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Auto racing curbs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Auto_racing_curbs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_identifiers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_identifiers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Cultural identifiers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_identifiers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Available in 29 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-29" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">29 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%84_(%D8%B1%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%81)" title="جول (رصيف) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جول (رصيف)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Крайка – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Крайка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vorada" title="Vorada – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Vorada" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obrubn%C3%ADk" title="Obrubník – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Obrubník" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kantsten" title="Kantsten – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kantsten" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bordstein" title="Bordstein – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bordstein" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bordillo" title="Bordillo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Bordillo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zintarri" title="Zintarri – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Zintarri" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84_(%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%B1%D9%88)" title="جدول (پیاده‌رو) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جدول (پیاده‌رو)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bordure_(route)" title="Bordure (route) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bordure (route)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B0%93%EB%8F%8C" title="갓돌 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="갓돌" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0" title="कोर – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कोर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanstin" title="Kanstin – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kanstin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cordolo" title="Cordolo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cordolo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%91%D7%9F_%D7%A9%D7%A4%D7%94" title="אבן שפה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אבן שפה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bortelis" title="Bortelis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Bortelis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trottoirband" title="Trottoirband – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Trottoirband" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B8%81%E7%9F%B3" title="縁石 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="縁石" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kantstein" title="Kantstein – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kantstein" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraw%C4%99%C5%BCnik" title="Krawężnik – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Krawężnik" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meio-fio" title="Meio-fio – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Meio-fio" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bordur%C4%83" title="Bordură – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Bordură" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Бортовой камень – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бортовой камень" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borsztajn" title="Borsztajn – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Borsztajn" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reunakiveys" title="Reunakiveys – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Reunakiveys" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kantsten" title="Kantsten – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kantsten" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Бортовий камінь – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Бортовий камінь" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bordeure" title="Bordeure – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Bordeure" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B7%AF%E7%B7%A3" title="路緣 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="路緣" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q37442#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Edge where a sidewalk meets a road</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Curb_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Curb (disambiguation)">Curb (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kerb_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Kerb (disambiguation)">Kerb (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LoveItaly_Pompei.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/LoveItaly_Pompei.jpg/220px-LoveItaly_Pompei.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/LoveItaly_Pompei.jpg/330px-LoveItaly_Pompei.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/LoveItaly_Pompei.jpg/440px-LoveItaly_Pompei.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="576" /></a><figcaption>Stone curbs and raised sidewalks on both sides of a 2000-year-old paved road in <a href="/wiki/Pompeii" title="Pompeii">Pompeii</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:UptownMagazineTileGutterWoodBricks.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/UptownMagazineTileGutterWoodBricks.jpg/170px-UptownMagazineTileGutterWoodBricks.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/UptownMagazineTileGutterWoodBricks.jpg/255px-UptownMagazineTileGutterWoodBricks.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/UptownMagazineTileGutterWoodBricks.jpg/340px-UptownMagazineTileGutterWoodBricks.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>A curb with the street name on the sidewalk in <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>curb</b> (<a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a>) or <b>kerb</b> (<a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">British English</a>) is the edge where a raised <a href="/wiki/Sidewalk" title="Sidewalk">sidewalk</a> or <a href="/wiki/Road_median" class="mw-redirect" title="Road median">road median/central reservation</a> meets a street or other roadway. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Spelling,_usage_and_etymology"><span id="Spelling.2C_usage_and_etymology"></span>Spelling, usage and etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Curb&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Spelling, usage and etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The word <i>curb</i> (US) or <i>kerb</i> (UK) comes from the Latin <i>curvus</i>, meaning "curve". In the United States, <i>curb</i> is the preferred spelling, whereas in the United Kingdom, Australia and most of the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth</a>, <i>kerb</i> is the preferred spelling. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Curb&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:E_India_House.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/E_India_House.jpg/220px-E_India_House.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/E_India_House.jpg/330px-E_India_House.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/E_India_House.jpg/440px-E_India_House.