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id="toc-Democratic_Party_nomination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Democratic_Party_nomination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Democratic Party nomination</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Democratic_Party_nomination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Democratic_Convention" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Democratic_Convention"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>Democratic Convention</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Democratic_Convention-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Republican_Party_nomination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Republican_Party_nomination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Republican Party nomination</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Republican_Party_nomination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Republican_Convention" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Republican_Convention"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Republican Convention</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Republican_Convention-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Progressive_Party_nomination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Progressive_Party_nomination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Progressive Party nomination</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Progressive_Party_nomination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-States'_Rights_Democratic_Party_nomination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#States'_Rights_Democratic_Party_nomination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>States' Rights Democratic Party nomination</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-States'_Rights_Democratic_Party_nomination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Socialist_Party_nomination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Socialist_Party_nomination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Socialist Party nomination</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Socialist_Party_nomination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christian_Nationalist_Party_nomination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christian_Nationalist_Party_nomination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Christian Nationalist Party nomination</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christian_Nationalist_Party_nomination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_election" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_election"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>General election</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-General_election-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle General election subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-General_election-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Polling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Polling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Polling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Polling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fall_campaign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fall_campaign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Fall campaign</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fall_campaign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Results" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Results"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Results</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Results-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Results_by_state" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Results_by_state"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Results by state</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Results_by_state-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-States_that_flipped_from_Republican_to_Democratic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#States_that_flipped_from_Republican_to_Democratic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.1</span> <span>States that flipped from Republican to Democratic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-States_that_flipped_from_Republican_to_Democratic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-States_that_flipped_from_Democratic_to_Republican" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#States_that_flipped_from_Democratic_to_Republican"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.2</span> <span>States that flipped from Democratic to Republican</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-States_that_flipped_from_Democratic_to_Republican-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-States_that_flipped_from_Democratic_to_Dixiecrat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#States_that_flipped_from_Democratic_to_Dixiecrat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.3</span> <span>States that flipped from Democratic to Dixiecrat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-States_that_flipped_from_Democratic_to_Dixiecrat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Close_states" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Close_states"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.4</span> <span>Close states</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Close_states-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Statistics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Statistics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.5</span> <span>Statistics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Statistics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Results_in_major_cities_(from_the_top_100_by_the_1940_census)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Results_in_major_cities_(from_the_top_100_by_the_1940_census)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.6</span> <span>Results in major cities (from the top 100 by the 1940 census)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Results_in_major_cities_(from_the_top_100_by_the_1940_census)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Faithless_elector_controversy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Faithless_elector_controversy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Faithless elector controversy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Faithless_elector_controversy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Works cited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Primary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">1948 United States presidential election</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 28 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-28" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">28 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A6%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9_1948" title="انتخابات الرئاسة الأمريكية 1948 – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="انتخابات الرئاسة الأمريكية 1948" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A6sidentvalget_i_USA_1948" title="Præsidentvalget i USA 1948 – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Præsidentvalget i USA 1948" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A4sidentschaftswahl_in_den_Vereinigten_Staaten_1948" title="Präsidentschaftswahl in den Vereinigten Staaten 1948 – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Präsidentschaftswahl in den Vereinigten Staaten 1948" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elecciones_presidenciales_de_Estados_Unidos_de_1948" title="Elecciones presidenciales de Estados Unidos de 1948 – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Elecciones presidenciales de Estados Unidos de 1948" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%E2%80%8C%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7_(%DB%B1%DB%B9%DB%B4%DB%B8)" title="انتخابات ریاست‌جمهوری ایالات متحده آمریکا (۱۹۴۸) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="انتخابات ریاست‌جمهوری ایالات متحده آمریکا (۱۹۴۸)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89lection_pr%C3%A9sidentielle_am%C3%A9ricaine_de_1948" title="Élection présidentielle américaine de 1948 – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Élection présidentielle américaine de 1948" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948%EB%85%84_%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD_%EB%8C%80%ED%86%B5%EB%A0%B9_%EC%84%A0%EA%B1%B0" title="1948년 미국 대통령 선거 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="1948년 미국 대통령 선거" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemilihan_umum_Presiden_Amerika_Serikat_1948" title="Pemilihan umum Presiden Amerika Serikat 1948 – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pemilihan umum Presiden Amerika Serikat 1948" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forsetakosningar_%C3%AD_Bandar%C3%ADkjunum_1948" title="Forsetakosningar í Bandaríkjunum 1948 – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Forsetakosningar í Bandaríkjunum 1948" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elezioni_presidenziali_negli_Stati_Uniti_d%27America_del_1948" title="Elezioni presidenziali negli Stati Uniti d'America del 1948 – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Elezioni presidenziali negli Stati Uniti d'America del 1948" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%91%D7%97%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%9C%D7%A0%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%90%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%AA_1948" title="הבחירות לנשיאות ארצות הברית 1948 – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הבחירות לנשיאות ארצות הברית 1948" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uchaguzi_wa_Rais_wa_Marekani,_1948" title="Uchaguzi wa Rais wa Marekani, 1948 – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Uchaguzi wa Rais wa Marekani, 1948" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948._gada_ASV_prezidenta_v%C4%93l%C4%93%C5%A1anas" title="1948. gada ASV prezidenta vēlēšanas – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="1948. gada ASV prezidenta vēlēšanas" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_met%C5%B3_JAV_prezidento_rinkimai" title="1948 metų JAV prezidento rinkimai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="1948 metų JAV prezidento rinkimai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerikaanse_presidentsverkiezingen_1948" title="Amerikaanse presidentsverkiezingen 1948 – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Amerikaanse presidentsverkiezingen 1948" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948%E5%B9%B4%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A1%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AB%E5%90%88%E8%A1%86%E5%9B%BD%E5%A4%A7%E7%B5%B1%E9%A0%98%E9%81%B8%E6%8C%99" title="1948年アメリカ合衆国大統領選挙 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="1948年アメリカ合衆国大統領選挙" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidentvalget_i_USA_1948" title="Presidentvalget i USA 1948 – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Presidentvalget i USA 1948" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wybory_prezydenckie_w_Stanach_Zjednoczonych_w_1948_roku" title="Wybory prezydenckie w Stanach Zjednoczonych w 1948 roku – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wybory prezydenckie w Stanach Zjednoczonych w 1948 roku" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elei%C3%A7%C3%A3o_presidencial_nos_Estados_Unidos_em_1948" title="Eleição presidencial nos Estados Unidos em 1948 – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Eleição presidencial nos Estados Unidos em 1948" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B_%D0%B2_%D0%A1%D0%A8%D0%90_(1948)" title="Президентские выборы в США (1948) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Президентские выборы в США (1948)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election" title="1948 United States presidential election – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="1948 United States presidential election" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%DB%95%DA%B5%D8%A8%DA%98%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%B3%DB%95%D8%B1%DB%86%DA%A9%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%95%D8%AA%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%95%D8%AA%DB%95_%DB%8C%DB%95%DA%A9%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%88%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7_(%D9%A1%D9%A9%D9%A4%D9%A8)" title="ھەڵبژاردنی سەرۆکایەتیی ویلایەتە یەکگرتووەکانی ئەمریکا (١٩٤٨) – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ھەڵبژاردنی سەرۆکایەتیی ویلایەتە یەکگرتووەکانی ئەمریکا (١٩٤٨)" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8_%D1%83_%D0%A1%D0%90%D0%94_1948." title="Председнички избори у САД 1948. – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Председнички избори у САД 1948." data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yhdysvaltain_presidentinvaalit_1948" title="Yhdysvaltain presidentinvaalit 1948 – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Yhdysvaltain presidentinvaalit 1948" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidentvalet_i_USA_1948" title="Presidentvalet i USA 1948 – Swedish" 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class="infobox ib-election infobox-table vevent" style="width:350px"><caption class="infobox-title summary">1948 United States presidential election</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/50px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/75px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/100px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span></span><hr /></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><table style="width:100%; margin:1px; display:inline-table;"><tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:left; vertical-align:middle; padding:0 0.5em 0 0;width:20%;" class="noprint">← <a href="/wiki/1944_United_States_presidential_election" title="1944 United States presidential election">1944</a></td> <td style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;; padding:0 1px;width:60%;" class=""><b>November 2, 1948</b></td> <td style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;; padding:0 0 0 0.5em;width:20%;" class="noprint"><a href="/wiki/1952_United_States_presidential_election" title="1952 United States presidential election">1952</a> →</td> </tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><hr />531 members of the <a href="/wiki/Electoral_College_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Electoral College (United States)">Electoral College</a><br />266 electoral votes needed to win</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Turnout</th><td class="infobox-data">52.2%<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 3.7 <a href="/wiki/Percentage_point" title="Percentage point">pp</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="background:transparent; color: inherit; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <td>  </td> <td class="notheme" style="text-align:center;border-bottom: 6px solid #3333FF;"><span class="mw-default-size notpageimage noresize" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Harry_S_Truman,_bw_half-length_photo_portrait,_facing_front,_1945_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Harry_S_Truman%2C_bw_half-length_photo_portrait%2C_facing_front%2C_1945_%28cropped%29.jpg/112px-Harry_S_Truman%2C_bw_half-length_photo_portrait%2C_facing_front%2C_1945_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="112" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Harry_S_Truman%2C_bw_half-length_photo_portrait%2C_facing_front%2C_1945_%28cropped%29.jpg/169px-Harry_S_Truman%2C_bw_half-length_photo_portrait%2C_facing_front%2C_1945_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Harry_S_Truman%2C_bw_half-length_photo_portrait%2C_facing_front%2C_1945_%28cropped%29.jpg/225px-Harry_S_Truman%2C_bw_half-length_photo_portrait%2C_facing_front%2C_1945_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1947" data-file-height="2597" /></a></span> </td> <td class="notheme" style="text-align:center;border-bottom: 6px solid #E81B23;"><span class="mw-default-size notpageimage noresize" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomas_Dewey_(3x4_crop).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Thomas_Dewey_%283x4_crop%29.jpg/112px-Thomas_Dewey_%283x4_crop%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="112" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Thomas_Dewey_%283x4_crop%29.jpg/169px-Thomas_Dewey_%283x4_crop%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Thomas_Dewey_%283x4_crop%29.jpg/225px-Thomas_Dewey_%283x4_crop%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2664" data-file-height="3550" /></a></span> </td> <td class="notheme" style="text-align:center;border-bottom: 6px solid #FF9955"><span class="mw-default-size notpageimage noresize" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Strom_Thurmond_1948_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Strom_Thurmond_1948_%28cropped%29.jpg/112px-Strom_Thurmond_1948_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="112" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Strom_Thurmond_1948_%28cropped%29.jpg/168px-Strom_Thurmond_1948_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Strom_Thurmond_1948_%28cropped%29.jpg/224px-Strom_Thurmond_1948_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="318" data-file-height="425" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="width:75px;text-align:left">Nominee </th> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center"><b><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a></b> </td> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._Dewey" title="Thomas E. Dewey">Thomas E. Dewey</a> </td> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Strom_Thurmond" title="Strom Thurmond">Strom Thurmond</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="width:75px;text-align:left">Party </th> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> </td> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> </td> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Dixiecrat" title="Dixiecrat">States' Rights</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left">Home state </th> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a> </td> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a> </td> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left">Running mate </th> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center"><b><a href="/wiki/Alben_W._Barkley" title="Alben W. Barkley">Alben W. Barkley</a></b> </td> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Earl_Warren" title="Earl Warren">Earl Warren</a> </td> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Fielding_L._Wright" title="Fielding L. Wright">Fielding L. Wright</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left">Electoral vote </th> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center"><b>303</b><sup id="cite_ref-pledged_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pledged-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center">189 </td> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center">39<sup id="cite_ref-pledged_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pledged-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left">States carried </th> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center"><b>28</b> </td> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center">16 </td> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center">4 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left">Popular vote </th> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center"><b>24,178,347</b> </td> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center">21,991,292 </td> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center">1,176,023 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left">Percentage </th> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center"><b><span data-sort-value="7001495523577047656♠" style="display:none"></span>49.6%</b> </td> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center"><span data-sort-value="7001450700938146826♠" style="display:none"></span>45.1% </td> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center"><span data-sort-value="7000241001190014209♠" style="display:none"></span>2.4% </td></tr> </tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><hr /><figure class="mw-halign-center noresize mw-ext-imagemap-desc-bottom-right" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/ElectoralCollege1948.svg/350px-ElectoralCollege1948.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/ElectoralCollege1948.svg/525px-ElectoralCollege1948.svg.png 1.5x, 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coords="289,58,289,53,294,52,300,51,301,50,301,49,302,49,303,50,303,51,302,51,302,53,303,54,303,53,304,53,306,57,307,57,309,56,309,55,308,54,307,54,307,54,308,54,309,55,309,56,309,56,309,57,308,57,306,58,306,58,306,59,306,59,306,59,307,59,309,59,310,59,310,59,310,60,309,60,309,59,307,59,307,60,306,60,306,60,305,60,305,60,306,59,305,60,305,59,305,59,305,58,305,57,304,58,304,59,303,59,302,57,301,56,294,57" alt="1948 United States presidential election in Massachusetts" title="1948 United States presidential election in Massachusetts" /><area href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_Maryland" shape="rect" coords="303,99,327,105" alt="1948 United States presidential election in Maryland" title="1948 United States presidential election in Maryland" /><area href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_Delaware" shape="rect" coords="306,91,325,98" alt="1948 United States presidential election in Delaware" title="1948 United States presidential election in Delaware" /><area href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_New_Jersey" shape="rect" coords="308,84,333,89" alt="1948 United States presidential election in New Jersey" title="1948 United States presidential election in New Jersey" /><area href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_Connecticut" shape="rect" coords="315,72,335,79" alt="1948 United States presidential election in Connecticut" title="1948 United States presidential election in Connecticut" /><area href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_Rhode_Island" shape="rect" coords="317,63,336,69" alt="1948 United States presidential election in Rhode Island" title="1948 United States presidential election in Rhode Island" /><area href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_Massachusetts" shape="rect" coords="318,51,347,57" alt="1948 United States presidential election in Massachusetts" title="1948 United States presidential election in Massachusetts" /><area href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_Vermont" shape="rect" coords="271,21,291,28" alt="1948 United States presidential election in Vermont" title="1948 United States presidential election in Vermont" /><area href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_New_Hampshire" shape="rect" coords="275,14,298,20" alt="1948 United States presidential election in New Hampshire" title="1948 United States presidential election in New Hampshire" /></map><figcaption></figcaption></figure><div>Presidential election results map. <span style="color:blue;">Blue</span> denotes states won by Truman/Barkley, <span style="color:red;">red</span> denotes those won by Dewey/Warren, and <span style="color:orange;">orange</span> denotes those won by Thurmond/Wright, including a Tennessee <a href="/wiki/Faithless_elector" title="Faithless elector">faithless elector</a>. Numbers indicate the number of electoral votes allotted to each state.</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><hr /> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="background:transparent; color: inherit; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:50%; text-align:left;"><b>President before election</b><br /> <p><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> </p> </td> <td style="width:50%; text-align:right;"><b>Elected President</b> <br /> <p><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election" title="United States presidential election">Presidential elections</a> were held in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> on November 2, 1948. Incumbent <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="History of the Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> defeated heavily favored <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="History of the Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> <a href="/wiki/New_York_Governor" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Governor">New York Governor</a> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._Dewey" title="Thomas E. Dewey">Thomas E. Dewey</a>, and third-party candidates, becoming the third president to succeed to the presidency upon his predecessor's death and be elected to a full term.