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[o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Meld aan</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Meer opsies" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Persoonlike gereedskap" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Persoonlike gereedskap</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_af.wikipedia.org&uselang=af"><span>Skenkings</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:SkepRekening&returnto=Water+%28molekuul%29&returntoquery=oldid%3D2676434" title="U word aangemoedig om 'n gebruiker te skep en aan te meld, hoewel dit nie verpligtend is nie."><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Skep gebruiker</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:Teken_in&returnto=Water+%28molekuul%29&returntoquery=oldid%3D2676434" title="U word aangemoedig om aan te meld. 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class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Werf"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Inhoud" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Inhoud</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">skuif na kantbalk</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">versteek</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Inleiding</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Vorms_van_water" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vorms_van_water"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Vorms van water</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vorms_van_water-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-'n_Algemene_stof" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#'n_Algemene_stof"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>'n Algemene stof</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-'n_Algemene_stof-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Wissel 'n Algemene stof subafdeling</span> </button> <ul id="toc-'n_Algemene_stof-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Water_in_die_Heelal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Water_in_die_Heelal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Water in die Heelal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Water_in_die_Heelal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Water_op_Aarde" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Water_op_Aarde"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Water op Aarde</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Water_op_Aarde-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Water_in_nywerhede" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Water_in_nywerhede"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Water in nywerhede</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Water_in_nywerhede-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fisika_en_Chemie_van_Water" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fisika_en_Chemie_van_Water"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Fisika en Chemie van Water</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Fisika_en_Chemie_van_Water-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Wissel Fisika en Chemie van Water subafdeling</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Fisika_en_Chemie_van_Water-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Digtheid_van_water_en_ys" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Digtheid_van_water_en_ys"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Digtheid van water en ys</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Digtheid_van_water_en_ys-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Digtheid_van_soutwater_en_ys" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Digtheid_van_soutwater_en_ys"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Digtheid van soutwater en ys</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Digtheid_van_soutwater_en_ys-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Drievoudpunt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Drievoudpunt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Drievoudpunt</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Drievoudpunt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Die_Mpemba_verskynsel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Die_Mpemba_verskynsel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Die Mpemba verskynsel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Die_Mpemba_verskynsel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oppervlakspanning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oppervlakspanning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Oppervlakspanning</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oppervlakspanning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Elektriese_eienskappe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elektriese_eienskappe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Elektriese eienskappe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elektriese_eienskappe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dipolêre_aard_van_water" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dipolêre_aard_van_water"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Dipolêre aard van water</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dipolêre_aard_van_water-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Water_as_'n_oplosmiddel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Water_as_'n_oplosmiddel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Water as 'n oplosmiddel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Water_as_'n_oplosmiddel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Die_waterewewig" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Die_waterewewig"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9</span> <span>Die waterewewig</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Die_waterewewig-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Suurgehalte_in_die_natuur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suurgehalte_in_die_natuur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.10</span> <span>Suurgehalte in die natuur</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suurgehalte_in_die_natuur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Waterstofbinding_in_water" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Waterstofbinding_in_water"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.11</span> <span>Waterstofbinding in water</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Waterstofbinding_in_water-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sien_ook" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sien_ook"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Sien ook</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sien_ook-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eksterne_skakels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eksterne_skakels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Eksterne skakels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eksterne_skakels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Inhoud" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Wissel die inhoudsopgawe" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Wissel die inhoudsopgawe</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Water (molekuul)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Gaan na 'n artikel in 'n ander taal. Beskikbaar in 31 tale" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-31" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">31 tale</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B5_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A1" title="خصائص الماء – Arabies" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="خصائص الماء" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%88%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF" title="জলের বৈশিষ্ট্য – Bengaals" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জলের বৈশিষ্ট্য" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengaals" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propietats_de_l%27aigua" title="Propietats