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class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Przełącz stan spisu treści" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Przełącz stan spisu treści</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Alfred Jules Ayer</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Przejdź do artykułu w innym języku. Treść dostępna w 49 językach" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-49" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">49 języków</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Jules_Ayer" title="Alfred Jules Ayer – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Alfred Jules Ayer" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%A2%D9%8A%D8%B1" title="ألفرد آير – arabski" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ألفرد آير" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Jules_Ayer" title="Alfred Jules Ayer – aragoński" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Alfred Jules Ayer" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragoński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A1_%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%9B_%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0" title="আলফ্ৰেড জুলছ আয়াৰ – asamski" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="আলফ্ৰেড জুলছ আয়াৰ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="asamski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Culs_Ayer" title="Alfred Culs Ayer – azerbejdżański" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Alfred Culs Ayer" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbejdżański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%8F._%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87._%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="এ. জে. এয়ার – bengalski" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="এ. জে. এয়ার" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4_%D0%94%D0%B6%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%81_%D0%95%D1%8A%D1%80" title="Алфред Джулс Еър – bułgarski" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Алфред Джулс Еър" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bułgarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Jules_Ayer" title="Alfred Jules Ayer – kataloński" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Alfred Jules Ayer" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="kataloński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Jules_Ayer" title="Alfred Jules Ayer – czeski" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Alfred Jules Ayer" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="czeski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._J._Ayer" title="A. J. Ayer – walijski" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="A. J. Ayer" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="walijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Jules_Ayer" title="Alfred Jules Ayer – duński" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Alfred Jules Ayer" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="duński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Jules_Ayer" title="Alfred Jules Ayer – niemiecki" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Alfred Jules Ayer" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="niemiecki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Ayer" title="Alfred Ayer – estoński" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Alfred Ayer" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estoński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%86%CE%BB%CF%86%CF%81%CE%B5%CE%BD%CF%84_%CE%86%CE%B9%CE%B5%CF%81" title="Άλφρεντ Άιερ – grecki" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Άλφρεντ Άιερ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grecki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._J._Ayer" title="A. J. Ayer – angielski" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="A. J. Ayer" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="angielski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Jules_Ayer" title="Alfred Jules Ayer – hiszpański" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Alfred Jules Ayer" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="hiszpański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Jules_Ayer" title="Alfred Jules Ayer – baskijski" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Alfred Jules Ayer" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%AC%DB%8C_%D8%A2%DB%8C%D8%B1" title="آلفرد جی آیر – perski" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آلفرد جی آیر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="perski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Jules_Ayer" title="Alfred Jules Ayer – francuski" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Alfred Jules Ayer" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francuski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._J._%EC%97%90%EC%9D%B4%EC%96%B4" title="A. J. 에이어 – koreański" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="A. J. 에이어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%AC%D6%86%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%A4_%D5%8B%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AC%D5%BD_%D4%B7%D5%B5%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Ալֆրեդ Ջուլս Էյեր – ormiański" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ալֆրեդ Ջուլս Էյեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="ormiański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A5%B0_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A5%B0_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0" title="ए॰ जे॰ एयर – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ए॰ जे॰ एयर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.J._Ayer" title="A.J. Ayer – indonezyjski" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="A.J. Ayer" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonezyjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Jules_Ayer" title="Alfred