<sup id="cite_ref-Fullterm_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fullterm-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was one of the greatest election <a href="/wiki/Upset_(competition)" title="Upset (competition)">upsets</a> in <a href="/wiki/American_history" class="mw-redirect" title="American history">American history</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Truman had been elected vice president in the <a href="/wiki/1944_United_States_presidential_election" title="1944 United States presidential election">1944 election</a>, and succeeded to the presidency in April 1945 upon the death of <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a>. He won his party's nomination at the <a href="/wiki/1948_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1948 Democratic National Convention">1948 Democratic National Convention</a> only after defeating attempts to drop him from the ticket. The convention's civil rights plank caused a walkout by several Southern delegates, who launched a <a href="/wiki/Third_party_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Third party (United States)">third-party</a> "<a href="/wiki/Dixiecrat" title="Dixiecrat">Dixiecrat</a>" ticket led by <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_South_Carolina" title="Governor of South Carolina">South Carolina Governor</a> <a href="/wiki/Strom_Thurmond" title="Strom Thurmond">Strom Thurmond</a>. The Dixiecrats hoped to win enough <a href="/wiki/Electoral_College_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Electoral College (United States)">electoral votes</a> to force a <a href="/wiki/Contingent_election" title="Contingent election">contingent election</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a>, where they could extract concessions from either Dewey or Truman in exchange for their support. Former vice president <a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Wallace" title="Henry A. Wallace">Henry A. Wallace</a> also challenged Truman by launching the <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(United_States,_1948%E2%80%931955)" title="Progressive Party (United States, 1948–1955)">Progressive Party</a> and criticizing his confrontational <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> policies. Dewey, the leader of his party's liberal eastern wing and the <a href="/wiki/1944_Republican_National_Convention" title="1944 Republican National Convention">1944 Republican presidential nominee</a>, defeated conservative Ohio Senator <a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Taft" title="Robert A. Taft">Robert A. Taft</a> and other challengers at the <a href="/wiki/1948_Republican_National_Convention" title="1948 Republican National Convention">1948 Republican National Convention</a>. This was the first election to have primary and general election debates, with Dewey debating <a href="/wiki/Harold_Stassen" title="Harold Stassen">Harold Stassen</a> in the Republican primary, while <a href="/wiki/Norman_Thomas" title="Norman Thomas">Norman Thomas</a> debated <a href="/wiki/Farrell_Dobbs" title="Farrell Dobbs">Farrell Dobbs</a> in the general election.<sup id="cite_ref-debate_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-debate-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Truman's feisty campaign style energized his base of traditional Democrats, consisting of most of the white South, as well as labor unions, and Catholic and Jewish voters; he also fared surprisingly well with Midwestern farmers.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dewey ran a low-risk campaign and avoided directly criticizing Truman. With the three-way split in the Democratic Party, and with Truman's low approval ratings, Truman was widely considered to be the underdog in the race, and virtually every prediction (with or without public opinion polls) indicated Dewey would win the election. Defying these predictions, Truman won the election with 303 electoral votes to Dewey's 189. Truman also won 49.6% of the popular vote compared to Dewey's 45.1%, while the third-party candidacies of Thurmond and Wallace each won less than 3% of the popular vote, with Thurmond carrying four southern states in the <a href="/wiki/Deep_South" title="Deep South">Deep South</a>. Truman's surprise victory was the fifth consecutive presidential win for the Democratic Party, the longest winning streak for the Democrats, and the longest for either party since the <a href="/wiki/1880_United_States_presidential_election" title="1880 United States presidential election">1880 election</a>. </p><p>With simultaneous success in the <a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_elections" title="1948 United States elections">1948 congressional elections</a>, the Democrats regained control of both houses of Congress, which they had lost in 1946. Thus, Truman's election confirmed the Democratic Party's status as the nation's majority party. This was the last presidential election before the ratification of the <a href="/wiki/Twenty-second_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution">22nd Amendment</a> in 1951, which would establish <a href="/wiki/Term_limit" title="Term limit">term limits</a> for a president. This did not apply to the incumbent Truman, but as he chose not to run in 1952, this was the last presidential election with no future disqualification effect for second-term winners.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nominations">Nominations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1948_United_States_presidential_election&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Nominations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Democratic_Party_nomination">Democratic Party nomination</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1948_United_States_presidential_election&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Democratic Party nomination"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1948_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1948 Democratic National Convention">1948 Democratic National Convention</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman_1948_presidential_campaign" title="Harry S. Truman 1948 presidential campaign">Harry S. Truman 1948 presidential campaign</a></div> <table class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;" colspan="30"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)"><img alt="Democratic Party (United States)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Democratic_Disc.svg/65px-Democratic_Disc.svg.png" decoding="async" width="65" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Democratic_Disc.svg/98px-Democratic_Disc.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Democratic_Disc.svg/130px-Democratic_Disc.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Democratic Party (United States)</figcaption></figure><big><b>1948 Democratic Party ticket </b></big> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="width:3em; font-size:135%; background:#3333FF; width:200px;"><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Harry S. Truman</span></a> </th> <th style="width:3em; font-size:135%; background:#3333FF; width:200px;"><a href="/wiki/Alben_W._Barkley" title="Alben W. Barkley"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Alben W. Barkley</span></a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width:3em; font-size:100%; color:#000; background:#C8EBFF; width:200px;"><i><b>for President</b></i> </td> <td style="width:3em; font-size:100%; color:#000; background:#C8EBFF; width:200px;"><i><b>for Vice President</b></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Harry_S_Truman,_bw_half-length_photo_portrait,_facing_front,_1945_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Harry_S_Truman%2C_bw_half-length_photo_portrait%2C_facing_front%2C_1945_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Harry_S_Truman%2C_bw_half-length_photo_portrait%2C_facing_front%2C_1945_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Harry_S_Truman%2C_bw_half-length_photo_portrait%2C_facing_front%2C_1945_%28cropped%29.jpg/225px-Harry_S_Truman%2C_bw_half-length_photo_portrait%2C_facing_front%2C_1945_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Harry_S_Truman%2C_bw_half-length_photo_portrait%2C_facing_front%2C_1945_%28cropped%29.jpg/300px-Harry_S_Truman%2C_bw_half-length_photo_portrait%2C_facing_front%2C_1945_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1947" data-file-height="2597" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Alben_Barkley,_Vice-President.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Alben_Barkley%2C_Vice-President.jpg/160px-Alben_Barkley%2C_Vice-President.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Alben_Barkley%2C_Vice-President.jpg/240px-Alben_Barkley%2C_Vice-President.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Alben_Barkley%2C_Vice-President.jpg/320px-Alben_Barkley%2C_Vice-President.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">33rd</a><br /><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a><br /><small>(1945–1953)</small> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">U.S. Senator</a> from <a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a><br /><small>(1927–1949)</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman_1948_presidential_campaign" title="Harry S. Truman 1948 presidential campaign"><b>Campaign</b></a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerycaption">Presidential Nomination Contenders</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 122px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Harry_F._Byrd_(3x4b).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Senator Harry F. Byrd from Virginia"><img alt="Senator Harry F. Byrd from Virginia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Harry_F._Byrd_%283x4b%29.jpg/180px-Harry_F._Byrd_%283x4b%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Harry_F._Byrd_%283x4b%29.jpg/270px-Harry_F._Byrd_%283x4b%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Harry_F._Byrd_%283x4b%29.jpg/360px-Harry_F._Byrd_%283x4b%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3762" data-file-height="5013" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">Senator</a><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Harry_F._Byrd" title="Harry F. Byrd">Harry F. Byrd</a></b><br /> from <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 123.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 121.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:James_F._Byrnes_cph.3c32232.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Secretary James F. Byrnes from South Carolina"><img alt="Secretary James F. Byrnes from South Carolina" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/James_F._Byrnes_cph.3c32232.jpg/182px-James_F._Byrnes_cph.3c32232.jpg" decoding="async" width="122" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/James_F._Byrnes_cph.3c32232.jpg/274px-James_F._Byrnes_cph.3c32232.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/James_F._Byrnes_cph.3c32232.jpg/365px-James_F._Byrnes_cph.3c32232.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2856" data-file-height="3756" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary</a><br /><b><a href="/wiki/James_F._Byrnes" title="James F. Byrnes">James F. Byrnes</a></b><br /> from <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 138.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 136.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Alexander_Julian_-_April_18,_1938.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Treasurer William Alexander Julian from Ohio"><img alt="Treasurer William Alexander Julian from Ohio" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/William_Alexander_Julian_-_April_18%2C_1938.jpg/205px-William_Alexander_Julian_-_April_18%2C_1938.jpg" decoding="async" width="137" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/William_Alexander_Julian_-_April_18%2C_1938.jpg/308px-William_Alexander_Julian_-_April_18%2C_1938.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/William_Alexander_Julian_-_April_18%2C_1938.jpg/410px-William_Alexander_Julian_-_April_18%2C_1938.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1937" data-file-height="2265" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Treasurer_of_the_United_States" title="Treasurer of the United States">Treasurer</a><br /><b><a href="/wiki/William_Alexander_Julian" title="William Alexander Julian">William Alexander Julian</a></b><br /> from <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 133.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 131.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Harley_M._Kilgore.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Senator Harley M. Kilgore from West Virginia"><img alt="Senator Harley M. Kilgore from West Virginia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/81/Harley_M._Kilgore.jpg" decoding="async" width="132" height="160" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="177" data-file-height="216" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">Senator</a><br /><b> <a href="/wiki/Harley_Martin_Kilgore" class="mw-redirect" title="Harley Martin Kilgore">Harley M. Kilgore</a></b><br /> from <a href="/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia">West Virginia</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 128.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 126.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Paul_V_McNutt_Oct_1941.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="High Commissioner Paul V. McNutt from Indiana"><img alt="High Commissioner Paul V. McNutt from Indiana" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Paul_V_McNutt_Oct_1941.jpg/190px-Paul_V_McNutt_Oct_1941.jpg" decoding="async" width="127" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/df/Paul_V_McNutt_Oct_1941.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="235" data-file-height="296" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/High_Commissioner_to_the_Philippines" title="High Commissioner to the Philippines">High Commissioner</a><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Paul_V._McNutt" title="Paul V. McNutt">Paul V. McNutt</a></b><br /> from <a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">Indiana</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 136px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 134px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Claude_Denson_Pepper.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Senator Claude Pepper from Florida"><img alt="Senator Claude Pepper from Florida" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Claude_Denson_Pepper.jpg/201px-Claude_Denson_Pepper.jpg" decoding="async" width="134" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Claude_Denson_Pepper.jpg/302px-Claude_Denson_Pepper.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Claude_Denson_Pepper.jpg/403px-Claude_Denson_Pepper.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="715" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">Senator</a><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Claude_Pepper" title="Claude Pepper">Claude Pepper</a></b><br /> from <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 89.333333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 87.333333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:James_A._Roe_(New_York_Congressman).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="U.S. Representative James A. Roe from New York"><img alt="U.S. Representative James A. Roe from New York" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/James_A._Roe_%28New_York_Congressman%29.jpg/131px-James_A._Roe_%28New_York_Congressman%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="88" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/James_A._Roe_%28New_York_Congressman%29.jpg/197px-James_A._Roe_%28New_York_Congressman%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/James_A._Roe_%28New_York_Congressman%29.jpg/262px-James_A._Roe_%28New_York_Congressman%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="492" data-file-height="899" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. Representative</a><br /> <b><a href="/wiki/James_A._Roe" title="James A. Roe">James A. Roe</a></b><br /> from <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 130px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 128px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Richard_Brevard_Russell.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Senator Richard Russell Jr. from Georgia"><img alt="Senator Richard Russell Jr. from Georgia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6a/Richard_Brevard_Russell.jpg" decoding="async" width="128" height="160" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="225" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">Senator</a><br /> <b><a href="/wiki/Richard_Russell_Jr." title="Richard Russell Jr.">Richard Russell Jr.</a></b><br /> from <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 122px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Harry_S_Truman,_bw_half-length_photo_portrait,_facing_front,_1945_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="President Harry S. Truman from Missouri"><img alt="President Harry S. Truman from Missouri" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Harry_S_Truman%2C_bw_half-length_photo_portrait%2C_facing_front%2C_1945_%28cropped%29.jpg/180px-Harry_S_Truman%2C_bw_half-length_photo_portrait%2C_facing_front%2C_1945_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Harry_S_Truman%2C_bw_half-length_photo_portrait%2C_facing_front%2C_1945_%28cropped%29.jpg/270px-Harry_S_Truman%2C_bw_half-length_photo_portrait%2C_facing_front%2C_1945_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Harry_S_Truman%2C_bw_half-length_photo_portrait%2C_facing_front%2C_1945_%28cropped%29.jpg/360px-Harry_S_Truman%2C_bw_half-length_photo_portrait%2C_facing_front%2C_1945_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1947" data-file-height="2597" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a><br /> <b><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a></b><br /> from <a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 122px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:33_Henry_Wallace_3x4.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Former vice president Henry A. Wallace from Iowa"><img alt="Former vice president Henry A. Wallace from Iowa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/33_Henry_Wallace_3x4.jpg/180px-33_Henry_Wallace_3x4.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/33_Henry_Wallace_3x4.jpg/270px-33_Henry_Wallace_3x4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/33_Henry_Wallace_3x4.jpg/360px-33_Henry_Wallace_3x4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="667" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Former <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">vice president</a><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Wallace" title="Henry A. Wallace">Henry A. Wallace</a></b><br /> from <a href="/wiki/Iowa" title="Iowa">Iowa</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 126px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 124px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:General_of_the_Army_Dwight_D._Eisenhower_1947.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Former Chief of Staff of the Army, General of the Army Dwight D. Eisenhower from New York (declined – January 24, 1948)"><img alt="Former Chief of Staff of the Army, General of the Army Dwight D. Eisenhower from New York (declined – January 24, 1948)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/General_of_the_Army_Dwight_D._Eisenhower_1947.jpg/186px-General_of_the_Army_Dwight_D._Eisenhower_1947.jpg" decoding="async" width="124" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/General_of_the_Army_Dwight_D._Eisenhower_1947.jpg/280px-General_of_the_Army_Dwight_D._Eisenhower_1947.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/General_of_the_Army_Dwight_D._Eisenhower_1947.jpg/373px-General_of_the_Army_Dwight_D._Eisenhower_1947.jpg 2x" data-file-width="575" data-file-height="740" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Former <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Army" title="Chief of Staff of the United States Army">Chief of Staff of the Army</a>, <a href="/wiki/General_of_the_Army_(United_States)" title="General of the Army (United States)">General of the Army</a> <b><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a></b> from <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a> <small>(declined – January 24, 1948)</small> </div> </li> </ul> <p>On July 12, the <a href="/wiki/1948_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1948 Democratic National Convention">Democratic National Convention</a> convened in Philadelphia in the <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Convention_Hall_and_Civic_Center" title="Philadelphia Convention Hall and Civic Center">same arena</a> where the Republicans had met a few weeks earlier. Spirits were low; the Republicans had taken control of both houses of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a> and a majority of state governorships during the 1946 mid-term elections, and the public opinion polls showed Truman trailing Republican nominee Dewey, sometimes by double digits. Furthermore, some liberal Democrats had joined <a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Wallace" title="Henry A. Wallace">Henry A. Wallace</a>'s new Progressive Party, and party leaders feared that Wallace would take enough votes from Truman to give the large Northern and Midwestern states to the Republicans. Conservatives dominated the party in the South, and they were angered by the growing voice of labor unions and black voters in the party outside the South. The hope that Truman would reverse course faded when he vetoed the <a href="/wiki/Taft-Hartley_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Taft-Hartley Law">Taft-Hartley Law</a>, which sought to reduce the power of labor unions. Congress voted to override Truman's veto, and the <a href="/wiki/Taft-Hartley_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Taft-Hartley Law">Taft-Hartley Law</a> went into effect on June 23, 1947. Finally, Truman's appointment of a liberal <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">civil rights</a> commission convinced Southern conservatives that to re-establish their voice they had to threaten <a href="/wiki/Third_party_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Third party (United States)">third-party</a> action to defeat Truman in 1948.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Alexander_F._Whitney" title="Alexander F. Whitney">Alexander F. Whitney</a>, who was previously critical of Truman and threatened to finance a third-party campaign, praised him after Truman vetoed the Taft–Hartley Act and stated that the veto "vindicated him in the eyes of labor". Whitney and <a href="/wiki/Brotherhood_of_Railroad_Trainmen" title="Brotherhood of Railroad Trainmen">Brotherhood of Railroad Trainmen</a> had been supporters of Wallace since the 1944 convention. Wallace stated that he wanted "to work within the Democratic party realm" in September 1947.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmidt196033_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidt196033-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Truman was aware of his unpopularity. In July 1947, he privately offered to be Eisenhower's running mate on the Democratic ticket if MacArthur won the Republican nomination, an offer that Eisenhower declined. Truman's offer to Eisenhower did not become public knowledge during the campaign.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt20030711_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt20030711-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result of Truman's low standing in the polls, several Democratic party bosses began working to "dump" Truman and nominate a more popular candidate. Among the leaders of this movement were <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Arvey" title="Jacob Arvey">Jacob Arvey</a>, the head of the powerful Cook County (Chicago) Democratic organization; <a href="/wiki/Frank_Hague" title="Frank Hague">Frank Hague</a>, the boss of New Jersey; <a href="/wiki/James_Roosevelt" title="James Roosevelt">James Roosevelt</a>, the eldest son of former President <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a>; and liberal Senator <a href="/wiki/Claude_Pepper" title="Claude Pepper">Claude Pepper</a> from Florida. The rebels hoped to draft Eisenhower as the Democratic presidential candidate. On July 10, Eisenhower officially refused to be a candidate. There was then an attempt to put forward Supreme Court Justice <a href="/wiki/William_O._Douglas" title="William O. Douglas">William O. Douglas</a>, but Douglas also declared that he would not be a presidential candidate. Finally, Senator Pepper declared his intention to challenge Truman for the presidential nomination. His candidacy collapsed when the liberal <a href="/wiki/Americans_for_Democratic_Action" title="Americans for Democratic Action">Americans for Democratic Action</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Industrial_Organizations" title="Congress of Industrial Organizations">Congress of Industrial Organizations</a> withheld their support, partly due to concerns over Pepper's attacks on Truman's foreign policy decisions regarding the Soviet Union. As a result of the refusal by most of the dump-Truman delegates to support him, Pepper withdrew his candidacy for the nomination on July 16. Lacking a candidate acceptable to all sides, the leaders of the dump-Truman movement reluctantly agreed to support Truman for the nomination. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Democratic_Convention">Democratic Convention</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1948_United_States_presidential_election&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Democratic Convention"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the Democratic Convention, Truman initially proposed a <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil rights">civil rights</a> plank to the party platform that moderated the strong vocal support for civil rights that he had expressed at the NAACP convention in 1947, and to Congress in February 1948. This proposal disappointed Northern and Western liberals who wanted more swift and sweeping reforms in civil rights, but it also failed to placate Southern conservatives, and both sides decided to present their own amendments and proposals to Truman's civil rights plank.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Former Texas Governor <a href="/wiki/Dan_Moody" title="Dan Moody">Dan Moody</a> proposed a plank that supported the status quo of states' rights; a similar but shorter proposal was made by Cecil Sims of the Tennessee delegation.