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class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Vega 1</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0_1" title="Вега 1 – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Вега 1" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vega_1" title="Vega 1 – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Vega 1" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vega_1" title="Vega 1 – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Vega 1" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vega_1" title="Vega 1 – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Vega 1" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%A5%D5%A3%D5%A1-1" title="Վեգա-1 – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վեգա-1" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE_1" title="वेगा 1 – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="वेगा 1" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vega_1" title="Vega 1 – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Vega 1" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vega_1" title="Vega 1 – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Vega 1" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vega%E2%80%931" title="Vega–1 – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Vega–1" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vega_1" title="Vega 1 – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Vega 1" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%99%E3%82%AC1%E5%8F%B7" title="ベガ1号 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ベガ1号" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vega_1" title="Vega 1 – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Vega 1" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vega_1" title="Vega 1 – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Vega 1" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vega_1" title="Vega 1 – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Vega 1" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vega_1" title="Vega 1 – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Vega 1" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vega_1" title="Vega 1 – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Vega 1" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0_1" title="Вега 1 – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вега 1" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vega_1" title="Vega 1 – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Vega 1" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%8A%A01%E5%8F%B7" title="维加1号 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="维加1号" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div 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div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1089065853">.mw-parser-output .ib-spaceflight{width:25em}.mw-parser-output .ib-spaceflight .infobox-header{background:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .ib-edit-wd{float:right}</style><table class="infobox ib-spaceflight"><caption class="infobox-title">Vega 1</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vega_model_-_Udvar-Hazy_Center.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Vega_model_-_Udvar-Hazy_Center.JPG/330px-Vega_model_-_Udvar-Hazy_Center.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Vega_model_-_Udvar-Hazy_Center.JPG/500px-Vega_model_-_Udvar-Hazy_Center.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Vega_model_-_Udvar-Hazy_Center.JPG/960px-Vega_model_-_Udvar-Hazy_Center.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">A replica of the <i><a href="/wiki/Vega_program" title="Vega program">Vega</a></i> spacecraft displayed at the <a href="/wiki/Steven_F._Udvar-Hazy_Center" title="Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center">Udvar-Hazy Center</a>, Virginia, USA</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Names</th><td class="infobox-data">Venera-Halley 1</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mission type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a>/<a href="/wiki/Halley%27s_Comet" title="Halley's Comet">Halley</a> exploration</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Operator</th><td class="infobox-data">Soviet space program</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/International_Designator" title="International Designator">COSPAR ID</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1984-125A">1984-125A</a></span><br /><span class="nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1984-125E">1984-125E</a></span><br /><span class="nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1984-125F">1984-125F</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Satellite_Catalog_Number" title="Satellite Catalog Number">SATCAT <abbr title="number">no.</abbr></a></th><td class="infobox-data">15432<br />15858<br />15859</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mission duration</th><td class="infobox-data">Balloon: 2 days<br />Flyby: 2 years, 46 days</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Spacecraft properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spacecraft</th><td class="infobox-data">5VK No. 901</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spacecraft type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/5VK" title="5VK">5VK</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Manufacturer</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/NPO_Lavochkin" class="mw-redirect" title="NPO Lavochkin">NPO Lavochkin</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Launch mass</th><td class="infobox-data">4,840 kilograms (10,670 lb)<sup id="cite_ref-beyond_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-beyond-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Start of mission</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Launch date</th><td class="infobox-data">15 December 1984<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1984-12-15</span>)</span>, 09:16:24 UTC<sup id="cite_ref-beyond_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-beyond-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rocket</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Proton-K" title="Proton-K">Proton-K</a>/<a href="/wiki/Blok_D" title="Blok D">D</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Launch site</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome" title="Baikonur Cosmodrome">Baikonur</a> <a href="/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_200" title="Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 200">200/39</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Contractor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Khrunichev_State_Research_and_Production_Space_Center" title="Khrunichev State Research and Production Space Center">Khrunichev</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">End of mission</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Last contact</th><td class="infobox-data">30 January 1987<sup id="cite_ref-beyond_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-beyond-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Orbital parameters</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reference system</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Heliocentric_orbit" title="Heliocentric orbit">Heliocentric</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Orbital_eccentricity" title="Orbital eccentricity">Eccentricity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">0.1700</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Apsis" title="Apsis">Perihelion altitude</a></th><td class="infobox-data">0.70 AU</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Apsis" title="Apsis">Aphelion altitude</a></th><td class="infobox-data">0.98 AU</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Orbital_inclination" title="Orbital inclination">Inclination</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2.3°</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Orbital_period" title="Orbital period">Period</a></th><td class="infobox-data">281 days</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ddf;">Flyby of <a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Closest approach</th><td class="infobox-data">11 June 1985</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Distance</th><td class="infobox-data">~39,000 kilometres (24,000 mi)</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ddf;"><a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a> atmospheric probe</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spacecraft component</th><td class="infobox-data">Vega 1 <i>Balloon</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Atmospheric entry</th><td class="infobox-data">02:06:10, 11 June 1985</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ddf;"><a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a> lander</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spacecraft component</th><td class="infobox-data">Vega 1 <i>Lander</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Landing date</th><td class="infobox-data">03:02:54, 11 June 1985</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Landing site</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Vega_1&params=7.5_N_177.7_E_globe:venus&title=Vega+1"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">7°30′N</span> <span class="longitude">177°42′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">7.5°N 177.7°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">7.5; 177.7</span></span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">Vega 1</span>)</span></span></span></a></span></span> (north of <a href="/wiki/Aphrodite_Terra" title="Aphrodite Terra">Aphrodite Terra</a>)</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ddf;">Flyby of <a href="/wiki/Halley%27s_Comet" title="Halley's Comet">1P/Halley</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Closest approach</th><td class="infobox-data">6 March 1986</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Distance</th><td class="infobox-data">~10,000 km (6,200 mi)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1986_venera_galley_nh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/1986_venera_galley_nh.jpg/100px-1986_venera_galley_nh.