Jules Ayer – islandzki" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Alfred Jules Ayer" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandzki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Jules_Ayer" title="Alfred Jules Ayer – włoski" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Alfred Jules Ayer" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="włoski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%93_%D7%92%27%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%A1_%D7%90%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A8" title="אלפרד ג'ולס אייר – hebrajski" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אלפרד ג'ולס אייר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebrajski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4_%D0%94%D0%B6%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%81_%D0%90%D0%B9%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Альфред Джулс Айер – kazachski" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Альфред Джулс Айер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazachski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4_%D0%96%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%81_%D0%90%D0%B9%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Альфред Жулс Айер – kirgiski" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Альфред Жулс Айер" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirgiski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._J._Ayer" title="A. J. Ayer – łaciński" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="A. J. Ayer" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="łaciński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Ayer" title="Alfred Ayer – litewski" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Alfred Ayer" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litewski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%A2%D9%8A%D8%B1" title="الفرد آير – egipski arabski" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الفرد آير" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="egipski arabski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Ayer" title="Alfred Ayer – niderlandzki" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Alfred Ayer" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="niderlandzki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AB%E3%83%95%E3%83%AC%E3%83%83%E3%83%89%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A8%E3%82%A4%E3%83%A4%E3%83%BC" title="アルフレッド・エイヤー – japoński" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アルフレッド・エイヤー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japoński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Jules_Ayer" title="Alfred Jules Ayer – norweski (bokmål)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Alfred Jules Ayer" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norweski (bokmål)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayer_Alfred_Juls" title="Ayer Alfred Juls – uzbecki" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Ayer Alfred Juls" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbecki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%90%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A1_%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%B8_%E0%A8%8F%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%B0" title="ਐਲਫਰਡ ਜੂਲਸ ਏਅਰ – pendżabski" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਐਲਫਰਡ ਜੂਲਸ ਏਅਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="pendżabski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._J._Ayer" title="A. J. Ayer – portugalski" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="A. J. Ayer" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Ayer" title="Alfred Ayer – rumuński" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Alfred Ayer" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumuński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B9%D0%B5%D1%80,_%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4_%D0%94%D0%B6%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%81" title="Айер, Алфред Джулс – rosyjski" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Айер, Алфред Джулс" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rosyjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Jules_Ayer" title="Alfred Jules Ayer – albański" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Alfred Jules Ayer" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Jules_Ayer" title="Alfred Jules Ayer – słowacki" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Alfred Jules Ayer" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="słowacki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Ayer" title="Alfred Ayer – słoweński" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Alfred Ayer" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="słoweński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4_%D0%8F._%D0%90%D1%98%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Алфред Џ. Ајер – serbski" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Алфред Џ. Ајер" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_J._Ayer" title="Alfred J. Ayer – fiński" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Alfred J. Ayer" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="fiński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Jules_Ayer" title="Alfred Jules Ayer – szwedzki" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Alfred Jules Ayer" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="szwedzki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.J._Ayer" title="A.J. Ayer – tagalski" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="A.J. Ayer" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Jules_Ayer" title="Alfred Jules Ayer – turecki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Alfred Jules Ayer" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turecki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4_%D0%94%D0%B6%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%81_%D0%95%D1%94%D1%80" title="Альфред Джулс Еєр – ukraiński" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Альфред Джулс Еєр" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukraiński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">Z Wikipedii, wolnej encyklopedii</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="pl" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Plik:Alfred_Jules_Ayer.