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vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arab_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Arab era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arab_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Modern era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Archaeological_excavation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archaeological_excavation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Archaeological excavation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Archaeological_excavation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Archaeological excavation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Archaeological_excavation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Archaeological_structures_of_Muslim_conquest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archaeological_structures_of_Muslim_conquest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Archaeological structures of Muslim conquest</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Archaeological_structures_of_Muslim_conquest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle External links subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Oxyrhynchus_papyri_volumes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oxyrhynchus_papyri_volumes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Oxyrhynchus papyri volumes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oxyrhynchus_papyri_volumes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" 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Available in 35 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-35" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">35 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%B3" title="أوكسيرينخوس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أوكسيرينخوس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%85" title="Оксиринх – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Оксиринх" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxirinc" title="Oxirinc – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Oxirinc" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxyrhynchus" title="Oxyrhynchus – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Oxyrhynchus" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxyrhynchos" title="Oxyrhynchos – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Oxyrhynchos" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxyrhynchos" title="Oxyrhynchos – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Oxyrhynchos" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxyrhynchos" title="Oxyrhynchos – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Oxyrhynchos" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CE%BE%CF%8D%CF%81%CF%81%CF%85%CE%B3%CF%87%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%86%CE%BD%CF%89_%CE%91%CE%B9%CE%B3%CF%8D%CF%80%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85" title="Οξύρρυγχος Άνω Αιγύπτου – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Οξύρρυγχος Άνω Αιγύπτου" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxirrinco" title="Oxirrinco – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Oxirrinco" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oksirin%C4%A5o" title="Oksirinĥo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Oksirinĥo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxirrinko" title="Oxirrinko – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Oxirrinko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%B3" title="اوکسیرینخوس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اوکسیرینخوس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxyrhynque" title="Oxyrhynque – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Oxyrhynque" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oksyrynchus" title="Oksyrynchus – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Oksyrynchus" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxyrhynchus" title="Oxyrhynchus – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Oxyrhynchus" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%A5%EC%8B%9C%EB%A7%81%EC%BF%A0%EC%8A%A4" title="옥시링쿠스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="옥시링쿠스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oksirinkos" title="Oksirinkos – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Oksirinkos" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ossirinco" title="Ossirinco – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ossirinco" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%B0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="ოქსირინჰუსი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ოქსირინჰუსი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oksirinkhosa" title="Oksirinkhosa – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Oksirinkhosa" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%B3" title="اوكسيرينخوس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اوكسيرينخوس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxyrhynchus" title="Oxyrhynchus – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Oxyrhynchus" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AA%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B7%E3%83%AA%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B3%E3%82%B9" title="オクシリンコス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="オクシリンコス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxyrhynchus" title="Oxyrhynchus – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Oxyrhynchus" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oksyrynchos" title="Oksyrynchos – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Oksyrynchos" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxirrinco" title="Oxirrinco – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Oxirrinco" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxyrhynchos" title="Oxyrhynchos – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Oxyrhynchos" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%85" title="Оксиринх – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Оксиринх" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxyrhynchos" title="Oxyrhynchos – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Oxyrhynchos" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%85%D1%83%D1%81" title="Оксиринхус – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Оксиринхус" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oksirinh" title="Oksirinh – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Oksirinh" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oksyrhynkhos" title="Oksyrhynkhos – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Oksyrhynkhos" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxyrhynchus" title="Oxyrhynchus – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Oxyrhynchus" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxyrhynchus" title="Oxyrhynchus – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Oxyrhynchus" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E5%85%8B%E5%96%9C%E6%9E%97%E5%BA%AB%E6%96%AF" title="俄克喜林庫斯 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="俄克喜林庫斯" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q622640#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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.latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Oxyrhynchus&params=28.531_N_30.647_E_type:city_region:EG"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">28°31′52″N</span> <span class="longitude">30°38′49″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">28.531°N 30.647°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">28.531; 30.647</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">City in Ptolemaic/Roman Egypt</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the Egyptian city. For the genus of legumes, see <a href="/wiki/Oxyrhynchus_(plant)" title="Oxyrhynchus (plant)">Oxyrhynchus (plant)</a>. For the fish, see <a href="/wiki/Freshwater_elephantfish" class="mw-redirect" title="Freshwater elephantfish">Freshwater elephantfish</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Place in Minya, Egypt</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Oxyrhynchus</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-native"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">البهنسا</span></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>)</span></li><li><span title="Coptic-language text"><span lang="cop">ⲡⲉⲙϫⲉ</span></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Coptic_language" title="Coptic language">Coptic</a>)</span></li><li><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Ὀξυρρυγχος</span></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>)</span></li></ul></div></div><div class="nickname ib-settlement-other-name">Al-Bahnasa</div></th></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%82%D8%A9_%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%87%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Al-Bahnasa Martyr district, a cemetery of 5,000 prominent early Muslims during Early Muslim conquests"><img alt="Al-Bahnasa Martyr district, a cemetery of 5,000 prominent early Muslims during Early Muslim conquests" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%82%D8%A9_%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%87%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7.jpg/250px-%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%82%D8%A9_%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%87%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%82%D8%A9_%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%87%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7.jpg/375px-%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%82%D8%A9_%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%87%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%82%D8%A9_%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%87%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7.jpg/500px-%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%82%D8%A9_%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%87%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Al-Bahnasa