de l'aigua – Katalaans" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Propietats de l'aigua" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eigenschaften_des_Wassers" title="Eigenschaften des Wassers – Duits" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Eigenschaften des Wassers" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Duits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Properties_of_water" title="Properties of water – Engels" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Properties of water" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Engels" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecoj_de_la_akvo" title="Ecoj de la akvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ecoj de la akvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mol%C3%A9cula_de_agua" title="Molécula de agua – Spaans" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Molécula de agua" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%98%DA%AF%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%A2%D8%A8" title="ویژگی‌های آب – Persies" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ویژگی‌های آب" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mol%C3%A9cule_d%27eau" title="Molécule d'eau – Frans" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Molécule d'eau" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Frans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AA%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A3%E0%AB%80_(%E0%AA%85%E0%AA%A3%E0%AB%81)" title="પાણી (અણુ) – Goedjarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="પાણી (અણુ)" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Goedjarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9D" title="האנומליה של המים – Hebreeus" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="האנומליה של המים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebreeus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE" title="जल के गुणधर्म – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जल के गुणधर्म" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sifat_air" title="Sifat air – Indonesies" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sifat air" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E3%81%AE%E6%80%A7%E8%B3%AA" title="水の性質 – Japannees" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="水の性質" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japannees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%81_(%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%A3%E0%B3%81)" title="ನೀರು (ಅಣು) – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ನೀರು (ಅಣು)" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AC%BC%EC%9D%98_%EC%86%8D%EC%84%B1" title="물의 속성 – Koreaans" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="물의 속성" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Koreaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aqua_(molecula)" title="Aqua (molecula) – Latyn" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Aqua (molecula)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_(molekul)" title="Air (molekul) – Maleis" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Air (molekul)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Maleis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propriedades_f%C3%ADsico-qu%C3%ADmicas_da_%C3%A1gua" title="Propriedades físico-químicas da água – Portugees" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Propriedades físico-químicas da água" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ap%C4%83_(molecul%C4%83)" title="Apă (moleculă) – Roemeens" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Apă (moleculă)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Roemeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acqua_(sustanza)" title="Acqua (sustanza) – Sisiliaans" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Acqua (sustanza)" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sisiliaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svojstva_vode" title="Svojstva vode – Serwo-Kroaties" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Svojstva vode" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serwo-Kroaties" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%A2%E0%B6%BD%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%9A_%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A_%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%84_%E0%B6%B7%E0%B7%9E%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A_%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%AB" title="ජලයේ රසායනික සහ භෞතික ගුණ – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ජලයේ රසායනික සහ භෞතික ගුණ" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_(molecule)" title="Water (molecule) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Water (molecule)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lastnosti_vode" title="Lastnosti vode – Sloweens" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Lastnosti vode" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Sloweens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0_(%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB)" title="Вода (молекул) – Serwies" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Вода (молекул)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serwies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B3_(%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A5)" title="น้ำ (โมเลกุล) – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="น้ำ (โมเลกุล)" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Властивості води – Oekraïens" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Властивості води" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Oekraïens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%ADnh_ch%E1%BA%A5t_c%E1%BB%A7a_n%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bc" title="Tính chất của nước – Viëtnamees" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tính chất của nước" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Viëtnamees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90" title="水分子 – Wu-Sjinees" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="水分子" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu-Sjinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:Boek&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Water+%28molekuul%29"><span>Skep boek</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:DownloadAsPdf&page=Water_%28molekuul%29&action=show-download-screen"><span>Laai af as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_(molekuul)&printable=yes" title="Drukbare weergawe van hierdie bladsy [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Drukbare weergawe</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Ander projekte </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Water_diagrams" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q6478447" title="Skakel na gekonnekteerde databank item [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata-item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Voorkoms"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Voorkoms</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">skuif na kantbalk</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">versteek</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">in Wikipedia, die vrye ensiklopedie</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><div class="cdx-message cdx-message--block cdx-message--warning mw-revision"><span class="cdx-message__icon"></span><div class="cdx-message__content"><div id="mw-revision-info">Weergawe deur <a href="/wiki/Gebruiker:Jcwf" class="mw-userlink" title="Gebruiker:Jcwf" data-mw-revid="2676434"><bdi>Jcwf</bdi></a> <span class="mw-usertoollinks">(<a href="/wiki/Gebruikerbespreking:Jcwf" class="mw-usertoollinks-talk" title="Gebruikerbespreking:Jcwf">besprekings</a> | <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Bydraes/Jcwf" class="mw-usertoollinks-contribs" title="Spesiaal:Bydraes/Jcwf">bydraes</a>)</span> op 21:13, 9 Junie 2024</div><div id="mw-revision-nav">(<a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_(molekuul)&diff=prev&oldid=2676434" title="Water (molekuul)">verskil</a>) <a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_(molekuul)&direction=prev&oldid=2676434" title="Water (molekuul)">← Ouer weergawe</a> | bekyk huidige weergawe (verskil) | Nuwer weergawe → (verskil)</div></div></div></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="af" dir="ltr"><p><i>Hierdie artikel bespreek water vanuit 'n wetenskaplike en tegniese oogpunt. Sien <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a> vir 'n meer algemene bespreking van water en die belangrikheid daarvan vir die mensdom</i> </p> <table align="right" class="toccolours" width="300" border="0.2" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" style="margin-left:0.5em"> <caption><span style="font-size:large;"><b>Eienskappe</b></span> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" bgcolor="LightBlue"> <p><b>Algemeen</b> </p> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Naam</td> <td>Water (molekuul) </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Water_molecule_dimensions.