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/1986_venera_galley_nh.jpg/150px-1986_venera_galley_nh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/1986_venera_galley_nh.jpg/200px-1986_venera_galley_nh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="369" /></a></span> <div class="" style="width:100%; text-align:center; border-top:1px #aaa solid"><b><a href="/wiki/Halley_Armada" title="Halley Armada">Halley Armada</a></b></div><div style="width:100%"><div style="float: right; text-align:right;padding-left:0.5em;" class="noprint"><a href="/wiki/Vega_2" title="Vega 2">Vega 2</a> →</div></div><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="" style="width:100%; text-align:center; border-top:1px #aaa solid"><b><a href="/wiki/Vega_program" title="Vega program">Vega program</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Vega 1</b> (along with its twin <a href="/wiki/Vega_2" title="Vega 2">Vega 2</a>) was a <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> <a href="/wiki/Space_probe" class="mw-redirect" title="Space probe">space probe</a>, part of the <a href="/wiki/Vega_program" title="Vega program">Vega program</a>. The spacecraft was a development of the earlier <i><a href="/wiki/Venera" title="Venera">Venera</a></i> craft. They were designed by <a href="/wiki/Babakin_Space_Centre" title="Babakin Space Centre">Babakin Space Centre</a> and constructed as <b><a href="/wiki/5VK" title="5VK">5VK</a></b> by <a href="/wiki/Lavochkin" title="Lavochkin">Lavochkin</a> at <a href="/wiki/Khimki" title="Khimki">Khimki</a>. The name VeGa (ВеГа) combines the first two letters from the Russian words for <a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a> (Венера: "Venera") and <a href="/wiki/Halley%27s_Comet" title="Halley's Comet">Halley</a> (Галлея: "Galleya"). </p><p>The craft was powered by twin large solar panels and instruments included an antenna dish, cameras, <a href="/wiki/Spectrometer" title="Spectrometer">spectrometer</a>, infrared sounder, <a href="/wiki/Magnetometer" title="Magnetometer">magnetometers</a> (MISCHA), and plasma probes. The 4,840 kilograms (10,670 lb) craft was launched by a <a href="/wiki/Proton-K" title="Proton-K">Proton-K</a> rocket from <a href="/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome" title="Baikonur Cosmodrome">Baikonur Cosmodrome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tyuratam" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyuratam">Tyuratam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kazakh_SSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Kazakh SSR">Kazakh SSR</a>. Both Vega 1 and 2 were <a href="/wiki/Spacecraft_attitude_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Spacecraft attitude control">three-axis stabilized</a> spacecraft. The spacecraft were equipped with a dual <a href="/wiki/Whipple_shield" title="Whipple shield">bumper shield</a><sup id="cite_ref-Agureikin_1984_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Agureikin_1984-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for dust protection from <a href="/wiki/Halley%27s_comet" class="mw-redirect" title="Halley's comet">Halley's comet</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Venus_mission">Venus mission</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vega_1&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Venus mission"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The descent module arrived at Venus on 11 June 1985, two days after being released from the Vega 1 flyby probe. The module, a 1,500 kilograms (3,300 lb) sphere with a diameter of 240 centimetres (94 in), contained a surface lander and a <a href="/wiki/Balloon" title="Balloon">balloon</a> explorer. The flyby probe performed a <a href="/wiki/Gravity_assist" title="Gravity assist">gravitational assist</a> maneuver using Venus, and continued its mission to intercept the comet.<sup id="cite_ref-nssdc1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nssdc1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Descent_craft">Descent craft</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vega_1&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Descent craft"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vega_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Vega_1.jpg/250px-Vega_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Vega_1.jpg/330px-Vega_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Vega_1.jpg/500px-Vega_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="540" data-file-height="392" /></a><figcaption>Spacecraft Vega 1</figcaption></figure> <p>The surface lander was identical to that of Vega 2 as well as six previous <i><a href="/wiki/Venera" title="Venera">Venera</a></i> missions. The objective of the probe was the study of the atmosphere and the exposed surface of the planet. The scientific payload included an <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">ultraviolet</a> <a href="/wiki/Spectrometer" title="Spectrometer">spectrometer</a>, temperature and pressure sensors, a water concentration meter, a <a href="/wiki/Gas-liquid_chromatography" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas-liquid chromatography">gas-phase chromatograph</a>, an <a href="/wiki/X-ray" title="X-ray">X-ray</a> <a href="/wiki/Spectrometer" title="Spectrometer">spectrometer</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Mass_spectrometer" class="mw-redirect" title="Mass spectrometer">mass spectrometer</a>, and a surface sampling device. Since the probe made a nighttime landing, no images were taken. Several of these scientific tools (the UV spectrometer, the mass spectrograph, and the devices to measure pressure and temperature) were developed in collaboration with French scientists.<sup id="cite_ref-nssdc1_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nssdc1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The lander successfully touched down at <span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818" /><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Vega_1&params=7.2_N_177.8_E_globe:Venus"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">7°12′N</span> <span class="longitude">177°48′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">7.2°N 177.8°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">7.2; 177.8</span></span></span></a></span></span> in the <a href="/wiki/Surface_of_Venus" class="mw-redirect" title="Surface of Venus">Mermaid Plain</a> north of <a href="/wiki/Aphrodite_Terra" title="Aphrodite Terra">Aphrodite Terra</a>. Due to excessive turbulence, some surface experiments were inadvertently activated 20 kilometres (12 mi) above the surface. Only the mass spectrometer was able to return data.<sup id="cite_ref-nasa1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tools on the lander include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thermometer" title="Thermometer">Thermometers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barometer" title="Barometer">Barometers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_ray" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultraviolet ray">UV</a> absorption <a href="/wiki/Spectrometer" title="Spectrometer">spectrometer</a>—ISAV-S</li> <li>Optical aerosol analyzer, <a href="/wiki/Nephelometer" title="Nephelometer">Nephelometer</a>—ISAV-A</li> <li>Aerosol particle-size counter—LSA</li> <li>Aerosol <a href="/wiki/Mass_spectrometer" class="mw-redirect" title="Mass spectrometer">mass spectrometer</a>—MALAKHIT-M</li> <li>Aerosol gas <a href="/wiki/Chromatograph" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromatograph">chromatograph</a>—SIGMA-3</li> <li>Aerosol <a href="/wiki/X-ray" title="X-ray">X-ray</a> fluorescence spectrometer—IFP</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hygrometer" title="Hygrometer">Hygrometer</a>—VM-4</li> <li>Soil <a href="/wiki/X-ray" title="X-ray">X-ray</a> fluorescence spectrometer—BDRP-AM25</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamma-ray" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamma-ray">Gamma-ray</a> spectrometer—GS-15STsV</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penetrometer" title="Penetrometer">Penetrometer</a> / Soil ohmmeter—Prop-V</li> <li>Stabilized oscillator / <a href="/wiki/Doppler_effect" title="Doppler effect">Doppler radio</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Balloon">Balloon</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vega_1&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Balloon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Russian_%22Vega%22_balloon_mission_to_Venus_on_display_at_the_Udvar-Hazy_museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Russian_%22Vega%22_balloon_mission_to_Venus_on_display_at_the_Udvar-Hazy_museum.jpg/220px-Russian_%22Vega%22_balloon_mission_to_Venus_on_display_at_the_Udvar-Hazy_museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="374" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Russian_%22Vega%22_balloon_mission_to_Venus_on_display_at_the_Udvar-Hazy_museum.jpg/330px-Russian_%22Vega%22_balloon_mission_to_Venus_on_display_at_the_Udvar-Hazy_museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Russian_%22Vega%22_balloon_mission_to_Venus_on_display_at_the_Udvar-Hazy_museum.jpg/440px-Russian_%22Vega%22_balloon_mission_to_Venus_on_display_at_the_Udvar-Hazy_museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2204" data-file-height="3744" /></a><figcaption>Vega balloon probe on display at the <a href="/wiki/Steven_F._Udvar-Hazy_Center" title="Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center">Udvar-Hazy Center</a> of the Smithsonian Institution</figcaption></figure> <p>The Vega 1 Lander/Balloon capsule entered the Venusian atmosphere (125 kilometres [78 mi] altitude) at 2:06:10 UT (Earth received time; Moscow time 5:06:10 a.m.) on 11 June 1985 at roughly 11 kilometres per second (6.8 mi/s). At approximately 2:06:25 UT the parachute attached to the landing craft cap opened at an altitude of 64 kilometres (40 mi). The cap and parachute were released 15 seconds later at 63 kilometres (39 mi) altitude. The balloon package was pulled out of its compartment by parachute 40 seconds later at 61 kilometres (38 mi) altitude, at 8.1 degrees N, 176.9 degrees east. A second parachute opened at an altitude of 55 kilometres (34 mi), 200 seconds after entry, extracting the furled balloon. The balloon was inflated 100 seconds later at 54 kilometres (34 mi) and the parachute and inflation system were jettisoned. The ballast was jettisoned when the balloon reached roughly 50 kilometres (31 mi) and the balloon floated back to a stable height between 53 and 54 kilometres (33 and 34 mi) some 15 to 25 minutes after entry. </p><p>The mean stable height was 53.6 kilometres (33.3 mi), with a pressure of 535 millibars (535 hPa) and a temperature of 300–310 K (27–37 °C; 80–98 °F) in the middle, most active layer of the Venus three-tiered cloud system. The balloon drifted westward in the zonal wind flow with an average speed of about 69 metres per second (230 ft/s) (248 kilometres per hour [154 mph]) at nearly constant latitude. The probe crossed the terminator from night to day at 12:20 UT on 12 June after traversing 8,500 kilometres (5,300 mi). The probe continued to operate in the daytime until the final transmission was received at 00:38 UT on 13 June from 8.1 N, 68.8 E after a total traverse distance of 11,600 kilometres (7,200 mi) or about 30% of the circumference of the planet. It is not known how much farther the balloon traveled after the final communication.