Martyr district, a cemetery of 5,000 prominent early Muslims during <a href="/wiki/Early_Muslim_conquests" title="Early Muslim conquests">Early Muslim conquests</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:300px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:300px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:300px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Egypt_relief_location_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Oxyrhynchus is located in Egypt"><img alt="Oxyrhynchus is located in Egypt" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Egypt_relief_location_map.jpg/300px-Egypt_relief_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Egypt_relief_location_map.jpg/450px-Egypt_relief_location_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Egypt_relief_location_map.jpg/600px-Egypt_relief_location_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1055" data-file-height="973" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:33.046%;left:49.214%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Oxyrhynchus"><img alt="Oxyrhynchus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Oxyrhynchus</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Oxyrhynchus&params=28.531_N_30.647_E_type:city_region:EG"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">28°31′52″N</span> <span class="longitude">30°38′49″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">28.531°N 30.647°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">28.531; 30.647</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/45px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Governorates_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Governorates of Egypt">Governorate</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Minya_Governorate" title="Minya Governorate">Minya</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B2" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+2">UTC+2</a> (<a href="/wiki/Egypt_Standard_Time" title="Egypt Standard Time">EST</a>)</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Oxyrhynchus</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="/ŋ/: 'ng' in 'sing'">ŋ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">ok-sih-<span style="font-size:90%">RINK</span>-əs</i></a>; <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">Ὀξύῤῥυγχος</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ancient_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Ancient Greek">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Ancient Greek-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Oxýrrhynkhos</i></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'sharp-nosed', <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/Koin%C4%93_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Koinē Greek language">Koinē Greek</a>:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="grc-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[okˈsyr̥r̥yŋkʰos]</a></span>; <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Egyptian language">Ancient Egyptian</a>: <i lang="egy">Pr-mdjd</i>; <a href="/wiki/Coptic_language" title="Coptic language">Coptic</a>: <span lang="cop"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1107333977">.mw-parser-output .script-coptic{font-family:"Sophia Nubian","Noto Sans Coptic","FreeSerif","Quivira","Segoe UI Historic","Segoe UI Symbol","New Athena Unicode","MPH 2B Damase","Arial Coptic","Analecta","Antinoou"}</style><span class="script-coptic">ⲡⲉⲙϫⲉ</span> or <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977"><span class="script-coptic">ⲡⲙ̅ϫⲏ</span></span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Coptic-language romanization"><i lang="cop-Latn"><i>Pemdje</i></i></span>),<sup id="cite_ref-Budge987_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Budge987-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gauthier83_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gauthier83-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also known by its modern name <b>Al-Bahnasa</b> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">البهنسا</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">el-Bahnasa</i></span>), is a city in <a href="/wiki/Middle_Egypt" title="Middle Egypt">Middle Egypt</a> located about 160 km south-southwest of <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a> in <a href="/wiki/Minya_Governorate" title="Minya Governorate">Minya Governorate</a>. It is also an important <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_site" title="Archaeological site">archaeological site</a>. Since the late 19th century, the area around Oxyrhynchus has been excavated almost continually, yielding an enormous collection of <a href="/wiki/Papyrus" title="Papyrus">papyrus</a> texts dating from the <a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom" title="Ptolemaic Kingdom">Ptolemaic Kingdom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Egypt_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Egypt (Roman province)">Roman Egypt</a>. They also include a few <a href="/wiki/Vellum" title="Vellum">vellum</a> manuscripts, and more recent <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a> manuscripts on <a href="/wiki/Paper" title="Paper">paper</a> (for example, the medieval P. Oxy. VI 1006<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxyrhynchus&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oxyrhynchus,_excavated_in_Egypt,_Late_period,_c._664-332_BC,_gilt_bronze_-_Tokyo_National_Museum_-_Tokyo,_Japan_-_DSC08538.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Oxyrhynchus%2C_excavated_in_Egypt%2C_Late_period%2C_c._664-332_BC%2C_gilt_bronze_-_Tokyo_National_Museum_-_Tokyo%2C_Japan_-_DSC08538.jpg/220px-Oxyrhynchus%2C_excavated_in_Egypt%2C_Late_period%2C_c._664-332_BC%2C_gilt_bronze_-_Tokyo_National_Museum_-_Tokyo%2C_Japan_-_DSC08538.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Oxyrhynchus%2C_excavated_in_Egypt%2C_Late_period%2C_c._664-332_BC%2C_gilt_bronze_-_Tokyo_National_Museum_-_Tokyo%2C_Japan_-_DSC08538.jpg/330px-Oxyrhynchus%2C_excavated_in_Egypt%2C_Late_period%2C_c._664-332_BC%2C_gilt_bronze_-_Tokyo_National_Museum_-_Tokyo%2C_Japan_-_DSC08538.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Oxyrhynchus%2C_excavated_in_Egypt%2C_Late_period%2C_c._664-332_BC%2C_gilt_bronze_-_Tokyo_National_Museum_-_Tokyo%2C_Japan_-_DSC08538.jpg/440px-Oxyrhynchus%2C_excavated_in_Egypt%2C_Late_period%2C_c._664-332_BC%2C_gilt_bronze_-_Tokyo_National_Museum_-_Tokyo%2C_Japan_-_DSC08538.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3635" data-file-height="4112" /></a><figcaption>The medjed or oxyrhynchus worshipped as a deity</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_Egyptian_era">Ancient Egyptian era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxyrhynchus&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Ancient Egyptian era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table style="font-size: 88%; border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid blue; margin: 0.5em 1em; text-align: center; clear: right; float: right; margin-right: 0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding:0.75em; background-color: var(--background-color-base); color:var( --color-base ); text-align: center"><table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_O1.png?39788" height="16" title="O1 [pr]" alt="pr" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_Z1.png?4dc06" height="16" title="Z1" alt="Z1" /></td> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_G20.png?e92e4" height="38" title="G20" alt="G20" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_I10.png?9f0b0" height="38" title="I10 [D]" alt="D" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N31.png?fcf54" height="19" title="N31" alt="N31" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_O49.png?dd778" height="18" title="O49 [niwt]" alt="niwt" /></td> </tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background: silver; color:black; border-bottom: 1px solid blue; padding: 0.5em">pr mꜥḏ<sup id="cite_ref-Budge987_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Budge987-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />in <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">hieroglyphs</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <table style="font-size: 88%; border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid blue; margin: 0.5em 1em; text-align: center; clear: right; float: right; margin-right: 0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding:0.75em; background-color: var(--background-color-base); color:var( --color-base ); text-align: center"><table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_O1.png?39788" height="16" title="O1 [pr]" alt="pr" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_Z1.png?4dc06" height="16" title="Z1" alt="Z1" /></td> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_G17.png?3741e" height="38" title="G17 [m]" alt="m" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_U29.png?a1fb1" height="38" title="U29" alt="U29" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_G1.png?4d556" height="38" title="G1 [A]" alt="A" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_O49.png?dd778" height="18" title="O49 [niwt]" alt="niwt" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background: navajowhite; color:black; border-bottom: 1px solid peru; padding: 0.5em">pr mḏꜣ<sup id="cite_ref-Gauthier83_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gauthier83-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />in <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">hieroglyphs</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>Oxyrhynchus lies west of the main course of the <a href="/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">Nile</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Bahr_Yussef" title="Bahr Yussef">Bahr Yussef</a>, a branch that terminates in <a href="/wiki/Lake_Moeris" title="Lake Moeris">Lake Moeris</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Faiyum" title="Faiyum">Faiyum</a> <a href="/wiki/Oasis" title="Oasis">oasis</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">ancient Egyptian</a> times, there was a city on the site called <b><a href="/wiki/Pr_(hieroglyph)" title="Pr (hieroglyph)">Per</a>-Medjed</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-where_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-where-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> named after the <a href="/wiki/Medjed_(fish)" title="Medjed (fish)">medjed</a>, a species of <a href="/wiki/Mormyridae" title="Mormyridae">elephantfish</a> of the Nile worshipped there as the fish that ate the penis of <a href="/wiki/Osiris" title="Osiris">Osiris</a>. It was the capital of the 19th <a href="/wiki/Upper_Egypt" title="Upper Egypt">Upper Egyptian</a> <a href="/wiki/Nome_(Egypt)" title="Nome (Egypt)">Nome</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ptolemaic_era">Ptolemaic era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxyrhynchus&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Ptolemaic era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oxyrhynchos_map.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Oxyrhynchos_map.gif/200px-Oxyrhynchos_map.gif" decoding="async" width="200" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Oxyrhynchos_map.gif/300px-Oxyrhynchos_map.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/32/Oxyrhynchos_map.gif 2x" data-file-width="399" data-file-height="457" /></a><figcaption>Location of Oxyrhynchus in Egypt.</figcaption></figure> <p>After the conquest of <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> in 332 BC, the city was reestablished as a Hellenistic town called <b>Oxyrrhynchoupolis</b> (<a href="/wiki/Koin%C4%93_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Koinē Greek language">Koinē Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">Ὀξυρρύγχου Πόλις</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Koinē Greek-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">town of the sharp-snouted fish</i></span>). In the <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic period</a>, Oxyrhynchus was a prosperous regional capital, the third-largest city in <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>. After Egypt was <a href="/wiki/Christianization" title="Christianization">Christianized</a>, it became famous for its many <a href="/wiki/Church_(building)" title="Church (building)">churches</a> and <a href="/wiki/Monastery" title="Monastery">monasteries</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-where_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-where-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Saints Sirenos, Philoxenos and Ioustos were venerated and had shrines dedicated to them in the city.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roman_era">Roman era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxyrhynchus&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Roman era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Oxyrhynchus remained a prominent, though gradually declining, town in the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a> periods.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Diaspora_Revolt" title="Diaspora Revolt">Diaspora Revolt</a> of 115–117 CE, fighting spread to the nome of Oxyrhynchus.<sup id="cite_ref-Zeev-2006_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zeev-2006-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This uprising ultimately led to the near-total expulsion and annihilation of <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> from Egypt, with papyrological evidence of a festival commemorating this victory still observed in Oxyrhynchus eighty years later.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jewish communities in the region did not re-emerge until the third century. A papyrus dated 291 CE documents the presence of an active <a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">synagogue</a> in Oxyrhynchus and identifies one of its officials as originating from <a href="/wiki/Syria_Palaestina" title="Syria Palaestina">Palestine</a>, indicating the renewed presence of Jewish communities in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 619 to 629, during the brief period of <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Egypt" title="Sasanian Egypt">Sasanian Egypt</a>, three Greek papyri from Oxyrhynchus include references to large sums of gold that were to be sent to the emperor.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arab_era">Arab era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxyrhynchus&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Arab era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information on Muslim conquest of Bahnasa: <a href="/wiki/%27Amr_ibn_al-%27Aas" class="mw-redirect" title="'Amr ibn al-'Aas">'Amr ibn al-'Aas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dhiraar_ibn_al-Azwar" title="Dhiraar ibn al-Azwar">Dhiraar ibn al-Azwar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Military_conquests_of_Umar%27s_era" title="Military conquests of Umar's era">Military conquests of Umar's era</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Zubayr_ibn_al-Awwam" title="Zubayr ibn al-Awwam">Zubayr ibn al-Awwam</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D9%81%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%AD_%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A9.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/%D9%81%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%AD_%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A9.jpg/280px-%D9%81%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%AD_%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A9.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="402" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/%D9%81%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%AD_%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A9.jpg/420px-%D9%81%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%AD_%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A9.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/%D9%81%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%AD_%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A9.jpg/560px-%D9%81%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%AD_%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A9.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1345" data-file-height="1929" /></a><figcaption>Map showing the path of the Islamic armies and their conquest of Egypt and Nubia during the reign of the second Caliph Omar Ibn Al-Khattab.</figcaption></figure> <p>During the era of <a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun Caliphate</a>, the town of Oxyrhinchus was invaded and conquered by <a href="/wiki/Rashidun_army" title="Rashidun army">Rashidun army</a> under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Khalid_ibn_al-Walid" title="Khalid ibn al-Walid">Khalid ibn al-Walid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ministry_interest_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ministry_interest-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-El-Wattan;_Khalid_ibn_Walid_encampment_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-El-Wattan;_Khalid_ibn_Walid_encampment-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-foreign_Student_community_of_Egypt_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-foreign_Student_community_of_Egypt-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gihan_Shahine_Ahram_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gihan_Shahine_Ahram-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At first, the Rashidun sent emissary of <a href="/wiki/Al-Mughira" title="Al-Mughira">Al-Mughira</a> to negotiate with the garrison commander of the city named Batlus, however, as the negotiation ended badly, the Rashidun forces then sent their troops to attack Bahnasa.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbdel_Aziz_Munir2012_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbdel_Aziz_Munir2012-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At that point, the town's name was changed to Al-Bahnasa. The town subsequently contained a cemetery of 5,000 <a href="/wiki/Companions_of_the_Prophet" title="Companions of the Prophet">companions of the Islamic prophet</a> <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> who had participated in the conquest of Oxyrhynchus.<sup id="cite_ref-Ministry_interest_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ministry_interest-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-El-Wattan;_Khalid_ibn_Walid_encampment_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-El-Wattan;_Khalid_ibn_Walid_encampment-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-foreign_Student_community_of_Egypt_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-foreign_Student_community_of_Egypt-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gihan_Shahine_Ahram_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gihan_Shahine_Ahram-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim conquest of Egypt">Muslim conquest of Egypt</a> in 641, the canal system on which the town depended fell into disrepair, and Oxyrhynchus was abandoned. Today the town of <b>el Bahnasa</b> occupies part of the ancient site. The Arabs called the city as "<a href="/wiki/Al-Baqi%27" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Baqi'">Al-Baqi'</a> of Egypt",<sup id="cite_ref-Gihan_Shahine_Ahram_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gihan_Shahine_Ahram-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as the city was known for having 5,000 <a href="/wiki/Companions_of_the_Prophet" title="Companions of the Prophet">Sahaba</a> buried in it.