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Struktuurformule van"><img alt="Struktuurformule van" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Water_molecule_dimensions.svg/130px-Water_molecule_dimensions.svg.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Water_molecule_dimensions.svg/195px-Water_molecule_dimensions.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Water_molecule_dimensions.svg/260px-Water_molecule_dimensions.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="363" data-file-height="388" /></a><figcaption>Struktuurformule van </figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Water_drop_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Water_drop_001.jpg/130px-Water_drop_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Water_drop_001.jpg/195px-Water_drop_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Water_drop_001.jpg/260px-Water_drop_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3714" data-file-height="2475" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chemiese_formule" title="Chemiese formule">Chemiese formule</a> </td> <td><span class="chemf" style="white-space:nowrap;">H<sub>2</sub>O</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mol%C3%AAre_massa" title="Molêre massa">Molêre massa</a></td> <td>18,01528 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/CAS-registernommer" title="CAS-registernommer">CAS-nommer</a></td> <td>7732-18-5   </td></tr> <tr> <td>Voorkoms</td> <td>deurskynend, byna kleurlose vloeistof met'n effense blou tint <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://amasci.com/miscon/miscon4.html#watclr">[1]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" bgcolor="lightblue"><b>Fasegedrag</b> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Smeltpunt" title="Smeltpunt">Smeltpunt</a> </td> <td>0°<a href="/wiki/Celsius" title="Celsius">C</a> (273.15 K) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kookpunt" title="Kookpunt">Kookpunt</a></td> <td>100 °C (373.15 K) </td></tr> <tr style="background: #f4f4f4;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Digtheid" title="Digtheid">Digtheid</a></td> <td>1 g/cm<sup>3</sup> </td></tr> <tr style="background: #f1f2f9;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Oplossing_(chemie)#Oplosbaarheid" title="Oplossing (chemie)">Oplosbaarheid</a></td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Viskositeit" title="Viskositeit">Viskositeit</a></td> <td>1 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pascal_sekonde&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pascal sekonde (bladsy bestaan nie)">mPa·s</a> teen 20 °C </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" bgcolor="lightblue"> <p><b>Suur-basis eienskappe</b> </p> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Suurheidskonstante" title="Suurheidskonstante">pKa</a></td> <td>15.74 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" bgcolor="lightblue"> <p><b>Veiligheid</b> </p> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Flitspunt" title="Flitspunt">Flitspunt</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" colspan="2" bgcolor="lightblue"> <p><small>Tensy anders vermeld is alle data vir <a href="/wiki/Standaardtemperatuur_en_-druk" title="Standaardtemperatuur en -druk">standaardtemperatuur en -druk</a> toestande.</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="lightblue"> <td align="center">  </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="lightblue" align="center"> <td colspan="2">Portaal <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Portal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/20px-Portal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/30px-Portal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/40px-Portal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="32" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portaal:Chemie" title="Portaal:Chemie">Chemie</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">Water</a></b> het die <a href="/wiki/Chemiese_formule" title="Chemiese formule">chemiese formule</a> <a href="/wiki/Waterstof" title="Waterstof">H</a><sub>2</sub><a href="/wiki/Suurstof" title="Suurstof">O</a>, wat beteken dat dit 'n <a href="/wiki/Molekule" class="mw-redirect" title="Molekule">watermolekule</a> uit twee <a href="/wiki/Atoom" title="Atoom">waterstofatome</a> en een <a href="/wiki/Suurstof" title="Suurstof">suurstofatoom</a> bestaan. By <a href="/wiki/Kamertemperatuur" title="Kamertemperatuur">kamertemperatuur</a>, ongeveer 25 °<a href="/wiki/Celsius" title="Celsius">C</a>, is dit 'n bykans kleurlose- (met 'n effense blou tint), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Smaakloos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Smaakloos (bladsy bestaan nie)">smaaklose</a>- en <a href="/w/index.php?title=Reukloos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reukloos (bladsy bestaan nie)">reuklose</a> stof. Dit is die mees algemene oplosmiddel en ook die enigste suiwer stof wat in al drie sy toestande op aarde aangetref word. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vorms_van_water">Vorms van water</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_(molekuul)&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Wysig afdeling: Vorms van water" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_(molekuul)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Vorms van water"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Water kan vele vorms aanneem. Die <a href="/wiki/Vastestof" class="mw-redirect" title="Vastestof">vastestof</a> staan bekend as <a href="/wiki/Ys" title="Ys">ys</a>; die <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gastoestand&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gastoestand (bladsy bestaan nie)">gastoestand</a> staan bekend as <a href="/wiki/Waterdamp" title="Waterdamp">waterdamp</a> (of <a href="/wiki/Stoom" title="Stoom">stoom</a>). Water kan egter ook baie ander vorms aanneem soos onder andere <a href="/w/index.php?title=Glasys&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Glasys (bladsy bestaan nie)">glasys</a>, wat 'n nie-kristallyne vastetoestand van water is. </p><p>Bo 'n sekere <a href="/wiki/Kritieke_punt" title="Kritieke punt">kritieke temperatuur</a> en druk (647 <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">K</a> en 22.064 <a href="/wiki/Pascal" class="mw-disambig" title="Pascal">MPa</a>), neem watermolekules 'n superkritiese toestand aan. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Swaarwater" title="Swaarwater">Swaarwater</a> is water waarby die <a href="/wiki/Waterstof" title="Waterstof">waterstofatome</a> vervang word met die swaarder <a href="/wiki/Isotoop" title="Isotoop">isotoop</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deuterium" title="Deuterium">deuterium</a>. <i>Chemies</i> gesproke is dit dieselfde as gewone water. Swaarwater word tipies in die <a href="/wiki/Kernreaktor" title="Kernreaktor">kern-nywerheid</a> gebruik om <a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">neutrone</a> te vertraag. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="'n_Algemene_stof"><span id=".27n_Algemene_stof"></span>'n Algemene stof</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_(molekuul)&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Wysig afdeling: 'n Algemene stof" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_(molekuul)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: 'n Algemene stof"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Water_in_die_Heelal">Water in die Heelal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_(molekuul)&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Wysig afdeling: Water in die Heelal" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_(molekuul)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Water in die Heelal"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Water is bespeur in die <a href="/w/index.php?title=Intersterwolk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Intersterwolk (bladsy bestaan nie)">intersterwolke</a> in ons <a href="/wiki/Sterrestelsel" title="Sterrestelsel">sterrestelsel</a>, die <a href="/wiki/Melkweg" title="Melkweg">Melkweg</a>. Daar word geglo dat water in oorvloed in ander sterrestelsels ook bestaan omdat sy boustene, <a href="/wiki/Waterstof" title="Waterstof">waterstof</a> en <a href="/wiki/Suurstof" title="Suurstof">suurstof</a> onder die oorvloedigste elemente in die <a href="/wiki/Heelal" title="Heelal">heelal</a> tel. </p><p>Intersterwolke versamel uiteindelik om <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sterrenewel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sterrenewel (bladsy bestaan nie)">sterrenewels</a> en <a href="/wiki/Sterrestelsel" title="Sterrestelsel">sterrestelsels</a> soos ons s'n te vorm. Hierdie oorspronklike water kan ook in <a href="/wiki/Komeet" title="Komeet">komete</a>, <a href="/wiki/Planeet" title="Planeet">planete</a> en hul <a href="/wiki/Natuurlike_satelliet" title="Natuurlike satelliet">natuurlike satelliete</a> gevind word. In ons sonnestelsel is tekens van water dan ook gevind: </p> <ul><li>op die <a href="/wiki/Maan" title="Maan">Maan</a>,</li> <li>op die planete <a href="/wiki/Mercurius" title="Mercurius">Mercurius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mars_(planeet)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mars (planeet)">Mars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neptunus_(planeet)" class="mw-redirect" title="Neptunus (planeet)">Neptunus</a> en <a href="/wiki/Pluto_(planeet)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pluto (planeet)">Pluto</a>,</li> <li>op die satelliete van planete, soos <a href="/wiki/Triton_(maan)" title="Triton (maan)">Triton</a> en <a href="/wiki/Europa_(maan)" title="Europa (maan)">Europa</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Water_op_Aarde">Water op Aarde</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_(molekuul)&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Wysig afdeling: Water op Aarde" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_(molekuul)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Water op Aarde"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Die <a href="/wiki/Watersiklus" class="mw-redirect" title="Watersiklus">watersiklus</a> verwys na die voortdurene uitruiling van water binne die <a href="/wiki/Hidrosfeer" title="Hidrosfeer">hidrosfeer</a>, tussen die <a href="/wiki/Aarde_se_atmosfeer" title="Aarde se atmosfeer">atmosfeer</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oppervlakwater&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oppervlakwater (bladsy bestaan nie)">oppervlakwater</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grondwater" title="Grondwater">grondwater</a> en <a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">plante</a>. </p><p>Daar is ongeveer 1 360 000 000 km³ water op aarde. Hierdie water is rofweg as volg versprei: </p> <ul><li>1,320,000,000 km³ is in die <a href="/wiki/Oseaan" title="Oseaan">oseane</a></li> <li>25,000,000 km³ (1.8%) is in <a href="/wiki/Gletser" title="Gletser">gletsers</a> en die pole</li> <li>13,000,000 km³ (0.9%) is <a href="/wiki/Grondwater" title="Grondwater">grondwater</a>.</li> <li>250,000 km³ (0.02%) is <a href="/wiki/Varswater" class="mw-redirect" title="Varswater">varswater</a> in mere, binnelandse seë, en riviere.</li> <li>13,000 km³ (0.001%) is atmosferiese waterdamp op enige gegewe oomblik.</li></ul> <p>Vloeistofwater word in verskeie <b>watermassas</b> op aarde gevind soos byvoorbeeld in <a href="/wiki/Oseaan" title="Oseaan">oseane</a>, <a href="/wiki/See" title="See">seë</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meer" title="Meer">mere</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rivier" title="Rivier">riviere</a>, strome, <a href="/wiki/Kanaal" title="Kanaal">kanale</a> of poele. Die grootste hoeveelheid water op Aarde is <a href="/wiki/Seewater" title="Seewater">seewater</a>. Water is ook teenwoordig in die atmosfeer in beide vloeistof- en dampfases. Dit bestaan ook as grondwater in ondergrondse bronne. Water kook normaalweg teen 100 °C by seevlak maar in diepsee spuite kan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Superverhitting&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Superverhitting (bladsy bestaan nie)">superverhitte</a> water teen 400 °C aangetref word terwyl water teen die lae drukke op die berg <a href="/wiki/Everest" title="Everest">Everest</a> teen 'n skamele 70 °C sou kook. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Water_in_nywerhede">Water in nywerhede</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_(molekuul)&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Wysig afdeling: Water in nywerhede" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_(molekuul)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Water in nywerhede"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Water word ook in vele nywerheidsprosesse en majinerie gebruik soos <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stoomturbine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stoomturbine (bladsy bestaan nie)">stoomturbines</a> en <a href="/wiki/Hitteruiler" title="Hitteruiler">hitteruilers</a>, bowen die gebruik daarvan as chemiese <a href="/wiki/Oplosmiddel" title="Oplosmiddel">oplosmiddel</a>. Die uitlaat van onbehandelde water vanaf nywerhede veroorsaak <a href="/wiki/Besoedeling" title="Besoedeling">besoedeling</a>. Besoedeling kan opgeloste stowwe in die water insluit (chemiese besoedeling) of verkoelingswater wat te warm is (<a href="/wiki/Termiese_besoedeling" title="Termiese besoedeling">termiese besoedeling</a>). Nywerhede vereis suiwer water vir baie toepassings en maak van 'n verskeidenheid <a href="/wiki/Watersuiwering" title="Watersuiwering">suiweringstegnieke</a> gebruik. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fisika_en_Chemie_van_Water">Fisika en Chemie van Water</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_(molekuul)&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Wysig afdeling: Fisika en Chemie van Water" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_(molekuul)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Fisika en Chemie van Water"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Digtheid_van_water_en_ys">Digtheid van water en ys</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_(molekuul)&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Wysig afdeling: Digtheid van water en ys" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_(molekuul)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Digtheid van water en ys"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By die meeste stowwe is die vastestofvorm van die stof digter as die vloeistofvorm; dus sou 'n blok van daardie stof in daardie vloeistof sink. 