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the liberal side, Wisconsin Representative <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Biemiller" title="Andrew Biemiller">Andrew Biemiller</a> proposed a strong civil rights plank that was more explicit and direct in its language than Truman's convention proposal.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Minneapolis Mayor <a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Hubert Humphrey</a> led the support for the Biemiller plank. In his speech to the convention, Humphrey memorably stated that "the time has come for the Democratic Party to get out of the shadow of states' rights and walk forthrightly into the bright sunshine of human rights!"<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Truman and his staff knew it was highly likely that any civil rights plank would lead to Southern delegates staging a walk-out in protest, but Truman believed that civil rights was an important moral cause and ultimately abandoned his advisers' attempts to "soften the approach" with the moderate plank; so the President supported and defended the "Crackpot" Biemiller plank, which passed by 651.5 votes to 582.5.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also received strong support from many of the big-city party bosses, most of whom felt that the civil rights platform would encourage the growing black population in their cities to vote for the Democrats.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The passage of the civil rights platform caused some three dozen Southern delegates, led by South Carolina Governor <a href="/wiki/Strom_Thurmond" title="Strom Thurmond">Strom Thurmond</a>, to walk out of the convention. The Southern delegates who remained nominated Senator <a href="/wiki/Richard_Russell_Jr." title="Richard Russell Jr.">Richard Russell Jr.</a> from Georgia for the Democratic nomination as a rebuke to Truman. Nonetheless, 947 Democratic delegates voted for Truman as the Democratic nominee, while Russell received only 266 votes, all from the South. Truman's first choice for his running mate was Supreme Court Justice William O. Douglas, hoping that it might make the ticket more appealing to liberals. Douglas refused the nomination. Needing an alternative, Truman then selected Senator <a href="/wiki/Alben_W._Barkley" title="Alben W. Barkley">Alben W. Barkley</a> from <a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a>, who had delivered the convention's <a href="/wiki/Keynote_address" class="mw-redirect" title="Keynote address">keynote address</a>, as his running mate, and Barkley was nominated by acclamation.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Truman gave a fighting acceptance speech, he stated that "Senator Barkley and I will win this election and make the Republicans like it – don't you forget it!... We will do that because they are wrong and we are right."<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He claimed that the Republican Party had, "ever since its inception...been under the control of special privilege; and they have completely proved it in the Eightieth Congress."<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the end of the speech, the "delegates rose to their feet and cheered loudly for two minutes...for a moment Truman had created the illusion – few regarded it as more than an illusion – that the Democrats had a fighting chance in November."<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:left"> <caption>Balloting </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Presidential ballot</th> <th></th> <th>Vice presidential ballot</th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a></th> <th>947.5</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Alben_W._Barkley" title="Alben W. Barkley">Alben W. Barkley</a></th> <th>1,234 </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Richard_Russell_Jr." title="Richard Russell Jr.">Richard Russell Jr.</a></td> <td>266</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/James_A._Roe" title="James A. Roe">James A. Roe</a></td> <td>15</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Paul_V._McNutt" title="Paul V. McNutt">Paul V. McNutt</a></td> <td>2</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Alben_W._Barkley" title="Alben W. Barkley">Alben W. Barkley</a></td> <td>1</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Republican_Party_nomination">Republican Party nomination</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1948_United_States_presidential_election&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Republican Party nomination"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1948_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1948 Republican Party presidential primaries">1948 Republican Party presidential primaries</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/1948_Republican_National_Convention" title="1948 Republican National Convention">1948 Republican National Convention</a></div> <table class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;" colspan="30"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)"><img alt="Republican Party (United States)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Republican_Disc.svg/65px-Republican_Disc.svg.png" decoding="async" width="65" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Republican_Disc.svg/98px-Republican_Disc.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Republican_Disc.svg/130px-Republican_Disc.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="227" data-file-height="227" /></a><figcaption>Republican Party (United States)</figcaption></figure><big><b>1948 Republican Party ticket</b></big> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="width:3em; font-size:135%; background:#E81B23; width:200px;"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._Dewey" title="Thomas E. Dewey"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Thomas E. Dewey</span></a> </th> <th style="width:3em; font-size:135%; background:#E81B23; width:200px;"><a href="/wiki/Earl_Warren" title="Earl Warren"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Earl Warren</span></a> </th></tr> <tr style="color:#000; font-size:100%; background:#FFD0D7;"> <td style="width:3em; width:200px;"><i><b>for President</b></i> </td> <td style="width:3em; width:200px;"><i><b>for Vice President</b></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomas_Dewey.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Thomas_Dewey.jpg/160px-Thomas_Dewey.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Thomas_Dewey.jpg/240px-Thomas_Dewey.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Thomas_Dewey.jpg/321px-Thomas_Dewey.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2846" data-file-height="3550" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Earl_Warren_Portrait,_half_figure,_seated,_facing_front,_as_Governor_(cropped_3x4).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Earl_Warren_Portrait%2C_half_figure%2C_seated%2C_facing_front%2C_as_Governor_%28cropped_3x4%29.jpg/150px-Earl_Warren_Portrait%2C_half_figure%2C_seated%2C_facing_front%2C_as_Governor_%28cropped_3x4%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Earl_Warren_Portrait%2C_half_figure%2C_seated%2C_facing_front%2C_as_Governor_%28cropped_3x4%29.jpg/225px-Earl_Warren_Portrait%2C_half_figure%2C_seated%2C_facing_front%2C_as_Governor_%28cropped_3x4%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Earl_Warren_Portrait%2C_half_figure%2C_seated%2C_facing_front%2C_as_Governor_%28cropped_3x4%29.jpg/300px-Earl_Warren_Portrait%2C_half_figure%2C_seated%2C_facing_front%2C_as_Governor_%28cropped_3x4%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="812" data-file-height="1081" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_New_York" title="List of governors of New York">47th</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_New_York" title="Governor of New York">Governor of New York</a><br /><small>(1943–1954)</small> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_California" title="List of governors of California">30th</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_California" title="Governor of California">Governor of California</a><br /><small>(1943–1953)</small> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerycaption">Presidential Nomination Contenders</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 122px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomas_Dewey.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Governor Thomas E. Dewey of New York"><img alt="Governor Thomas E. Dewey of New York" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Thomas_Dewey.jpg/180px-Thomas_Dewey.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Thomas_Dewey.jpg/271px-Thomas_Dewey.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Thomas_Dewey.jpg/361px-Thomas_Dewey.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2846" data-file-height="3550" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_New_York" title="Governor of New York">Governor</a><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._Dewey" title="Thomas E. Dewey">Thomas E. Dewey</a></b><br />of <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 114.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 112.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:RobertATaft83rdCongress_(1)_(cropped).png" class="mw-file-description" title="Senator Robert A. Taft from Ohio"><img alt="Senator Robert A. Taft from Ohio" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/RobertATaft83rdCongress_%281%29_%28cropped%29.png/169px-RobertATaft83rdCongress_%281%29_%28cropped%29.png" decoding="async" width="113" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/RobertATaft83rdCongress_%281%29_%28cropped%29.png/254px-RobertATaft83rdCongress_%281%29_%28cropped%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/RobertATaft83rdCongress_%281%29_%28cropped%29.png/338px-RobertATaft83rdCongress_%281%29_%28cropped%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1722" data-file-height="2294" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">Senator</a><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Taft" title="Robert A. Taft">Robert A. Taft</a></b><br />from <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 121.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 119.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Former_Governor_Harold_Stassen_of_Minnesota_-_Harris_%26_Ewing_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Former Governor Harold Stassen of Minnesota"><img alt="Former Governor Harold Stassen of Minnesota" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Former_Governor_Harold_Stassen_of_Minnesota_-_Harris_%26_Ewing_%28cropped%29.jpg/179px-Former_Governor_Harold_Stassen_of_Minnesota_-_Harris_%26_Ewing_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Former_Governor_Harold_Stassen_of_Minnesota_-_Harris_%26_Ewing_%28cropped%29.jpg/269px-Former_Governor_Harold_Stassen_of_Minnesota_-_Harris_%26_Ewing_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Former_Governor_Harold_Stassen_of_Minnesota_-_Harris_%26_Ewing_%28cropped%29.jpg/359px-Former_Governor_Harold_Stassen_of_Minnesota_-_Harris_%26_Ewing_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2907" data-file-height="3645" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Former <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Minnesota" title="Governor of Minnesota">Governor</a><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Harold_Stassen" title="Harold Stassen">Harold Stassen</a></b><br />of <a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 114.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 112.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:VANDENBURG,_ARTHUR_H._SENATOR_LCCN2016862580_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="President Pro Tempore Arthur H. Vandenberg of Michigan"><img alt="President Pro Tempore Arthur H. Vandenberg of Michigan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/VANDENBURG%2C_ARTHUR_H._SENATOR_LCCN2016862580_%28cropped%29.jpg/169px-VANDENBURG%2C_ARTHUR_H._SENATOR_LCCN2016862580_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="113" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/VANDENBURG%2C_ARTHUR_H._SENATOR_LCCN2016862580_%28cropped%29.jpg/254px-VANDENBURG%2C_ARTHUR_H._SENATOR_LCCN2016862580_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/VANDENBURG%2C_ARTHUR_H._SENATOR_LCCN2016862580_%28cropped%29.jpg/338px-VANDENBURG%2C_ARTHUR_H._SENATOR_LCCN2016862580_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4810" data-file-height="6410" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/President_pro_tempore_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="President pro tempore of the United States Senate">President Pro Tempore</a><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Arthur_H._Vandenberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur H. Vandenberg">Arthur H. Vandenberg</a></b><br />of <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 114.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 112.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Earl_Warren_Portrait,_half_figure,_seated,_facing_front,_as_Governor_(cropped_3x4).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Governor Earl Warren of California"><img alt="Governor Earl Warren of California" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Earl_Warren_Portrait%2C_half_figure%2C_seated%2C_facing_front%2C_as_Governor_%28cropped_3x4%29.jpg/169px-Earl_Warren_Portrait%2C_half_figure%2C_seated%2C_facing_front%2C_as_Governor_%28cropped_3x4%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="113" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Earl_Warren_Portrait%2C_half_figure%2C_seated%2C_facing_front%2C_as_Governor_%28cropped_3x4%29.jpg/254px-Earl_Warren_Portrait%2C_half_figure%2C_seated%2C_facing_front%2C_as_Governor_%28cropped_3x4%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Earl_Warren_Portrait%2C_half_figure%2C_seated%2C_facing_front%2C_as_Governor_%28cropped_3x4%29.jpg/338px-Earl_Warren_Portrait%2C_half_figure%2C_seated%2C_facing_front%2C_as_Governor_%28cropped_3x4%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="812" data-file-height="1081" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_California" title="Governor of California">Governor</a><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Earl_Warren" title="Earl Warren">Earl Warren</a></b><br />of <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 111.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 109.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MacArthur_Manila_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Former Chief of Staff of the Army, General of the Army Douglas MacArthur from New York"><img alt="Former Chief of Staff of the Army, General of the Army Douglas MacArthur from New York" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/MacArthur_Manila_%28cropped%29.jpg/164px-MacArthur_Manila_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/MacArthur_Manila_%28cropped%29.jpg/246px-MacArthur_Manila_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/MacArthur_Manila_%28cropped%29.jpg/328px-MacArthur_Manila_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1315" data-file-height="1804" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Former <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Army" title="Chief of Staff of the United States Army">Chief of Staff of the Army</a>, <a href="/wiki/General_of_the_Army_(United_States)" title="General of the Army (United States)">General of the Army</a><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur" title="Douglas MacArthur">Douglas MacArthur</a></b><br />from <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 116.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 114.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Joseph_W._Martin_LCCN2016876937_(3).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives Joseph W. Martin Jr., from Massachusetts"><img alt="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives Joseph W. Martin Jr., from Massachusetts" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Joseph_W._Martin_LCCN2016876937_%283%29.jpg/172px-Joseph_W._Martin_LCCN2016876937_%283%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="115" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Joseph_W._Martin_LCCN2016876937_%283%29.jpg/259px-Joseph_W._Martin_LCCN2016876937_%283%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Joseph_W._Martin_LCCN2016876937_%283%29.jpg/345px-Joseph_W._Martin_LCCN2016876937_%283%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4417" data-file-height="5762" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">Speaker of the United States House of Representatives</a><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Joseph_W._Martin_Jr." title="Joseph W. Martin Jr.">Joseph W. Martin Jr.</a></b>,<br />from <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 118.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 116.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:General_of_the_Army_Dwight_D._Eisenhower_1947.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Former Chief of Staff of the Army, General of the Army Dwight D. Eisenhower from New York(declined – January 24, 1948)"><img alt="Former Chief of Staff of the Army, General of the Army Dwight D. Eisenhower from New York(declined – January 24, 1948)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/General_of_the_Army_Dwight_D._Eisenhower_1947.jpg/175px-General_of_the_Army_Dwight_D._Eisenhower_1947.jpg" decoding="async" width="117" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/General_of_the_Army_Dwight_D._Eisenhower_1947.jpg/263px-General_of_the_Army_Dwight_D._Eisenhower_1947.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/General_of_the_Army_Dwight_D._Eisenhower_1947.jpg/350px-General_of_the_Army_Dwight_D._Eisenhower_1947.jpg 2x" data-file-width="575" data-file-height="740" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Former <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Army" title="Chief of Staff of the United States Army">Chief of Staff of the Army</a>, <a href="/wiki/General_of_the_Army_(United_States)" title="General of the Army (United States)">General of the Army</a> <b><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a></b><br />from <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a><small>(declined – January 24, 1948)</small></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 117.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 115.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:John_William_Bricker_(Gov.,_Sen._OH).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Senator John W. Bricker from Ohio (declined – endorsed Taft)"><img alt="Senator John W. Bricker from Ohio (declined – endorsed Taft)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/24/John_William_Bricker_%28Gov.%2C_Sen._OH%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="116" height="150" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="166" data-file-height="216" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Senator<br /><b><a href="/wiki/John_W._Bricker" title="John W. Bricker">John W. Bricker</a></b><br />from <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a><br /><small>(declined – endorsed Taft)</small></div> </li> </ul> <p>For both Republicans and Democrats, there were movements of support for General <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a>, the most popular general of World War II and a favorite in the polls. Unlike the latter movement within the Democratic Party, however, the Republican draft movement came largely from the grassroots of the party. By January 23, 1948, the grassroots movement had successfully entered Eisenhower's name into every state holding a Republican presidential primary, and polls gave him a significant lead against all other contenders. With the first state primary approaching, Eisenhower was forced to make a quick decision. Stating that soldiers should keep out of politics, Eisenhower declined to run and requested that the grassroots draft movement cease its activities. After a number of failed efforts to get Eisenhower to reconsider, the organization disbanded, with the majority of its leadership endorsing the presidential campaign of the former Governor of <a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harold_Stassen" title="Harold Stassen">Harold Stassen</a>. </p><p>With Eisenhower refusing to run, the contest for the Republican nomination was between Stassen, New York Governor <a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._Dewey" title="Thomas E. Dewey">Thomas E. Dewey</a>, Senator <a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Taft" title="Robert A. Taft">Robert A. Taft</a> from Ohio, California Governor <a href="/wiki/Earl_Warren" title="Earl Warren">Earl Warren</a>, General <a href="/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur" title="Douglas MacArthur">Douglas MacArthur</a>, and Senator <a href="/wiki/Arthur_H._Vandenberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur H. Vandenberg">Arthur H. Vandenberg</a> from Michigan, the senior Republican in the Senate. Dewey, who had been the Republican nominee in <a href="/wiki/1944_United_States_presidential_election" title="1944 United States presidential election">1944</a>, was regarded as the frontrunner when the primaries began. Dewey was the acknowledged leader of the Republican Party's <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Establishment" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Establishment">Eastern Establishment</a>. In 1946 he had been re-elected governor of New York by the largest margin in state history. Dewey's handicap was that many Republicans disliked him on a personal level; he often struck observers as cold, stiff, and calculating. Taft was the leader of the Republican Party's conservative wing, which was strongest in the Midwest and parts of the South. Taft called for abolishing many <a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a> welfare programs, which he felt were harmful to business interests, and he was skeptical of American involvement in foreign alliances such as the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>. Taft had two major weaknesses: He was a plodding, dull campaigner, and he was viewed by most party leaders as being too conservative and controversial to win a presidential election.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Both Vandenberg and Warren were highly popular in their home states, but each refused to campaign in the primaries, which limited their chances of winning the nomination. Their supporters, however, hoped that in the event of a Dewey-Taft-Stassen deadlock, the convention would turn to their man as a compromise candidate. General MacArthur, the famous war hero, was especially popular among conservatives. Since he was serving in Japan as the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Commander_of_the_Allied_Powers" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers">Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers</a> occupying that nation, he was unable to campaign for the nomination. He did make it known, however, that he would accept the GOP nomination if it were offered to him, and some conservative Republicans hoped that by winning a primary contest he could prove his popularity with voters. They chose to enter his name in the Wisconsin primary.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His candidacy was enthusiastically supported by <a href="/wiki/William_Randolph_Hearst" title="William Randolph Hearst">William Randolph Hearst</a> in all of his newspapers. </p><p>The "surprise" candidate of 1948 was Stassen, a liberal from Minnesota.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1938, Stassen had been elected governor of Minnesota at the age of 31; he resigned as governor in 1943 to serve in the wartime Navy. In 1945 he served on the committee that created the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>. Stassen was widely regarded as the most liberal of the Republican candidates, yet during the primaries he was criticized for being vague on many issues. Stassen stunned Dewey and MacArthur in the Wisconsin primary; Stassen's surprise victory virtually eliminated General MacArthur, whose supporters had made a major effort on his behalf. Stassen defeated Dewey again in the Nebraska primary, thus making him the new frontrunner. He then made the strategic mistake of trying to beat Taft in Ohio, Taft's home state. Stassen believed that if he could defeat Taft in his home state, Taft would be forced to quit the race and most of Taft's delegates would support him instead of Dewey. Taft defeated Stassen in his native Ohio, and Stassen earned the hostility of the party's conservatives. Even so, Stassen was still leading Dewey in the polls for the upcoming Oregon primary. Dewey, however, realized that losing another primary would end his chances at the nomination, and he decided to make an all-out effort in Oregon.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In April 1948, Dewey sent Paul Lockwood, one of his top aides, to build a strong grassroots organization in the state. Working with $150,000 sent by Dewey's powerful New York political organization (three times the previous record spent in an Oregon primary), Lockwood paid "for 126 billboards, hundreds of sixty-second radio spots on every station in the state, and half-hour broadcasts each noon...The daily <i><a href="/wiki/Portland_Oregonian" class="mw-redirect" title="Portland Oregonian">Portland Oregonian</a></i> carried five Dewey advertisements a day."