<sup id="cite_ref-foreign_Student_community_of_Egypt_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-foreign_Student_community_of_Egypt-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The large number of fallen Muslim soldiers buried in this city was due to major battles against the Roman army and their fortifications in this area.<sup id="cite_ref-Ministry_interest_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ministry_interest-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Various early Islamic chroniclers, such as <a href="/wiki/Al-Waqidi" title="Al-Waqidi">Al-Waqidi</a> in his <i>F̣utūh al-Bahnasā</i>, and Muhammad ibn Muhammad al-Mu"izz in <i>The Conquest of Bahnasa</i>, reported that the Muslim armies under Khalid ibn al-Walid entered Bahnasa in 639,<sup id="cite_ref-Epilogue._The_Demise_of_Christian_Oxyrhynchus_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Epilogue._The_Demise_of_Christian_Oxyrhynchus-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> besieging the town for months before they can subdue the 50,000 <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_army" title="Byzantine army">Byzantine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beja_people" title="Beja people">Beja Sudanese</a> garrison defenders.<sup id="cite_ref-Futuh_al_Bahnasa_al-Ghara;_Waqidi_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Futuh_al_Bahnasa_al-Ghara;_Waqidi-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hadha_qitab_Futuh_Bahnasa_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hadha_qitab_Futuh_Bahnasa-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before it was renamed as "al-Bahnasa", Oxyrynchus were renamed as "Al-Qays town", by <a href="/wiki/Al-Maqrizi" title="Al-Maqrizi">Maqrizi</a> or "town of martyrs" in honor to one of the Muslim commander that participated in the conquest of Oxyrynchus.<sup id="cite_ref-Al-Shinnawy;_"Al-Qays"_city_of_Martyrs_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Al-Shinnawy;_"Al-Qays"_city_of_Martyrs-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ali_Pasha_Mubarak" title="Ali Pasha Mubarak">Ali Pasha Mubarak</a> mentioned it in the compromise plans that it was a city that had great fame and its flat was about 1000 acres and the golden curtains were working and the length of the curtains was 30 cubits and its territory included 120 villages other than the plantations and the hamlets. The northern is Kandous, the western is the mountain, the tribal is Touma, and the eastern is the sea. Each gate had three towers, and there were forty ribats, palaces, and many mosques, and at its western end there is a famous place known as the Dome of Seven Maidens.<sup id="cite_ref-5000_Martyrs_bahnasa_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5000_Martyrs_bahnasa-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Among the most notable tombs were allegedly belong to the Muslim martyrs were the tombs of the children of Aqil bin Ali bin Abi Talib (brother of <a href="/wiki/Ali" title="Ali">Ali</a>, fourth <a href="/wiki/Rashidun" title="Rashidun">Rashidun Caliph</a>), Ziyad bin Abi Sufyan bin Abdul Muttalib (son of <a href="/wiki/Abu_Sufyan_ibn_Harb" title="Abu Sufyan ibn Harb">Abu Sufyan ibn Harb</a>), <a href="/wiki/Aban_ibn_Uthman" title="Aban ibn Uthman">Aban ibn Uthman bin Affan</a>, Muhammad ibn Abi Abd al-Rahman bin Abi Bakr al-Siddiq (grandson of <a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr_(name)" title="Abu Bakr (name)">Abu Bakar</a>), and Hassan al-Salih ibn Zayn al-Abidin bin al-Hussein (great-grandson of Ali).<sup id="cite_ref-Egypt_Today_tombs_of_companions_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Egypt_Today_tombs_of_companions-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Taghribirdi" title="Ibn Taghribirdi">Ibn Taghribirdi</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Mamluk" title="Mamluk">Mamluk</a> era historian, also writing the history of Bahnasa conquest in his book, <i>Al Duhur fi madaa al 'Ayaam wa al shuhur</i><sup id="cite_ref-Provinces_of_Pharaonic_Egypt_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Provinces_of_Pharaonic_Egypt-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Muslims army settled in the town for three years as their base after the conquest, while launching occasional raids on the black and the coasts. Al-Qa`qa` bin Amr, Hashem, <a href="/wiki/Abu_Ayyub_al-Ansari" title="Abu Ayyub al-Ansari">Abu Ayyub al-Ansari</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uqba_ibn_Nafi" title="Uqba ibn Nafi">Uqba ibn Nafi</a> Al-Fihri, the future conqueror of Maghreb, and went with two thousand of Persians convert who now fight under the caliphate, and raided the border of <a href="/wiki/Cyrenaica" title="Cyrenaica">Barqa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hadha_qitab_Futuh_Bahnasa_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hadha_qitab_Futuh_Bahnasa-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Futuh_al_Bahnasa_al-Ghara;_Waqidi_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Futuh_al_Bahnasa_al-Ghara;_Waqidi-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_era">Modern era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxyrhynchus&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Modern era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Today, there are many structures in Al-Bahnasa erected in honor of various Muslim conquerors who are regarded as heroes by the locals. For example, the mosque of Hasan al-Salah was built in honor of a man (the great-grandson of <a href="/wiki/Ali" title="Ali">Ali</a>) who participated in the conquest of Al-Bahnasa.<sup id="cite_ref-al_madain_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-al_madain-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is the only mosque in Egypt that has two <a href="/wiki/Mihrab" title="Mihrab">mihrabs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-al_madain_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-al_madain-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other examples include the tomb of Sidi Fath al-Bab, the mosque of Sidi Ali al-Jamam,<sup id="cite_ref-al_madain_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-al_madain-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>and a large cemetery in which many people that participated in the <a href="/wiki/Arab_conquest_of_Egypt" title="Arab conquest of Egypt">Arab conquest of Egypt</a> are buried.<sup id="cite_ref-al_madain_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-al_madain-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are also many domes in Bahnasa which are attributed to soldiers such as Muhammad bin Uqbah bin Amer Al-Juhani and Ubadah bin Al-Samit.<sup id="cite_ref-al_madain_22-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-al_madain-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There was also a particular mosque called Dome of Seven Maidens, which allegedly was built to honor seven Oxyrhynchus <a href="/wiki/Copts" title="Copts">Coptic</a> girls who defected and helped the Muslim armies under '<a href="/wiki/Amr_ibn_al-As" title="Amr ibn al-As">Amr ibn al-As</a> and now venerated for their effort in the conquest of the city.<sup id="cite_ref-al_madain_22-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-al_madain-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the town of al-Bahnasa now contained thousands of historical structures in memoir of the conquests, including the 5,000 graves of <a href="/wiki/Companions_of_the_Prophet" title="Companions of the Prophet">companions of the prophet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tabi%27un" title="Tabi'un">Tabi'un</a> martyrs of the battle of Bahnasa, the town are regarded by locals as "<a href="/wiki/Al-Baqi%27" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Baqi'">al-Baqi</a>' of Egypt",<sup id="cite_ref-foreign_Student_community_of_Egypt_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-foreign_Student_community_of_Egypt-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-al_madain_22-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-al_madain-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which became the point of interest for many foreign tourists particularly from the Muslim majority country.<sup id="cite_ref-foreign_Student_community_of_Egypt_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-foreign_Student_community_of_Egypt-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Archaeological_excavation">Archaeological excavation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxyrhynchus&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Archaeological excavation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Oxyrhynchus_Papyri" title="Oxyrhynchus Papyri">Oxyrhynchus Papyri</a></div> <p>In 1882, Egypt, while still nominally part of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, came under effective British rule, and British archaeologists began the systematic exploration of the country. Because Oxyrhynchus was not considered an Ancient Egyptian site of any importance, it was neglected until 1896, when two young excavators, <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Pyne_Grenfell" title="Bernard Pyne Grenfell">Bernard Pyne Grenfell</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Surridge_Hunt" title="Arthur Surridge Hunt">Arthur Surridge Hunt</a>, both <a href="/wiki/Fellow" title="Fellow">fellows</a> of <a href="/wiki/The_Queen%27s_College,_Oxford" title="The Queen's College, Oxford">The Queen's College, Oxford</a>, began to excavate it. "My first impressions on examining the site were not very favourable," wrote Grenfell. "The rubbish mounds were nothing but rubbish mounds."