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1086" data-file-height="628" /></a><figcaption>Pedestrian area separated from <a href="/wiki/Carriageway" title="Carriageway">carriageway</a> by six <a href="/wiki/Bollard" title="Bollard">bollards</a> in front of the <a href="/wiki/East_India_House" title="East India House">East India House</a> in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, 1766</figcaption></figure> <p>Although curbs have been used throughout modern history, and indeed were present in ancient <a href="/wiki/Pompeii" title="Pompeii">Pompeii</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> their widespread construction and use only began in the 18th century, as a part of the various movements towards city beautification that were attempted in the period.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A series of Paving Acts in the 18th century, especially the 1766 Paving and Lighting Act, authorized the <a href="/wiki/City_of_London_Corporation" title="City of London Corporation">City of London Corporation</a> to create footways along the streets of London, pave them with <a href="/wiki/Purbeck_stone" title="Purbeck stone">Purbeck stone</a> (the thoroughfare in the middle was generally cobblestone) and raise them above street level with curbs forming the separation. The corporation was also made responsible for the regular upkeep of the roads, including their cleaning and repair, for which they charged a tax from 1766.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Previously, small wooden <a href="/wiki/Bollard" title="Bollard">bollards</a> had been put up to demarcate the area of the street reserved for pedestrian use. By the late 18th century, this method of separating pedestrians from carriageways had largely been supplanted by the use of curbs. With the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Macadam" title="Macadam">macadam roads</a> in the early 19th-century, curbs became ubiquitous in the streets of London.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Curbs present an obstacle for accessibility to physically disabled persons in public spaces.<sup id="cite_ref-Peterson_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peterson-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1945, Jack Fisher of <a href="/wiki/Kalamazoo,_Michigan" title="Kalamazoo, Michigan">Kalamazoo, Michigan</a>, celebrated the installation of one of the nation's first <a href="/wiki/Curb_cut" title="Curb cut">curb cuts</a> to facilitate mobility in the center of the city.<sup id="cite_ref-Peterson_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peterson-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the United States, activism and passage of federal legislation on accessibility requirements such as the <a href="/wiki/Americans_with_Disabilities_Act_of_1990" title="Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990">Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990</a> (ADA) have facilitated travel for <a href="/wiki/Wheelchair" title="Wheelchair">wheelchair</a> users and other people.<sup id="cite_ref-Peterson_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peterson-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Function">Function</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Curb&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Function"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Curb_gutter_storm_drain.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Curb_gutter_storm_drain.JPG/170px-Curb_gutter_storm_drain.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Curb_gutter_storm_drain.JPG/255px-Curb_gutter_storm_drain.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Curb_gutter_storm_drain.JPG/340px-Curb_gutter_storm_drain.JPG 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>A modern curb, <a href="/wiki/Street_gutter" title="Street gutter">gutter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Storm_drain" title="Storm drain">storm drain</a>, and an <a href="/wiki/Accessibility" title="Accessibility">accessibility</a> ramp between roadway and pedestrian sidewalk </figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:High_curb_level_streetcar_boarding_(8712580004).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/High_curb_level_streetcar_boarding_%288712580004%29.jpg/170px-High_curb_level_streetcar_boarding_%288712580004%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/High_curb_level_streetcar_boarding_%288712580004%29.jpg/255px-High_curb_level_streetcar_boarding_%288712580004%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/High_curb_level_streetcar_boarding_%288712580004%29.jpg/340px-High_curb_level_streetcar_boarding_%288712580004%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1836" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>A high curb designed for boarding <a href="/wiki/Public_transport" title="Public transport">transit vehicles</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>Curbs may fulfill any or several of a number of functions.<sup id="cite_ref-optimized_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-optimized-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By delineating the edge of the pavement, they separate the road from the roadside and discourage drivers from parking or driving on sidewalks and lawns. They also provide structural support to the pavement edge. Curbs can be used to channel runoff water from rain or melted snow and ice into <a href="/wiki/Storm_drain" title="Storm drain">storm drains</a>. </p><p>There is also an aesthetic aspect, in that curbs look formal and "finished".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Since curbs add to the cost of a road, they are generally limited to urban and suburban areas and are rarely found in rural areas except where certain drainage conditions (such as mountains or <a href="/wiki/Culvert" title="Culvert">culverts</a>) make them necessary. Curbs are not universally used, however, even in urban settings (see <a href="/wiki/Living_street" title="Living street">living street</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Safety">Safety</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Curb&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Safety"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In low-speed environments, curbs are effective at channeling motor vehicle traffic and can provide some redirective capacity for low-speed impacts.<sup id="cite_ref-optimized_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-optimized-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On higher speed roads, the main function of curbs is to provide drainage, and they are mostly used in areas of a bridge approach or other locations with <a href="/wiki/Erosion" title="Erosion">erosion</a> risk.<sup id="cite_ref-optimized_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-optimized-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A high-speed vehicle that hits a curb may actually turn towards the sidewalk, rather than be directed away from it.<sup id="cite_ref-optimized_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-optimized-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A vehicle that strikes a curb can also be tripped into a <a href="/wiki/Vehicle_rollover" title="Vehicle rollover">rollover</a> crash or vaulted into the air.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The vehicle could be vaulted over a <a href="/wiki/Traffic_barrier" title="Traffic barrier">traffic barrier</a> into the object the barrier is intended to shield. This is a reason why they are rarely used on rural or high-speed roads. Where a curb is used with a traffic barrier, the barrier should either be close to or well behind the curb, to reduce the chances of a vehicle going over the barrier.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Depending on the area and the distance between the travel lane and the edge of the pavement, an edge line can be used to indicate the outside (shoulder) edge of the road. <a href="/wiki/Retroreflector" title="Retroreflector">Retroreflective</a> <a href="/wiki/Road_marking" class="mw-redirect" title="Road marking">road marking</a> material can also be applied to the curb itself to make it more conspicuous. </p><p>Curbs are also meant to inform pedestrians to stop or slow down as they prepare to cross roadways.