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2f/Alfred_Jules_Ayer.png" decoding="async" width="155" height="190" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="155" data-file-height="190" /></a><figcaption>Alfred Jules Ayer (przed 1930)</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Alfred Jules Ayer</b> (ur. <a href="/wiki/29_pa%C5%BAdziernika" title="29 października">29 października</a> <a href="/wiki/1910" title="1910">1910</a> w <a href="/wiki/Londyn" title="Londyn">Londynie</a>, zm. <a href="/wiki/27_czerwca" title="27 czerwca">27 czerwca</a> <a href="/wiki/1989" title="1989">1989</a> tamże<sup id="cite_ref-epwn_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-epwn-1">[1]</a></sup>) – <a href="/wiki/Wielka_Brytania" title="Wielka Brytania">brytyjski</a> <a href="/wiki/Filozofia_analityczna" title="Filozofia analityczna">filozof analityczny</a> i <a href="/wiki/Lewica" title="Lewica">lewicowy</a> intelektualista. Bywa określany jako empirysta dawnego stylu. Jeden z ważnych przedstawicieli <a href="/wiki/Brytyjska_szko%C5%82a_analityczna" title="Brytyjska szkoła analityczna">angielskiej szkoły analitycznej</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Życiorys"><span id=".C5.BByciorys"></span>Życiorys</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Jules_Ayer&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Edytuj sekcję: Życiorys" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edytuj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Jules_Ayer&action=edit&section=1" title="Edytuj kod źródłowy sekcji: Życiorys"><span>edytuj kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Jego matka była <a href="/wiki/Belgia" title="Belgia">Belgijką</a>, a ojciec <a href="/wiki/Szwajcaria" title="Szwajcaria">Szwajcarem</a>. Ukończył studia na <a href="/wiki/Uniwersytet_w_Oksfordzie" class="mw-redirect" title="Uniwersytet w Oksfordzie">uniwersytecie w Oksfordzie</a>, przez rok (1932) studiował także w <a href="/wiki/Wiede%C5%84" title="Wiedeń">Wiedniu</a>. Następnie nauczał w Oksfordzie, od 1946 w <a href="/wiki/University_College_London" title="University College London">University College London</a>, od 1959 ponownie w Oksfordzie. </p><p>Jego <a href="/wiki/Filozofia" title="Filozofia">filozofia</a> nawiązuje do <a href="/wiki/Empiryzm" title="Empiryzm">empiryzmu</a> <a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume'a</a> i logiki <a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Russella</a>. Otwarty na <a href="/wiki/Pozytywizm_logiczny" title="Pozytywizm logiczny">neopozytywizm</a>, który przeniósł do Wielkiej Brytanii (<i><a href="/wiki/Language,_Truth_and_Logic" title="Language, Truth and Logic">Language, Truth and Logic</a></i>, 1936). Jego podstawowym dziełem jest <i>Foundations of empirical knowledge</i>. Podczas <a href="/wiki/II_wojna_%C5%9Bwiatowa" title="II wojna światowa">drugiej wojny światowej</a> pracował w wywiadzie angielskim. W dziedzinie etyki sformułował pogląd nazywany <a href="/wiki/Emotywizm" title="Emotywizm">emotywizmem</a>. Pod koniec życia zajął się <a href="/wiki/Historia_filozofii_(nauka)" title="Historia filozofii (nauka)">historią filozofii</a>, pisząc o <a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Russellu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pragmatyzm" title="Pragmatyzm">pragmatyzmie</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Humie</a> i <a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Wolterze</a>. Uprawiał także lewicową publicystykę polityczną, nie wstąpił jednak do partii komunistycznej, gdyż nie mógł uwierzyć w prawdziwość <a href="/wiki/Materializm_dialektyczny" title="Materializm dialektyczny">materializmu dialektycznego</a>. Jego pisma odznaczają się wysoka kulturą języka i elegancją. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publikacje">Publikacje</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Jules_Ayer&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Edytuj sekcję: Publikacje" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edytuj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Jules_Ayer&action=edit&section=2" title="Edytuj kod źródłowy sekcji: Publikacje"><span>edytuj kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Inne prace Ayera to: </p> <ul><li>1956: <i>The Problem of Knowledge</i>, kolekcja esejów autorów neopozytywistycznych poprzedzona jego wstępem <ul><li>przekład jako <i>Problem Poznania</i> (1965),</li></ul></li> <li>1959: <i>Logical Positivism</i>,</li> <li>1972: <i>Probablity and Evidence</i>,</li> <li>1973: <i>The Central Questions of Philosophy</i>,</li> <li>1982: <i>Philosophy in the Twentieth Century</i>, <ul><li>przekład jako <i>Filozofia w XX wieku</i> (1997),</li></ul></li> <li>1985: <i>Wittgenstein</i>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Przypisy">Przypisy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Jules_Ayer&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Edytuj sekcję: Przypisy" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edytuj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Jules_Ayer&action=edit&section=3" title="Edytuj kod źródłowy sekcji: Przypisy"><span>edytuj kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="do-not-make-smaller refsection"><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-epwn-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-epwn_1-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web open-access"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyklopedia.pwn.pl/haslo/;3872814"><i>Ayer Alfred Jules</i></a>, [w:] <i><a href="/wiki/Encyklopedia_PWN_(internetowa)" title="Encyklopedia PWN (internetowa)">Encyklopedia PWN</a></i> [online], <a href="/wiki/Wydawnictwo_Naukowe_PWN" title="Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN">Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN</a><span class="accessdate"> [dostęp 2021-12-20]</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.gengre=unknown&rft.atitle=Ayer+Alfred+Jules&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.jtitle=%5B%5BWydawnictwo+Naukowe+PWN%5D%5D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fencyklopedia.pwn.pl%2Fhaslo%2F%3B3872814" style="display:none"> </span>.