<sup id="cite_ref-nasa1_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Halley_mission">Halley mission</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vega_1&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Halley mission"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After their encounters, the Vegas' motherships used the gravity of Venus, also known as a gravity assist, to intercept <a href="/wiki/Halley%27s_Comet" title="Halley's Comet">Halley's Comet</a>. </p><p>Images started to be returned on 4 March 1986, and were used to help pinpoint <a href="/wiki/Giotto_probe" class="mw-redirect" title="Giotto probe">Giotto</a>'s close flyby of the comet. The early images from Vega showed two bright areas on the comet, which were initially interpreted as a double nucleus. The bright areas would later turn out to be two jets emitting from the comet. The images also showed the nucleus to be dark, and the infrared spectrometer readings measured a nucleus temperature of 300 to 400 K (27 to 127 °C; 80 to 260 °F), much warmer than expected for an ice body. The conclusion was that the comet had a thin layer on its surface covering an icy body. </p><p>Vega 1 made its closest approach on 6 March at around 8,889 kilometres (5,523 mi) (at 07:20:06 UT) of the nucleus. It took more than 500 pictures via different filters as it flew through the gas cloud around the coma. Although the spacecraft was battered by dust, none of the instruments were disabled during the encounter. </p><p>The data intensive examination of the comet covered only the three hours around closest approach. They were intended to measure the physical parameters of the nucleus, such as dimensions, shape, temperature and surface properties, as well as to study the structure and dynamics of the <a href="/wiki/Coma_(cometary)" class="mw-redirect" title="Coma (cometary)">coma</a>, the gas composition close to the nucleus, the dust particles' composition and mass distribution as functions of distance to the nucleus and the cometary-<a href="/wiki/Solar_wind" title="Solar wind">solar wind</a> interaction. </p><p>The Vega images showed the nucleus to be about 14 kilometres (8.7 mi) long with a rotation period of about 53 hours. The dust mass spectrometer detected material similar to the composition of <a href="/wiki/Carbonaceous_chondrite" title="Carbonaceous chondrite">carbonaceous chondrites meteorites</a> and also detected <a href="/wiki/Clathrate" class="mw-redirect" title="Clathrate">clathrate</a> ice. </p><p>After subsequent imaging sessions on 7 and 8 March 1986, Vega 1 headed out to deep space. In total Vega 1 and Vega 2 returned about 1500 images of Comet Halley. Vega 1 ran out of attitude control propellant on 30 January 1987, and contact with Vega 2 continued until 24 March 1987. </p><p>Vega 1 is currently in <a href="/wiki/Heliocentric_orbit" title="Heliocentric orbit">heliocentric orbit</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Periapsis" class="mw-redirect" title="Periapsis">perihelion</a> of 0.70 <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_unit" title="Astronomical unit">AU</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apoapsis" class="mw-redirect" title="Apoapsis">aphelion</a> of 0.98 AU, <a href="/wiki/Orbital_eccentricity" title="Orbital eccentricity">eccentricity</a> of 0.17, <a href="/wiki/Orbital_inclination" title="Orbital inclination">inclination</a> of 2.3 degrees and <a href="/wiki/Orbital_period" title="Orbital period">orbital period</a> of 281 days. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vega_1&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_Venus" title="List of missions to Venus">List of missions to Venus</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vega_1&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-beyond-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-beyond_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-beyond_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-beyond_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAsif_Siddiqi2018" class="citation book cs1">Asif Siddiqi (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/beyond-earth-tagged.pdf"><i>Beyond Earth: A Chronicle of Deep Space Exploration, 1958–2016</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (second ed.). NASA History Program Office. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-626-83043-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-626-83043-1"><bdi>978-1-626-83043-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beyond+Earth%3A+A+Chronicle+of+Deep+Space+Exploration%2C+1958%E2%80%932016&rft.edition=second&rft.pub=NASA+History+Program+Office&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-626-83043-1&rft.au=Asif+Siddiqi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fatoms%2Ffiles%2Fbeyond-earth-tagged.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVega+1" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Agureikin_1984-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Agureikin_1984_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFV._A._AgureikinS._I._AnisimovA._V._BushmanG._I._Kanel'1984" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">V. A. Agureikin; S. I. Anisimov; A. V. Bushman; G. I. Kanel'; V. P. Karyagin; et al. (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://m.mathnet.ru/php/getFT.phtml?jrnid=tvt&paperid=8039&what=fullt&option_lang=eng">"Thermophysical and Gas-dynamic Studies of the Meteorite Shield for the Vega spacecraft"</a>. <i>Thermophysics of High Temperatures</i> (in Russian). <b>22</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">761–</span>778.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Thermophysics+of+High+Temperatures&rft.atitle=Thermophysical+and+Gas-dynamic+Studies+of+the+Meteorite+Shield+for+the+Vega+spacecraft&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E761-%3C%2Fspan%3E778&rft.date=1984&rft.au=V.+A.+Agureikin&rft.au=S.+I.+Anisimov&rft.au=A.+V.+Bushman&rft.au=G.+I.+Kanel%27&rft.au=V.+P.+Karyagin&rft.au=A.+B.+Konstantinov&rft.au=B.+P.+Kryukov&rft.au=V.+F.+Minin&rft.au=S.+V.+Razorenov&rft.au=R.+Z.+Sagdeev&rft.au=S.+G.+Sugak&rft.au=V.+E.+Fortov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fm.mathnet.ru%2Fphp%2FgetFT.phtml%3Fjrnid%3Dtvt%26paperid%3D8039%26what%3Dfullt%26option_lang%3Deng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVega+1" class="Z3988"></span>.. WoS:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ws.isiknowledge.com/cps/openurl/service?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&rft_id=info:ut/A1984ALC5000020">A1984ALC5000020</a> Scopus:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scopus.com/record/display.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0021489019&origin=resultslist">2-s2.0-0021489019</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nssdc1-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nssdc1_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nssdc1_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1984-125A">"Vega 1"</a>. <i>nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov</i>. <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov&rft.atitle=Vega+1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov%2Fnmc%2Fspacecraft%2Fdisplay.action%3Fid%3D1984-125A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVega+1" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nasa1-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nasa1_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nasa1_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/vega-1/in-depth/">"In Depth: Vega 1"</a>. <i>solarsystem.nasa.gov</i>. <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=solarsystem.nasa.gov&rft.atitle=In+Depth%3A+Vega+1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsolarsystem.nasa.gov%2Fmissions%2Fvega-1%2Fin-depth%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVega+1" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vega_1&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Flybys6" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;">Flybys</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Orbiter" title="Solar Orbiter">Solar Orbiter</a><sup>‡</sup> (en route)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_Icy_Moons_Explorer" title="Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer">Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer</a><sup>‡</sup> (en route)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:V%C3%A9nus_t%C3%A9lescope.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/V%C3%A9nus_t%C3%A9lescope.jpg/120px-V%C3%A9nus_t%C3%A9lescope.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="69" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/V%C3%A9nus_t%C3%A9lescope.jpg/250px-V%C3%A9nus_t%C3%A9lescope.jpg 2x" data-file-width="302" data-file-height="262" /></a></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MESSENGER_-_Venus_630_nm_stretch.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/MESSENGER_-_Venus_630_nm_stretch.jpg/120px-MESSENGER_-_Venus_630_nm_stretch.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/MESSENGER_-_Venus_630_nm_stretch.jpg/250px-MESSENGER_-_Venus_630_nm_stretch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="525" /></a></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Maat_Mons_on_Venus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Maat_Mons_on_Venus.jpg/120px-Maat_Mons_on_Venus.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Maat_Mons_on_Venus.jpg/250px-Maat_Mons_on_Venus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Past missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;">Orbiters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Magellan_(spacecraft)" title="Magellan (spacecraft)">Magellan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_Venus_Orbiter" title="Pioneer Venus Orbiter">Pioneer Venus Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_9" title="Venera 9">Venera 9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_10" title="Venera 10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_15" title="Venera 15">15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_16" title="Venera 16">16</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Venus_Express" title="Venus Express">Venus Express</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Akatsuki_(spacecraft)" title="Akatsuki (spacecraft)">Akatsuki</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;">Flybys</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Venera_1" title="Venera 1">Venera 1</a></i><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_2" title="Mariner 2">Mariner 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zond_1" title="Zond 1">Zond 1</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_2" title="Venera 2">Venera 2</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_5" title="Mariner 5">Mariner 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_10" title="Mariner 10">10</a><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_11" title="Venera 11">Venera 11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_12" title="Venera 12">12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_13" title="Venera 