<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dewey also extensively campaigned in Oregon, spending three weeks in the state. He "invaded every hamlet, no matter how isolated, speaking at rural crossroads and shaking hands in hamburger stands. One journalist commented that Dewey was the greatest explorer of Oregon since <a href="/wiki/Lewis_and_Clark" class="mw-redirect" title="Lewis and Clark">Lewis and Clark</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dewey also agreed to debate Stassen in Oregon on national radio. Held on May 17, 1948, it was the first-ever <a href="/wiki/Dewey%E2%80%93Stassen_debate" title="Dewey–Stassen debate">radio debate</a> between presidential candidates. The sole issue of the debate concerned whether to outlaw the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_USA" title="Communist Party USA">Communist Party of the United States</a>. Stassen, despite his liberal reputation, argued in favor of outlawing the party, stating his belief that a network of Soviet-directed Communist spies "within the U.S. demanded immediate, and punitive, response...Why did Dewey oppose such a ban? Stassen wanted to know."<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "We must not coddle Communism with legality", Stassen insisted. Dewey - while criticizing Communist totalitarianism and Soviet actions in the Cold War - still forcefully argued against banning the Communist Party: "This outlawing idea is nothing new...for thousands of years despots have tortured, imprisoned, killed, and exiled their opponents, and their governments have always fallen into the dust."<sup id="cite_ref-Smith,_p._493_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith,_p._493-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dewey ended his turn in the debate by stating that "I am unalterably, wholeheartedly, and unswervingly against any scheme to write laws outlawing people because of their religious, political, social, or economic ideas. I am against it because it is a violation of the Constitution of the United States and the Bill of Rights...I am against it because I know from a great many years of experience in law enforcement that the proposal wouldn't work. Stripped to its naked essentials...this is nothing but the method of Hitler and Stalin. It is thought control...an attempt to beat down ideas with a club. It is a surrender of everything we believe in."<sup id="cite_ref-Smith,_p._493_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith,_p._493-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Surveys showed that from 40 to 80 million people nationwide listened to the debate, and most observers rated Dewey as the winner.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Four days after the debate, Dewey defeated Stassen in the Oregon primary.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From this point forward, the New York governor had the momentum he needed to win his party's nomination for a second straight time.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Republican_Convention">Republican Convention</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1948_United_States_presidential_election&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Republican Convention"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/1948_Republican_National_Convention" title="1948 Republican National Convention">1948 Republican National Convention</a> was held in <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>, Pennsylvania. It was the first presidential convention to be shown on national television. At this time, there were 27 television stations in full operation in the U.S. and an estimated 350,000 TV sets in the whole country. As the convention opened, Dewey was believed to have a large lead in the delegate count.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His campaign managers, such as <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Brownell_Jr." title="Herbert Brownell Jr.">Herbert Brownell Jr.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Jaeckle" title="Edwin Jaeckle">Edwin Jaeckle</a>, and <a href="/wiki/J._Russell_Sprague" title="J. Russell Sprague">J. Russell Sprague</a>, were "as skillful a group of operators as ever manipulated a convention...it was said at the convention that the Dewey forces "could have won even with Taft" as their candidate."<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His main opponent, Senator Taft, was hobbled by an ineffective campaign team that one writer called "bumblers", and another historian noted that Taft's campaign manager, Ohio Congressman <a href="/wiki/Clarence_J._Brown" title="Clarence J. Brown">Clarence J. Brown</a>, "seemed no match for Herbert Brownell...while the Dewey forces were busy flattering delegates and hinting at promises of patronage, Brown was still worrying about such mundane matters as hotel rooms and seats in the gallery for his friends."<sup id="cite_ref-Patterson,_p._410_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Patterson,_p._410-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Taft and Stassen, Dewey's leading opponents, met in Taft's hotel suite to plan a "stop-Dewey" movement. A key obstacle soon developed, however, as both men refused to unite behind a single candidate to oppose Dewey: "The essence of their impasse was simple. Neither Stassen nor Taft hated Dewey enough to withdraw [in favor of the other], and neither man thought he could get his delegates to follow if he did."<sup id="cite_ref-Patterson,_p._410_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Patterson,_p._410-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead, both Taft and Stassen, along with Senator Vandenberg, simply agreed to try to hold their own delegates in the hopes of preventing Dewey from obtaining a majority. This proved to be futile, as Dewey's efficient campaign team methodically gathered the remaining delegates they needed to win the nomination. Stassen tried to contact General Eisenhower to ask him to reconsider becoming a candidate, but Eisenhower "could not be reached."<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the second round of balloting, Dewey was only 33 votes short of victory. Taft then called Stassen and urged him to withdraw from the race and endorse him as Dewey's main opponent. When Stassen refused, Taft wrote a concession statement and had it read to the convention at the start of the third ballot; at this point the other candidates also dropped out, and Dewey was then nominated unanimously by <a href="/wiki/Acclamation" title="Acclamation">acclamation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Abels,_p._65_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abels,_p._65-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dewey's campaign team originally wanted Illinois Governor <a href="/wiki/Dwight_Green" class="mw-redirect" title="Dwight Green">Dwight Green</a> to be his running mate, but the opposition of Colonel <a href="/wiki/Robert_R._McCormick" title="Robert R. McCormick">Robert R. McCormick</a>, the powerful publisher of the <i><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Tribune" title="Chicago Tribune">Chicago Tribune</a></i>, nixed his chances.<sup id="cite_ref-Abels,_p._65_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abels,_p._65-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to journalist Jules Abels, Dewey managers Brownell, Sprague, and Jaeckle then appeared to offer the vice-presidential nomination to influential Indiana Congressman <a href="/wiki/Charles_Halleck" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Halleck">Charles Halleck</a>, in exchange for Halleck delivering the entire Indiana delegation to Dewey.<sup id="cite_ref-Abels,_p._65_40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abels,_p._65-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Halleck did so, but Dewey, who had not been present at the meeting between his managers and Halleck, decided to reject his candidacy, telling his aides "Halleck won't do." After Dewey told Halleck of his decision, Halleck "was first speechless with disbelief and then overcome with emotion." He told Dewey that "you're running out on the Eightieth Congress, and you'll be sorry!"<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Abels wrote that Dewey's decision to deny Halleck the vice-presidential bid "may have been a fateful one...Halleck with his forceful personality might have changed the tone of the Dewey campaign, and certainly the issue of the record of the GOP-controlled Eightieth Congress would have to have been met heads on."<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead, Dewey chose popular governor (and future <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States" title="Chief Justice of the United States">Chief Justice</a>) <a href="/wiki/Earl_Warren" title="Earl Warren">Earl Warren</a> of California as his running mate. Following the convention, most political experts in the <a href="/wiki/News_media" title="News media">news media</a> rated the Republican ticket as an almost-certain winner over the Democrats.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:left"> <caption style="text-align:center">Delegate Count </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Candidate</th> <th colspan="3">Ballot </th></tr> <tr> <th>1st</th> <th>2nd</th> <th>3rd </th></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._Dewey" title="Thomas E. Dewey">Thomas E. Dewey</a></b></td> <td><b>434</b></td> <td><b>515</b></td> <td><b>1094</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Taft" title="Robert A. Taft">Robert A. Taft</a></td> <td>224</td> <td>274</td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Harold_Stassen" title="Harold Stassen">Harold Stassen</a></td> <td>157</td> <td>149</td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Arthur_H._Vandenberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur H. Vandenberg">Arthur H. Vandenberg</a></td> <td>62</td> <td>62</td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Earl_Warren" title="Earl Warren">Earl Warren</a></td> <td>59</td> <td>57</td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dwight_H._Green" title="Dwight H. Green">Dwight H. Green</a></td> <td>56</td> <td>0</td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Alfred_E._Driscoll" title="Alfred E. Driscoll">Alfred E. Driscoll</a></td> <td>35</td> <td>0</td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Raymond_E._Baldwin" title="Raymond E. Baldwin">Raymond E. Baldwin</a></td> <td>19</td> <td>19</td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Joseph_William_Martin_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph William Martin Jr.">Joseph William Martin Jr.</a></td> <td>18</td> <td>10</td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/B._Carroll_Reece" title="B. Carroll Reece">B. Carroll Reece</a></td> <td>15</td> <td>0</td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur" title="Douglas MacArthur">Douglas MacArthur</a></td> <td>11</td> <td>8</td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Everett_Dirksen" title="Everett Dirksen">Everett Dirksen</a></td> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Abstaining</td> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> <td>0 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Progressive_Party_nomination">Progressive Party nomination</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1948_United_States_presidential_election&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Progressive Party nomination"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;" colspan="30"><big><b>1948 Progressive Party ticket</b></big> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="width:3em; font-size:135%; background:#228B22; width:200px;"><a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Wallace" title="Henry A. Wallace"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Henry A. Wallace</span></a> </th> <th style="width:3em; font-size:135%; background:#228B22; width:200px;"><a href="/wiki/Glen_H._Taylor" title="Glen H. Taylor"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Glen H. Taylor</span></a> </th></tr> <tr style="color:#000000; font-size:100%;"> <td style="width:3em; font-size:100%; color:#000; background:#90EE90; width:200px;"><i><b>for President</b></i> </td> <td style="width:3em; font-size:100%; color:#000; background:#90EE90; width:200px;"><i><b>for Vice President</b></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Henry-A.-Wallace-Townsend.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Henry-A.-Wallace-Townsend.jpeg/167px-Henry-A.-Wallace-Townsend.jpeg" decoding="async" width="167" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Henry-A.-Wallace-Townsend.jpeg/251px-Henry-A.-Wallace-Townsend.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Henry-A.-Wallace-Townsend.jpeg/335px-Henry-A.-Wallace-Townsend.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1234" data-file-height="1474" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Glentaylor.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Glentaylor.jpg/162px-Glentaylor.jpg" decoding="async" width="162" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/Glentaylor.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="182" data-file-height="225" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_vice_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of vice presidents of the United States">33rd</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President of the United States</a><br /><small>(1941–1945)</small> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">U.S. Senator</a> from <a href="/wiki/Idaho" title="Idaho">Idaho</a><br /><small>(1945–1951)</small> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>Meanwhile, the Democratic Party fragmented. A new <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(United_States,_1948%E2%80%931955)" title="Progressive Party (United States, 1948–1955)">Progressive Party</a> (the name had been used earlier by <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bull_Moose_Party" title="Bull Moose Party">1912</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_M._La_Follette" title="Robert M. La Follette">Robert M. La Follette</a> in <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(United_States,_1924%E2%80%931934)" title="Progressive Party (United States, 1924–1934)">1924</a>) was created afresh in 1948, with the nomination of <a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Wallace" title="Henry A. Wallace">Henry A. Wallace</a>, who had served as <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Agriculture" title="United States Secretary of Agriculture">Secretary of Agriculture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President of the United States</a>, and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Commerce" title="United States Secretary of Commerce">Secretary of Commerce</a> under Franklin D. Roosevelt. In 1946, President Truman fired Wallace as Secretary of Commerce when Wallace publicly opposed Truman's firm moves to counter the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>. Wallace's 1948 platform opposed the Cold War, including the <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Truman_Doctrine" title="Truman Doctrine">Truman Doctrine</a>. The Progressives proposed stronger government regulation and control of <a href="/wiki/Big_Business" class="mw-redirect" title="Big Business">Big Business</a>. They also campaigned to end discrimination against blacks and women, backed a minimum wage, and called for the elimination of the <a href="/wiki/House_Un-American_Activities_Committee" title="House Un-American Activities Committee">House Un-American Activities Committee</a>, which was investigating the possibility of <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communist</a> spies within the government and labor unions. Wallace and his supporters charged that the committee was violating the <a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">civil liberties</a> of government workers and labor unions. The Progressives also generated a great deal of controversy because of the widespread belief that they were secretly controlled by Communists who were more loyal to the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> than the United States. Wallace himself denied being a Communist, but he repeatedly refused to disavow their support and, at one point, was quoted as saying that the "Communists are the closest thing to the early Christian martyrs."<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Walter_Reuther" title="Walter Reuther">Walter Reuther</a>, the president of the influential <a href="/wiki/United_Auto_Workers" title="United Auto Workers">United Auto Workers</a> union, strongly opposed Wallace's candidacy, stating that "people who are not sympathetic with democracy in America are influencing him."<sup id="cite_ref-Ross,_p._153_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ross,_p._153-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Philip_Murray" title="Philip Murray">Philip Murray</a>, the president of the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Industrial_Organizations" title="Congress of Industrial Organizations">Congress of Industrial Organizations</a> (CIO), stated in April 1948 that "the Communist Party is directly responsible for the creation of the third party [Progressive Party] in the United States."<sup id="cite_ref-Ross,_p._153_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ross,_p._153-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wallace was also hurt when <a href="/wiki/Westbrook_Pegler" title="Westbrook Pegler">Westbrook Pegler</a>, a prominent conservative newspaper columnist, revealed that Wallace as vice president had written coded letters discussing prominent leaders such as Franklin Roosevelt and Winston Churchill to his controversial Russian <a href="/wiki/New_Age" title="New Age">New Age</a> spiritual <a href="/wiki/Guru" title="Guru">guru</a> <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Roerich" title="Nicholas Roerich">Nicholas Roerich</a>; the letters were nicknamed the "Guru letters." In his book <i>Out of the Jaws of Victory</i>, the journalist Jules Abels wrote: "Personalities were referred to by symbolic titles—Roosevelt was 'The Flaming One', Churchill 'The Roaring Lion', and <a href="/wiki/Cordell_Hull" title="Cordell Hull">Cordell Hull</a> 'The Sour One'... some of the letters were signed 'Wallace', others '<a href="/wiki/Galahad" title="Galahad">Galahad</a>'", the name that Roerich had assigned Wallace in his cult.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This revelation—including direct quotes from the letters—led to much ridicule of Wallace in the national press. The Progressive Party Convention, which was also held in Philadelphia, was a highly contentious affair; several famous newspaper journalists, such as <a href="/wiki/H._L._Mencken" title="H. L. Mencken">H. L. Mencken</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Thompson" title="Dorothy Thompson">Dorothy Thompson</a>, publicly accused the Progressives of being covertly controlled by Communists. The party's platform was drafted by <a href="/wiki/Lee_Pressman" title="Lee Pressman">Lee Pressman</a>, the convention secretary; he later admitted that he had been a member of the Communist party.<sup id="cite_ref-Abels,_p._117_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abels,_p._117-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/John_Abt" title="John Abt">John Abt</a> served as legal counsel to the convention's permanent chairman, Albert Fitzgerald; he also testified years later that he was a Communist.<sup id="cite_ref-Abels,_p._117_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abels,_p._117-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Rexford_Tugwell" title="Rexford Tugwell">Rexford Tugwell</a>, a prominent liberal in President Franklin Roosevelt's <a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a>, served as the chairman of the party's platform committee. He became convinced that the party was being manipulated by Communists, and was "so heartsick about Communist infiltration of the party that he discussed . . . with his wife disaffiliating [from the party] the night before the convention" started.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tugwell later did disassociate himself from the Progressive Party and did not participate in Wallace's fall campaign.<sup id="cite_ref-Abels,_p._117_47-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abels,_p._117-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A number of other Progressive Party delegates and supporters would quit the party in protest over what they perceived as the undue influence Communists exerted over Wallace, including the prominent American socialist <a href="/wiki/Norman_Thomas" title="Norman Thomas">Norman Thomas</a>. In the fall, Thomas would run as the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist Party (United States)">Socialist Party</a> presidential candidate to offer liberals a non-Communist alternative to Wallace.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Senator <a href="/wiki/Glen_H._Taylor" title="Glen H. Taylor">Glen H. Taylor</a> from <a href="/wiki/Idaho" title="Idaho">Idaho</a>, an eccentric figure who was known as a "singing cowboy" and who had ridden his horse "Nugget" up the steps of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol" title="United States Capitol">United States Capitol</a> after winning election to the Senate in 1944, was named as Wallace's running mate. Although he was a member of the Democratic Party, Taylor accepted the Progressive Party's vice-presidential nomination, saying "I am not leaving the Democratic Party. It left me. Wall Street and the military have taken over the Democratic Party."<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After receiving the vice-presidential nomination, Taylor told reporters that there was a difference between "pink" Communists and "red" Communists.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Taylor claimed that "pink" Communists would support the Wallace-Taylor ticket because they believed in a "peaceful revolution" to turn the government to left-wing beliefs, but "red" Communists would support the Republican ticket in the belief that they would cause another <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>, which would give Communists the chance to take over the government.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the fall campaign the Wallace-Taylor ticket made a Southern tour, where both Wallace and Taylor insisted on speaking to racially integrated audiences, in defiance of Southern custom and law at the time. In several North Carolina cities Wallace was hit by a total of "twenty-seven eggs, thirty-seven tomatoes, six peaches, and two lemons."<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When he left the state he announced: "As Jesus Christ said, if at any time they will not listen to you willingly, then shake the dust off from your feet and go elsewhere."<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He ate only in unsegregated restaurants, traveled with a black secretary, and in Mississippi had to be escorted by police for protection. His aide Clark Foreman admitted that Wallace wanted to stir up controversy for the publicity it would receive in more liberal areas in the North and West.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the campaign progressed, however, Wallace's crowds thinned and his standing in the polls dropped. Wallace was hurt by the successful effort of labor unions to keep their members in the Democratic column, and by controversial statements from Progressives supporting "appeasement with Russia."<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wallace himself attacked <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> as a "racist" and "imperialist", and Senator Taylor earned criticism for a speech in which he claimed that the "Nazis are running the U.S. government. So why should Russia make peace with them? If I were a Russian . . . I would not agree to anything . . . we are aggressively preparing for war."<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wallace's support in polling fell from 11% in a January poll by <a href="/wiki/Roper_Center_for_Public_Opinion_Research" title="Roper Center for Public Opinion Research">Roper Center for Public Opinion Research</a> to 6% by June<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmidt196074_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidt196074-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 4% by October.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmidt1960222_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidt1960222-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wallace traveled over 55,000 miles during the campaign.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmidt1960214_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidt1960214-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Wallace-Taylor ticket finished in fourth place in the election, winning 1,157,328 votes (2.4%). This was only slightly less than the States' Rights Party, but the Progressive Party received no electoral votes.<sup id="cite_ref-Results_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Results-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="States'_Rights_Democratic_Party_nomination"><span id="States.27_Rights_Democratic_Party_nomination"></span>States' Rights Democratic Party nomination</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1948_United_States_presidential_election&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: States' Rights Democratic Party nomination"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;" colspan="30"><big><b>1948 States' Rights Democratic Party ticket</b></big> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="width:3em; font-size:135%; background:#FF7F50; width:200px;"><a href="/wiki/Strom_Thurmond" title="Strom Thurmond"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:black">Strom Thurmond</span></a> </th> <th style="width:3em; font-size:135%; background:#FF7F50; width:200px;"><a href="/wiki/Fielding_L._Wright" title="Fielding L. Wright"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:black">Fielding L. Wright</span></a> </th></tr> <tr style="color:#000000; font-size:100%; background:#F0DC82;"> <td style="width:3em; font-size:100%; color:#000; background:#FFDAB9; width:200px;"><i><b>for President</b></i> </td> <td style="width:3em; font-size:100%; color:#000; background:#FFDAB9; width:200px;"><i><b>for Vice President</b></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Governor_Strom_Thurmond_b%26w_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Governor_Strom_Thurmond_b%26w_crop.jpg/162px-Governor_Strom_Thurmond_b%26w_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="162" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a6/Governor_Strom_Thurmond_b%26w_crop.