'n Blok ys sal egter bo op water dryf aangesien water in sy vastestofvorm minder dig as vloeistofwater is. Dit is maar een van die ongewone eienskappe van water. Teen kamertemperatuur sal water wat afgekoel word soos die meeste ander stowwe al hoe digter word. Maar by 4 °C, net so 'n bietjie bo vriespunt, bereik water egter sy maksimum digtheid en soos dit dan verder verkoel word, word dit minder dig. Die fisiese verklaring hiervoor hou verband met die <a href="/wiki/Kristalstruktuur" title="Kristalstruktuur">kristalstruktuur</a> van gewone <a href="/wiki/Ys" title="Ys">ys</a>. Water, <a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium">gallium</a> en <a href="/wiki/Bismut" title="Bismut">bismut</a> is van die min materiale wat uitsit wanneer dit vries; die meeste ander materiale krimp. As water nie die eienskap gehad het nie sou die oseane byna almal gevries. </p><p>Hierdie ongewone uitsetting van water soos dit vanaf 4 °C bo sy vriespunt verkoel word bied varswaterdiere ook 'n belangrike voordeel in die wintertyd. Water op die oppervlak wat verkoel word, word digter en begin sink wat konveksiestrome veroorsaak wat die hele watermassa laat afkoel, maar wanneer die temperatuur van 'n dam of mer 4 °C bereik sal die water op die oppervlak wat verder afkoel minder dig word en op die oppervlak bly en uiteindelik ys bo-op vorm. Aangesien die konveksie deur die laer digtheid verhoed word sal enige groot watermassa se temperatuur op sy koudste by die oppervlak wees, terwyl die bodem teen die uiterste koue beskerm word. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Digtheid_van_soutwater_en_ys">Digtheid van soutwater en ys</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_(molekuul)&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Wysig afdeling: Digtheid van soutwater en ys" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_(molekuul)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Digtheid van soutwater en ys"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Die situasie is ietwat anders in die geval van <a href="/wiki/Soutwater" title="Soutwater">soutwater</a>. Ys dryf steeds bo-op en verhoed dat die oseane vries, maar die soutinhoud van die oseane verlaag die vriespunt van water met ongeveer 2 °C en verlaag ook die temperatuur waarteen die maksimum digtheid van water voorkom na baie nader aan die vriespunt. Dus sal die afwaartse konveksiestrome van koue water nie verhoed word in soutwater nie en sal die koue water aanhou om al dieper te sink. </p><p>Wanneer die oppervlak van <a href="/wiki/Seewater" title="Seewater">seewater</a> begin om te vries (teen -1.9 °C vir seewater van normale soutgehalte) is die ys wat gevorm word bykans soutloos met 'n digtheid naby aan die van varswaterys. Hierdie ys dryf op die oppervlak en die sout wat sodoende <i>uitgevries</i> is, verhoog dus die oorblywende water se soutgehalte. Die hoër soutgehalte het dan tot gevolg dat die oorblywende water na die bodem sink, met die gevolg dat die diepwater in oseane ook 'n temperatuur van &1.9deg;C behoort te hê. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Drievoudpunt">Drievoudpunt</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_(molekuul)&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Wysig afdeling: Drievoudpunt" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_(molekuul)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Drievoudpunt"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Die <a href="/wiki/Temperatuur" title="Temperatuur">temperatuur</a> en <a href="/wiki/Druk" title="Druk">druk</a> waarteen 'n vastestof-, vloeistof- en <a href="/wiki/Waterdamp" title="Waterdamp">gasvormige water</a> saam in ewewig bestaan word die <a href="/wiki/Drievoudpunt" title="Drievoudpunt">drievoudpunt</a> van water genoem. Hierdie punt word gebruik om die eenhede van temperatuur (die <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">kelvin</a> en indirek daardeur die graad <a href="/wiki/Celsius" title="Celsius">Celsius</a>). Die trippelpunt kom voor by 'n temperatur van 273.16K (0.01 °C) volgens ooreenkoms en teen 'n druk van 611.2 <a href="/wiki/Pascal" class="mw-disambig" title="Pascal">Pa</a>. Hierdie is 'n baie lae druk, ongeveer 150 keer laer as die barometriese druk by seevlak van 101 300 Pa. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Die_Mpemba_verskynsel">Die Mpemba verskynsel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_(molekuul)&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Wysig afdeling: Die Mpemba verskynsel" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_(molekuul)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Die Mpemba verskynsel"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Die_Mpemba_verskynsel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Die Mpemba verskynsel (bladsy bestaan nie)">Die Mpemba verskynsel</a> is die verrassende verskynsel waar warm water onder sekere omstandighede vinniger as koue water kan vries ten spyte daarvan dat dit eers na die laer temperature verkoel moet word om te kan vries. Hierdie verskynsel kan egter deeglik verklaar word aan die hand van <a href="/wiki/Verdamping" title="Verdamping">verdamping</a>, <a href="/wiki/Konveksie" title="Konveksie">konveksie</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Superverkoeling&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Superverkoeling (bladsy bestaan nie)">superverkoeling</a> en die <a href="/wiki/Isolasie" class="mw-disambig" title="Isolasie">isolerende</a> werking van <a href="/wiki/Ryp" title="Ryp">ryp</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oppervlakspanning">Oppervlakspanning</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_(molekuul)&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Wysig afdeling: Oppervlakspanning" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_(molekuul)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Oppervlakspanning"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Waterdruppels is stabiel danksy die hoë <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oppervlakspanning&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oppervlakspanning (bladsy bestaan nie)">oppervlakspanning</a> van water. Dit kan gesien word wanneer klein hoeveelhede water op 'n onoplosbare oppervlak geplaas word soos glas: Die water bly in druppels saamgebind. Hierdie is 'n belangrike eienskap vir lewensvorme. Water word byvoorbeeld deur die <a href="/w/index.php?title=Xileem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xileem (bladsy bestaan nie)">xileem</a> in die stamme van plante na bo vervoer word maak sterk staat op die sterk intermolekulêre kragte tussen watermolekules. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elektriese_eienskappe">Elektriese eienskappe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_(molekuul)&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Wysig afdeling: Elektriese eienskappe" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_(molekuul)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Elektriese eienskappe"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Suiwer</i> water is eintlik 'n goeie <a href="/w/index.php?title=Isoleerder&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isoleerder (bladsy bestaan nie)">isoleerder</a> (swak <a href="/wiki/Geleier" class="mw-redirect" title="Geleier">geleier</a>). Omdat water egter so 'n goeie oplosmiddel is, kom dit byna altyd saam met <a href="/w/index.php?title=Opgeloste_stof&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Opgeloste stof (bladsy bestaan nie)">opgeloste stowwe</a> daarin voor, dikwels in die vorm van 'n <a href="/wiki/Sout" class="mw-redirect" title="Sout">sout</a>. Water met selfs 'n klein hoeveelheid onsuiwerhede is 'n baie beter geleier van elektriesiteit omdat die sout ontbind na vrye <a href="/wiki/Ioon" title="Ioon">ione</a> in waterige oplossings wat dien as draers vir die elektriese stroom. </p><p>Water kan ontbind word na die bousteen-elemente, waterstof en suurstof, deur 'n stroom daardeur te laat vloei. Die proses staan bekend as <a href="/wiki/Elektrolise" title="Elektrolise">elektrolise</a>. Watermolekules ontbind natuurlik in H<sup>+</sup> en OH<sup>-</sup> ione, wat na die <a href="/wiki/Katode" class="mw-redirect" title="Katode">katode</a> en <a href="/wiki/Anode" class="mw-redirect" title="Anode">anode</a> respektiewelik aangetrek word. By die katode neem twee H<sup>+</sup> ione elektrone op om H<sub>2</sub> gas te vorm. By die anode gee vier OH<sup>-</sup> ione, vier elektrone af en vorm sodoende 'n molekule O<sub>2</sub> gas en twee molekules water. Die gasse borrel na die oppervlak waar hulle dan versamel kan word. Dit is bekend dat die teoretiese maksimum elektriese weerstand van water ongeveer 182 <a href="/wiki/Ohm" title="Ohm">kilo-ohm</a>-meter (of 18.2 MΩ·cm) teen 25 grade Celsius. Hierdie syfer kom goed ooreen met wat tipies waargeneem word by tru-osmose, ultafiltreerde en dionisasie-gesuiwerde <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ultrasuiwer_water&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ultrasuiwer water (bladsy bestaan nie)">ultrasuiwer water</a> wat tipies in halfgeleier aanlegte teëgekom word. 