13">13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_14" title="Venera 14">14</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vega 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vega_2" title="Vega 2">2</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Galileo_project" title="Galileo project">Galileo</a></i><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens" title="Cassini–Huygens">Cassini–Huygens</a></i><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/MESSENGER" title="MESSENGER">MESSENGER</a></i><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IKAROS" title="IKAROS">IKAROS</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shin%27en_(spacecraft)" title="Shin'en (spacecraft)">Shin-en</a></i><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parker_Solar_Probe" title="Parker Solar Probe">Parker Solar Probe</a><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/BepiColombo" title="BepiColombo">BepiColombo</a></i><sup>‡</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;">Descent probes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Venera_3" title="Venera 3">Venera 3</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_4" title="Venera 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_5" title="Venera 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_6" title="Venera 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_Venus_Multiprobe" title="Pioneer Venus Multiprobe">Pioneer Venus Multiprobe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;">Landers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Venera_7" title="Venera 7">Venera 7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_8" title="Venera 8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_9" title="Venera 9">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_10" title="Venera 10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_11" title="Venera 11">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_12" title="Venera 12">12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_13" title="Venera 13">13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_14" title="Venera 14">14</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vega 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vega_2" title="Vega 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_Venus_Multiprobe#Small_probes" title="Pioneer Venus Multiprobe">Pioneer Venus Small Probes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;">Balloon probes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vega 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vega_2" title="Vega 2">2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;">Failed launches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tyazhely_Sputnik" title="Tyazhely Sputnik">Tyazhely Sputnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_1" title="Mariner 1">Mariner 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_2MV-1_No.1" title="Venera 2MV-1 No.1">2MV-1 No.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_2MV-1_No.2" title="Venera 2MV-1 No.2">2MV-1 No.2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_2MV-2_No.1" title="Venera 2MV-2 No.1">2MV-2 No.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_21" title="Kosmos 21">Kosmos 21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zond_3MV-1_No.2" title="Zond 3MV-1 No.2">3MV-1 No.2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_27" title="Kosmos 27">Kosmos 27</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_96" title="Kosmos 96">96</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_167" title="Kosmos 167">167</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_482" title="Kosmos 482">482</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Planned missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;">Orbiters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Venus_Orbiter_Mission" title="Venus Orbiter Mission">Venus Orbiter Mission</a> (2028)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/VERITAS_(spacecraft)" title="VERITAS (spacecraft)">VERITAS</a> (2031)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/EnVision" title="EnVision">EnVision</a> (2031)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;">Flybys</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dragonfly_(Titan_space_probe)" title="Dragonfly (Titan space probe)">Dragonfly</a></i><sup>‡</sup> (2028)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MBR_(spacecraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="MBR (spacecraft)">MBR Explorer</a><sup>‡</sup> (2028)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianwen-4" title="Tianwen-4">Tianwen-4</a><sup>‡</sup> (2030)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;">Descent probes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Venus_Life_Finder" title="Venus Life Finder">Venus Life Finder</a> (2026-2027)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DAVINCI" title="DAVINCI">DAVINCI</a> (2031–2032)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposed missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;">Dedicated missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Venera-D" class="mw-redirect" title="Venera-D">Venera-D</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;">Flybys</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mercury-P" title="Mercury-P">Mercury-P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranus_Orbiter_and_Probe" title="Uranus Orbiter and Probe">Uranus Orbiter and Probe</a><sup>‡</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cancelled <br /> or not developed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automaton_Rover_for_Extreme_Environments" title="Automaton Rover for Extreme Environments">AREE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Venus_Explorer" title="European Venus Explorer">European Venus Explorer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CubeSat_UV_Experiment" title="CubeSat UV Experiment">CUVE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Altitude_Venus_Operational_Concept" title="High Altitude Venus Operational Concept">HAVOC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperspectral_Observer_for_Venus_Reconnaissance" title="Hyperspectral Observer for Venus Reconnaissance">HOVER</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inspiration_Mars_Foundation" title="Inspiration Mars Foundation">Inspiration Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laplace-P" title="Laplace-P">Laplace-P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TMK#Mavr_(MArs_-_VeneRa)" title="TMK">TMK-Mavr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_Atmospheric_Maneuverable_Platform" title="Venus Atmospheric Maneuverable Platform">VAMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_Orbiting_Imaging_Radar" title="Venus Orbiting Imaging Radar">Venus Orbiting Imaging Radar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vesta_(spacecraft)" title="Vesta (spacecraft)">Vesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_In_situ_Composition_Investigations" title="Venus In situ Composition Investigations">VICI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_In_Situ_Atmospheric_and_Geochemical_Explorer" title="Venus In Situ Atmospheric and Geochemical Explorer">VISAGE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_In_Situ_Explorer" title="Venus In Situ Explorer">VISE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_Volcano_Imaging_and_Climate_Explorer" title="Venus Volcano Imaging and Climate Explorer">VOICE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_Origins_Explorer" title="Venus Origins Explorer">VOX</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zephyr_(rover)" title="Zephyr (rover)">Zephyr</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Program overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Venera" title="Venera">Venera</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3MV" title="3MV">3MV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_program" title="Mariner program">Mariner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_Venus_project" title="Pioneer Venus project">Pioneer Venus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vega_program" title="Vega program">Vega</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colonization_of_Venus" title="Colonization of Venus">Colonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Observations_and_explorations_of_Venus" title="Observations and explorations of Venus">Observations and explorations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_artificial_objects_on_Venus" title="List of artificial objects on Venus">List of artificial objects on Venus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_Venus" title="List of missions to Venus">List of missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manned_Venus_flyby" title="Manned Venus flyby">Manned Venus flyby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terraforming_of_Venus" title="Terraforming of Venus">Terraforming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_Spectral_Rocket_Experiment" title="Venus Spectral Rocket Experiment">VeSpR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li>Missions are ordered by launch date. <sup>†</sup> indicates failure en route or before any data returned. <sup>‡</sup> indicates use of the planet as a <a href="/wiki/Gravity_assist" title="Gravity assist">gravity assist</a> en route to another destination.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Spacecraft_missions_to_minor_planets_and_comets367" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="text-align: center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Asteroid_spacecraft" title="Template:Asteroid spacecraft"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Asteroid_spacecraft" title="Template talk:Asteroid spacecraft"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Asteroid_spacecraft" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Asteroid spacecraft"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Spacecraft_missions_to_minor_planets_and_comets367" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_minor_planets" title="List of missions to minor planets">Spacecraft missions</a> to <a href="/wiki/Minor_planet" title="Minor planet">minor planets</a> and <a href="/wiki/Comet" title="Comet">comets</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="text-align: center;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_minor_planets_and_comets_visited_by_spacecraft" title="List of minor planets and comets visited by spacecraft">List of minor planets and comets visited by spacecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_artificial_objects_on_extraterrestrial_surfaces" title="List of artificial objects on extraterrestrial surfaces">List of artificial objects on extraterrestrial surfaces</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/New_Horizons" title="New Horizons">New Horizons</a></i> (multiple flybys)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSIRIS-REx" title="OSIRIS-REx">OSIRIS-APEX</a> (orbiter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayabusa2#Mission_extension" title="Hayabusa2">Hayabusa2♯</a> (lander)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucy_(spacecraft)" title="Lucy (spacecraft)"><i>Lucy</i></a> (multiple flybys)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psyche_(spacecraft)" title="Psyche (spacecraft)"><i>Psyche</i></a> (orbiter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hera_(space_mission)" title="Hera (space mission)"><i>Hera</i></a> (orbiter) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AIDA_(international_space_cooperation)" title="AIDA (international space cooperation)">AIDA</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pluto_in_True_Color_-_High-Res.