<sup id="cite_ref-Olszewski_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Olszewski-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, cultural context and behavioral norms of a society may affect safety in that people are more likely to cross on a red light while standing alone than waiting with others at the curb.<sup id="cite_ref-Olszewski_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Olszewski-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_of_curb">Types of curb</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Curb&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Types of curb"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kutn%C3%A1_hora_cobblestones3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Kutn%C3%A1_hora_cobblestones3.jpg/220px-Kutn%C3%A1_hora_cobblestones3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Kutn%C3%A1_hora_cobblestones3.jpg/330px-Kutn%C3%A1_hora_cobblestones3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Kutn%C3%A1_hora_cobblestones3.jpg/440px-Kutn%C3%A1_hora_cobblestones3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1219" data-file-height="914" /></a><figcaption>Old sidewalk with granite curb in <a href="/wiki/Kutn%C3%A1_Hora" title="Kutná Hora">Kutná Hora</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Warszawa_-_Warsaw_-_Varsovie_-_Warschau_-_Varsovia_-_Vars%C3%B3_-_%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0_-_panoramio_(4).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Warszawa_-_Warsaw_-_Varsovie_-_Warschau_-_Varsovia_-_Vars%C3%B3_-_%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0_-_panoramio_%284%29.jpg/220px-Warszawa_-_Warsaw_-_Varsovie_-_Warschau_-_Varsovia_-_Vars%C3%B3_-_%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0_-_panoramio_%284%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Warszawa_-_Warsaw_-_Varsovie_-_Warschau_-_Varsovia_-_Vars%C3%B3_-_%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0_-_panoramio_%284%29.jpg/330px-Warszawa_-_Warsaw_-_Varsovie_-_Warschau_-_Varsovia_-_Vars%C3%B3_-_%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0_-_panoramio_%284%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Warszawa_-_Warsaw_-_Varsovie_-_Warschau_-_Varsovia_-_Vars%C3%B3_-_%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0_-_panoramio_%284%29.jpg/440px-Warszawa_-_Warsaw_-_Varsovie_-_Warschau_-_Varsovia_-_Vars%C3%B3_-_%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0_-_panoramio_%284%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2415" data-file-height="1811" /></a><figcaption>Modern use of stone curbs, <a href="/wiki/Cobblestone" title="Cobblestone">cobblestone</a>, and planters as <a href="/wiki/Bollard" title="Bollard">bollards</a> to separate vehicles from pedestrians in <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>There are a number of types of curbs, categorized by shape, material, height, and whether the curb is combined with a <a href="/wiki/Street_gutter" title="Street gutter">gutter</a>. Most curb is constructed separately from the pavement, and the gutter is formed at the joint between the roadway and the curb. The combined curb and gutter (also called "curb and channel") has a concrete curb and gutter cast together in one piece. "Integral curb" is curbing constructed integrally as a part of the concrete pavement. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shape">Shape</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Curb&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Shape"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Curbs often have a vertical or nearly-vertical face, also called "barrier", "non-mountable", or "insurmountable curb". A vertical-faced curb is used to discourage motor vehicle drivers from leaving the roadway. The square (90°-edge) or close-to-square type is still almost always used in towns and cities, as it is a straight step down and thus less likely to be tripped-over by pedestrians.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> By contrast, a slope-faced curb allows motor vehicles to cross it at low speed. Slope-faced curb is most often used on major suburban <a href="/wiki/Thoroughfare" title="Thoroughfare">thoroughfares</a>. </p><p>In certain locales, such as California, there is an effort to standardize the design to achieve efficiencies in construction and lower costs. Trends include using a 24-inch (610 mm) gutter that balances the increased initial price with lower maintenance costs.<sup id="cite_ref-Malloch_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Malloch-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At <a href="/wiki/Crosswalk" class="mw-redirect" title="Crosswalk">crosswalks</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Pedestrian_crossing" title="Pedestrian crossing">pedestrian crossings</a>, narrow dropped <a href="/wiki/Curb_cut" title="Curb cut">curb cuts</a> are used to allow small wheeled vehicles such as <a href="/wiki/Wheelchair" title="Wheelchair">wheelchairs</a>, children's <a href="/wiki/Tricycles" class="mw-redirect" title="Tricycles">tricycles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baby_transport#Pushable_vehicles" title="Baby transport">prams, and strollers</a> to cross. This makes it easier to traverse for some pedestrians, and especially for those in wheelchairs. Wider curb cuts are also used to allow motor vehicles to cross sidewalks at low speed, typically for <a href="/wiki/Driveway" title="Driveway">driveways</a>. </p><p>In Great Britain, "high containment kerbs" are used at locations with pedestrians, fuel station pumps, and other areas that need greater protection from vehicle traffic. These are 14 inches (36 cm) high - much higher than standard curb, with a sloped lower portion and a concave face. These are also known as "trief" curbs.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rounded curbs are most often used at driveways, and continuously along suburban residential streets where there are many driveways and the sidewalk has a grassy setback from the street. This type of curbing starts out nearly flat like the road, curves up in a <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/concave" class="extiw" title="wikt:concave">concave</a> manner to a gentle <a href="/wiki/Slope" title="Slope">slope</a>, then curves back in a <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/convex" class="extiw" title="wikt:convex">convex</a> manner to nearly flat again, making it much easier to drive over, and is also known as a "rolled" or "mountable curb" in some localities. These types of curbs are preferred by builders because they are less expensive than installing straight curbs and gutters.<sup id="cite_ref-SidewalksIn_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SidewalksIn-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are easier to lay using <a href="/wiki/Concrete" title="Concrete">concrete</a> and require less forming as steel templates can be used with only front and back forms needed.<sup id="cite_ref-SidewalksIn_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SidewalksIn-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their use also eliminates the need for driveway cuts, curbs, and aprons, thus further reducing costs.