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="271" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fielding_L._Wright,_1948.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Fielding_L._Wright%2C_1948.jpg/149px-Fielding_L._Wright%2C_1948.jpg" decoding="async" width="149" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Fielding_L._Wright%2C_1948.jpg/224px-Fielding_L._Wright%2C_1948.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Fielding_L._Wright%2C_1948.jpg/299px-Fielding_L._Wright%2C_1948.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1402" data-file-height="1877" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_South_Carolina" title="List of governors of South Carolina">103rd</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_South_Carolina" title="Governor of South Carolina">Governor of South Carolina</a><br /><small>(1947–1951)</small> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Mississippi" title="List of governors of Mississippi">49th and 50th</a><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Mississippi" title="Governor of Mississippi">Governor of Mississippi</a><br /><small>(1946–1952)</small> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Strom_Thurmond_ballot_access_in_the_1948_U.S._presidential_election.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Strom_Thurmond_ballot_access_in_the_1948_U.S._presidential_election.svg/325px-Strom_Thurmond_ballot_access_in_the_1948_U.S._presidential_election.svg.png" decoding="async" width="325" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Strom_Thurmond_ballot_access_in_the_1948_U.S._presidential_election.svg/488px-Strom_Thurmond_ballot_access_in_the_1948_U.S._presidential_election.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Strom_Thurmond_ballot_access_in_the_1948_U.S._presidential_election.svg/650px-Strom_Thurmond_ballot_access_in_the_1948_U.S._presidential_election.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="923" data-file-height="678" /></a><figcaption>In some southern states, Strom Thurmond had managed to obtain the Democratic Party line, but in the majority he had to run under the label of the States' Rights Democratic Party. Only in those states in which he ran under the standard Democratic Party label did he win, his best performance as a third-party candidate being a distant second in Georgia.</figcaption></figure> <p>Southern Democrats had become increasingly disturbed over President Truman's support of civil rights, particularly following his executive order racially integrating the U.S. armed forces and a civil rights message he sent to Congress in February 1948. At the Southern Governor's Conference in Wakulla Springs, Florida, on February 6, Mississippi Governor <a href="/wiki/Fielding_Wright" class="mw-redirect" title="Fielding Wright">Fielding Wright</a> proposed the formation of a new third party to protect <a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">racial segregation</a> in the South. On May 10, 1948, the governors of the eleven states of the former Confederacy, along with other high-ranking Southern officials, met in <a href="/wiki/Jackson,_Mississippi" title="Jackson, Mississippi">Jackson, Mississippi</a>, to discuss their concerns about the growing civil rights movement within the Democratic Party. At the meeting, South Carolina Governor <a href="/wiki/Strom_Thurmond" title="Strom Thurmond">Strom Thurmond</a> criticized President Truman for his civil rights agenda, and the governors discussed ways to oppose it.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Southern Democrats who had walked out of the Democratic National Convention to protest the civil rights platform approved by the convention, and supported by Truman, promptly met at <a href="/wiki/Boutwell_Memorial_Auditorium" title="Boutwell Memorial Auditorium">Municipal Auditorium</a> in <a href="/wiki/Birmingham,_Alabama" title="Birmingham, Alabama">Birmingham, Alabama</a>, on July 17, 1948, and formed yet another political party, which they named the <a href="/wiki/States%27_Rights_Democratic_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="States' Rights Democratic Party">States' Rights Democratic Party</a>. More commonly known as the "Dixiecrats", the party's main goal was continuing the policy of racial segregation in the South and the <a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow laws</a> that sustained it. Governor Thurmond, who had led the walkout, became the party's presidential nominee after the convention's initial favorite, <a href="/wiki/Arkansas" title="Arkansas">Arkansas</a> Governor <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Travis_Laney" class="mw-redirect" title="Benjamin Travis Laney">Benjamin Laney</a>, withdrew his name from consideration. Governor Wright of Mississippi received the vice-presidential nomination. The Dixiecrats had no chance of winning the election themselves, since they could not get on the ballot in enough states to win the necessary electoral votes. Their strategy was to take enough Southern states from Truman to force the election into the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">United States House of Representatives</a> under the provisions of the <a href="/wiki/Twelfth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution#Electoral_College_under_the_Twelfth_Amendment" title="Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Twelfth Amendment</a>, where they could then extract concessions from either Truman or Dewey on racial issues in exchange for their support. Even if Dewey won the election outright, the Dixiecrats hoped that their defection would show that the Democratic Party needed Southern support in order to win national elections, and that this fact would weaken the pro-civil rights movement among Northern and Western Democrats. The Dixiecrats were weakened, however, when most Southern Democratic leaders (such as Governor <a href="/wiki/Herman_Talmadge" title="Herman Talmadge">Herman Talmadge</a> of Georgia and "Boss" <a href="/wiki/E._H._Crump" title="E. H. Crump">E. H. Crump</a> from Tennessee) refused to support the party. Despite being an incumbent president, Truman was not placed on the ballot in Alabama.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the states of Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, and South Carolina, the party was able to be labeled as the main Democratic Party ticket on the local ballots on election night.<sup id="cite_ref-uop_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uop-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Outside of these four states, it was only listed as a third-party ticket.<sup id="cite_ref-uop_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uop-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Socialist_Party_nomination">Socialist Party nomination</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1948_United_States_presidential_election&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Socialist Party nomination"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;" colspan="30"><big><b>1948 Socialist Party ticket</b></big> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="width:3em; font-size:135%; background:#8B0000; width:200px;"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Thomas" title="Norman Thomas"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Norman Thomas</span></a> </th> <th style="width:3em; font-size:135%; background:#8B0000; width:200px;"><a href="/wiki/Tucker_P._Smith" title="Tucker P. Smith"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white"> Tucker P. Smith</span></a> </th></tr> <tr style="color:#000; font-size:100%; background:#F08080;"> <td style="width:3em; width:200px;"><i><b>for President</b></i> </td> <td style="width:3em; width:200px;"><i><b>for Vice President</b></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Norman_Thomas_1937.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Norman_Thomas_1937.jpg/155px-Norman_Thomas_1937.jpg" decoding="async" width="155" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Norman_Thomas_1937.jpg/233px-Norman_Thomas_1937.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Norman_Thomas_1937.jpg/310px-Norman_Thomas_1937.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1003" data-file-height="1293" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tucker_P_Smith.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Tucker_P_Smith.jpg/150px-Tucker_P_Smith.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Tucker_P_Smith.jpg/225px-Tucker_P_Smith.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Tucker_P_Smith.jpg/301px-Tucker_P_Smith.jpg 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="745" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Socialist Party Chairman<br />(1936–1944) </td> <td>Economics professor </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>Although it had initially appeared that the Socialist Party would refrain from nominating its own candidate and instead endorse Wallace's run, policy differences and Wallace's refusal to publicly repudiate the support of communists caused them to break with the Progressive Party and nominate their own ticket. The party therefore nominated <a href="/wiki/Norman_Thomas" title="Norman Thomas">Norman Thomas</a>, a five-time Socialist nominee and the former party chairman, as president, and <a href="/wiki/Tucker_P._Smith" title="Tucker P. Smith">Tucker P. Smith</a>, an economics professor, as vice president. </p><p>Thomas debated <a href="/wiki/Farrell_Dobbs" title="Farrell Dobbs">Farrell Dobbs</a>, the nominee of the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Workers_Party_(United_States)" title="Socialist Workers Party (United States)">Socialist Workers Party</a>, during the general election. This was the first debate between general election presidential candidates. <a href="/wiki/Edward_A._Teichert" title="Edward A. Teichert">Edward A. Teichert</a>, the nominee of the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Labor_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Labor Party of America">Socialist Labor Party of America</a>, had challenged Thomas to a debate, but Teichert declined after Thomas asked for Dobbs to also be invited.<sup id="cite_ref-debate_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-debate-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2"><b>Presidential Ballot</b> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Norman_Thomas" title="Norman Thomas">Norman Thomas</a></th> <th>200 </th></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Christian_Nationalist_Party_nomination">Christian Nationalist Party nomination</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1948_United_States_presidential_election&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Christian Nationalist Party nomination"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This Party nominated <a href="/wiki/Gerald_L._K._Smith" title="Gerald L. K. Smith">Gerald L. K. Smith</a>, a leader of the <a href="/wiki/Share_Our_Wealth" title="Share Our Wealth">Share Our Wealth</a> movement during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>, founder of the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Nationalist_Crusade" title="Christian Nationalist Crusade">Christian Nationalist Crusade</a>, and founder of the <a href="/wiki/America_First_Party_(1943)" title="America First Party (1943)">America First Party</a> for which he was presidential candidate (<a href="/wiki/1944_United_States_presidential_election" title="1944 United States presidential election">1944</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-arkansas_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arkansas-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_election">General election</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1948_United_States_presidential_election&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: General election"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Polling">Polling</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1948_United_States_presidential_election&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Polling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align:center;font-size:90%;line-height:17px"> <tbody><tr valign="bottom"> <th>Poll source </th> <th>Date(s)<br />administered </th> <th class="unsortable" style="width:100px;">Harry<br />Truman (D) </th> <th class="unsortable" style="width:100px;">Thomas<br />Dewey (R) </th> <th class="unsortable" style="width:100px;">Strom<br />Thurmond (SR) </th> <th class="unsortable" style="width:100px;">Henry<br />Wallace (P) </th> <th class="unsortable">Other </th> <th class="unsortable">Undecided </th> <th class="unsortable">Margin </th></tr> <tr> <th><b>Election Results</b> </th> <td>November 2, 1948 </td> <td align="center" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><b>49.55%</b> </td> <td align="center">45.07% </td> <td align="center">2.41% </td> <td align="center">2.37% </td> <td align="center">0.60% </td> <td>- </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF" align="center"><b>4.48</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">Gallup<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td rowspan="1">October 15-25, 1948 </td> <td>44.5% </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6" align="center"><b>49.5%</b> </td> <td>2% </td> <td>4% </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6" align="center"><b>5</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">Gallup<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td rowspan="1">September 23-28, 1948 </td> <td>40% </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6" align="center"><b>46%</b> </td> <td>2% </td> <td>4% </td> <td>- </td> <td>8% </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6" align="center"><b>6</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">Gallup<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td rowspan="1">September 10-15, 1948 </td> <td>39.0% </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6" align="center"><b>46.5%</b> </td> <td>2% </td> <td>3.5% </td> <td>- </td> <td>9% </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6" align="center"><b>7.5</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">Roper<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td rowspan="1">September 9, 1948<sup id="cite_ref-Roper_Polls_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roper_Polls-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>31.4% </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6" align="center"><b>44.2%</b> </td> <td>4.4% </td> <td>3.6% </td> <td>1% </td> <td>15.4% </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6" align="center"><b>12.8</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">Gallup<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td rowspan="1">September 2-7, 1948 </td> <td>39.0% </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6" align="center"><b>46.5%</b> </td> <td>2% </td> <td>3.5% </td> <td>- </td> <td>9% </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6" align="center"><b>7.5</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">Gallup<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td rowspan="1">August 20-25, 1948 </td> <td>36.5% </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6" align="center"><b>48.5%</b> </td> <td>- </td> <td>5% </td> <td>- </td> <td>10% </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6" align="center"><b>12</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">Gallup<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td rowspan="1">August 13-18, 1948 </td> <td>37% </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6" align="center"><b>48%</b> </td> <td>2% </td> <td>4% </td> <td>- </td> <td>10% </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6" align="center"><b>11</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">Roper<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td rowspan="1">August 13, 1948<sup id="cite_ref-Roper_Polls_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roper_Polls-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>31.5% </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6" align="center"><b>46.3%</b> </td> <td>- </td> <td>3% </td> <td>2.6% </td> <td>16.6% </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6" align="center"><b>14.8</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">Gallup<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td rowspan="1">July 16-21, 1948 </td> <td>37% </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6" align="center"><b>48%</b> </td> <td>- </td> <td>5% </td> <td>- </td> <td>10% </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6" align="center"><b>11</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">Roper<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td rowspan="1">July 15, 1948<sup id="cite_ref-Roper_Polls_72-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roper_Polls-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>28.2% </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6" align="center"><b>50.5%</b> </td> <td>- </td> <td>4% </td> <td>- </td> <td>17.3% </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6" align="center"><b>22.3</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="10" align="center"><b>July 12–15: Democratic National Convention</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="10" align="center"><b>June 21–25: Republican National Convention</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">Roper<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td rowspan="1">June 17, 1948<sup id="cite_ref-Roper_Polls_72-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roper_Polls-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>33.7% </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6" align="center"><b>41.3%</b> </td> <td>- </td> <td>6.3% </td> <td>- </td> <td>16.6% </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6" align="center"><b>7.6</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">Gallup<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td rowspan="1">May 28-Jun. 2, 1948 </td> <td>38% </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6" align="center"><b>49%</b> </td> <td>- </td> <td>6% </td> <td>- </td> <td>7% </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6" align="center"><b>11</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">Gallup<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td rowspan="1">March 19-24, 1948 </td> <td>39% </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6" align="center"><b>47%</b> </td> <td>- </td> <td>7% </td> <td>- </td> <td>7% </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6" align="center"><b>8</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">Gallup<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td rowspan="1">January 2-7, 1948 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF" align="center"><b>46%</b> </td> <td>41% </td> <td>- </td> <td>7% </td> <td>- </td> <td>6% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF" align="center"><b>5</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">Gallup<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td rowspan="1">July 4-9, 1947 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF" align="center"><b>45.9%</b> </td> <td>44.1% </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>10% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF" align="center"><b>1.8</b> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fall_campaign">Fall campaign</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1948_United_States_presidential_election&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Fall campaign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomas_E._Dewey_1948_campaign_NYWTS.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Thomas_E._Dewey_1948_campaign_NYWTS.jpg/220px-Thomas_E._Dewey_1948_campaign_NYWTS.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="301" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Thomas_E._Dewey_1948_campaign_NYWTS.jpg/330px-Thomas_E._Dewey_1948_campaign_NYWTS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Thomas_E._Dewey_1948_campaign_NYWTS.jpg/440px-Thomas_E._Dewey_1948_campaign_NYWTS.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1095" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>Dewey during a campaign tour in New York</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Eubie_Blake_-_Just_Wild_about_Harry.ogg" title="File:Eubie Blake - Just Wild about Harry.ogg">"I'm Just Wild About Harry"</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="234" data-mwtitle="Eubie_Blake_-_Just_Wild_about_Harry.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f1/Eubie_Blake_-_Just_Wild_about_Harry.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f1/Eubie_Blake_-_Just_Wild_about_Harry.ogg/Eubie_Blake_-_Just_Wild_about_Harry.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">Instrumental version of "<a href="/wiki/I%27m_Just_Wild_About_Harry" title="I'm Just Wild About Harry">I'm Just Wild About Harry</a>", used as a campaign song by the Truman campaign. Duration 3:54.</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div> <p>Given Truman's sinking popularity and the seemingly fatal three-way split in the Democratic Party, Dewey appeared unbeatable to the point where top Republicans believed that all their candidate had to do to win was to avoid major mistakes. Following this advice, Dewey carefully avoided risks and spoke in platitudes, avoiding controversial issues, and remained vague on what he planned to do as president, with speech after speech being nonpartisan and also filled with optimistic assertions or empty statements of the obvious, including the famous quote: "You know that your future is still ahead of you." An editorial in the <i><a href="/wiki/The_Courier-Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="The Courier-Journal">Louisville Courier-Journal</a></i> summed it up: </p> <blockquote><p>No presidential candidate in the future will be so inept that four of his major speeches can be boiled down to these historic four sentences: Agriculture is important. Our rivers are full of fish. You cannot have freedom without liberty. Our future lies ahead.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Another writer noted the "one broad issue that Dewey set forth in the campaign was unity...but [he] was oversold on an issue which had no visceral appeal to the average American. It was hard to understand what Dewey was driving at. Sometimes it seemed that he was asking Americans to achieve unity by being united behind him."<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, Truman's campaign strategist, <a href="/wiki/Clark_Clifford" title="Clark Clifford">Clark Clifford</a>, said that Truman's campaign was "pitched to four distinct interest groups – labor, the farmer, the Negro, and the consumer. Every move had these four interest groups in mind."<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since he was trailing in the polls, Truman decided to adopt a slashing, no-holds-barred campaign. He ridiculed Dewey by name, criticized Dewey's refusal to address specific issues, and scornfully targeted the Republican-controlled 80th Congress with a wave of relentless and blistering partisan assaults. Truman claimed that "the Communists are rooting for a GOP victory because they know it would bring on another <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In several speeches, Truman stated that "GOP" actually stood for "gluttons of privilege", and said that Republicans were "princes of privilege" and "bloodsuckers with offices on Wall Street."<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He told one audience that "The Republicans have begun to nail the American consumer to the wall with spikes of greed."<sup id="cite_ref-Manchester,_p._460_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manchester,_p._460-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the National Plowing Contest in <a href="/wiki/Dexter,_Iowa" title="Dexter, Iowa">Dexter, Iowa</a>, Truman told 80,000 farmers in attendance that "this Republican Congress has already stuck a pitchfork in the farmer's back" to rapturous applause.<sup id="cite_ref-Manchester,_p._460_89-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manchester,_p._460-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Truman-Dewey-polls-1948.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Truman-Dewey-polls-1948.jpg/350px-Truman-Dewey-polls-1948.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="336" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Truman-Dewey-polls-1948.jpg/525px-Truman-Dewey-polls-1948.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Truman-Dewey-polls-1948.jpg/700px-Truman-Dewey-polls-1948.