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Pluto_in_True_Color_-_High-Res.jpg/120px-Pluto_in_True_Color_-_High-Res.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Pluto_in_True_Color_-_High-Res.jpg/250px-Pluto_in_True_Color_-_High-Res.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="8000" data-file-height="8000" /></a></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Eros,_Vesta_and_Ceres_size_comparison.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Eros%2C_Vesta_and_Ceres_size_comparison.jpg/90px-Eros%2C_Vesta_and_Ceres_size_comparison.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Eros%2C_Vesta_and_Ceres_size_comparison.jpg/135px-Eros%2C_Vesta_and_Ceres_size_comparison.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Eros%2C_Vesta_and_Ceres_size_comparison.jpg/180px-Eros%2C_Vesta_and_Ceres_size_comparison.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1497" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:243_ida_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/243_ida_crop.jpg/120px-243_ida_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/243_ida_crop.jpg/250px-243_ida_crop.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="618" data-file-height="399" /></a></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:67P_Churyumov-Gerasimenko_-_Rosetta_(32755885495).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/67P_Churyumov-Gerasimenko_-_Rosetta_%2832755885495%29.png/120px-67P_Churyumov-Gerasimenko_-_Rosetta_%2832755885495%29.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/67P_Churyumov-Gerasimenko_-_Rosetta_%2832755885495%29.png/250px-67P_Churyumov-Gerasimenko_-_Rosetta_%2832755885495%29.png 1.5x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="3200" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Flybys</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens" title="Cassini–Huygens">Cassini–Huygens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_2" title="Chang'e 2">Chang'e 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clementine_(spacecraft)" title="Clementine (spacecraft)">Clementine</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CONTOUR" title="CONTOUR">CONTOUR</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_Impact_(spacecraft)" title="Deep Impact (spacecraft)">Deep Impact</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/EPOXI" title="EPOXI">EPOXI</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_Space_1" title="Deep Space 1">Deep Space 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_project" title="Galileo project">Galileo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halley_Armada" title="Halley Armada">Halley Armada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giotto_(spacecraft)" title="Giotto (spacecraft)">Giotto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakigake" title="Sakigake">Sakigake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suisei_(spacecraft)" title="Suisei (spacecraft)">Suisei</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vega 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vega_2" title="Vega 2">Vega 2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Cometary_Explorer" title="International Cometary Explorer">International Cometary Explorer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LICIACube" title="LICIACube">LICIACube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near-Earth_Asteroid_Scout" title="Near-Earth Asteroid Scout">NEA Scout</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NEAR_Shoemaker" title="NEAR Shoemaker">NEAR Shoemaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_6,_7,_8,_and_9#Pioneer_7" title="Pioneer 6, 7, 8, and 9">Pioneer 7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PROCYON" title="PROCYON">PROCYON</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosetta_(spacecraft)" title="Rosetta (spacecraft)">Rosetta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stardust_(spacecraft)" title="Stardust (spacecraft)">Stardust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_(spacecraft)" title="Ulysses (spacecraft)">Ulysses</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Orbiters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dawn_(spacecraft)" title="Dawn (spacecraft)">Dawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NEAR_Shoemaker" title="NEAR Shoemaker">NEAR Shoemaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosetta_(spacecraft)" title="Rosetta (spacecraft)">Rosetta</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Rosetta_(spacecraft)" title="Timeline of Rosetta (spacecraft)">Timeline</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Landers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hayabusa" title="Hayabusa">Hayabusa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MINERVA_(spacecraft)" title="MINERVA (spacecraft)">MINERVA</a><sup>†</sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayabusa2" title="Hayabusa2">Hayabusa2</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hayabusa2#MASCOT" title="Hayabusa2">MASCOT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayabusa2#MINERVA-II" title="Hayabusa2">Rover-1A / HIBOU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayabusa2#MINERVA-II" title="Hayabusa2">Rover-1B / OWL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayabusa2#MINERVA-II" title="Hayabusa2">Rover-2</a><sup>†</sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NEAR_Shoemaker" title="NEAR Shoemaker">NEAR Shoemaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philae_(spacecraft)" title="Philae (spacecraft)">Philae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Impactors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deep_Impact_(spacecraft)" title="Deep Impact (spacecraft)">Deep Impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_Asteroid_Redirection_Test" title="Double Asteroid Redirection Test">DART</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AIDA_(international_space_cooperation)" title="AIDA (international space cooperation)">AIDA</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sample return</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hayabusa" title="Hayabusa">Hayabusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayabusa2" title="Hayabusa2">Hayabusa2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stardust_(spacecraft)" title="Stardust (spacecraft)">Stardust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSIRIS-REx" title="OSIRIS-REx">OSIRIS-REx</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Planned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tianwen-2" title="Tianwen-2">Tianwen-2</a> (multiple flybys and sample return, 2025)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DESTINY%2B" title="DESTINY+">DESTINY+</a> (multiple flybys, 2028)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MBR_Explorer" title="MBR Explorer">MBR Explorer</a> (multiple flybys and orbiter, 2028)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Interceptor" title="Comet Interceptor">Comet Interceptor</a> (flyby, 2029)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Proposed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Shensuo_(spacecraft)" title="Shensuo (spacecraft)">Shensuo</a></i> (flybys, 2024)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASTER_(spacecraft)" title="ASTER (spacecraft)">ASTER</a> (orbiter, 2025)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramses_(spacecraft)" title="Ramses (spacecraft)">Ramses</a> (2029)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Interstellar_Probe_(spacecraft)" title="Interstellar Probe (spacecraft)">Interstellar Probe</a></i> (flyby, 2030–2042)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Cancelled or <br />not developed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AGORA_mission" class="mw-redirect" title="AGORA mission">AGORA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AIDA_(international_space_cooperation)#History" title="AIDA (international space cooperation)">AIM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_Redirect_Mission" title="Asteroid Redirect Mission">Asteroid Redirect Mission</a></li> <li>Athena</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CAESAR_(spacecraft)" title="CAESAR (spacecraft)">CAESAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castalia_(spacecraft)" title="Castalia (spacecraft)">Castalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centaurus_(spacecraft_mission)" title="Centaurus (spacecraft mission)">Centaurus</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chimera_(spacecraft)" title="Chimera (spacecraft)">Chimera</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clementine_2" title="Clementine 2">Clementine 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Hopper" title="Comet Hopper">Comet Hopper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Nucleus_Dust_and_Organics_Return" title="Comet Nucleus Dust and Organics Return">CONDOR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Rendezvous,_Sample_Acquisition,_Investigation,_and_Return" title="Comet Rendezvous, Sample Acquisition, Investigation, and Return">CORSAIR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Rendezvous_Asteroid_Flyby" title="Comet Rendezvous Asteroid Flyby">CRAF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Quijote_(spacecraft)" title="Don Quijote (spacecraft)">Don Quijote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HAMMER_(spacecraft)" title="HAMMER (spacecraft)">HAMMER</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayabusa_Mk2" title="Hayabusa Mk2">Hayabusa Mk2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janus_(spacecraft)" title="Janus (spacecraft)">Janus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAOSEP" class="mw-redirect" title="MAOSEP">MAOSEP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MANTIS_(spacecraft)" title="MANTIS (spacecraft)">MANTIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marco_Polo_(spacecraft)" title="Marco Polo (spacecraft)">Marco Polo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Horizons_2" title="New Horizons 2">New Horizons 