</cite></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Linki_zewnętrzne"><span id="Linki_zewn.C4.99trzne"></span>Linki zewnętrzne</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Jules_Ayer&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Edytuj sekcję: Linki zewnętrzne" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edytuj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Jules_Ayer&action=edit&section=4" title="Edytuj kod źródłowy sekcji: Linki zewnętrzne"><span>edytuj kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="infobox noprint plainlinks" cellpadding="4" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center; width:30px;"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/24px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/47px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span> </td> <td style="line-height:normal; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center; flex:unset;"><a href="https://pl.wikiquote.org/wiki/Alfred_Jules_Ayer" class="extiw" title="q:Alfred Jules Ayer"><strong>Zobacz kolekcję cytatów</strong> <em>z Alfreda Julesa Ayera</em> w Wikicytatach</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><cite class="citation open-access"><span class="cite-name-before"><span class="cite-name-full">Graham</span><span class="cite-name-initials" title="Graham" style="display:none">G.</span> </span><span class="cite-lastname">Macdonald</span><span class="cite-name-after" style="display:none"> <span class="cite-name-full">Graham</span><span class="cite-name-initials" title="Graham">G.</span></span>, <span class="cite-name-before"><span class="cite-name-full">Nakul</span><span class="cite-name-initials" title="Nakul" style="display:none">N.</span> </span><span class="cite-lastname">Krishna</span><span class="cite-name-after" style="display:none"> <span class="cite-name-full">Nakul</span><span class="cite-name-initials" title="Nakul">N.</span></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ayer/"><i>Alfred Jules Ayer</i></a>, [w:] <a href="/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a>, CSLI, <a href="/wiki/Uniwersytet_Stanforda" title="Uniwersytet Stanforda">Stanford University</a>, 4 września 2018<span class="issn">, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/1095-5054">1095-5054</a></span><span class="accessdate"> [dostęp 2018-09-08]</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.gengre=bookitem&rft.aufirst=Graham&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.btitle=%5B%5BStanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy%5D%5D&rft.issn=1095-5054&rft.atitle=Alfred+Jules+Ayer&rft.date=2018-09-04&rft.aulast=Macdonald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fayer%2F" style="display:none"> </span> <span class="lang-list">(<abbr title="Treść w języku angielskim (English)">ang.</abbr>)</span>.</cite></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Publikacja w zamkniętym dostępie – wymagana rejestracja, też płatna, lub wykupienie subskrypcji"><img alt="Publikacja w zamkniętym dostępie – wymagana rejestracja, też płatna, lub wykupienie subskrypcji" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Closed_Access_logo_alternative.svg/8px-Closed_Access_logo_alternative.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Closed_Access_logo_alternative.svg/12px-Closed_Access_logo_alternative.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Closed_Access_logo_alternative.svg/16px-Closed_Access_logo_alternative.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rep.routledge.com/articles/biographical/ayer-alfred-jules-1910-89/v-1">Ayer, Alfred Jules (1910–89)</a></i> <span class="lang-list">(<abbr title="Treść w języku angielskim (English)">ang.</abbr>)</span>, <a href="/wiki/Routledge_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a>, rep.routledge.com [dostęp 2023-05-08].</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r74016753">.mw-parser-output #normdaten>div+div{margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lccn.loc.gov/n79151213">n79151213</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Gemeinsame_Normdatei" title="Gemeinsame Normdatei">GND</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/118505270">118505270</a></span></li><li><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_NDL_Authorities" class="extiw" title="de:Web NDL Authorities">NDL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00431959">00431959</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/LIBRIS" title="LIBRIS">LIBRIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/katalogisering/pm13419715g70m7">pm13419715g70m7</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale" title="Bibliothèque nationale">BnF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb118897024">118897024</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_Universitaire_de_Documentation" title="Système Universitaire de Documentation">SUDOC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.idref.fr/026698420">026698420</a></span></li><li><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Servizio_bibliotecario_nazionale" class="extiw" title="it:Servizio bibliotecario nazionale">SBN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.sbn.it/af/CFIV006249">CFIV006249</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Biblioteka_Narodowa_Australii" title="Biblioteka Narodowa