<sup id="cite_ref-SidewalksIn_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SidewalksIn-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Material">Material</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Curb&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Material"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Curbs are constructed of many materials, including asphalt, stone, or masonry blocks, but most often are made of <a href="/wiki/Portland_cement" title="Portland cement">Portland cement</a> concrete. The type of material may depend on the type of paving material used for the road and the desired function or need. For example, a Portland concrete curb used with an asphalt concrete road surface provides a highly visible barrier at the edge of the road surface. Other types of curb material include stone slabs, <a href="/wiki/Cobblestone" title="Cobblestone">cobblestone</a>, and manufactured <a href="/wiki/Paver_(flooring)" class="mw-redirect" title="Paver (flooring)">pavers</a>. </p><p>A concrete curb may be constructed by setting forms by hand, filling them, letting them set up, and then removing the forms. When large quantities of curb are to be constructed, it is often more efficient to use a <a href="/wiki/Slip_forming" title="Slip forming">slip form</a> casting machine. Curbs can also be <a href="/wiki/Precast_concrete" title="Precast concrete">precast</a> at a central location and trucked to the construction site. </p><p>Asphalt curb is usually made with a <a href="/wiki/Paver_(vehicle)" title="Paver (vehicle)">paving machine</a>. It can be cheaper if it is formed at the same time that a road is paved, but is less durable than a concrete curb.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Stone curb, often made from <a href="/wiki/Granite" title="Granite">granite</a>, is durable and resistant to <a href="/wiki/Road_salt" title="Road salt">de-icing salt</a>. It is also chosen for aesthetic reasons. In areas where granite is available, it may be cheaper than concrete curb.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One disadvantage of granite curb is that it can cut a <a href="/wiki/Tire" title="Tire">tire sidewall</a> if it is rough-faced.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Belgian_block" class="mw-redirect" title="Belgian block">Belgian block</a> curbs are made by placing blocks over a concrete slip. Then, more concrete is wedged in between the blocks to hold them together. These blocks can be vertical or angled in order to create a mountable curb. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Curb_metal_forms_under_construction.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Metal forms before the concrete is poured and finished by hand"><img alt="Metal forms before the concrete is poured and finished by hand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Curb_metal_forms_under_construction.jpg/150px-Curb_metal_forms_under_construction.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Curb_metal_forms_under_construction.jpg/225px-Curb_metal_forms_under_construction.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Curb_metal_forms_under_construction.jpg/300px-Curb_metal_forms_under_construction.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Metal forms before the concrete is poured and finished by hand</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Curbhandform.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hand forming at catch basins"><img alt="Hand forming at catch basins" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Curbhandform.jpg/200px-Curbhandform.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Curbhandform.jpg/300px-Curbhandform.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Curbhandform.jpg/400px-Curbhandform.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Hand forming at catch basins</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Height">Height</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Curb&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Height"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Curb_pour_for_Poinciana_Parkway.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Curb_pour_for_Poinciana_Parkway.jpg/220px-Curb_pour_for_Poinciana_Parkway.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Curb_pour_for_Poinciana_Parkway.jpg/330px-Curb_pour_for_Poinciana_Parkway.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Curb_pour_for_Poinciana_Parkway.jpg/440px-Curb_pour_for_Poinciana_Parkway.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1186" data-file-height="889" /></a><figcaption>This machine <a href="/wiki/Slip_forming" title="Slip forming">slip casts</a> a concrete curb with integral gutter</figcaption></figure> <p>When designing a curbed roadway, engineers specify the "reveal" or "lip". The reveal is the height of the section that is visible (revealed) above the road surface. Typical reveals are in the 4 to 8 inches (100 to 200 mm) range. Curbs at handicapped <a href="/wiki/Curb_cut" title="Curb cut">curb cuts</a> (or "kerb ramps", for example in Australia) should have no reveal.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the recommendations has been using a 4/12 <a href="/wiki/Batter_(walls)" title="Batter (walls)">batter</a> in to accommodate automobile design because steeper batters tend to interfere with body trim, hubcaps, and lower door edges while curb faces in excess of 6 in (152 mm) in height may prevent the full opening of car doors.<sup id="cite_ref-Malloch_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Malloch-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most curb extends down into the ground below the pavement surface, to improve their stability over time. The total height, including the buried portion, is often 16 in (406 mm).<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Integral_gutter">Integral gutter</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Curb&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Integral gutter"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Curbs with integral gutters are used where better hydraulic flow performance is needed. However, this places a longitudinal joint (parallel to the direction of travel) near where <a href="/wiki/Bicycle" title="Bicycle">bicyclists</a> often ride. If the main roadway and gutter settle differently over time, the vertical edge that develops at the joint can cause a hazard for bicyclists.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Paint">Paint</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Curb&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Paint"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Disabled_Parking_Only_-_Color_Curbs_(15400783703).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Disabled_Parking_Only_-_Color_Curbs_%2815400783703%29.jpg/220px-Disabled_Parking_Only_-_Color_Curbs_%2815400783703%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Disabled_Parking_Only_-_Color_Curbs_%2815400783703%29.jpg/330px-Disabled_Parking_Only_-_Color_Curbs_%2815400783703%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Disabled_Parking_Only_-_Color_Curbs_%2815400783703%29.jpg/440px-Disabled_Parking_Only_-_Color_Curbs_%2815400783703%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5760" data-file-height="3840" /></a><figcaption>Blue curb marking</figcaption></figure> <p>In some places curbs are painted to increase visibility or mark a special street side. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Auto_racing_curbs">Auto racing curbs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Curb&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Auto racing curbs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In auto racing, curbs are flat curbstones lining the corners or <a href="/wiki/Chicanes" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicanes">chicanes</a> of racing tracks.<sup id="cite_ref-f1network_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-f1network-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are often painted red and white, and are intended to prevent unauthorized short-cuts and keep the racers safely on the track. Although they are not considered part of the racing track,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> drivers sometimes "ride the curbs" in order to maintain momentum and gain a time advantage in cornering.<sup id="cite_ref-f1network_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-f1network-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Adrian_Sutil_2009_Japan_1st_Free_Practice.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Adrian_Sutil_2009_Japan_1st_Free_Practice.jpg/220px-Adrian_Sutil_2009_Japan_1st_Free_Practice.