'n Sout of suurbesoedelingsvlak wat selfs net 100 dele per triljoen (dpt) in ultrasuiwer water sal 'n noemenswaardige impak op die elektriese weerstand van water hê. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dipolêre_aard_van_water"><span id="Dipol.C3.AAre_aard_van_water"></span>Dipolêre aard van water</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_(molekuul)&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Wysig afdeling: Dipolêre aard van water" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_(molekuul)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section's source code: Dipolêre aard van water"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>'n Belangrike eienskap van water is sy <a href="/wiki/Pol%C3%AAre_molekule" title="Polêre molekule">polêre</a> aard. Die watermolekule vorm 'n hoek, met waterstofatome aan die punte en suurstof by die hoekpunt. Aangesien suurstof 'n hoër <a href="/wiki/Elektronegatiwiteit" title="Elektronegatiwiteit">elektronegatiwiteit</a> as waterstof het, sal die kant van die molekule waar die suurstofatoom geleë is 'n effense negatiewe lading hê. 'n Molekule met so 'n ladingsverskil word 'n <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dipool&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dipool (bladsy bestaan nie)">dipool</a> genoem. Die ladingsverskille veroorsaak dat watermolekule s na mekaar aangetrek word (die relatief positiewe kante na die relatief negatiewe kante toe) en na ander molekules. Hierdie aantrekkingskrag word <a href="/wiki/Waterstofbinding" title="Waterstofbinding">waterstofbinding</a> genoem en verklaar baie van water se fisiese eienskappe. </p><p>Al is die aantrekkingskrag van die waterstofbindings relatief tot die kovalente verbindings binne-in die watermolekule swak is dit tog verantwoordelik vir baie van water se fisiese eienskappe. Een van die eienskappe is sy relatief hoë <a href="/wiki/Smeltpunt" title="Smeltpunt">smelt</a>- en <a href="/wiki/Kookpunt" title="Kookpunt">kookpunte</a>; meer <a href="/wiki/Warmte" title="Warmte">warmte</a>-energie word vereis om die waterstofbindings tussen die molekules te verbreek. 'n Verbinding met soortgelyke struktuur soos waterstofsulfied (H<sub>2</sub>S), wat 'n baie swakker waterstofbinding het, is 'n gas by <a href="/wiki/Kamertemperatuur" title="Kamertemperatuur">kamertemperatuur</a> al het dit dubbel die molekulêre massa van water. Die ekstra verbinding tussen watermolekules gee aan watervloeistof 'n groot <a href="/w/index.php?title=Soortlike_warmtekapasiteit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Soortlike warmtekapasiteit (bladsy bestaan nie)">soortlike warmtekapasiteit</a> wat dit dan 'n goeie medium maak vir die stoor van warmte-energie. Waterstofbinding gee aan water ook sy ongewone gedrag wanneer dit vries. Wanneer dit tot naby sy vriespunt afgekoel word veroorsaak dit dat die molekules herrangskik om die energie te minimiseer en vorm sodoende die <a href="/w/index.php?title=Heksagonaal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heksagonaal (bladsy bestaan nie)">heksagonale</a> <a href="/wiki/Kristalstruktuur" title="Kristalstruktuur">kristalstruktuur</a> van <a href="/wiki/Ys" title="Ys">ys</a> wat 'n laer digtheid het: en daarom dryf die vastestofvorm op water. </p><p>'n Belangwekkende gevolg van die feit dat die vastestof 'n laer digtheid het as die vloeistof is dat ys sal smelt as 'n voldoende hoë druk daarop uitgeoefen sou word. Met toenemende druk sal die smeltpunt afneem totdat die temperatuur van die omgewing bereik is, waar die ys dan sal smelt. Die druk moet egter noemenswaardig wees om die smeltpunt betekenisvol te verlaag – die druk wat deur 'n ysskaatser uitgeoefen word verminder die smeltpunt met ongeveer 0.09 °C. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Water_as_'n_oplosmiddel"><span id="Water_as_.27n_oplosmiddel"></span>Water as 'n oplosmiddel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_(molekuul)&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Wysig afdeling: Water as 'n oplosmiddel" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_(molekuul)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section's source code: Water as 'n oplosmiddel"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Water is 'n baie goeie <a href="/wiki/Oplosmiddel" title="Oplosmiddel">oplosmiddel</a> vanweë sy <a href="/w/index.php?title=Polariteit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polariteit (bladsy bestaan nie)">polariteit</a>. Wanneer 'n ioniese of polêre verbinding in kontak met water kom kan die relatief klein watermolekules die stof wat opgelos word heeltemal omring. Die deels negatiewe <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dipool&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dipool (bladsy bestaan nie)">dipoolgedeelte</a> van die water word na die positief gelaaide komponente van die stof wat opgelos word aangetrek en teenoorgestelde vir die positiewe dipoolgedeeltes. </p><p>Oor die algemeen is ioniese en polêre stowwe soos <a href="/wiki/Suur" title="Suur">sure</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alkohol" title="Alkohol">alkohole</a> en <a href="/wiki/Sout" class="mw-redirect" title="Sout">soute</a> geredelik oplosbaar in water en nie-polêre stowwe soos vette en olies nie. Nie-polêre molekules bly bymekaar in water aangesien die waterstofbindings tussen die watermolekules sterker is as die <a href="/w/index.php?title=Van_der_Waalskrag&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Van der Waalskrag (bladsy bestaan nie)">van der Waalskragte</a> tussen Watermolekule s en die nie-polêre molekules. </p><p>'n Voorbeeld van ioniese oplosbare stowwe is <a href="/wiki/Natriumchloried" class="mw-redirect" title="Natriumchloried">tafelsout</a>; die natriumchloried, NaCl, ontbind na Na<sup>+</sup> <a href="/wiki/Katioon" class="mw-redirect" title="Katioon">katione</a> en Cl<sup>-</sup> <a href="/wiki/Anioon" class="mw-redirect" title="Anioon">anione</a> waarna beide spesies deur water omring word. Die ione word maklik vanaf hul oorspronklike <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristalraamwerk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kristalraamwerk (bladsy bestaan nie)">kristalraamwerk</a> weggevoer na die oplossing toe. 'n Voorbeeld van 'n nie-ioniese oplosbare stof is <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sukrose&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sukrose (bladsy bestaan nie)">gewone suiker</a>. Die waterdipole vorm waterstofbindings met die polêre dele van die suikermolekule (OH groepe) en laat toe dat dit in die oplossing in weggevoer word. </p><p>Die oplosmiddel-eienskappe van water is van uiterste belang in <a href="/wiki/Biologie" title="Biologie">biologie</a>, aangesien baie biochemiese reaksies in waterige <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oplossing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oplossing (bladsy bestaan nie)">oplossings</a> plaasvind (bv, reaksies in die <a href="/w/index.php?title=Selplasma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Selplasma (bladsy bestaan nie)">selplasma</a> en <a href="/wiki/Bloed" title="Bloed">bloed</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Die_waterewewig">Die waterewewig</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_(molekuul)&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Wysig afdeling: Die waterewewig" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_(molekuul)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section's source code: Die waterewewig"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chemies gesproke is water <a href="/wiki/Amfiproties#Amfiproties_en_amfoteries" title="Amfiproties">amfoteries</a> – d.w.s. dit kan as 'n <a href="/wiki/Suur" title="Suur">suur</a> of 'n <a href="/wiki/Basis" title="Basis">basis</a> optree. By 