Australii">NLA</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36529582">36529582</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Biblioteka_Narodowa_Republiki_Czeskiej" title="Biblioteka Narodowa Republiki Czeskiej">NKC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aut.nkp.cz/ola2002150474">ola2002150474</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hiszpa%C5%84ska_Biblioteka_Narodowa" title="Hiszpańska Biblioteka Narodowa">BNE</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1147136">XX1147136</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Holenderska_Biblioteka_Narodowa" title="Holenderska Biblioteka Narodowa">NTA</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/doc/thes/p068352786">068352786</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/BIBSYS" title="BIBSYS">BIBSYS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90097312">90097312</a></span></li><li><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/CiNii" class="extiw" title="jp:CiNii">CiNii</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00310176">DA00310176</a></span></li><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Library" class="extiw" title="en:Open Library">Open Library</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL117388A">OL117388A</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Biblioteka_Narodowa_(Warszawa)" title="Biblioteka Narodowa (Warszawa)">PLWABN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810594750905606">9810594750905606</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/NUKAT" title="NUKAT">NUKAT</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nukat.edu.pl/aut/n%20%2095004667">n95004667</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">OBIN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093/ref:odnb/39796">39796</a></span></li><li><a 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class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000013830&P_CON_LNG=ENG">000013830</a></span></li><li><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacionalna_i_sveu%C4%8Dili%C5%A1na_knji%C5%BEnica_u_Zagrebu" class="extiw" title="hr:Nacionalna i sveučilišna knjižnica u Zagrebu">NSK</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000101101&local_base=nsk10">000101101</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Grecka_Biblioteka_Narodowa" title="Grecka Biblioteka Narodowa">ΕΒΕ</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.nlg.gr/resource/authority/record72099">72099</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Brazylijska_Biblioteka_Narodowa" title="Brazylijska Biblioteka Narodowa">BLBNB</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://acervo.bn.br/sophia_web/autoridade/detalhe/000282399">000282399</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Biblioteka_Narodowa_Korei" title="Biblioteka Narodowa Korei">KRNLK</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librarian.nl.go.kr/LI/contents/L20101000000.do?id=KAC199601254">KAC199601254</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Litewska_Biblioteka_Narodowa_im._Martynasa_Ma%C5%BEvydasa" title="Litewska Biblioteka Narodowa im. Martynasa Mažvydasa">LIH</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lnb.libis.lt/simpleSearch.do?doSearch=1&AI001=LNB%3ABJh7%3B%3DBR">LNB:BJh7;=BR</a></span></li></ul></div><div class="normdaten-andere"><div><a href="/wiki/Encyklopedia_internetowa" title="Encyklopedia internetowa">Encyklopedie internetowe</a>:</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Encyklopedia_PWN_(internetowa)" title="Encyklopedia PWN (internetowa)">PWN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyklopedia.pwn.pl/haslo/;3872814.html">3872814</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encyklopedia_Britannica" title="Encyklopedia Britannica">Britannica</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/A-J-Ayer">biography/A-J-Ayer</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enciclopedia_Treccani" title="Enciclopedia Treccani">Treccani</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/alfred-jules-ayer">alfred-jules-ayer</a></span></li> <li><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P3219" class="extiw" title="d:Property:P3219">Universalis</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.universalis.fr/encyclopedie/alfred-jules-ayer/">alfred-jules-ayer</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy">SEP</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ayer/">ayer</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalencyklopedin" title="Nationalencyklopedin">NE.se</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ne.se/uppslagsverk/encyklopedi/lång/a-j-ayer">a-j-ayer</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Store_norske_leksikon" title="Store norske leksikon">SNL</a>: <span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=4342&url_prefix=https://snl.no/&id=Alfred_Jules_Ayer">Alfred_Jules_Ayer</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visuotin%C4%97_lietuvi%C5%B3_enciklopedija" title="Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija">VLE</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vle.lt/straipsnis/alfred-jules-ayer/">alfred-jules-ayer</a></span></li> <li><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P1296" class="extiw" title="d:Property:P1296">Catalana</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.enciclopedia.cat/ec-gec-0006348.xml">0006348</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Den_Store_Danske_Encyklop%C3%A6di" title="Den Store Danske Encyklopædi">DSDE</a>: <span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8313&url_prefix=https://lex.dk/&id=A.J._Ayer">A.J._Ayer</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hrvatska_enciklopedija" title="Hrvatska enciklopedija">Hrvatska enciklopedija</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.enciklopedija.hr/Natuknica.aspx?ID=4886">4886</a></span></li></ul> </div></div></div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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