<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, they very soon realized what they had found. The unique combination of climate and circumstance had left at Oxyrhynchus an unequalled archive of the ancient world. "The flow of papyri soon became a torrent," Grenfell recalled. "Merely turning up the soil with one's boot would frequently disclose a layer."<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The classical author who has most benefited from the finds at Oxyrhynchus is the Athenian playwright Menander (342–291 BC), whose comedies were very popular in Hellenistic times and whose works are frequently found in papyrus fragments. Menander's plays found in fragments at Oxyrhynchus include <i>Misoumenos</i>, <i>Dis Exapaton</i>, <i>Epitrepontes</i>, <i>Karchedonios</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Dyskolos" title="Dyskolos">Dyskolos</a></i> and <i>Kolax</i>. The works found at Oxyrhynchus have greatly raised Menander's status among classicists and scholars of <a href="/wiki/Greek_theatre" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek theatre">Greek theatre</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>There is an on-line table of contents briefly listing the type of contents of each papyrus or fragment.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:P._Oxy._I_29.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/P._Oxy._I_29.jpg/250px-P._Oxy._I_29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/P._Oxy._I_29.jpg/375px-P._Oxy._I_29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/P._Oxy._I_29.jpg/500px-P._Oxy._I_29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1694" data-file-height="1032" /></a><figcaption>Another Oxyrhynchus papyrus, dated 75–125 AD. It describes one of the oldest diagrams of <a href="/wiki/Euclid%27s_Elements" title="Euclid's Elements">Euclid's Elements</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Since the 1930s, work on the papyri has continued. For many years it was under the supervision of Professor <a href="/wiki/Peter_J._Parsons" title="Peter J. Parsons">Peter Parsons</a> of <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">Oxford</a>. Eighty large volumes of the <i><a href="/wiki/Oxyrhynchus_Papyri" title="Oxyrhynchus Papyri">Oxyrhynchus Papyri</a></i> have been published.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Full_List_of_EES_Publications_2016_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Full_List_of_EES_Publications_2016-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since the days of Grenfell and Hunt, the focus of attention at Oxyrhynchus has shifted. Modern archaeologists are interested in learning about the social, economic, and political life of the ancient world. This shift in emphasis had made Oxyrhynchus, if anything, even more important, for the very ordinariness of most of its preserved documents makes them most valuable for modern scholars of social history. Many works on Egyptian and Roman social and economic history and on the history of Christianity rely heavily on documents from Oxyrhynchus.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>A joint project with <a href="/wiki/Brigham_Young_University" title="Brigham Young University">Brigham Young University</a> using <a href="/wiki/Multi-spectral_image" class="mw-redirect" title="Multi-spectral image">multi-spectral imaging</a> technology has been extremely successful in recovering previously illegible writing. With <a href="/wiki/Multi-spectral_image" class="mw-redirect" title="Multi-spectral image">multi-spectral imaging</a>, many pictures of the illegible papyrus are taken using different filters, finely tuned to capture certain wavelengths of light. Thus, researchers can find the optimum spectral portion for distinguishing ink from paper in order to display otherwise completely illegible papyri. The amount of text potentially to be deciphered by this technique is huge. A selection of the images obtained during the project and more information on the latest discoveries has been provided on the project's website.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On June 21, 2005, the <i><a href="/wiki/Times_Literary_Supplement" class="mw-redirect" title="Times Literary Supplement">Times Literary Supplement</a></i> published the text and translation of a newly reconstructed poem by <a href="/wiki/Sappho" title="Sappho">Sappho</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> together with discussion by <a href="/wiki/Martin_L._West" class="mw-redirect" title="Martin L. West">Martin L. West</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Part of this poem was first published in 1922 from an Oxyrhynchus papyrus, no. 1787 (fragment 1).<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the rest of the poem has now been found on a papyrus kept at <a href="/wiki/Cologne_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Cologne University">Cologne University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In May 2020, an Egyptian-Catalan archaeological mission headed by Esther Pons and Maite Mascort revealed a unique cemetery consisting of one room built with glazed limestone dating back to the <a href="/wiki/Twenty-sixth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt">26th Dynasty</a> (so-called the El-Sawi era). Archaeologists also uncovered bronze coins, clay seals, Roman tombstones and small crosses.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In February 2023, 16 individual tombs and 6 funerary complex from the Persian, Roman and Coptic periods and 2 deposited frogs were discovered by the Egyptian-Spanish archaeological mission. Majority of the bodies preserved with decorated shrouds were revealed alongside the pottery vessels and lamps.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Archaeological_structures_of_Muslim_conquest">Archaeological structures of Muslim conquest</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxyrhynchus&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Archaeological structures of Muslim conquest"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities expressed their interest in a project to restore the tombs of the Al-Bahnasa, an ancient city, in which many papyri dating back to the Greco-Roman era were found, as well as a number of tombs for the companions of Muhammad.<sup id="cite_ref-Ministry_interest_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ministry_interest-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2021, Egypt's head of Islamic, Coptic, Jewish antiquities sector followed up on the progress of the restoration.<sup id="cite_ref-Egypt_Today_tombs_of_companions_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Egypt_Today_tombs_of_companions-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March 2020, archeological researchers from the Antiquities Inspection of Al-Bahnasa District located archaeological evidence of the encampment of <a href="/wiki/Khalid_ibn_al-Walid" title="Khalid ibn al-Walid">Khalid ibn al-Walid</a> and 10,000 soldiers under him, including 70 veterans of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Badr" title="Battle of Badr">Battle of Badr</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-El-Wattan;_Khalid_ibn_Walid_encampment_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-El-Wattan;_Khalid_ibn_Walid_encampment-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The excavators said the Muslim armies' encampments were located in the current location of the village of Beni Hilal, <a href="/wiki/Minya_Governorate" title="Minya Governorate">Minya District</a>, west of Bahnasa.<sup id="cite_ref-El-Wattan;_Khalid_ibn_Walid_encampment_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-El-Wattan;_Khalid_ibn_Walid_encampment-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxyrhynchus&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hellanicus_of_Lesbos" title="Hellanicus of Lesbos">Hellanicus of Lesbos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heracles_Papyrus" title="Heracles Papyrus">Heracles Papyrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxyrhynchus_Gospels" title="Oxyrhynchus Gospels">Oxyrhynchus Gospels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxyrhynchus_hymn" title="Oxyrhynchus hymn">Oxyrhynchus hymn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_of_the_Papyri" title="Villa of the Papyri">Villa of the Papyri</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Trackers_of_Oxyrhynchus" title="The Trackers of Oxyrhynchus">The Trackers of Oxyrhynchus</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxyrhynchus&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Budge987-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Budge987_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Budge987_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFE._A._Wallis_Budge1920" class="citation book cs1">E. A. Wallis Budge (1920). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/egyptianhierogly02budguoft/page/987"><i>An Egyptian hieroglyphic dictionary: with an index of English words, king list and geological list with indexes, list of hieroglyphic characters, coptic and semitic alphabets, etc. Vol II=</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/John_Murray_(publishing_house)" title="John Murray (publishing house)">John Murray</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Egyptian+hieroglyphic+dictionary%3A+with+an+index+of+English+words%2C+king+list+and+geological+list+with+indexes%2C+list+of+hieroglyphic+characters%2C+coptic+and+semitic+alphabets%2C+etc.+Vol+II%3D&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=1920&rft.au=E.+A.