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Adrian_Sutil_2009_Japan_1st_Free_Practice.jpg/330px-Adrian_Sutil_2009_Japan_1st_Free_Practice.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Adrian_Sutil_2009_Japan_1st_Free_Practice.jpg/440px-Adrian_Sutil_2009_Japan_1st_Free_Practice.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="848" /></a><figcaption>Curbs at the <a href="/wiki/Suzuka_International_Racing_Course" title="Suzuka International Racing Course">Suzuka International Racing Course</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_identifiers">Cultural identifiers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Curb&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Cultural identifiers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In certain parts of the world, curb design signifies cultural association. For example, in countries of the former <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese Empire</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, curbs are often distinctively decorated (along with the footpaths more broadly) in a style known as <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_pavement" title="Portuguese pavement">Portuguese pavement</a>, marking a clear link to Portugal, where the style originated. More explicitly, curbstones can be painted (by official sanction or otherwise) to stress an identity or ideology; for instance, in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a>, curbstones are <a href="/wiki/Kerb_painting" title="Kerb painting">frequently painted</a> in communities to identify a religious/political affiliation – typically either red, white, and blue for <a href="/wiki/Ulster_unionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulster unionism">Unionist/Loyalist</a> areas, and green, white, and orange for <a href="/wiki/Irish_nationalism" title="Irish nationalism">Nationalist</a> areas.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Curb&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 23em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curb_appeal" title="Curb appeal">Curb appeal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curb_cut_effect" title="Curb cut effect">Curb cut effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curb_extension" title="Curb extension">Curb extension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curb_feeler" title="Curb feeler">Curb feeler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curb_stomp" title="Curb stomp">Curb stomp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kassel_kerb" title="Kassel kerb">Kassel kerb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guided_bus#Kerb_guidance" title="Guided bus">Kerb guidance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerbside_collection" title="Kerbside collection">Kerbside collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_surface" title="Road surface">Road surface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheel_chock#Parking_chocks" title="Wheel chock">Wheel chock#Parking chocks</a>—Curbs for parking spaces</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Curb&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.archaeology.org/0811/etc/conversation.html">"Conversation: Rush Hour in Pompeii"</a>. <i>Archaeology.org</i>. 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The minimum speed for this to happen in a given curb-collision scenario gets lower as the height of the vehicle's center of gravity—including its load—gets higher.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dot.ny.gov/divisions/engineering/design/dqab/hdm/chapter-10">"New York State Highway Design Manual Chapter 10: Roadside Design, Guide Rail and Appurtenances"</a>. New York State Department of Transportation<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+York+State+Highway+Design+Manual+Chapter+3%3A+Typical+Sections&rft.pub=New+York+State+Department+of+Transportation&rft.date=2004-09-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dot.ny.gov%2Fdivisions%2Fengineering%2Fdesign%2Fdqab%2Fhdm%2Fchapter-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACurb" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-f1network-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-f1network_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-f1network_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.f1network.net/main/s107/st5011.htm">"Kerbs are important"</a>. <i>f1network.net</i>. 5 June 2002<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=f1network.net&rft.atitle=Kerbs+are+important&rft.date=2002-06-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.f1network.net%2Fmain%2Fs107%2Fst5011.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACurb" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.motorsport-total.com/f1/Sportliches-Reglement-2015.pdf">"2015 F1 Sporting Regulations"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile. p. 9<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 August</span> 2015</span>. <q>20.2 Drivers must use the track at all times. For the avoidance of doubt the white lines defining the track edges are considered to be part of the track but the kerbs are not.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2015+F1+Sporting+Regulations&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration+Internationale+de+l%27Automobile&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.motorsport-total.com%2Ff1%2FSportliches-Reglement-2015.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACurb" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDevineRobinson2017" class="citation web cs1">Devine, Paula; Robinson, Gillian (11 December 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://qpol.qub.ac.uk/bonfires-flags-identity-cultural-traditions/">"Bonfires, Flags, Identity and Cultural Traditions in Northern Ireland"</a>. <i>Queen's Policy Engagement</i>. Queen's University Belfast<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Queen%27s+Policy+Engagement&rft.atitle=Bonfires%2C+Flags%2C+Identity+and+Cultural+Traditions+in+Northern+Ireland&rft.date=2017-12-11&rft.aulast=Devine&rft.aufirst=Paula&rft.au=Robinson%2C+Gillian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fqpol.qub.ac.uk%2Fbonfires-flags-identity-cultural-traditions%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACurb" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbshire2003" class="citation journal cs1">Abshire, Jean E. (2003). "Northern Ireland's Politics in Paint". <i>Peace Review</i>. <b>15</b> (2): 149. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10402650307612">10.1080/10402650307612</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144518913">144518913</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Peace+Review&rft.atitle=Northern+Ireland%27s+Politics+in+Paint&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=149&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F10402650307612&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144518913%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Abshire&rft.aufirst=Jean+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACurb" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Curb&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Kerbs" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Kerbs">Kerbs</a> 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style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Types_of_road" title="Types of road">Types of road</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Limited-access_road" title="Limited-access road">Limited-access</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bicycle_highway" title="Bicycle highway">Bicycle highway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Controlled-access_highway" title="Controlled-access highway">Freeway / Motorway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_carriageway" title="Dual carriageway">Dual carriageway / Divided highway / Expressway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elevated_highway" title="Elevated highway">Elevated highway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Limited-access_roads_by_country" title="Category:Limited-access roads by country">By country</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Highways_in_Australia" title="Highways in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Belgium#Road_transport" title="Transport in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Highway_System" title="Brazilian Highway System">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_Canada" title="Roads in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expressways_of_China" title="Expressways of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highways_in_Croatia" title="Highways in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highways_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Highways in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autobahn" title="Autobahn">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highways_in_Greece" title="Highways in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_streets_and_roads_in_Hong_Kong" title="List of streets and roads in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_India" title="Roads in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-quality_dual_carriageway" title="High-quality dual carriageway">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_Italy" title="Roads in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_roads_in_Nepal" title="List of roads in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_Pakistan" title="Roads in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highways_in_Poland" title="Highways in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_Portugal" title="Roads in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highways_in_Spain" title="Highways in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highway_system_in_Taiwan" title="Highway system in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Roads in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numbered_highways_in_the_United_States" title="Numbered highways in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main roads</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arterial_road" title="Arterial road">Arterial road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collector_road" title="Collector road">Collector road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_highway" title="County highway">County highway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local%E2%80%93express_lanes" title="Local–express lanes">Express–collector setup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farm-to-market_road" title="Farm-to-market road">Farm-to-market road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highway" title="Highway">Highway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Link_road" title="Link road">Link road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-lane_expressway" title="Two-lane expressway">Two-lane expressway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2%2B1_road" title="2+1 road">2+1 road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2%2B2_road" title="2+2 road">2+2 road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkway" title="Parkway">Parkway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_road" title="Ring road">Ring road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_two" title="Super two">Super two</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trunk_road" title="Trunk road">Trunk road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highway_systems_by_country" title="Highway systems by country">Highway systems by country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Local roads</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Alley</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avenue_(landscape)" title="Avenue (landscape)">Avenue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Back_road" title="Back road">Back road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bicycle_boulevard" title="Bicycle boulevard">Bicycle boulevard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boulevard" title="Boulevard">Boulevard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Country_lane" title="Country lane">Country lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead_end_street" title="Dead end street">Dead end</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driveway" title="Driveway">Driveway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frontage_road" title="Frontage road">Frontage road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_lane_(road)" title="Green lane (road)">Green lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Main_Street" title="Main Street">Main street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primitive_road" title="Primitive road">Primitive road</a></li> <li>Road</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Side_road" title="Side road">Side road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_carriageway" title="Single carriageway">Single carriageway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-track_road" title="Single-track road">Single-track road</a></li> <li>Street</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunken_lane" title="Sunken lane">Sunken lane</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other terms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Concurrency_(road)" title="Concurrency (road)">Concurrency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detour" title="Detour">Detour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_hierarchy" title="Road hierarchy">Road hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_highway" title="Private highway">Private highway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Route_number" title="Route number">Route number</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special_route" title="Special route">special route</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_route" title="Business route">business route</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_hierarchy" title="Street hierarchy">Street hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stroad" title="Stroad">Stroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toll_road" title="Toll road">Toll road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_road" title="Winter road">Winter road</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Road_junction" title="Road junction">Road junctions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Interchange_(road)" title="Interchange (road)">Interchanges</a><br /><span class="nobold">(<a href="/wiki/Grade_separation" title="Grade separation">grade-separated</a>)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cloverleaf_interchange" title="Cloverleaf interchange">Cloverleaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diamond_interchange" title="Diamond interchange">Diamond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-flow_interchange" title="Free-flow interchange">Free-flow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interchange_(road)#Directional_T_interchange" title="Interchange (road)">Directional T</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diverging_diamond_interchange" title="Diverging diamond interchange">Diverging diamond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partial_cloverleaf_interchange" title="Partial cloverleaf interchange">Parclo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raindrop_interchange" class="mw-redirect" title="Raindrop interchange">Raindrop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roundabout_interchange" title="Roundabout interchange">Roundabout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-point_urban_interchange" title="Single-point urban interchange">Single-point urban (SPUI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stack_interchange" title="Stack