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1151" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Clifford_K._Berryman" title="Clifford K. Berryman">Clifford K. Berryman</a>'s editorial cartoon of October 19, 1948, shows the consensus of experts in mid-October</figcaption></figure> <p>Truman nicknamed the Republican-controlled Congress as the "worst", "do-nothing" Congress, a remark that brought strong criticism from Republican Congressional leaders (such as Taft), but no comment from Dewey. In fact, Dewey rarely mentioned Truman's name during the campaign, which fit into his strategy of appearing to be above petty partisan politics. Under Dewey's leadership, the Republicans had enacted a platform at their 1948 convention that called for expanding <a href="/wiki/Social_Security_(United_States)" title="Social Security (United States)">Social Security</a>, more funding for public housing, <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil rights">civil rights</a> legislation, and promotion of health and education by the federal government. These positions were unacceptable to the conservative Congressional Republican leadership; Truman exploited this rift in the opposing party by calling <a href="/wiki/Turnip_Day_Session" title="Turnip Day Session">a special session of Congress</a> on "Turnip Day" (referring to an old piece of Missouri folklore about planting turnips in late July) and daring the Republican Congressional leadership to pass its own platform. The <a href="/wiki/80th_United_States_Congress" title="80th United States Congress">80th Congress</a> played into Truman's hands, delivering very little in the way of substantive legislation during this time. Truman simply ignored the fact that Dewey's policies were considerably more liberal than most of his fellow Republicans, and instead concentrated his fire against what he characterized as the conservative, obstructionist tendencies of the unpopular 80th Congress. Truman toured much of the nation with his fiery rhetoric, playing to large, enthusiastic crowds. "Give 'em hell, Harry" was a popular slogan shouted out at stop after stop along the tour. The polls and the pundits held that Dewey's lead was insurmountable and that Truman's efforts were for naught. Truman's own staff considered the campaign a last hurrah.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Even Truman's own wife, <a href="/wiki/Bess_Truman" title="Bess Truman">Bess</a>, had private doubts that her husband could win; the only person who appears to have considered Truman's campaign to be winnable was the president himself, who confidently predicted victory to anyone who would listen to him. Near the end of the campaign, Truman privately wrote a state-by-state electoral vote prediction and gave it to his aide, George Elsey. Truman believed that he would win the election with 340 electoral votes, to 108 for Dewey, 42 for Thurmond, and 37 marked doubtful (he accidentally left out four electoral votes).<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the final weeks of the campaign, American movie theaters agreed to play two short newsreel-like campaign films in support of the two major-party candidates: both had been created by its respective campaign organization. The Dewey film, shot professionally on an impressive budget, featured very high production values but somehow reinforced an image of the New York governor as cautious and distant. On the other hand, the Truman film, hastily assembled on virtually no budget by the perpetually cash-short Truman campaign, relied heavily on public-domain and newsreel footage of the president taking part in major world events and signing important legislation. Perhaps unintentionally, the Truman film visually reinforced an image of him as engaged and decisive. Years later, historian <a href="/wiki/David_McCullough" title="David McCullough">David McCullough</a> cited the expensive but lackluster Dewey film and the far cheaper but more effective Truman film as important factors in determining the preferences of undecided voters. As the campaign drew to a close, the polls showed Truman was gaining: though Truman lost all nine of the <a href="/wiki/Gallup_Poll" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallup Poll">Gallup Poll</a>'s post-convention surveys, Dewey's Gallup lead dropped from 17 points in late September to nine points in mid-October and just five points by the end of the month, just above the poll's margin of error. Although Truman was gaining momentum, most political analysts were reluctant to break with the conventional wisdom and say that a Truman victory was a serious possibility. After 1948, pollsters would constantly test voters through election day.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>On September 9, nearly two months before election day, pollster <a href="/wiki/Elmo_Roper" title="Elmo Roper">Elmo Roper</a> announced "Thomas E. Dewey is almost as good as elected. [...] I can think of nothing duller or more intellectually barren than acting like a sports announcer who feels he must pretend he is witnessing a neck-and-neck race."<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roper stopped polling voters until the final week before the election, when he took another poll. It showed "a slight shift to Truman; it still gave Dewey a heavy lead, however, so he decided not to hedge his bet."<sup id="cite_ref-auto_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One poll showing strong Truman support in the rural Midwest was sponsored by the Staley Milling Company, who "polled farmers by giving them a choice of a donkey or an elephant on chicken feed sacks. When the results among 20,000 farmers showed up as fifty-four percent to forty-six percent for the donkey, the poll was abandoned."<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When Dewey considered adopting a more aggressive stance after noticing that his crowds were dwindling, Herbert Brownell contacted 90 GOP state committeemen and committeewomen in all 48 states. With one exception, they "urged [Dewey] to press forward on the high road" his campaign had taken and to continue to ignore Truman's attacks.<sup id="cite_ref-Manchester,_p._463_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manchester,_p._463-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sole exception was Kansas committeeman Harry Darby, who warned Dewey and his managers "that farmers were in a mutinous mood" and recommended that Dewey take a tougher and more aggressive stance. However, given that all the polls still showed Dewey leading, and no other committee member supported Darby, his advice was rejected.<sup id="cite_ref-Manchester,_p._463_94-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manchester,_p._463-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the campaign's final days, many newspapers, magazines, and political pundits were so confident of Dewey's impending victory they wrote articles to be printed the morning after the election speculating about Dewey's Presidency: <i><a href="/wiki/Life_(magazine)" title="Life (magazine)">Life</a></i> magazine printed a large photo in its final edition before the election, entitled "Our Next President Rides by Ferryboat over San Francisco Bay", that showed Dewey and his staff riding across the city's harbor.<sup id="cite_ref-Abels,_p._261_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abels,_p._261-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Newsweek" title="Newsweek">Newsweek</a></i> polled fifty experts, with all fifty predicting a Dewey win.<sup id="cite_ref-Abels,_p._261_95-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abels,_p._261-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several well-known and influential newspaper columnists, such as <a href="/wiki/Drew_Pearson_(journalist)" title="Drew Pearson (journalist)">Drew Pearson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Alsop" title="Joseph Alsop">Joseph Alsop</a>, wrote columns to be printed the morning after the election speculating about Dewey's possible choices for his cabinet; the day before the election, Pearson wrote that any chance of a Truman victory was "impossible", and his column printed the day after the election stated that Pearson had "surveyed the closely-knit group around Tom Dewey who will take over the White House 86 days from now."<sup id="cite_ref-Abels,_p._261_95-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abels,_p._261-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Walter_Winchell" title="Walter Winchell">Walter Winchell</a> reported that gambling odds were 15 to 1 against Truman. More than 500 newspapers, accounting for over 78% of the nation's total circulation, endorsed Dewey. Truman picked up 182 endorsements, accounting for just 10% of America's newspaper readership, being surpassed by Thurmond, who got the remaining 12% from many Southern papers. <a href="/wiki/Alistair_Cooke" title="Alistair Cooke">Alistair Cooke</a>, the distinguished writer for the <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">Manchester Guardian</a></i> newspaper in the United Kingdom, published an article on the day of the election entitled "Harry S. Truman: A Study of a Failure."<sup id="cite_ref-Abels,_p._261_95-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abels,_p._261-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For its television coverage, NBC News had constructed a large cardboard model of the White House containing two elephants that would pop out when NBC announced Dewey's victory; since Truman's defeat was considered certain, no donkeys were placed in the White House model.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As Truman made his way to his hometown of <a href="/wiki/Independence,_Missouri" title="Independence, Missouri">Independence, Missouri</a>, to await the election returns, some among his inner circle had already accepted other jobs, and not a single reporter traveling on his campaign train thought that he would win,<sup id="cite_ref-Manchester,_p._463_94-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manchester,_p._463-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while a number of prominent Republicans, anticipating serving in a Dewey administration, had already bought homes in Washington.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Results">Results</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1948_United_States_presidential_election&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Results"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dewey_Defeats_Truman.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Dewey_Defeats_Truman.jpg/220px-Dewey_Defeats_Truman.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Dewey_Defeats_Truman.jpg/330px-Dewey_Defeats_Truman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Dewey_Defeats_Truman.jpg/440px-Dewey_Defeats_Truman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2306" /></a><figcaption>Famous photograph of Truman grinning and holding up a copy of the newspaper that <a href="/wiki/Dewey_Defeats_Truman" title="Dewey Defeats Truman">erroneously announced his defeat</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>On election night, Dewey, his family, and campaign staff confidently gathered in the <a href="/wiki/The_Roosevelt_Hotel_(New_York)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Roosevelt Hotel (New York)">Roosevelt Hotel</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> to await the returns.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Truman, aided by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secret_Service" title="United States Secret Service">Secret Service</a>, snuck away from reporters covering him in <a href="/wiki/Kansas_City,_Missouri" title="Kansas City, Missouri">Kansas City</a> and rode to nearby <a href="/wiki/Excelsior_Springs,_Missouri" title="Excelsior Springs, Missouri">Excelsior Springs, Missouri</a>. There, he took a room in the historic <a href="/wiki/Elms_Hotel_(Excelsior_Springs,_Missouri)" title="Elms Hotel (Excelsior Springs, Missouri)">Elms Hotel</a>, had dinner and a <a href="/wiki/Turkish_bath" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish bath">Turkish bath</a>, and went to sleep.<sup id="cite_ref-Ross,_p._242_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ross,_p._242-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the votes came in, Truman took an early lead that he never lost. The leading radio commentators, such as <a href="/wiki/H._V._Kaltenborn" title="H. V. Kaltenborn">H. V. Kaltenborn</a> of <a href="/wiki/NBC" title="NBC">NBC</a>, still confidently predicted that once the "late returns" came in Dewey would overcome Truman's lead and win. At midnight, Truman awoke and turned on the radio in his room; he heard Kaltenborn announce that while Truman was still ahead in the popular vote, he could not possibly win. At 4 a.m., Truman awoke again and heard on the radio that his popular-vote lead was now nearly two million votes, and that he was well ahead in the electoral vote.<sup id="cite_ref-Ross,_p._242_99-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ross,_p._242-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He told the Secret Service agents guarding him to drive him back to Kansas City, "because it looks as if we're in for another four years."<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the rest of his life, Truman would gleefully mimic Kaltenborn's staccato voice predicting his defeat throughout that election night. Dewey, meanwhile, realized that he was in trouble when early returns from <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a> showed him running well behind his expected vote total. He stayed up for the rest of the night and early morning analyzing the votes as they came in, and by 10:30 a.m., he was convinced he had lost; at 11:14 a.m., he sent a gracious telegram of concession to Truman.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The pro-Republican <i><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Daily_Tribune" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago Daily Tribune">Chicago Daily Tribune</a></i> was so certain of Dewey's victory that on Tuesday afternoon, before any polls had closed, it printed "<a href="/wiki/Dewey_Defeats_Truman" title="Dewey Defeats Truman">DEWEY DEFEATS TRUMAN</a>" as its banner headline for the following day. Part of the reason Truman's victory came as such a shock was because of uncorrected flaws in the emerging craft of public opinion polling. According to historian <a href="/wiki/William_Manchester" title="William Manchester">William Manchester</a>, "many professional pollsters [...] believed in what some had come to call <a href="/wiki/James_A._Farley" class="mw-redirect" title="James A. Farley">Farley's Law</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-auto_92-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> James Farley, President Franklin Roosevelt's successful campaign manager in 1932 and 1936, had stated that, in his opinion, the great majority of voters decided which candidate to support during the political conventions. The fall campaigns, Farley believed, were simply "ineffective carnivals" that swayed few voters.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_92-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1948 many pollsters, relying on Farley's Law, believed that the election was effectively over after the Republican and Democratic conventions, and they discounted the impact of Truman's campaigning that fall.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_92-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Manchester noted that "Gallup's September 24 report foresaw 46.5% for Dewey to 38% for Truman. His last column, appearing in the Sunday papers two days before the election, showed Truman gaining sharply – to 44% – and the interviews on which it was based had been conducted two weeks earlier. The national mood was shifting daily, almost hourly."<sup id="cite_ref-auto_92-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the election, a study by the University of Michigan revealed that "14% of Truman's voters, or 3,374,800, had decided to vote for him in the last fortnight of the campaign."<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gallup and Roper also did an analysis of the votes; they "learned that one voter in every seven (6,927,000), made up his mind in the last two weeks before the election. Of these, 75 percent picked Truman", which was more than his margin of victory over Dewey.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_102-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Using either the Michigan figures or Gallup-Roper's, one finds that some 3,300,000 fence-sitters determined the outcome of the race in its closing days – when Dewey's instincts were urging him to adopt Truman's hell-for-leather style and slug it out with him, and when he didn't because all the experts told him he shouldn't."<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_102-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The key states in the 1948 election were Ohio, California, and Illinois. Truman won each of these states by less than 1 percentage point; they gave him a total of 78 electoral votes. Had Dewey carried all three states - which would have required a shift of just 29,000 votes - he would have won the election in the <a href="/wiki/Electoral_College_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Electoral College (United States)">Electoral College</a> despite losing the popular vote by 2.13 million votes (or 4.36%). If Dewey had won any two of the three, no nominee would have reached the 266 electoral votes required for election, and the Dixiecrats would have succeeded in their goal of forcing the election into the House of Representatives. </p><p>The extreme closeness of the vote in these three states was the major reason why Dewey waited until late on the morning of November 3 to concede defeat. Aside from Ohio, California, and Illinois, Truman carried Idaho by almost as narrow a margin, and Dewey himself countered with similarly narrow victories in New York (the nation's largest electoral prize at the time), his birth state of Michigan, and Maryland. But this was too little to give him the election. Dewey would always believe that he lost the election because he lost the <a href="/wiki/Rural_area" title="Rural area">rural</a> vote in the Midwest, which he had won in 1944 <span class="failed-verification-content" style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle, #c8ccd1);">(note the Kaltenborn predictions that Truman would joyously mock had taken for granted that the "country vote" would go to Dewey)</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material highlighted is not verifiable using the citation(s) presented. (April 2024)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Of the 3,096 counties/independent cities making returns, Truman won the most popular votes in 1,639 (52.94%) while Dewey carried 1,190 (38.44%). Thurmond prevailed in 265 counties (8.56%) while two counties (0.06%) in South Dakota split evenly between Truman and Dewey. </p><p>Truman's net vote totals in the twelve largest cities, which was around 1,481,000, had decreased by 750,000 from Roosevelt's results in the 1944 election, which was around 2,230,000.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If all of the votes Wallace received had gone to Truman, then only the states of Maryland, Michigan, and New York would have flipped.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmidt1960233_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidt1960233-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Journalist <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Lubell" title="Samuel Lubell">Samuel Lubell</a> found in his post-1948 survey of voters that Truman, not Dewey, seemed the safer, more conservative candidate to the "new middle class" that had developed over the previous 20 years. He wrote that "to an appreciable part of the electorate, the Democrats had replaced the Republicans as the party of prosperity" during and after the war. Lubell quoted a man who, when asked why he did not vote Republican after moving to the suburbs, answered "I own a nice home, have a new car and am much better off than my parents were. I've been a Democrat all my life. Why should I change?" Dewey's promise of a "great house cleaning" in Washington worried an Iowa minister who wanted to retain <a href="/wiki/US_farm_subsidies" class="mw-redirect" title="US farm subsidies">farm subsidies</a> for parishioners; worried about the consequences of another depression, he voted Democratic for the first time in his church's history. Truman received a record number of <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_politics_in_the_United_States" title="Catholic Church and politics in the United States">Catholic votes</a>, exceeding even the Catholic support of <a href="/wiki/Al_Smith" title="Al Smith">Al Smith</a> in <a href="/wiki/1928_United_States_presidential_election" title="1928 United States presidential election">1928</a>, in part because Wallace drew leftists away from the Democrats.<sup id="cite_ref-lubell1956_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lubell1956-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another reason for Dewey's surprise defeat was his complacent, distant approach to the campaign, and his failure to respond to Truman's attacks. Journalist Jules Abels wrote that "the election was not thrown away by indifference or lack of effort. Preparation and more preparation had always been the distinguishing characteristic of Dewey and his team throughout his career...The truth is that Dewey's campaign was the result not of careless, but too careful and painstaking, calculation. The Dewey campaign was frozen into inertia not because it had been underthought, but because it had been overthought."<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other possible factors for Truman's victory included his aggressive, populist campaign style; broad public approval of Truman's foreign policy, notably the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Blockade#The_start_of_the_Berlin_Airlift" title="Berlin Blockade">Berlin Airlift</a> of that year; and widespread dissatisfaction with the institution Truman labeled as the "do-nothing, good-for-nothing 80th Republican Congress." In addition, after suffering a relatively severe recession in 1946 and 1947 (in which real GDP dropped by 12% and inflation went over 15%), the economy began recovering throughout 1948. The year 1948 was a banner year for the Democrats, as they not only retained the presidency but also recaptured both houses of Congress. It was also an unprecedented fifth consecutive presidential victory for the party, thus continuing what remains the only winning streak of more than two presidential elections by the Democratic Party since the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a>. Since 1948, there has been <a href="/wiki/US_presidential_election,_1988" class="mw-redirect" title="US presidential election, 1988">only one</a> streak of three consecutive presidential victories by any party (in that case, by the Republicans). </p><p>The two largest <a href="/wiki/Third_party_(U.S._politics)" title="Third party (U.S. politics)">third parties</a> did not hurt Truman nearly as much as expected, as Thurmond's Dixiecrats carried only four Southern states, fewer than predicted, and all of which listed Thurmond as the official Democratic candidate; Thurmond did not come close to carrying any of the other states in which he ran, with his best showing among these being second place with 20.3% of the vote in Georgia. The Dixiecrats also failed to draw off enough Truman voters to throw any of his states to Dewey, with the nearest they came in this regard being in Virginia, where the 25.0% margin won by Roosevelt in 1944 was reduced to 6.9% this time. The civil rights platform helped Truman win large majorities among black voters in the populous Northern and Midwestern states, and may well have made the difference for Truman in states such as Illinois and Ohio.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wallace's Progressives received only 2.4% of the national popular vote, well below their expected vote total and slightly less than the Dixiecrats, and Wallace did not take as many liberal votes from Truman as many political <a href="/wiki/Pundit_(expert)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pundit (expert)">pundits</a> had predicted. Some analysts, including author Zachary Karabell, have even argued that the separate candidacies of Wallace and Thurmond were beneficial to Truman by removing the separate taints of <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">racism</a> from the Democratic Party. The split of the Democratic party, while failing to defeat Truman, did hold the Democrats back in several narrow states. Had the Wallace and Thurmond vote been in the Democratic column, Truman would have won all the Thurmond states (Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, and South Carolina), and the Wallace vote would have flipped Michigan, Maryland and New York into Truman's states. Winning these states would have put Truman at 416 electoral votes to Dewey's reduced 115 electoral votes. This still would have been a decline of Democratic electoral votes since 1940 but percentage-wise Truman would have gotten 54.33% of the popular vote, an increase of 0.94% from Roosevelt's last victory. </p><p>This was the last election where the <a href="/wiki/Prohibition_Party" title="Prohibition Party">Prohibition Party</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Party of America">Socialist Party of America</a> presidential candidate received over 100,000 votes. </p><p>This was the last election until <a href="/wiki/1996_United_States_presidential_election" title="1996 United States presidential election">1996</a> in which the Democrats won Arizona and the last until <a href="/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election" title="1964 United States presidential election">1964</a> in which they won California, Colorado, Florida, Idaho, Iowa, Montana, Ohio, Oklahoma, Tennessee, Utah, Virginia, Washington, Wisconsin, and Wyoming. It was also the last election until 1964 in which South Carolina did not vote for the official Democratic nominee. Thurmond's 2.4% is the lowest popular vote percentage for a candidate who won all of a state's electoral votes.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1948 presidential election contrasted with other elections across the world during this period, for Truman was a <a href="/wiki/Allied_leaders_of_World_War_II" title="Allied leaders of World War II">war leader</a> who managed to win election (<a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Churchill</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">De Gaulle</a> both left office shortly after the end of the war).