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OKEANOS" title="OKEANOS">OKEANOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vesta_(spacecraft)" title="Vesta (spacecraft)">Vesta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_belt" title="Asteroid belt">Asteroid belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_capture" title="Asteroid capture">Asteroid capture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_mining" title="Asteroid mining">Asteroid mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonization_of_the_asteroids" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonization of the asteroids">Colonization of asteroids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceres_(dwarf_planet)" title="Ceres (dwarf planet)">Ceres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluto" title="Pluto">Pluto</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Pluto" title="Exploration of Pluto">Exploration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_Solar_System_body" title="Small Solar System body">Small Solar System bodies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Near-Earth_object" title="Near-Earth object">Near-Earth object</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Neptunian_object" title="Trans-Neptunian object">Trans-Neptunian object</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colonization_of_trans-Neptunian_objects" title="Colonization of trans-Neptunian objects">Colonization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trojan_(celestial_body)" title="Trojan (celestial body)">Trojan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4_Vesta" title="4 Vesta">Vesta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="text-align: center;"><div> <ul><li>Probes are listed in chronological order of launch. <sup>†</sup> indicates mission failures.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="←_1983Orbital_launches_in_19841985_→627" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Orbital_launches_in_1984" title="Template:Orbital launches in 1984"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Orbital_launches_in_1984" title="Template talk:Orbital launches in 1984"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Orbital_launches_in_1984" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Orbital launches in 1984"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="←_1983Orbital_launches_in_19841985_→627" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div style="float: left;"><a href="/wiki/1983_in_spaceflight" title="1983 in spaceflight">← 1983</a></div><a href="/wiki/1984_in_spaceflight" title="1984 in spaceflight"><span class="vevent"><span class="summary">Orbital launches in <span class="dtstart">1984</span></span></span></a><div style="float: right;"><a href="/wiki/1985_in_spaceflight" title="1985 in spaceflight">1985 →</a></div></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">January</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OPS_0441&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OPS 0441 (page does not exist)">OPS 0441</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">February</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><u><a href="/wiki/STS-41-B" title="STS-41-B">STS-41-B</a></u> (<a href="/wiki/Westar_6" class="mw-redirect" title="Westar 6">Westar 6</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palapa_B2" class="mw-redirect" title="Palapa B2">Palapa B2</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Inflatable_Rendezvous_Target&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Inflatable Rendezvous Target (page does not exist)">IRT</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=SPAS-1A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SPAS-1A (page does not exist)">SPAS-1A</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OPS_8737&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OPS 8737 (page does not exist)">OPS 8737</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OPS_8737_SSU-1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OPS 8737 SSU-1 (page does not exist)">OPS 8737 SSU-1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OPS_8737_SSU-2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OPS 8737 SSU-2 (page does not exist)">OPS 8737 SSU-2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OPS_8737_SSU-3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OPS 8737 SSU-3 (page does not exist)">OPS 8737 SSU-3</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_T-10" title="Soyuz T-10">Soyuz T-10</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_19" title="Progress 19">Progress 19</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">March</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intelsat_508&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Intelsat 508 (page does not exist)">Intelsat V F-8</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">April</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><u><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_T-11" title="Soyuz T-11">Soyuz T-11</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/STS-41-C" title="STS-41-C">STS-41-C</a></u> (<a href="/wiki/Long_Duration_Exposure_Facility" title="Long Duration Exposure Facility">LDEF</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OPS_7641&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OPS 7641 (page does not exist)">OPS 7641</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_20" title="Progress 20">Progress 20</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OPS_8424&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OPS 8424 (page does not exist)">OPS 8424</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">May</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Progress_21" title="Progress 21">Progress 21</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhongxing_5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhongxing 5 (page does not exist)">Spacenet 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_22" title="Progress 22">Progress 22</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">June</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intelsat_509&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Intelsat 509 (page does not exist)">Intelsat V F-9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USA-1_(satellite)" title="USA-1 (satellite)">USA-1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=USA-2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="USA-2 (page does not exist)">USA-2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=USA-3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="USA-3 (page does not exist)">USA-3</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">July</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><u><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_T-12" title="Soyuz T-12">Soyuz T-12</a></u></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">August</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eutelsat_I_F-2" title="Eutelsat I F-2">ECS-2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telecom_1A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telecom 1A (page does not exist)">Telecom 1A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_23" title="Progress 23">Progress 23</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=USA-4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="USA-4 (page does not exist)">USA-4</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/STS-41-D" title="STS-41-D">STS-41-D</a></u> (<a href="/wiki/SBS-4" class="mw-redirect" title="SBS-4">SBS-4</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Leasat_2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leasat 2 (page does not exist)">Leasat 2</a>, <a href="/wiki/Telstar_3C" class="mw-redirect" title="Telstar 3C">Telstar 3C</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">September</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USA-5" title="USA-5">USA-5</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">October</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><u><a href="/wiki/STS-41-G" title="STS-41-G">STS-41-G</a></u> (<a href="/wiki/Earth_Radiation_Budget_Satellite" title="Earth Radiation Budget Satellite">ERBS</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=OSTA-3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OSTA-3 (page does not exist)">OSTA-3</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">November</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><u><a href="/wiki/STS-51-A" title="STS-51-A">STS-51-A</a></u> (<a href="/wiki/Anik_D2" class="mw-redirect" title="Anik D2">Anik D2</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Leasat_1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leasat 1 (page does not exist)">Leasat 1</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhongxing_5R&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhongxing 5R (page does not exist)">Spacenet 2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MARECS-2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MARECS-2 (page does not exist)">MARECS-2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">December</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=USA-6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="USA-6 (page does not exist)">USA-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NOAA-9" title="NOAA-9">NOAA-9</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=USA-7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="USA-7 (page does not exist)">USA-7</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unknown<br />month</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1522&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1522 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1522</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1523&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1523 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1523</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1524&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1524 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1524</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1525&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1525 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1525</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1526&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1526 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1526</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1527&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1527 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1527</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1528&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1528 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1528</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1529&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1529 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1529</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1530&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1530 