interchange">Stack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-level_diamond_interchange" title="Three-level diamond interchange">Three-level diamond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interchange_(road)#Trumpet_interchange" title="Interchange (road)">Trumpet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Intersection_(road)" title="Intersection (road)">Intersections<br /><span class="nobold">(at-grade)</span></a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Three-way_junction" title="Three-way junction">3-way junction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowtie_(road)" title="Bowtie (road)">Bowtie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Box_junction" title="Box junction">Box junction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channelization_(roads)" title="Channelization (roads)">Channelization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuous-flow_intersection" title="Continuous-flow intersection">Continuous flow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hook_turn" title="Hook turn">Hook turn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jughandle" title="Jughandle">Jughandle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_left" title="Michigan left">Michigan left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offset_T-intersection" title="Offset T-intersection">Offset T-intersection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_intersection" title="Protected intersection">Protected intersection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadrant_roadway_intersection" title="Quadrant roadway intersection">Quadrant roadway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-in/right-out" title="Right-in/right-out">Right-in/right-out (RIRO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roundabout" title="Roundabout">Roundabout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seagull_intersection" title="Seagull intersection">Seagull intersection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Split_intersection" title="Split intersection">Split intersection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superstreet" title="Superstreet">Superstreet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_U-turn" title="Texas U-turn">Texas U-turn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turnaround_(road)" title="Turnaround (road)">Turnaround</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Road_surface" title="Road surface">Surfaces</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asphalt_concrete" title="Asphalt concrete">Asphalt concrete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioasphalt" title="Bioasphalt">Bioasphalt</a></li> <li>Brick</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chipseal" title="Chipseal">Chipseal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobblestone" title="Cobblestone">Cobblestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concrete#Roads" title="Concrete">Concrete</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reinforced_concrete" title="Reinforced concrete">Reinforced concrete</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corduroy_road" title="Corduroy road">Corduroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crocodile_cracking" title="Crocodile cracking">Crocodile cracking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crushed_stone" title="Crushed stone">Crushed stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diamond_grinding_of_pavement" title="Diamond grinding of pavement">Diamond grinding of pavement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirt_road" title="Dirt road">Dirt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full_depth_recycling" title="Full depth recycling">Full depth recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glassphalt" title="Glassphalt">Glassphalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravel_road" title="Gravel road">Gravel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_road" title="Ice road">Ice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macadam" title="Macadam">Macadam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavement_milling" title="Pavement milling">Pavement milling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permeable_paving" title="Permeable paving">Permeable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plank_road" title="Plank road">Plank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_road" title="Plastic road">Plastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubberized_asphalt" title="Rubberized asphalt">Rubberized asphalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sealcoat" title="Sealcoat">Sealcoat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sett_(paving)" title="Sett (paving)">Sett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamped_asphalt" title="Stamped asphalt">Stamped asphalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarmacadam" title="Tarmacadam">Tarmac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_texture" title="Road texture">Texture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Road_traffic_safety" title="Road traffic safety">Road safety<br />factors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Road and<br />environment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquaplaning" title="Aquaplaning">Aquaplaning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avalanche" title="Avalanche">Avalanche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_ice" title="Black ice">Black ice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bleeding_(roads)" title="Bleeding (roads)">Bleeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crosswind" title="Crosswind">Crosswind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead_Man%27s_Curve" title="Dead Man's Curve">Dead Man's Curve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expansion_joint" title="Expansion joint">Expansion joint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fog" title="Fog">Fog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ford_(crossing)" title="Ford (crossing)">Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hairpin_turn" title="Hairpin turn">Hairpin turn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Level_crossing" title="Level crossing">Level crossing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhole_cover" title="Manhole cover">Manhole cover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_spill" title="Oil spill">Oil spill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oversize_load" title="Oversize load">Oversize load</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pothole" title="Pothole">Pothole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_debris" title="Road debris">Road debris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_slipperiness" title="Road slipperiness">Road slipperiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_train" title="Road train">Road train</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roadkill" title="Roadkill">Roadkill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockfall" title="Rockfall">Rockfall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rut_(roads)" title="Rut (roads)">Rut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speed_bump" title="Speed bump">Speed bump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storm_drain" title="Storm drain">Storm drain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_light" title="Traffic light">Traffic light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_sign" title="Traffic sign">Traffic sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washboarding" title="Washboarding">Washboarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washout_(erosion)" title="Washout (erosion)">Washout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whiteout_(weather)" title="Whiteout (weather)">Whiteout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snow_squall" title="Snow