+Wallis+Budge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fegyptianhierogly02budguoft%2Fpage%2F987&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxyrhynchus" class="Z3988"></span> p. 987</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gauthier83-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gauthier83_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gauthier83_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGauthier1925" class="citation book cs1">Gauthier, Henri (1925). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/Gauthier1925_2/page/n43"><i>Dictionnaire des Noms Géographiques Contenus dans les Textes Hiéroglyphiques Vol .2</i></a>. p. 83.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionnaire+des+Noms+G%C3%A9ographiques+Contenus+dans+les+Textes+Hi%C3%A9roglyphiques+Vol+.2&rft.pages=83&rft.date=1925&rft.aulast=Gauthier&rft.aufirst=Henri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FGauthier1925_2%2Fpage%2Fn43&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxyrhynchus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://163.1.169.40/cgi-bin/library?e=d-000-00---0POxy--00-0-0--0prompt-10---4------0-1l--1-en-50---20-about---00031-001-1-0utf-00&a=d&c=POxy&cl=CL2.1&d=HASH673b681e54e504ce92ae08">"Oxyrhynchus Online Image Database"</a>. Oxyrhynchus Online Project Metadata<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Oxyrhynchus+Online+Image+Database&rft.pub=Oxyrhynchus+Online+Project+Metadata&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F163.1.169.40%2Fcgi-bin%2Flibrary%3Fe%3Dd-000-00---0POxy--00-0-0--0prompt-10---4------0-1l--1-en-50---20-about---00031-001-1-0utf-00%26a%3Dd%26c%3DPOxy%26cl%3DCL2.1%26d%3DHASH673b681e54e504ce92ae08&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxyrhynchus" class="Z3988"></span> Document Location: The Egyptian Museum, Cairo, Egypt. Material: Paper. Image: Unavailable.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-where-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-where_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-where_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.papyrology.ox.ac.uk/POxy/oxyrhynchus/whereis.html">"Where is Oxyrhynchus?"</a>. Oxyrhynchus Online<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Relations in the Sasanian period"</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Iranica" title="Encyclopædia Iranica">Encyclopædia Iranica</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zeev-2006-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Zeev-2006_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZeev2006" class="citation cs2">Zeev, Miriam Pucci Ben (2006-06-22), Katz, Steven T. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%22%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%87%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%22+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%B9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%89+%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7..+%D9%87%D9%86%D8%A7+%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%82%D8%AF+%D8%A3%D8%A8%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%84+%D8%BA%D8%B2%D9%88%D8%A9+%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%B1..+%D8%AF%D9%81%D9%86+%D8%A8%D8%A3%D8%B1%D8%B6%D9%87%D8%A7+%D9%86%D8%AD%D9%88+5000+%D8%B5%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%89..+%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%A7+%D9%85%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%85+%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%89+%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%89..+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%A9+%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%B5%D8%AF+%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84+%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%85+%D9%88%D8%B5%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A9+%D8%A2%D8%AB%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87%D8%A7+%D9%88%D8%A3%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%B2%D9%87%D8%A7+%D9%82%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A8+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A9+%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%B7+%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%86+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B3%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%A1+%28%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B1%29&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Abdul+Ghafur&rft.aufirst=Hassan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youm7.com%2Fstory%2F2020%2F8%2F9%2F%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A8%25D9%2587%25D9%2586%25D8%25B3%25D8%25A7-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A8%25D9%2582%25D9%258A%25D8%25B9-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25AB%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25D9%2589-%25D8%25A8%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D9%2586%25D9%258A%25D8%25A7-%25D9%2587%25D9%2586%25D8%25A7-%25D9%258A%25D8%25B1%25D9%2582%25D8%25AF-%25D8%25A3%25D8%25A8%25D8%25B7%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584-%25D8%25BA%25D8%25B2%25D9%2588%25D8%25A9-%25D8%25A8%25D8%25AF%25D8%25B1-%25D8%25AF%25D9%2581%25D9%2586%2F4917728&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxyrhynchus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Egypt_Today_tombs_of_companions-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Egypt_Today_tombs_of_companions_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Egypt_Today_tombs_of_companions_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarima" class="citation web cs1">Karima, Hanya. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.egypttoday.com/Article/4/96730/Egypt%E2%80%99s-head-of-Islamic-Coptic-Jewish-antiquities-sector-follows-up">"Egypt's head of Islamic, Coptic, Jewish antiquities sector follows up on progress of project of restoring archeological village of Al-Bahnasa in Minya"</a>. <i>Egypt Today</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Egypt+Today&rft.atitle=Egypt%27s+head+of+Islamic%2C+Coptic%2C+Jewish+antiquities+sector+follows+up+on+progress+of+project+of+restoring+archeological+village+of+Al-Bahnasa+in+Minya&rft.aulast=Karima&rft.aufirst=Hanya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.egypttoday.com%2FArticle%2F4%2F96730%2FEgypt%25E2%2580%2599s-head-of-Islamic-Coptic-Jewish-antiquities-sector-follows-up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxyrhynchus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Provinces_of_Pharaonic_Egypt-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Provinces_of_Pharaonic_Egypt_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAli2015" class="citation book cs1">Ali, Mohammed (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lgWUDwAAQBAJ"><i>أقاليم مصر الفرعونية</i></a>. ktab INC. p. 215<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D8%A3%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85+%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%B9%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9&rft.pages=215&rft.pub=ktab+INC.&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Ali&rft.aufirst=Mohammed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlgWUDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxyrhynchus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-al_madain-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-al_madain_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-al_madain_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-al_madain_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-al_madain_22-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-al_madain_22-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-al_madain_22-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-al_madain_22-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbu_Al-Saud2020" class="citation news cs1">Abu Al-Saud, Mahmoud (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.elmydannews.com/142822">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"البهنسا".. طقوس فرضتها شمس "البقيع الثاني" ورمال ارتوت بدماء الصحابة"</a>. al Madain. al Madain<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%22%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%87%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%22..+%D8%B7%D9%82%D9%88%D8%B3+%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%B6%D8%AA%D9%87%D8%A7+%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%B3+%22%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%B9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%22+%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84+%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%AA+%D8%A8%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A1+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A9&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Abu+Al-Saud&rft.aufirst=Mahmoud&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.elmydannews.com%2F142822&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxyrhynchus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quoted in A.M. Luijendijk, "Sacred Scriptures as Trash: Biblical Papyri from Oxyrhynchus" <i>Vigiliae Christianae</i>, 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrenfell1898" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Pyne_Grenfell" title="Bernard Pyne Grenfell">Grenfell, Bernard</a> (1898). "Oxyrhynchus and Its Papyri". In Griffith, F.L. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=k406AQAAMAAJ&q=%22Merely+turning+up+the+soil+with+one%27s+boot+would+frequently+disclose+a+layer%22"><i>Archaeological Report: 1896-1897</i></a>. Egypt Exploration Fund. pp. 1–12, (7)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 1,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Oxyrhynchus+and+Its+Papyri&rft.btitle=Archaeological+Report%3A+1896-1897&rft.pages=1-12%2C+%287%29&rft.pub=Egypt+Exploration+Fund.