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1530</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1531&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1531 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1531</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1532&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1532 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1532</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yuri_2a&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yuri 2a (page does not exist)">Yuri 2a</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1533&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1533 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1533</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1534&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1534 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1534</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shiyan_Tongbu_Tongxing_Weixing_1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shiyan Tongbu Tongxing Weixing 1 (page does not exist)">Shiyan Tongbu Tongxing Weixing 1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1535&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1535 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1535</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1536&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1536 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1536</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%8Czora_(satellite)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ōzora (satellite) (page does not exist)">Ōzora</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gran%27_No.25L&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gran' No.25L (page does not exist)">Gran' No.25L</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1537&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1537 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1537</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1538&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1538 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1538</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1539&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1539 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1539</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landsat_5" title="Landsat 5">Landsat 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UoSAT-2" title="UoSAT-2">UoSAT-2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1540&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1540 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1540</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_1541" title="Kosmos 1541">Kosmos 1541</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1542&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1542 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1542</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1543&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1543 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1543</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1544&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1544 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1544</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekran_No.26L&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekran No.26L (page does not exist)">Ekran No.26L</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molniya-1_No.51&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Molniya-1 No.51 (page does not exist)">Molniya-1 No.51</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1545&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1545 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1545</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_1546" title="Kosmos 1546">Kosmos 1546</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_1547" title="Kosmos 1547">Kosmos 1547</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shiyan_Tongbu_Tongxing_Weixing_2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shiyan Tongbu Tongxing Weixing 2 (page does not exist)">Shiyan Tongbu Tongxing Weixing 2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1548&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1548 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1548</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1549&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1549 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1549</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gorizont_No.19L&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gorizont No.19L (page does not exist)">Gorizont No.19L</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1550&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1550 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1550</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1551&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1551 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1551</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1552&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1552 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1552</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1553&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1553 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1553</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1554&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1554 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1554</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1555&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1555 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1555</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1556&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1556 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1556</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1557&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1557 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1557</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1558&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1558 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1558</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1559&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1559 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1559</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1560&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1560 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1560</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1561&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1561 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1561</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1562&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1562 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1562</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1563&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1563 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1563</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1564&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1564 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1564</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1565&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1565 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1565</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1566&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1566 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1566</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1567&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1567 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1567</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1568&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1568 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1568</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_1569" title="Kosmos 1569">Kosmos 1569</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1570&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1570 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1570</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1571&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1571 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1571</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1572&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1572 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1572</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1573&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1573 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1573</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1574&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1574 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1574</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gran%27_No.27L&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gran' No.27L (page does not exist)">Gran' No.27L</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1575&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1575 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1575</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1576&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1576 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1576</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1577&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1577 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1577</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1578&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1578 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1578</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1579&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1579 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1579</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1580&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1580 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1580</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_1581" title="Kosmos 1581">Kosmos 1581</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meteor-2_No.16&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Meteor-2 No.16 (page does not exist)">Meteor-2 No.16</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1582&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1582 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1582</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1583&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1583 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1583</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1584&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1584 