squall">Snow squall</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Traffic_psychology" title="Traffic psychology">Human factors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Driver%27s_education" title="Driver's education">Driver's education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driving_under_the_influence" title="Driving under the influence">Driving under the influence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drowsy_driving" title="Drowsy driving">Drowsy driving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_rage" title="Road rage">Road rage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-vehicle_crash" class="mw-redirect" title="Single-vehicle crash">Single-vehicle crash</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vehicles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airbag" title="Airbag">Airbag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_safety" title="Automotive safety">Automotive safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seat_belt" title="Seat belt">Seat belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risk_compensation#Road_transport" title="Risk compensation">Risk compensation (road transport)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underride_guard" class="mw-redirect" title="Underride guard">Underride guard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Traffic#Rules_of_the_road" title="Traffic">Space and<br />time allocation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barrier_transfer_machine" title="Barrier transfer machine">Barrier transfer machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bike_lane" title="Bike lane">Bike lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climbing_lane" title="Climbing lane">Climbing lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complete_streets" title="Complete streets">Complete streets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contraflow_lane" title="Contraflow lane">Contraflow lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contraflow_lane_reversal" title="Contraflow lane reversal">Contraflow lane reversal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-occupancy_toll_lane" title="High-occupancy toll lane">High-occupancy toll lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-occupancy_vehicle_lane" title="High-occupancy vehicle lane">High-occupancy vehicle lane</a></li> <li>Lane</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Living_street" title="Living street">Living street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Managed_lane" title="Managed lane">Managed lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Median_strip" title="Median strip">Median / Central reservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorcycle_lane" title="Motorcycle lane">Motorcycle lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passing_lane" title="Passing lane">Passing lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedestrian_crossing" title="Pedestrian crossing">Pedestrian crossing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedestrian_zone" title="Pedestrian zone">Pedestrian zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_island" title="Refuge island">Refuge island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reversible_lane" title="Reversible lane">Reversible lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_diet" title="Road diet">Road diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_verge" title="Road verge">Road verge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runaway_truck_ramp" title="Runaway truck ramp">Runaway truck ramp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shared_space" title="Shared space">Shared space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidewalk" title="Sidewalk">Sidewalk / Pavement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoulder_(road)" title="Shoulder (road)">Shoulder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_running_train" title="Street running train">Street-running railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_calming" title="Traffic calming">Traffic calming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-_and_right-hand_traffic" title="Left- and right-hand traffic">Traffic directionality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_island" title="Traffic island">Traffic island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_lanes" class="mw-redirect" title="Traffic lanes">Traffic lanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_signal_preemption" title="Traffic signal preemption">Traffic signal preemption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truck_bypass" title="Truck bypass">Truck bypass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unused_highway" title="Unused highway">Unused highway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide_outside_lane" title="Wide outside lane">Wide outside lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woonerf" title="Woonerf">Woonerf</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Demarcation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bollard" title="Bollard">Bollard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botts%27_dots" title="Botts' dots">Botts' dots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_barrier" title="Cable barrier">Cable barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cat%27s_eye_(road)" title="Cat's eye (road)">Cat's eye (road)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concrete_step_barrier" title="Concrete step barrier">Concrete step barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constant-slope_barrier" title="Constant-slope barrier">Constant-slope barrier</a></li> <li>Curb</li> <li><a href="/wiki/F-shape_barrier" title="F-shape barrier">F-shape barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guard_rail" title="Guard rail">Guard rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_barrier" title="Jersey barrier">Jersey barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kassel_kerb" title="Kassel kerb">Kassel kerb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_barrier" title="Noise barrier">Noise barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raised_pavement_marker" title="Raised pavement marker">Raised pavement marker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_surface_marking" title="Road surface marking">Road surface marking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumble_strip" title="Rumble strip">Rumble strip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_barrier" title="Traffic barrier">Traffic barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_cone" title="Traffic cone">Traffic cone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Structures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Bridge</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causeway" title="Causeway">Causeway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overpass" title="Overpass">Overpass / Flyover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunnel" title="Tunnel">Underpass / Tunnel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Performance<br />indicators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pavement_condition_index" title="Pavement condition index">Pavement condition index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_roughness_index" title="International roughness index">International roughness index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Present_serviceability_index" title="Present serviceability index">Present serviceability index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavement_performance_modeling" title="Pavement performance modeling">Pavement performance modeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granular_base_equivalency" title="Granular base equivalency">Granular base equivalency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> 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