&rft.date=1898&rft.aulast=Grenfell&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dk406AQAAMAAJ%26q%3D%2522Merely%2Bturning%2Bup%2Bthe%2Bsoil%2Bwith%2Bone%2527s%2Bboot%2Bwould%2Bfrequently%2Bdisclose%2Ba%2Blayer%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxyrhynchus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csad.ox.ac.uk/POxy/papyri/tocframe.htm">Search by table of contents</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090602124711/http://www.csad.ox.ac.uk/POxy/papyri/tocframe.htm">Archived</a> 2009-06-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://163.1.169.40/cgi-bin/library?site=localhost&a=p&p=about&c=POxy&ct=0&l=en&w=utf-8">"Oxyrhynchus Online Image Database"</a>. Imaging Papyri Project<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 May</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Oxyrhynchus+Online+Image+Database&rft.pub=Imaging+Papyri+Project&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F163.1.169.40%2Fcgi-bin%2Flibrary%3Fsite%3Dlocalhost%26a%3Dp%26p%3Dabout%26c%3DPOxy%26ct%3D0%26l%3Den%26w%3Dutf-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxyrhynchus" class="Z3988"></span> A listing of what each fragment contains.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBill_Casselman" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bill_Casselman_(mathematician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bill Casselman (mathematician)">Bill Casselman</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.math.ubc.ca/~cass/Euclid/papyrus/papyrus.html">"One of the oldest extant diagrams from Euclid"</a>. Department of Mathematics, University of British Columbia<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=One+of+the+oldest+extant+diagrams+from+Euclid&rft.pub=Department+of+Mathematics%2C+University+of+British+Columbia&rft.au=Bill+Casselman&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.math.ubc.ca%2F~cass%2FEuclid%2Fpapyrus%2Fpapyrus.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxyrhynchus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080128122817/http://www.ees.ac.uk/publications/fulllist.htm">"Publications: Full List"</a>. Egypt Exploration Society. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ees.ac.uk/publications/fulllist.htm">the original</a> on 28 January 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 March</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Publications%3A+Full+List&rft.pub=Egypt+Exploration+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ees.ac.uk%2Fpublications%2Ffulllist.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxyrhynchus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Full_List_of_EES_Publications_2016-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Full_List_of_EES_Publications_2016_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160802125110/http://www.ees.ac.uk/userfiles/file/EES%20Publications%20List_Jul%202016.pdf">"Publications"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Egypt Exploration Society</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Egypt+Exploration+Society&rft.atitle=Publications&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ees.ac.uk%2Fuserfiles%2Ffile%2FEES%2520Publications%2520List_Jul%25202016.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxyrhynchus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.papyrology.ox.ac.uk/POxy/multi/index.html">"Multispectral imaging"</a>. Oxyrhynchos online<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Multispectral+imaging&rft.pub=Oxyrhynchos+online&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.papyrology.ox.ac.uk%2FPOxy%2Fmulti%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxyrhynchus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin_West2005" class="citation web cs1">Martin West (24 June 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tls.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,25345-1886660,00.html">"A New Sappho Poem"</a>. Times Online. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070628085129/http://www.tls.timesonline.co.uk/article/0%2C%2C25345-1886660%2C00.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 June 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+New+Sappho+Poem&rft.pub=Times+Online&rft.date=2005-06-24&rft.au=Martin+West&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftls.timesonline.co.uk%2Farticle%2F0%2C%2C25345-1886660%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxyrhynchus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tls.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,25337-1886659,00.html">Discussion by Martin West</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060929201235/http://tls.timesonline.co.uk/article/0%2C%2C25337-1886659%2C00.html">Archived</a> September 29, 2006, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070325015136/http://163.1.169.40/cgi-bin/library?e=d-000-00---0POxy--00-0-0--0prompt-10---4------0-1l--1-en-50---20-about---00031-001-1-0utfZz-8-00&a=d&c=POxy&cl=CL5.1.5&d=HASHaeefcbe08cb915ff564bba">"P.Oxy.XV 1787"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://163.1.169.40/cgi-bin/library?e%3Dd-000-00---0POxy--00-0-0--0prompt-10---4------0-1l--1-en-50---20-about---00031-001-1-0utfZz-8-00%26a%3Dd%26c%3DPOxy%26cl%3DCL5.1.5%26d%3DHASHaeefcbe08cb915ff564bba">the original</a> on 2007-03-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-03-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=P.Oxy.XV+1787&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F163.1.169.40%2Fcgi-bin%2Flibrary%3Fe%253Dd-000-00---0POxy--00-0-0--0prompt-10---4------0-1l--1-en-50---20-about---00031-001-1-0utfZz-8-00%2526a%253Dd%2526c%253DPOxy%2526cl%253DCL5.1.5%2526d%253DHASHaeefcbe08cb915ff564bba&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxyrhynchus" class="Z3988"></span>see the third pair of images on this page</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070317210426/http://www.uni-koeln.de/phil-fak/ifa/NRWakademie/papyrologie/Verstreutepub/21351%2B21376_ZPE154.html">"P.Köln Inv. Nr. 21351_2"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uni-koeln.de/phil-fak/ifa/NRWakademie/papyrologie/Verstreutepub/21351+21376_ZPE154.html">the original</a> on 2007-03-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-03-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=P.K%C3%B6ln+Inv.+Nr.+21351_2&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uni-koeln.de%2Fphil-fak%2Fifa%2FNRWakademie%2Fpapyrologie%2FVerstreutepub%2F21351%2B21376_ZPE154.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxyrhynchus" class="Z3988"></span>Image of papyrus fragment</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dailynewsegypt.com/2020/05/18/unique-late-ancient-egyptian-cemetery-discovered-in-minya-governorate/">"StackPath"</a>. <i>dailynewsegypt.com</i>. 18 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-09-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dailynewsegypt.com&rft.atitle=StackPath&rft.date=2020-05-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdailynewsegypt.com%2F2020%2F05%2F18%2Funique-late-ancient-egyptian-cemetery-discovered-in-minya-governorate%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxyrhynchus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zeenews.india.com/world/unique-cemetery-dating-back-to-el-sawi-era-discovered-in-egypt-amid-coronavirus-crisis-2286500.html">"Unique cemetery dating back to el-Sawi era discovered in Egypt amid coronavirus crisis"</a>. <i>Zee News</i>. 2020-05-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-09-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Zee+News&rft.atitle=Unique+cemetery+dating+back+to+el-Sawi+era+discovered+in+Egypt+amid+coronavirus+crisis&rft.date=2020-05-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzeenews.india.com%2Fworld%2Funique-cemetery-dating-back-to-el-sawi-era-discovered-in-egypt-amid-coronavirus-crisis-2286500.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxyrhynchus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMahmoud2020" class="citation web cs1">Mahmoud, Rasha (2020-05-26). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2020/05/egypt-archaeological-discover-cemetery-coronavirus.html">"Egypt makes major archaeological discovery amid coronavirus crisis"</a>. <i>Al-Monitor</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-09-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al-Monitor&rft.atitle=Egypt+makes+major+archaeological+discovery+amid+coronavirus+crisis&rft.date=2020-05-26&rft.aulast=Mahmoud&rft.aufirst=Rasha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.al-monitor.com%2Fpulse%2Foriginals%2F2020%2F05%2Fegypt-archaeological-discover-cemetery-coronavirus.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxyrhynchus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://greekreporter.com/2023/02/26/group-persian-roman-coptic-tombs-discovered-egypt/">"Group Of Persian, Roman and Coptic Tombs Discovered In Egypt"</a>. 2023-02-26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Group+Of+Persian%2C+Roman+and+Coptic+Tombs+Discovered+In+Egypt&rft.date=2023-02-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgreekreporter.com%2F2023%2F02%2F26%2Fgroup-persian-roman-coptic-tombs-discovered-egypt%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxyrhynchus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://english.ahram.org.eg/News/489649.aspx">"In Photos: 22 Persian, Roman and Coptic tombs discovered in Upper Egypt's Minya - Greco-Roman - Antiquities"</a>. <i>Ahram Online</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-03-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ahram+Online&rft.atitle=In+Photos%3A+22+Persian%2C+Roman+and+Coptic+tombs+discovered+in+Upper+Egypt%27s+Minya+-+Greco-Roman+-+Antiquities&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fenglish.ahram.org.eg%2FNews%2F489649.