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1584</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1585&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1585 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1585</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gorizont_No.20L&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gorizont No.20L (page does not exist)">Gorizont No.20L</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_1586" title="Kosmos 1586">Kosmos 1586</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Himawari_3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Himawari 3 (page does not exist)">Himawari 3</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1587&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1587 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1587</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1588&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1588 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1588</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1589&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1589 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1589</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molniya-1_No.53&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Molniya-1 No.53 (page does not exist)">Molniya-1 No.53</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1590&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1590 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1590</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AMPTE_Charge_Composition_Explorer" class="mw-redirect" title="AMPTE Charge Composition Explorer">CCE</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=AMPTE_Ion_Release_Module&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AMPTE Ion Release Module (page does not exist)">IRM</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=AMPTE_UK_Subsatellite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AMPTE UK Subsatellite (page does not exist)">UKS</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Solar_Cell_Experiment&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Solar Cell Experiment (page does not exist)">SCE</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molniya-1_No.54&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Molniya-1 No.54 (page does not exist)">Molniya-1 No.54</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekran_No.27L&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekran No.27L (page does not exist)">Ekran No.27L</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1591&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1591 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1591</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1592&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1592 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1592</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1593&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1593 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1593</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1594&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1594 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1594</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1595&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1595 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1595</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_1596" title="Kosmos 1596">Kosmos 1596</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fanhui_Shi_Weixing_7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fanhui Shi Weixing 7 (page does not exist)">Fanhui Shi Weixing 7</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1597&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1597 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1597</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1598&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1598 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1598</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galaxy_3" class="mw-redirect" title="Galaxy 3">Galaxy 3</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1599&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1599 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1599</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1600&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1600 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1600</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1601&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1601 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1601</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1602&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1602 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1602</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1603&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1603 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1603</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_1604" title="Kosmos 1604">Kosmos 1604</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1605&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1605 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1605</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nova_3_(spacecraft)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nova 3 (spacecraft) (page does not exist)">Nova 3</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1606&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1606 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1606</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1607&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1607 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1607</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NATO_3D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NATO 3D (page does not exist)">NATO 3D</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1608&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1608 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1608</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1609&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1609 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1609</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1610&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1610 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1610</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1611&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1611 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1611</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1612&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1612 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1612</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1613&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1613 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1613</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molniya-1_No.55&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Molniya-1 No.55 (page does not exist)">Molniya-1 No.55</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vega 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_1614" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosmos 1614">Kosmos 1614</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1615&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1615 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1615</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vega_2" title="Vega 2">Vega 2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Payloads are separated by bullets ( · ), launches by pipes ( | ). Crewed flights are indicated in <u>underline</u>. Uncatalogued launch failures are listed in <i>italics</i>. Payloads deployed from other spacecraft are denoted in (brackets).</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vega_1&oldid=1265915868">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vega_1&oldid=1265915868</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Niobe_Planitia_quadrangle" title="Category:Niobe Planitia quadrangle">Niobe Planitia quadrangle</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Missions_to_Halley%27s_Comet" title="Category:Missions to Halley's Comet">Missions to Halley's Comet</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Vega_program" title="Category:Vega program">Vega program</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Derelict_satellites_in_heliocentric_orbit" title="Category:Derelict satellites in heliocentric orbit">Derelict satellites in heliocentric orbit</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1984_in_spaceflight" title="Category:1984 in spaceflight">1984 in spaceflight</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1984_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Category:1984 in the Soviet Union">1984 in the Soviet Union</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Derelict_space_probes" title="Category:Derelict space probes">Derelict space probes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:France%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Category:France–Soviet Union relations">France–Soviet Union relations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Extraterrestrial_aircraft" title="Category:Extraterrestrial aircraft">Extraterrestrial aircraft</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Spacecraft_launched_in_1984" title="Category:Spacecraft launched in 1984">Spacecraft launched in 1984</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Extraterrestrial_atmosphere_entry" title="Category:Extraterrestrial atmosphere entry">Extraterrestrial atmosphere entry</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Russian-language_sources_(ru)" title="Category:CS1 Russian-language sources (ru)">CS1 Russian-language sources (ru)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_May_2020" title="Category:Use dmy dates from May 2020">Use dmy dates from May 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_lacking_in-text_citations_from_March_2011" title="Category:Articles lacking in-text citations from March 2011">Articles lacking in-text citations from March 2011</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_lacking_in-text_citations" title="Category:All articles lacking in-text citations">All articles lacking in-text citations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_gadget_WikiMiniAtlas" title="Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas">Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_October_2024" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from October 2024">Articles with unsourced statements from October 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link from Wikidata">Commons category link from Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 29 December 2024, at 06:59<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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