'n <a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a> van 7 (neutraal) is die konsentrasie <a href="/wiki/Hidroksied" title="Hidroksied">hidroksiedione</a> (OH<sup>-</sup>) gelyk aan die konsentrasie van die <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hidronium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hidronium (bladsy bestaan nie)">hidronium</a>- (H<sub>3</sub>O<sup>+</sup>) of <a href="/wiki/Waterstof" title="Waterstof">waterstofione</a> (H<sup>+</sup>). </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle H_{2}O+H_{2}O\leftrightharpoons H_{3}O^{+}+OH^{-}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mi>O</mi> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mi>H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mi>O</mi> <mo stretchy="false">⇋</mo> <msub> <mi>H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msub> <msup> <mi>O</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo>+</mo> <mi>O</mi> <msup> <mi>H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle H_{2}O+H_{2}O\leftrightharpoons H_{3}O^{+}+OH^{-}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ee9aee60d421703324dce540726dc88ad5af0744" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:30.47ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle H_{2}O+H_{2}O\leftrightharpoons H_{3}O^{+}+OH^{-}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>Die ewewigskonstante <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle K_{w}\approx 10^{-14}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>K</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>w</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>≈</mo> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>14</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle K_{w}\approx 10^{-14}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9d79ce3b07855761de9f8a1037895152235add81" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:11.96ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle K_{w}\approx 10^{-14}}"></span> by kamertemperatuur. In suiwer water is daarom <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle [H_{3}O^{+}]=[OH^{-}]\approx 10^{-7}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <msub> <mi>H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msub> <msup> <mi>O</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mi>O</mi> <msup> <mi>H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> <mo>≈</mo> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>7</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle [H_{3}O^{+}]=[OH^{-}]\approx 10^{-7}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/5b61b44199e4ad66d5686c860731d0fb20ae2798" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:25.099ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle [H_{3}O^{+}]=[OH^{-}]\approx 10^{-7}}"></span> </p><p>As die <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ewewig&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ewewig (bladsy bestaan nie)">ewewig</a> versteur word kan die oplossing suur word (meer hidronium-ione) of basies word (meer hidroksied-ione). </p><p>Water kan of as suur of basis aan reaksies deelneem. Volgens die <a href="/w/index.php?title=Br%C3%B8nsted-Lowry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brønsted-Lowry (bladsy bestaan nie)">Brønsted-Lowrystelsel</a>, word 'n suur gedefinieer as 'n spesie wat 'n proton ('n H<sup>+</sup> ioon) in 'n reaksie skenk en 'n basis as een wat 'n proton ontvang. Wanneer dit met 'n sterker suur reageer, tree water as 'n basis op; wanneer dit met 'n swakker suur reageer tree dit as 'n suur op. Water ontvang byvoorbeeld 'n H<sup>+</sup> ioon in die HCl ewewig: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle HCl+H_{2}O\to H_{3}O^{+}+Cl^{-}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>H</mi> <mi>C</mi> <mi>l</mi> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mi>H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mi>O</mi> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> <msub> <mi>H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msub> <msup> <mi>O</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo>+</mo> <mi>C</mi> <msup> <mi>l</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle HCl+H_{2}O\to H_{3}O^{+}+Cl^{-}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a52fe2a64fd3798fb69f5838f6ef26382d647432" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:28.817ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle HCl+H_{2}O\to H_{3}O^{+}+Cl^{-}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>Hier tree water as 'n basis op deurdat dit 'n H<sup>+</sup> ioon ontvang. Omdat HCl 'n sterk suur is val amper alle HCl in ione uitmekaar. </p><p>'n Suur skenk 'n H<sup>+</sup> ioon en water kan dit ook doen, soos in die reaksie met <a href="/wiki/Ammoniak" title="Ammoniak">ammoniak</a>, NH<sub>3</sub>: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle NH_{3}+H_{2}O\leftrightharpoons NH_{4}^{+}+OH^{-}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>N</mi> <msub> <mi>H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mi>H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mi>O</mi> <mo stretchy="false">⇋</mo> <mi>N</mi> <msubsup> <mi>H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>+</mo> <mi>O</mi> <msup> <mi>H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle NH_{3}+H_{2}O\leftrightharpoons NH_{4}^{+}+OH^{-}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/3d1a2ac07e4b377db7fa885d0e3c8e83fc47ad3e" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:30.168ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle NH_{3}+H_{2}O\leftrightharpoons NH_{4}^{+}+OH^{-}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>In hierdie geval is die reaksie 'n ewewig. Nie alle ammoniak sal reageer nie, omdat ammonia (die ammoniakoplossing) 'n swak basis is. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Suurgehalte_in_die_natuur">Suurgehalte in die natuur</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_(molekuul)&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Wysig afdeling: Suurgehalte in die natuur" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_(molekuul)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section's source code: Suurgehalte in die natuur"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Teoreties behoort suiwer water 'n <a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a> van 7 te hê. In die praktyk is dit egter uiters moeilik om suiwer water te maak. Water wat aan lug blootgestel word vir 'n gegewe tyd sal baie vinnig <a href="/wiki/Koolstofdioksied" title="Koolstofdioksied">koolstofdioksied</a> absorbeer en <a href="/wiki/Koolsuur" title="Koolsuur">koolsuur</a> vorm, wat 'n pH van so laag as ongeveer 5.7 kan hê. Met die vorming van wolkdruppels in die atmosfeer en met die val van die reëndruppels deur die lug word klein hoeveelhede CO<sub>2</sub> geabsorbeer en daarom is reën meestal effe suur. As groot hoeveelhede <a href="/wiki/Stikstof" title="Stikstof">stikstof</a>- en <a href="/wiki/Swael" title="Swael">swaeloksiede</a> in die lug teenwoordig is, sal dit ook oplos en ernstiger <a href="/wiki/Suurre%C3%ABn" title="Suurreën">suurreën</a> probleme tot gevolg hê. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Waterstofbinding_in_water">Waterstofbinding in water</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_(molekuul)&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Wysig afdeling: Waterstofbinding in water" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_(molekuul)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section's source code: Waterstofbinding in water"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Watermolekule s kan 'n maksimum van vier <a href="/wiki/Waterstofbinding" title="Waterstofbinding">waterstofbindings</a> vorm omdat dit twee waterstofatome kan aanvaar en twee kan skenk. Ander molekules soos <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluorsuur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fluorsuur (bladsy bestaan nie)">fluorsuur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ammoniak" title="Ammoniak">ammoniak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metanol" title="Metanol">metanol</a> vorm waterstofbindings maar toon nie die afwykende <a href="/wiki/Termodinamika" title="Termodinamika">termodinamiese</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kinetiese&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kinetiese (bladsy bestaan nie)">kinetiese</a> of strukturele eienskappe van water nie. Die verklaring vir hierdie skynbare verskil tussen water en ander vloeistowwe wat waterstofbindings vorm is dat buiten water nie een van die ander molekules vier waterstofbindings kan vorm nie hetsy dit is as gevolg van die onvermoë om waterstowwe te kan skenk/aanvaar of vanweë <a href="/w/index.php?title=Steries&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Steries (bladsy bestaan nie)">steriese</a> effekte. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sien_ook">Sien ook</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_(molekuul)&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Wysig afdeling: Sien ook" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_(molekuul)&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section's source code: Sien ook"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swaarwater" title="Swaarwater">Swaarwater</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Die_Mpemba_verskynsel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Die Mpemba verskynsel (bladsy bestaan nie)">Die Mpemba verskynsel</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eksterne_skakels">Eksterne skakels</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_(molekuul)&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Wysig afdeling: Eksterne skakels" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_(molekuul)&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section's source code: Eksterne skakels"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color:var(--background-color-base, #fff);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base, #a2a9b1);color:inherit"> <tbody><tr> <td class="mbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></td> <td class="mbox-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons bevat media in verband met <i><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Water_molecule" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Water molecule">Water (molekuul)</a></b></i>.</td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lsbu.ac.uk/water/">Engelstalige werf oor Water se struktuur en gedrag</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dhmo.org/">'n Humoristiese opstel in Engels oor die "gevare" van diwaterstofmonoksied</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.siwi.org/">Stockholm Internasionale Waterinstituut</a> (SIWI)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061118143926/http://www.btinternet.com/~martin.chaplin/explan.html">'n Werf waar die afwykende eienskappe van water verklaar word</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.compchemwiki.org/index.php?title=Water">'n Berekeningschemie Wiki (Engels)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927201533/http://www.compchemwiki.org/index.php?title=Water">Geargiveer</a> 27 September 2007 op <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Oksiede" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-lees"><a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Oksiede" title="Sjabloon:Oksiede"><abbr title="Lees hierdie sjabloon" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bespreek"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sjabloonbespreking:Oksiede&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sjabloonbespreking:Oksiede (bladsy bestaan nie)"><abbr title="Bespreek hierdie sjabloon" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-wysig"><a class="external text" href="https://af.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sjabloon:Oksiede&action=edit"><abbr title="Wysig hierdie sjabloon" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">w</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Oksiede" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Oksied" title="Oksied">Oksiede</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Waterstofoksied" class="mw-redirect" title="Waterstofoksied">H</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litiumoksied" title="Litiumoksied">Li</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natriumoksied" title="Natriumoksied">Na</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaliumoksied" title="Kaliumoksied">K</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubidiumoksied" title="Rubidiumoksied">Rb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnesiumoksied" title="Magnesiumoksied">Mg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalsiumoksied" title="Kalsiumoksied">Ca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stronsiumoksied" title="Stronsiumoksied">Sr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bariumoksied" title="Bariumoksied">Ba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lantaanoksied" title="Lantaanoksied">La</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titaandioksied" title="Titaandioksied">Ti(IV)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanadium(II)oksied" title="Vanadium(II)oksied">V(II)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanadium(III)oksied" title="Vanadium(III)oksied">V(III)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanadiumpentoksied" title="Vanadiumpentoksied">V(V)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chroom(III)oksied" title="Chroom(III)oksied">Cr(III)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chroom(VI)oksied" title="Chroom(VI)oksied">Cr(VI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangaandioksied" title="Mangaandioksied">Mn(IV)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molibdeen(VI)oksied" title="Molibdeen(VI)oksied">Mo(VI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yster(III)oksied" title="Yster(III)oksied">Fe(III)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutenium(IV)oksied" title="Rutenium(IV)oksied">Ru(IV)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutenium(VIII)oksied" title="Rutenium(VIII)oksied">Ru(VIII)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osmium(VIII)oksied" title="Osmium(VIII)oksied">Os(VIII)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluminiumoksied" title="Aluminiumoksied">Al</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallium(III)oksied" title="Gallium(III)oksied">Ga(III)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koolstofmonoksied" title="Koolstofmonoksied">CO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koolstofdioksied" title="Koolstofdioksied"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2629010">'"`UNIQ--templatestyles-00000006-QINU`"'</style><span class="chemf nowrap">CO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koolstofsuboksied" title="Koolstofsuboksied"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2629010"><span class="chemf nowrap">C<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silikondioksied" title="Silikondioksied">Si</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fosforpentoksied" title="Fosforpentoksied">P(V)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antimoon(III)oksied" title="Antimoon(III)oksied">Sb(III)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinkoksied" title="Sinkoksied">Zn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadmiumoksied" title="Kadmiumoksied">Cd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koper(I)oksied" title="Koper(I)oksied">Cu(I)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koper(II)oksied" title="Koper(II)oksied">Cu(II)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silweroksied" title="Silweroksied">Ag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lood(II)oksied" title="Lood(II)oksied">Pb(II)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lood(IV)oksied" title="Lood(IV)oksied">Pb(IV)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serium(IV)oksied" title="Serium(IV)oksied">Ce(IV)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toriumoksied" title="Toriumoksied">Th</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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