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxyrhynchus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxyrhynchus&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070929134046/http://worldcatlibraries.org/oclc/154802863%26referer%3Dbrief_results">The Oxyrhynchus Logia and the Apocryphal Gospels</a>. (2007). Gardners Books.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4304-5596-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4304-5596-7">978-1-4304-5596-7</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbdel_Aziz_Munir2012" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Abdel Aziz Munir, Amr (2012). Abdel Aziz Munir, Amr (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://booklikes.com/book/book,9415496"><i>قصة البهنسا: حكاية غزوة</i></a> [<i>The Story of Bahnasa.. A Story of a Battle</i>] <span class="cs1-format">(paperback)</span> (in Arabic). Egyptian General Authority for Cultural Palaces; Department of History at the Faculty of Arts. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-977-718-017-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-977-718-017-7"><bdi>978-977-718-017-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D9%82%D8%B5%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%87%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%3A+%D8%AD%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D8%BA%D8%B2%D9%88%D8%A9&rft.pub=Egyptian+General+Authority+for+Cultural+Palaces%3B+Department+of+History+at+the+Faculty+of+Arts&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-977-718-017-7&rft.aulast=Abdel+Aziz+Munir&rft.aufirst=Amr&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooklikes.com%2Fbook%2Fbook%2C9415496&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxyrhynchus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuḥammad_ibn_ʻUmar_Wāqidī1934" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Al-Waqidi" title="Al-Waqidi">Muḥammad ibn ʻUmar Wāqidī</a> (1934). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=f40cAAAAMAAJ"><i>F̣utūh al-Bahnasā al-Gharāʻ</i></a> (in Arabic). the University of Michigan<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=F%CC%A3ut%C5%ABh+al-Bahnas%C4%81+al-Ghar%C4%81%CA%BB&rft.pub=the+University+of+Michigan&rft.date=1934&rft.au=Mu%E1%B8%A5ammad+ibn+%CA%BBUmar+W%C4%81qid%C4%AB&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Df40cAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxyrhynchus" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxyrhynchus&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Oxyrhynchus" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Oxyrhynchus">Oxyrhynchus</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxirrinc.com/en">Official website of the Archaeological Mission in Oxyrhynchus</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.papyrology.ox.ac.uk/POxy/">Oxyrhynchus Online</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/sciencenow/3318/04.html">PBS NOVA scienceNOW feature on papyrus imaging (streaming video)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051025001322/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2003/625/he1.htm">Report on the recent Egyptian-Spanish archaeological mission to the site</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20031121200301/http://www.classics.ox.ac.uk/research/projects/oxy.asp">Oxford University Classics Department Oxyrhynchus Project</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gnosis.org/naghamm/thomas_poxy.htm">Oxyrhynchus and the Gospel of Thomas</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.papyrology.ox.ac.uk/POxy/news/independent.html">Article on new discoveries in the papyri</a> from <i><a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a> on Sunday</i>, April 17, 2005</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120125125146/http://www.lib.umich.edu/MPC/Geographica/Oxyrhynchus_Frameset.html">University of Michigan Collection</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxirrinc.com/en/">Joint Egyptian/Spanish archaeological mission in Oxyrhynchus</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFH._Blumell2012" class="citation book cs1">H. Blumell, Lincoln (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004180987_008">"Epilogue. The Demise of Christian Oxyrhynchus"</a>. <i>Lettered Christians</i> (Biblical Studies). Brill. pp. 295–300. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004180987_008">10.1163/9789004180987_008</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-18098-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-18098-7"><bdi>978-90-04-18098-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 January</span> 2022</span>. <q>Futuh al-Bahnasa al Gharra, 'the conquest of Bahnasa, the blessed', by Muhammad ibn Muhammad al-Mu'izz</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Epilogue.+The+Demise+of+Christian+Oxyrhynchus&rft.btitle=Lettered+Christians&rft.pages=295-300&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F9789004180987_008&rft.isbn=978-90-04-18098-7&rft.aulast=H.+Blumell&rft.aufirst=Lincoln&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1163%2F9789004180987_008&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxyrhynchus" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oxyrhynchus_papyri_volumes"><a href="/wiki/Category:Oxyrhynchus_papyri" title="Category:Oxyrhynchus papyri">Oxyrhynchus papyri</a> volumes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxyrhynchus&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Oxyrhynchus papyri volumes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxyrhynchuspapyr01grenuoft">The Oxyrhynchus papyri vol. I, edited with translations and notes by Bernard P. Grenfell and Arthur S. Hunt</a> at the Internet Archive</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxyrhynchuspappt02grenuoft">The Oxyrhynchus papyri vol. II, edited with translations and notes by Bernard P. Grenfell and Arthur S. Hunt</a> at the Internet Archive</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxyrhynchuspapyr0000bern_d6p0/page/n6/mode/1up">The Oxyrhynchus papyri vol. III, edited with translations and notes by Bernard P. Grenfell and Arthur S. Hunt</a> at the Internet Archive.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxyrhynchuspapyr04gren">The Oxyrhynchus papyri vol. IV, edited with translations and notes by Bernard P. Grenfell and Arthur S. Hunt</a> at the Internet Archive</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pt5oxyrhynchuspa00grenuoft">The Oxyrhynchus papyri vol. V, edited with translations and notes by Bernard P. Grenfell and Arthur S. Hunt</a> at the Internet Archive</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxyrhynchuspappt06grenuoft">The Oxyrhynchus papyri vol. VI, edited with translations and notes by Bernard P. Grenfell and Arthur S. Hunt</a> at the Internet Archive</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pt7oxyrhynchuspa00grenuoft">The Oxyrhynchus papyri vol. VII, edited with translations and notes by Arthur S. Hunt</a> at the Internet Archive</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxyrhynchuspapyr08grenuoft">The Oxyrhynchus papyri vol. VIII, edited with translations and notes by Arthur S. Hunt</a> at the Internet Archive</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxyrhynchuspapyr0009unse">The Oxyrhynchus papyri vol. IX, edited with translations and notes by Arthur S. Hunt</a> at the Internet Archive</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090227111306/http://dlxs2.library.cornell.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=cdl;idno=cdl242">The Oxyrhynchus papyri vol. X, edited with translations and notes by Bernard P. Grenfell and Arthur S. Hunt</a> Cornell University Library Historical Monographs Collection. Reprinted by <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/1429739711/">Cornell University Library Digital Collections</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxyrhynchusppt1000grenuoft">The Oxyrhynchus papyri vol. X, edited with translations and notes by Bernard P. Grenfell and Arthur S. Hunt</a> at the Internet Archive</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxyrhynchuspapyr11gren">The Oxyrhynchus papyri vol. XI, edited with translations and notes by Bernard P. Grenfell and Arthur S. Hunt</a> at the Internet Archive</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxyrhynchuspapt12grenuoft">The Oxyrhynchus papyri vol. XII, edited with translations and notes by Bernard P. Grenfell and Arthur S. Hunt</a> at the Internet Archive</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxyrhynchusppt1300grenuoft">The Oxyrhynchus papyri vol. XIII, edited with translations and notes by Bernard P. Grenfell and Arthur S. Hunt</a> at the Internet Archive</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pt14oxyrhynchusp00grenuoft">The Oxyrhynchus papyri vol. XIV, edited with translations and notes by Bernard P. Grenfell and Arthur S. Hunt</a> at the Internet Archive</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxyrhynchuspapyr15gren">The Oxyrhynchus papyri vol. XV, edited with translations and notes by Bernard P. Grenfell and Arthur S. Hunt</a> at the Internet Archive</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxyrhynchuspapyr0000bern_r4i0">The Oxyrhynchus papyri vol. XVI, edited with translations and notes by Bernard P. Grenfell, Arthur S. Hunt and Idris Bell</a> at the Internet Archive</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxyrhynchuspapyr0000arth">The Oxyrhynchus papyri vol. XVI, edited with translations and notes by Arthur S. Hunt</a> at the Internet Archive</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4044250-0">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n91128297">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Bahnasā (Egypt)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge810450&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007567628305171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div 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