<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was the first election since 1836 in which a Democratic presidential candidate won the presidency without South Carolina, and the first ever in which a Democrat won the presidency without Louisiana, Alabama, and Mississippi. Furthermore, this is the last time a Democratic presidential candidate won without New York, Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Delaware. It is also the first of two occasions since 1916 that Oregon and Washington did not support the same party (the other being in 1968). This election is the only time since 1888 that New Jersey and Illinois did not support the same party. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Electoral results </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Presidential candidate </th> <th rowspan="2">Party </th> <th rowspan="2">Home state </th> <th colspan="2">Popular vote </th> <th rowspan="2">Electoral<br />vote<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th colspan="3">Running mate </th></tr> <tr> <th>Count </th> <th>Percentage </th> <th>Vice-presidential candidate </th> <th>Home state </th> <th>Electoral vote<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td><b> <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> (incumbent)</b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a><sup id="cite_ref-NewYork_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NewYork-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">24,178,347 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">49.55% </td> <td style="text-align:right;">303 </td> <td><b> <a href="/wiki/Alben_W._Barkley" title="Alben W. Barkley">Alben W. Barkley</a></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">303 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._Dewey" title="Thomas E. Dewey">Thomas E. Dewey</a></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a><sup id="cite_ref-Mississippi_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mississippi-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">21,991,292 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">45.07% </td> <td style="text-align:right;">189 </td> <td><b> <a href="/wiki/Earl_Warren" title="Earl Warren">Earl Warren</a></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">189 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> <a href="/wiki/Strom_Thurmond" title="Strom Thurmond">Strom Thurmond</a></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dixiecrat" title="Dixiecrat">States' Rights Democratic</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,176,023 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2.41% </td> <td style="text-align:right;">39<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><b> <a href="/wiki/Fielding_L._Wright" title="Fielding L. Wright">Fielding L. Wright</a></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">39<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> <a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Wallace" title="Henry A. Wallace">Henry A. Wallace</a></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(United_States,_1948%E2%80%931955)" title="Progressive Party (United States, 1948–1955)">Progressive</a>/<a href="/wiki/American_Labor_Party" title="American Labor Party">American Labor</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,157,328 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2.37% </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0 </td> <td><b> <a href="/wiki/Glen_H._Taylor" title="Glen H. Taylor">Glen H. Taylor</a></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Idaho" title="Idaho">Idaho</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> <a href="/wiki/Norman_Thomas" title="Norman Thomas">Norman Thomas</a></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Party of America">Socialist</a> </td> <td>New York </td> <td style="text-align:right;">139,569 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.29% </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0 </td> <td><b> <a href="/wiki/Tucker_P._Smith" title="Tucker P. Smith">Tucker P. Smith</a></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> <a href="/wiki/Claude_A._Watson" title="Claude A. Watson">Claude A. Watson</a></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_Party" title="Prohibition Party">Prohibition</a> </td> <td>California </td> <td style="text-align:right;">103,708 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.21% </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0 </td> <td><b> <a href="/wiki/Dale_Learn" class="mw-redirect" title="Dale Learn">Dale Learn</a></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> <a href="/wiki/Edward_A._Teichert" title="Edward A. Teichert">Edward A. Teichert</a></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Labor_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Labor Party of America">Socialist Labor</a> </td> <td>Pennsylvania </td> <td style="text-align:right;">29,244 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.06% </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0 </td> <td><b> <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Emery" title="Stephen Emery">Stephen Emery</a></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> <a href="/wiki/Farrell_Dobbs" title="Farrell Dobbs">Farrell Dobbs</a></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Workers_Party_(United_States)" title="Socialist Workers Party (United States)">Socialist Workers</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">13,613 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.03% </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0 </td> <td><b> <a href="/wiki/Grace_Carlson" title="Grace Carlson">Grace Carlson</a></b> </td> <td>Minnesota </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:right"> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:left;"><b>Other</b> </td> <td>3,504 </td> <td>0.01% </td> <td>— </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left;"><b>Other</b> </td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:right"> <th colspan="3">Total </th> <td>48,793,535 </td> <td>100% </td> <td>531 </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td>531 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:right"> <th colspan="5">Needed to win </th> <td>266 </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td>266 </td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="margin:0; border:none;"><tbody><tr><td style="border:none; padding:0;"><div class="notheme barbox" style="overflow-x: auto;"> <div style="border:1px solid silver; font-size:88%; padding:0.4em; width:600px; background: white; color: black;"> <table style="text-align:left; border-collapse:collapse; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr style="background:#ddd"><th style="text-align:center;" colspan="5">Popular vote</th></tr> <tr style="font-size:88%; height:4px;"> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; text-align:left;"></td> <td style="width:410px; text-align:left;"></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; width:1em; text-align:right;"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><b>Truman</b></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:#3333FF; width:49.55%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">49.55%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Dewey</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:#E81B23; width:45.07%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">45.07%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Thurmond</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:#FF9955; width:2.41%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">2.41%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Wallace</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:#5FD170; width:2.37%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">2.37%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Others</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:#777777; width:0.60%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">0.60%</td> </tr> </tbody></table> </div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="margin:0; border:none;"><tbody><tr><td style="border:none; padding:0;"><div class="notheme barbox" style="overflow-x: auto;"> <div style="border:1px solid silver; font-size:88%; padding:0.4em; width:600px; background: white; color: black;"> <table style="text-align:left; border-collapse:collapse; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr style="background:#ddd"><th style="text-align:center;" colspan="5">Electoral vote</th></tr> <tr style="font-size:88%; height:4px;"> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; text-align:left;"></td> <td style="width:411px; text-align:left;"></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; width:1em; text-align:right;"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><b>Truman</b></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:#3333FF; width:57.06%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">57.06%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Dewey</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:#E81B23; width:35.59%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">35.59%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Thurmond</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:#FF9955; width:7.34%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">7.34%</td> </tr> </tbody></table> </div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1948_Electoral_Map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/1948_Electoral_Map.png/650px-1948_Electoral_Map.png" decoding="async" width="650" height="349" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/1948_Electoral_Map.png/975px-1948_Electoral_Map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7e/1948_Electoral_Map.png 2x" data-file-width="1182" data-file-height="635" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 1629px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 535px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 530px; height: 347px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1948_United_States_presidential_election_results_map_by_county.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Results by county, shaded according to winning candidate's percentage of the vote"><img alt="Results by county, shaded according to winning candidate's percentage of the vote" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/1948_United_States_presidential_election_results_map_by_county.svg/500px-1948_United_States_presidential_election_results_map_by_county.svg.png" decoding="async" width="500" height="317" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/1948_United_States_presidential_election_results_map_by_county.svg/750px-1948_United_States_presidential_election_results_map_by_county.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/1948_United_States_presidential_election_results_map_by_county.svg/1000px-1948_United_States_presidential_election_results_map_by_county.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="555" data-file-height="352" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Results by county, shaded according to winning candidate's percentage of the vote</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Results_by_state">Results by state</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1948_United_States_presidential_election&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Results by state"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"> <td>States/districts won by <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Truman</a>/<a href="/wiki/Alben_W._Barkley" title="Alben W. Barkley">Barkley</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#FFB6B6"> <td>States/districts won by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._Dewey" title="Thomas E. Dewey">Dewey</a>/<a href="/wiki/Earl_Warren" title="Earl Warren">Warren</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#FF7F00"> <td>States/districts won by <a href="/wiki/Strom_Thurmond" title="Strom Thurmond">Thurmond</a>/<a href="/wiki/Fielding_L._Wright" title="Fielding L. Wright">Wright</a> </td></tr></tbody></table><div style="overflow:auto"> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"><sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th align="center" colspan="3">Harry S. Truman<br />Democratic </th> <th align="center" colspan="3">Thomas E. Dewey<br />Republican </th> <th align="center" colspan="3">J. Strom Thurmond<br />Dixiecrat </th> <th align="center" colspan="3">Henry Wallace<br />Progressive </th> <th align="center" colspan="3">Norman Thomas<br />Socialist </th> <th align="center" colspan="3">Other </th> <th align="center" colspan="2">Margin </th> <th align="center" colspan="2">State Total </th></tr> <tr> <th align="center">State </th> <th style="text-align:center; font-size: 60%" data-sort-type="number">electoral<br />votes </th> <th align="center" data-sort-type="number"># </th> <th align="center" data-sort-type="number">% </th> <th style="text-align:center; font-size: 60%" data-sort-type="number">electoral<br />votes </th> <th align="center" data-sort-type="number"># </th> <th align="center" data-sort-type="number">% </th> <th style="text-align:center; font-size: 60%" data-sort-type="number">electoral<br />votes </th> <th align="center" data-sort-type="number"># </th> <th align="center" data-sort-type="number">% </th> <th style="text-align:center; font-size: 60%" data-sort-type="number">electoral<br />votes </th> <th align="center" data-sort-type="number"># </th> <th align="center" data-sort-type="number">% </th> <th style="text-align:center; font-size: 60%" data-sort-type="number">electoral<br />votes </th> <th align="center" data-sort-type="number"># </th> <th align="center" data-sort-type="number">% </th> <th style="text-align:center; font-size: 60%" data-sort-type="number">electoral<br />votes </th> <th align="center" data-sort-type="number"># </th> <th align="center" data-sort-type="number">% </th> <th style="text-align:center; font-size: 60%" data-sort-type="number">electoral<br />votes </th> <th align="center" data-sort-type="number"># </th> <th align="center" data-sort-type="number">% </th> <th style="text-align:center; font-size: 60%" data-sort-type="number"># </th> <th> </th></tr> <tr style="background:#FF7F00"> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_Alabama" title="1948 United States presidential election in Alabama">Alabama</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">11 </td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>40,930</td> <td>19.04</td> <td>-</td> <td>171,443</td> <td>79.75</td> <td>11</td> <td>1,522</td> <td>0.71</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>1,085</td> <td>0.50</td> <td>-</td> <td>-130,513</td> <td>-60.71</td> <td>214,980 </td> <td>AL </td></tr> <tr style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_Arizona" title="1948 United States presidential election in Arizona">Arizona</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">4 </td> <td>95,251</td> <td>53.79</td> <td>4</td> <td>77,597</td> <td>43.82</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>3,310</td> <td>1.87</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>907</td> <td>0.51</td> <td>-</td> <td>17,654</td> <td>9.97</td> <td>177,065 </td> <td>AZ </td></tr> <tr style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_Arkansas" title="1948 United States presidential election in Arkansas">Arkansas</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">9 </td> <td>149,659</td> <td>61.72</td> <td>9</td> <td>50,959</td> <td>21.02</td> <td>-</td> <td>40,068</td> <td>16.52</td> <td>-</td> <td>751</td> <td>0.31</td> <td>-</td> <td>1,037</td> <td>0.43</td> <td>-</td> <td>1</td> <td>0.00</td> <td>-</td> <td>98,700</td> <td>40.71</td> <td>242,475 </td> <td>AR </td></tr> <tr style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_California" title="1948 United States presidential election in California">California</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">25 </td> <td>1,913,134</td> <td>47.57</td> <td>25</td> <td>1,895,269</td> <td>47.13</td> <td>-</td> <td>1,228</td> <td>0.03</td> <td>-</td> <td>190,381</td> <td>4.73</td> <td>-</td> <td>3,459</td> <td>0.09</td> <td>-</td> <td>18,067</td> <td>0.45</td> <td>-</td> <td>17,865</td> <td>0.44</td> <td>4,021,538 </td> <td>CA </td></tr> <tr style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_Colorado" title="1948 United States presidential election in Colorado">Colorado</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">6 </td> <td>267,288</td> <td>51.88</td> <td>6</td> <td>239,714</td> <td>46.52</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>6,115</td> <td>1.19</td> <td>-</td> <td>1,678</td> <td>0.33</td> <td>-</td> <td>442</td> <td>0.09</td> <td>-</td> <td>27,574</td> <td>5.35</td> <td>515,237 </td> <td>CO </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#FFB6B6"> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_Connecticut" title="1948 United States presidential election in Connecticut">Connecticut</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">8 </td> <td>423,297</td> <td>47.91</td> <td>-</td> <td>437,754</td> <td>49.55</td> <td>8</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>13,713</td> <td>1.55</td> <td>-</td> <td>6,964</td> <td>0.79</td> <td>-</td> <td>1,790</td> <td>0.20</td> <td>-</td> <td>-14,457</td> <td>-1.64</td> <td>883,518 </td> <td>CT </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#FFB6B6"> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_Delaware" title="1948 United States presidential election in Delaware">Delaware</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">3 </td> <td>67,813</td> <td>48.76</td> <td>-</td> <td>69,588</td> <td>50.04</td> <td>3</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>1,050</td> <td>0.75</td> <td>-</td> <td>250</td> <td>0.18</td> <td>-</td> <td>372</td> <td>0.27</td> <td>-</td> <td>-1,775</td> <td>-1.28</td> <td>139,073 </td> <td>DE </td></tr> <tr style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_Florida" title="1948 United States presidential election in Florida">Florida</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">8 </td> <td>281,988</td> <td>48.82</td> <td>8</td> <td>194,280</td> <td>33.63</td> <td>-</td> <td>89,755</td> <td>15.54</td> <td>-</td> <td>11,620</td> <td>2.01</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>87,708</td> <td>15.18</td> <td>577,643 </td> <td>FL </td></tr> <tr style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_Georgia" title="1948 United States presidential election in Georgia">Georgia</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">12 </td> <td>254,646</td> <td>60.80</td> <td>12</td> <td>76,691</td> <td>18.31</td> <td>-</td> <td>85,135</td> <td>20.33</td> <td>-</td> <td>1,636</td> <td>0.39</td> <td>-</td> <td>3</td> <td>0.00</td> <td>-</td> <td>733</td> <td>0.18</td> <td>-</td> <td>169,591</td> <td>40.50</td> <td>418,764 </td> <td>GA </td></tr> <tr style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_Idaho" title="1948 United States presidential election in Idaho">Idaho</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">4 </td> <td>107,370</td> <td>49.98</td> <td>4</td> <td>101,514</td> <td>47.26</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>4,972</td> <td>2.31</td> <td>-</td> <td>332</td> <td>0.15</td> <td>-</td> <td>628</td> <td>0.29</td> <td>-</td> <td>5,856</td> <td>2.73</td> <td>214,816 </td> <td>ID </td></tr> <tr style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_Illinois" title="1948 United States presidential election in Illinois">Illinois</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">28 </td> <td>1,994,715</td> <td>50.07</td> <td>28</td> <td>1,961,103</td> <td>49.22</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>11,522</td> <td>0.29</td> <td>-</td> <td>16,706</td> <td>0.42</td> <td>-</td> <td>33,612</td> <td>0.84</td> <td>3,984,046 </td> <td>IL </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#FFB6B6"> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_Indiana" title="1948 United States presidential election in Indiana">Indiana</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">13 </td> <td>807,833</td> <td>48.78</td> <td>-</td> <td>821,079</td> <td>49.58</td> <td>13</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>9,649</td> <td>0.58</td> <td>-</td> <td>2,179</td> <td>0.13</td> <td>-</td> <td>15,474</td> <td>0.93</td> <td>-</td> <td>-13,246</td> <td>-0.80</td> <td>1,656,214 </td> <td>IN </td></tr> <tr style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_Iowa" title="1948 United States presidential election in Iowa">Iowa</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">10 </td> <td>522,380</td> <td>50.31</td> <td>10</td> <td>494,018</td> <td>47.58</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>12,125</td> <td>1.17</td> <td>-</td> <td>1,829</td> <td>0.18</td> <td>-</td> <td>7,912</td> <td>0.76</td> <td>-</td> <td>28,362</td> <td>2.73</td> <td>1,038,264 </td> <td>IA </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#FFB6B6"> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_Kansas" title="1948 United States presidential election in Kansas">Kansas</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">8 </td> <td>351,902</td> <td>44.61</td> <td>-</td> <td>423,039</td> <td>53.63</td> <td>8</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>4,603</td> <td>0.58</td> <td>-</td> <td>2,807</td> <td>0.36</td> <td>-</td> <td>6,468</td> <td>0.82</td> <td>-</td> <td>-71,137</td> <td>-9.02</td> <td>788,819 </td> <td>KS </td></tr> <tr style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_Kentucky" title="1948 United States presidential election in Kentucky">Kentucky</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">11 </td> <td>466,756</td> <td>56.74</td> <td>11</td> <td>341,210</td> <td>41.48</td> <td>-</td> <td>10,411</td> <td>1.27</td> <td>-</td> <td>1,567</td> <td>0.19</td> <td>-</td> <td>1,284</td> <td>0.16</td> <td>-</td> <td>1,430</td> <td>0.17</td> <td>-</td> <td>125,546</td> <td>15.26</td> <td>822,658 </td> <td>KY </td></tr> <tr style="background:#FF7F00"> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_Louisiana" title="1948 United States presidential election in Louisiana">Louisiana</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">10 </td> <td>136,344</td> <td>32.75</td> <td>-</td> <td>72,657</td> <td>17.45</td> <td>-</td> <td>204,290</td> <td>49.07</td> <td>10</td> <td>3,035</td> <td>0.73</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>10</td> <td>0.00</td> <td>-</td> <td>-67,946</td> <td>-16.32</td> <td>416,336 </td> <td>LA </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#FFB6B6"> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_Maine" title="1948 United States presidential election in Maine">Maine</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">5 </td> <td>111,916</td> <td>42.27</td> <td>-</td> <td>150,234</td> <td>56.74</td> <td>5</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>1,884</td> <td>0.71</td> <td>-</td> <td>547</td> <td>0.21</td> <td>-</td> <td>206</td> <td>0.08</td> <td>-</td> <td>-38,318</td> <td>-14.47</td> <td>264,787 </td> <td>ME </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#FFB6B6"> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_Maryland" title="1948 United States presidential election in Maryland">Maryland</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">8 </td> <td>286,521</td> <td>48.01</td> <td>-</td> <td>294,814</td> <td>49.40</td> <td>8</td> <td>2,489</td> <td>0.42</td> <td>-</td> <td>9,983</td> <td>1.67</td> <td>-</td> <td>2,941</td> <td>0.49</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>-8,293</td> <td>-1.39</td> <td>596,735 </td> <td>MD </td></tr> <tr style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_Massachusetts" title="1948 United States presidential election in Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">16 </td> <td>1,151,788</td> <td>54.66</td> <td>16</td> <td>909,370</td> <td>43.16</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>38,157</td> <td>1.81</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>7,831</td> <td>0.37</td> <td>-</td> <td>242,418</td> <td>11.50</td> <td>2,107,146 </td> <td>MA </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#FFB6B6"> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_Michigan" title="1948 United States presidential election in Michigan">Michigan</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">19 </td> <td>1,003,448</td> <td>47.57</td> <td>-</td> <td>1,038,595</td> <td>49.23</td> <td>19</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>46,515</td> <td>2.20</td> <td>-</td> <td>6,063</td> <td>0.29</td> <td>-</td> <td>14,988</td> <td>0.71</td> <td>-</td> <td>-35,147</td> <td>-1.67</td> <td>2,109,609 </td> <td>MI </td></tr> <tr style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_Minnesota" title="1948 United States presidential election in Minnesota">Minnesota</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">11 </td> <td>692,966</td> <td>57.16</td> <td>11</td> <td>483,617</td> <td>39.89</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>27,866</td> <td>2.30</td> <td>-</td> <td>4,646</td> <td>0.38</td> <td>-</td> <td>3,131</td> <td>0.26</td> <td>-</td> <td>209,349</td> <td>17.27</td> <td>1,212,226 </td> <td>MN </td></tr> <tr style="background:#FF7F00"> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_Mississippi" title="1948 United States presidential election in Mississippi">Mississippi</a><sup id="cite_ref-Mississippi_114-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mississippi-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-split_tickets_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-split_tickets-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">9 </td> <td>19,384</td> <td>10.09</td> <td>-</td> <td>5,043</td> <td>2.62</td> <td>-</td> <td>167,538</td> <td>87.17</td> <td>9</td> <td>225</td> <td>0.12</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>-148,154</td> <td>-77.09</td> <td>192,190 </td> <td>MS </td></tr> <tr style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_Missouri" title="1948 United States presidential election in Missouri">Missouri</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">15 </td> <td>917,315</td> <td>58.11</td> <td>15</td> <td>655,039</td> <td>41.49</td> <td>-</td> <td>42</td> <td>0.00</td> <td>-</td> <td>3,998</td> <td>0.25</td> <td>-</td> <td>2,222</td> <td>0.14</td> <td>-</td> <td>12</td> <td>0.00</td> <td>-</td> <td>262,276</td> <td>16.61</td> <td>1,578,628 </td> <td>MO </td></tr> <tr style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_Montana" title="1948 United States presidential election in Montana">Montana</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">4 </td> <td>119,071</td> <td>53.09</td> <td>4</td> <td>96,770</td> <td>43.15</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>7,313</td> <td>3.26</td> <td>-</td> <td>695</td> <td>0.31</td> <td>-</td> <td>429</td> <td>0.19</td> <td>-</td> <td>22,301</td> <td>9.94</td> <td>224,278 </td> <td>MT </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#FFB6B6"> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_Nebraska" title="1948 United States presidential election in Nebraska">Nebraska</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">6 </td> <td>224,165</td> <td>45.85</td> <td>-</td> <td>264,774</td> <td>54.15</td> <td>6</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>1</td> <td>0.00</td> <td>-</td> <td>-40,609</td> <td>-8.31</td> <td>488,940 </td> <td>NE </td></tr> <tr style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_Nevada" title="1948 United States presidential election in Nevada">Nevada</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">3 </td> <td>31,291</td> <td>50.37</td> <td>3</td> <td>29,357</td> <td>47.26</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>1,469</td> <td>2.36</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>1,934</td> <td>3.11</td> <td>62,117 </td> <td>NV </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#FFB6B6"> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_New_Hampshire" title="1948 United States presidential election in New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">4 </td> <td>107,995</td> <td>46.66</td> <td>-</td> <td>121,299</td> <td>52.41</td> <td>4</td> <td>7</td> <td>0.00</td> <td>-</td> <td>1,970</td> <td>0.85</td> <td>-</td> <td>86</td> <td>0.04</td> <td>-</td> <td>83</td> <td>0.04</td> <td>-</td> <td>-13,304</td> <td>-5.75</td> <td>231,440 </td> <td>NH </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#FFB6B6"> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_New_Jersey" title="1948 United States presidential election in New Jersey">New Jersey</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">16 </td> <td>895,455</td> <td>45.93</td> <td>-</td> <td>981,124</td> <td>50.33</td> <td>16</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>42,683</td> <td>2.19</td> <td>-</td> <td>10,521</td> <td>0.54</td> <td>-</td> <td>19,772</td> <td>1.01</td> <td>-</td> <td>-85,669</td> <td>-4.39</td> <td>1,949,555 </td> <td>NJ </td></tr> <tr style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_New_Mexico" title="1948 United States presidential election in New Mexico">New Mexico</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">4 </td> <td>105,464</td> <td>56.38</td> <td>4</td> <td>80,303</td> <td>42.93</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>1,037</td> <td>0.55</td> <td>-</td> <td>83</td> <td>0.04</td> <td>-</td> <td>176</td> <td>0.09</td> <td>-</td> <td>25,161</td> <td>13.45</td> <td>187,063 </td> <td>NM </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#FFB6B6"> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_New_York" title="1948 United States presidential election in New York">New York</a><sup id="cite_ref-NewYork_113-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NewYork-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-split_tickets_117-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-split_tickets-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">47 </td> <td>2,780,204</td> <td>45.01</td> <td>-</td> <td>2,841,163</td> <td>45.99</td> <td>47</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>509,559</td> <td>8.25</td> <td>-</td> <td>40,879</td> <td>0.66</td> <td>-</td> <td>5,532</td> <td>0.09</td> <td>-</td> <td>-60,959</td> <td>-0.98</td> <td>6,177,337 </td> <td>NY </td></tr> <tr style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_North_Carolina" title="1948 United States presidential election in North Carolina">North Carolina</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">14 </td> <td>459,070</td> <td>58.02</td> <td>14</td> <td>258,572</td> <td>32.68</td> <td>-</td> <td>69,652</td> <td>8.80</td> <td>-</td> <td>3,915</td> <td>0.49</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>200,498</td> <td>25.34</td> <td>791,209 </td> <td>NC </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#FFB6B6"> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_North_Dakota" title="1948 United States presidential election in North Dakota">North Dakota</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">4 </td> <td>95,812</td> <td>43.41</td> <td>-</td> <td>115,139</td> <td>52.17</td> <td>4</td> <td>374</td> <td>0.17</td> <td>-</td> <td>8,391</td> <td>3.80</td> <td>-</td> <td>1,000</td> <td>0.45</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>-19,327</td> <td>-8.76</td> <td>220,716 </td> <td>ND </td></tr> <tr style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio" title="1948 United States presidential election in Ohio">Ohio</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">25 </td> <td>1,452,791</td> <td>49.48</td> <td>25</td> <td>1,445,684</td> <td>49.24</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>37,596</td> <td>1.28</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>7,107</td> <td>0.24</td> <td>2,936,071 </td> <td>OH </td></tr> <tr style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_Oklahoma" title="1948 United States presidential election in Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">10 </td> <td>452,782</td> <td>62.75</td> <td>10</td> <td>268,817</td> <td>37.25</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>183,965</td> <td>25.49</td> <td>721,599 </td> <td>OK </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#FFB6B6"> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_Oregon" title="1948 United States presidential election in Oregon">Oregon</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">6 </td> <td>243,147</td> <td>46.40</td> <td>-</td> <td>260,904</td> <td>49.78</td> <td>6</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>14,978</td> <td>2.86</td> <td>-</td> <td>5,051</td> <td>0.96</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>-17,757</td> <td>-3.39</td> <td>524,080 </td> <td>OR </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#FFB6B6"> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_Pennsylvania" title="1948 United States presidential election in Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">35 </td> <td>1,752,426</td> <td>46.92</td> <td>-</td> <td>1,902,197</td> <td>50.93</td> <td>35</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>55,161</td> <td>1.48</td> <td>-</td> <td>11,325</td> <td>0.30</td> <td>-</td> <td>14,039</td> <td>0.38</td> <td>-</td> <td>-149,771</td> <td>-4.01</td> <td>3,735,148 </td> <td>PA </td></tr> <tr style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_Rhode_Island" title="1948 United States presidential election in Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">4 </td> <td>188,736</td> <td>57.59</td> <td>4</td> <td>135,787</td> <td>41.44</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>2,619</td> <td>0.80</td> <td>-</td> <td>429</td> <td>0.13</td> <td>-</td> <td>131</td> <td>0.04</td> <td>-</td> <td>52,949</td> <td>16.16</td> <td>327,702 </td> <td>RI </td></tr> <tr style="background:#FF7F00"> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_South_Carolina" title="1948 United States presidential election in South Carolina">South Carolina</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">8 </td> <td>34,423</td> <td>24.14</td> <td>-</td> <td>5,386</td> <td>3.78</td> <td>-</td> <td>102,607</td> <td>71.97</td> <td>8</td> <td>154</td> <td>0.11</td> <td>-</td> <td>1</td> <td>0.00</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>-68,184</td> <td>-47.82</td> <td>142,571 </td> <td>SC </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#FFB6B6"> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_South_Dakota" title="1948 United States presidential election in South Dakota">South Dakota</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">4 </td> <td>117,653</td> <td>47.04</td> <td>-</td> <td>129,651</td> <td>51.84</td> <td>4</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>2,801</td> <td>1.12</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>-11,998</td> <td>-4.80</td> <td>250,105 </td> <td>SD </td></tr> <tr style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_Tennessee" title="1948 United States presidential election in Tennessee">Tennessee</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">12 </td> <td>270,402</td> <td>49.14</td> <td>11</td> <td>202,914</td> <td>36.87</td> <td>-</td> <td>73,815</td> <td>13.41</td> <td>1</td> <td>1,864</td> <td>0.34</td> <td>-</td> <td>1,288</td> <td>0.23</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>67,488</td> <td>12.26</td> <td>550,283 </td> <td>TN </td></tr> <tr style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_Texas" title="1948 United States presidential election in Texas">Texas</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">23 </td> <td>824,235</td> <td>65.96</td> <td>23</td> <td>303,467</td> <td>24.29</td> <td>-</td> <td>113,776</td> <td>9.11</td> <td>-</td> <td>3,920</td> <td>0.31</td> <td>-</td> <td>919</td> <td>0.07</td> <td>-</td> <td>3,260</td> <td>0.26</td> <td>-</td> <td>520,768</td> <td>41.68</td> <td>1,249,577 </td> <td>TX </td></tr> <tr style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_Utah" title="1948 United States presidential election in Utah">Utah</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">4 </td> <td>149,151</td> <td>53.98</td> <td>4</td> <td>124,402</td> <td>45.02</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>2,679</td> <td>0.97</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>73</td> <td>0.03</td> <td>-</td> <td>24,749</td> <td>8.96</td> <td>276,305 </td> <td>UT </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#FFB6B6"> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_Vermont" title="1948 United States presidential election in Vermont">Vermont</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">3 </td> <td>45,557</td> <td>36.92</td> <td>-</td> <td>75,926</td> <td>61.54</td> <td>3</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>1,279</td> <td>1.04</td> <td>-</td> <td>585</td> <td>0.47</td> <td>-</td> <td>35</td> <td>0.03</td> <td>-</td> <td>-30,369</td> <td>-24.61</td> <td>123,382 </td> <td>VT </td></tr> <tr style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_Virginia" title="1948 United States presidential election in Virginia">Virginia</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">11 </td> <td>200,786</td> <td>47.89</td> <td>11</td> <td>172,070</td> <td>41.04</td> <td>-</td> <td>43,393</td> <td>10.35</td> <td>-</td> <td>2,047</td> <td>0.49</td> <td>-</td> <td>726</td> <td>0.17</td> <td>-</td> <td>234</td> <td>0.06</td> <td>-</td> <td>28,716</td> <td>6.85</td> <td>419,256 </td> <td>VA </td></tr> <tr style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_Washington_(state)" title="1948 United States presidential election in Washington (state)">Washington</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">8 </td> <td>475,165</td> <td>52.56</td> <td>8</td> <td>386,314</td> <td>42.73</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>31,692</td> <td>3.51</td> <td>-</td> <td>3,534</td> <td>0.39</td> <td>-</td> <td>7,353</td> <td>0.81</td> <td>-</td> <td>88,851</td> <td>9.83</td> <td>904,058 </td> <td>WA </td></tr> <tr style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_West_Virginia" title="1948 United States presidential election in West Virginia">West Virginia</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">8 </td> <td>429,188</td> <td>57.32</td> <td>8</td> <td>316,251</td> <td>42.24</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>3,311</td> <td>0.44</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>112,937</td> <td>15.08</td> <td>748,750 </td> <td>WV </td></tr> <tr style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_Wisconsin" title="1948 United States presidential election in Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">12 </td> <td>647,310</td> <td>50.70</td> <td>12</td> <td>590,959</td> <td>46.28</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>25,282</td> <td>1.98</td> <td>-</td> <td>12,547</td> <td>0.98</td> <td>-</td> <td>702</td> <td>0.05</td> <td>-</td> <td>56,351</td> <td>4.41</td> <td>1,276,800 </td> <td>WI </td></tr> <tr style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_Wyoming" title="1948 United States presidential election in Wyoming">Wyoming</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">3 </td> <td>52,354</td> <td>51.62</td> <td>3</td> <td>47,947</td> <td>47.27</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>931</td> <td>0.92</td> <td>-</td> <td>137</td> <td>0.14</td> <td>-</td> <td>56</td> <td>0.06</td> <td>-</td> <td>4,407</td> <td>4.35</td> <td>101,425 </td> <td>WY </td></tr> <tr> <th>TOTALS:</th> <th>531 </th> <th>24,178,347</th> <th>49.55</th> <th>303 </th> <th>21,991,292</th> <th>45.07</th> <th>189 </th> <th>1,176,023</th> <th>2.41</th> <th>39 </th> <th>1,157,328</th> <th>2.37</th> <th>- </th> <th>139,569</th> <th>0.29</th> <th>- </th> <th>150,069</th> <th>0.31</th> <th>- </th> <th>2,187,055</th> <th>4.48</th> <th>48,792,535 </th> <td>US </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="States_that_flipped_from_Republican_to_Democratic">States that flipped from Republican to Democratic</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1948_United_States_presidential_election&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: States that flipped from Republican to Democratic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iowa" title="Iowa">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyoming" title="Wyoming">Wyoming</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="States_that_flipped_from_Democratic_to_Republican">States that flipped from Democratic to Republican</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1948_United_States_presidential_election&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: States that flipped from Democratic to Republican"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware" title="Delaware">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire" title="New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="States_that_flipped_from_Democratic_to_Dixiecrat">States that flipped from Democratic to Dixiecrat</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1948_United_States_presidential_election&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: States that flipped from Democratic to Dixiecrat"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Close_states">Close states</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1948_United_States_presidential_election&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Close states"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Margin of victory less than 1% (138 electoral votes): </p> <ol><li><span style="color:blue;"><b>Ohio, 0.24% (7,107 votes)</b></span></li> <li><span style="color:blue;"><b>California, 0.44% (17,865 votes)</b></span> (tipping point state for Truman victory)</li> <li><span style="color:red;"><b>Indiana, 0.80% (13,246 votes)</b></span></li> <li><span style="color:blue;"><b>Illinois, 0.84% (33,612 votes)</b></span> (tipping point state for Dewey victory)</li> <li><span style="color:red;"><b>New York, 0.98% (60,959 votes)</b></span></li></ol> <p>Margin of victory less than 5% (131 electoral votes): </p> <ol><li><span style="color:red;"><b>Delaware, 1.28% (1,775 votes)</b></span></li> <li><span style="color:red;"><b>Maryland, 1.39% (8,293 votes)</b></span></li> <li><span style="color:red;"><b>Connecticut, 1.64% (14,457 votes)</b></span></li> <li><span style="color:red;"><b>Michigan, 1.67% (35,147 votes)</b></span></li> <li><span style="color:blue;"><b>Iowa, 2.73% (28,362 votes)</b></span></li> <li><span style="color:blue;"><b>Idaho, 2.73% (5,856 votes)</b></span></li> <li><span style="color:blue;"><b>Nevada, 3.11% (1,934 votes)</b></span></li> <li><span style="color:red;"><b>Oregon, 3.39% (17,757 votes)</b></span></li> <li><span style="color:red;"><b>Pennsylvania, 4.01% (149,771 votes)</b></span></li> <li><span style="color:blue;"><b>Wyoming, 4.35% (4,407 votes)</b></span></li> <li><span style="color:red;"><b>New Jersey, 4.39% (85,669 votes)</b></span></li> <li><span style="color:blue;"><b>Wisconsin, 4.41% (56,351 votes)</b></span></li> <li><span style="color:red;"><b>South Dakota, 4.80% (11,998 votes)</b></span></li></ol> <p>Margin of victory between 5% and 10% (59 electoral votes): </p> <ol><li><span style="color:blue;"><b>Colorado, 5.35% (27,574 votes)</b></span></li> <li><span style="color:red;"><b>New Hampshire, 5.75% (13,304 votes)</b></span></li> <li><span style="color:blue;"><b>Virginia, 6.85% (28,716 votes)</b></span></li> <li><span style="color:red;"><b>Nebraska, 8.31% (40,609 votes)</b></span></li> <li><span style="color:red;"><b>North Dakota, 8.76% (19,327 votes)</b></span></li> <li><span style="color:blue;"><b>Utah, 8.96% (24,749 votes)</b></span></li> <li><span style="color:red;"><b>Kansas, 9.02% (71,137 votes)</b></span></li> <li><span style="color:blue;"><b>Washington, 9.93% (89,850 votes)</b></span></li> <li><span style="color:blue;"><b>Montana, 9.94% (22,301 votes)</b></span></li> <li><span style="color:blue;"><b>Arizona, 9.97% (17,654 votes)</b></span></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Statistics">Statistics</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1948_United_States_presidential_election&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Statistics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Counties with Highest Percent of Vote (Democratic) </p> <ol><li><b><span style="color:blue;"><a href="/wiki/Duval_County,_Texas" title="Duval County, Texas">Duval County, Texas</a> 96.52%</span></b></li> <li><b><span style="color:blue;"><a href="/wiki/Greene_County,_North_Carolina" title="Greene County, North Carolina">Greene County, North Carolina</a> 96.45%</span></b></li> <li><b><span style="color:blue;"><a href="/wiki/King_County,_Texas" title="King County, Texas">King County, Texas</a> 95.85%</span></b></li> <li><b><span style="color:blue;"><a href="/wiki/Bertie_County,_North_Carolina" title="Bertie County, North Carolina">Bertie County, North Carolina</a> 95.71%</span></b></li> <li><b><span style="color:blue;"><a href="/wiki/Martin_County,_North_Carolina" title="Martin County, North Carolina">Martin County, North Carolina</a> 95.53%</span></b></li></ol> <p>Counties with Highest Percent of Vote (Republican) </p> <ol><li><b><span style="color:red;"><a href="/wiki/Jackson_County,_Kentucky" title="Jackson County, Kentucky">Jackson County, Kentucky</a> 86.31%</span></b></li> <li><b><span style="color:red;"><a href="/wiki/Sevier_County,_Tennessee" title="Sevier County, Tennessee">Sevier County, Tennessee</a> 84.11%</span></b></li> <li><b><span style="color:red;"><a href="/wiki/Johnson_County,_Tennessee" title="Johnson County, Tennessee">Johnson County, Tennessee</a> 82.98%</span></b></li> <li><b><span style="color:red;"><a href="/wiki/Grant_County,_West_Virginia" title="Grant County, West Virginia">Grant County, West Virginia</a> 80.83%</span></b></li> <li><b><span style="color:red;"><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_County,_Maine" title="Lincoln County, Maine">Lincoln County, Maine</a> 80.47%</span></b></li></ol> <p>Counties with Highest Percent of Vote (Dixiecrat) </p> <ol><li><b><span style="color:#FF9955;"><a href="/wiki/Choctaw_County,_Alabama" title="Choctaw County, Alabama">Choctaw County, Alabama</a> 98.83%</span></b></li> <li><b><span style="color:#FF9955;"><a href="/wiki/Wilcox_County,_Alabama" title="Wilcox County, Alabama">Wilcox County, Alabama</a> 98.81%</span></b></li> <li><b><span style="color:#FF9955;"><a href="/wiki/Bullock_County,_Alabama" title="Bullock County, Alabama">Bullock County, Alabama</a> 98.76%</span></b></li> <li><b><span style="color:#FF9955;"><a href="/wiki/Edgefield_County,_South_Carolina" title="Edgefield County, South Carolina">Edgefield County, South Carolina</a> 98.20%</span></b></li> <li><b><span style="color:#FF9955;"><a href="/wiki/Monroe_County,_Alabama" title="Monroe County, Alabama">Monroe County, Alabama</a> 97.86%</span></b></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Results_in_major_cities_(from_the_top_100_by_the_1940_census)"><span id="Results_in_major_cities_.28from_the_top_100_by_the_1940_census.29"></span>Results in major cities (from the top 100 by the 1940 census)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1948_United_States_presidential_election&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Results in major cities (from the top 100 by the 1940 census)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/1948_United_States_presidential_election" title="Special:EditPage/1948 United States presidential election">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th align="center" colspan="">City </th> <th align="center" colspan="">ST </th> <th align="center">Truman </th> <th> </th> <th align="center">Dewey </th> <th> </th> <th align="center">Thurmond </th> <th> </th> <th align="center">Wallace </th> <th> </th> <th align="center">Others </th> <th> </th> <th align="center" colspan="">Totals </th></tr> <tr> <td>Los Angeles </td> <td>CA </td> <td>381,336 </td> <td>52.0% </td> <td>300,988 </td> <td>41.0% </td> <td>311 </td> <td>0.0% </td> <td>46,385 </td> <td>6.3% </td> <td>4,917 </td> <td>0.7% </td> <td>733,937 </td></tr> <tr> <td>San Francisco </td> <td>CA </td> <td>167,726 </td> <td>47.8% </td> <td>160,135 </td> <td>45.7% </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0.0% </td> <td>21,492 </td> <td>6.1% </td> <td>1,356 </td> <td>0.4% </td> <td>350,709 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Denver </td> <td>CO </td> <td>89,489 </td> <td>52.9% </td> <td>76,364 </td> <td>45.2% </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0.0% </td> <td>2,420 </td> <td>1.4% </td> <td>794 </td> <td>0.5% </td> <td>169,067 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bridgeport </td> <td>CT </td> <td>34,418 </td> <td>52.9% </td> <td>27,534 </td> <td>42.3% </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0.0% </td> <td>1,529 </td> <td>2.3% </td> <td>1,601 </td> <td>2.5% </td> <td>65,082 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Hartford </td> <td>CT </td> <td>47,584 </td> <td>63.9% </td> <td>24,653 </td> <td>33.1% </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0.0% </td> <td>1,687 </td> <td>2.3% </td> <td>490 </td> <td>0.7% </td> <td>74,414 </td></tr> <tr> <td>New Haven </td> <td>CT </td> <td>43,068 </td> <td>55.9% </td> <td>31,032 </td> <td>40.3% </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0.0% </td> <td>1,814 </td> <td>2.4% </td> <td>1,072 </td> <td>1.4% </td> <td>77,004 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Waterbury </td> <td>CT </td> <td>23,657 </td> <td>53.0% </td> <td>19,768 </td> <td>44.3% </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0.0% </td> <td>727 </td> <td>1.6% </td> <td>477 </td> <td>1.1% </td> <td>44,629 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Chicago </td> <td>IL </td> <td>N/A </td> <td>62.0% </td> <td>N/A </td> <td>37.2% </td> <td>N/A </td> <td>0.0% </td> <td>N/A </td> <td>0.0% </td> <td>N/A </td> <td>0.8% </td> <td>1,684,424 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Boston </td> <td>MA </td> <td>235,493 </td> <td>67.1% </td> <td>94,163 </td> <td>26.8% </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0.0% </td> <td>10,423 </td> <td>3.0% </td> <td>11,053 </td> <td>3.1% </td> <td>351,132 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cambridge </td> <td>MA </td> <td>33,501 </td> <td>62.6% </td> <td>17,149 </td> <td>32.1% </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0.0% </td> <td>1,388 </td> <td>2.6% </td> <td>1,463 </td> <td>2.7% </td> <td>53,501 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Fall River </td> <td>MA </td> <td>38,347 </td> <td>71.4% </td> <td>13,915 </td> <td>25.9% </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0.0% </td> <td>458 </td> <td>0.9% </td> <td>1,015 </td> <td>1.9% </td> <td>53,735 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Lowell </td> <td>MA </td> <td>30,633 </td> <td>63.7% </td> <td>15,677 </td> <td>32.6% </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0.0% </td> <td>511 </td> <td>1.1% </td> <td>1,277 </td> <td>2.7% </td> <td>48,098 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Lynn </td> <td>MA </td> <td>27,954 </td> <td>57.8% </td> <td>17,753 </td> <td>36.7% </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0.0% </td> <td>1,173 </td> <td>2.4% </td> <td>1,514 </td> <td>3.1% </td> <td>48,394 </td></tr> <tr> <td>New Bedford </td> <td>MA </td> <td>34,186 </td> <td>65.8% </td> <td>15,681 </td> <td>30.2% </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0.0% </td> <td>914 </td> <td>1.8% </td> <td>1,171 </td> <td>2.3% </td> <td>51,952 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Somerville </td> <td>MA </td> <td>30,959 </td> <td>64.1% </td> <td>15,466 </td> <td>32.0% </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0.0% </td> <td>744 </td> <td>1.5% </td> <td>1,115 </td> <td>2.3% </td> <td>48,284 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Springfield </td> <td>MA </td> <td>38,548 </td> <td>51.9% </td> <td>32,533 </td> <td>43.8% </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0.0% </td> <td>1,415 </td> <td>1.9% </td> <td>1,801 </td> <td>2.4% </td> <td>74,297 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Worcester </td> <td>MA </td> <td>51,366 </td> <td>54.4% </td> <td>38,373 </td> <td>40.6% </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0.0% </td> <td>2,028 </td> <td>2.1% </td> <td>2,694 </td> <td>2.9% </td> <td>94,461 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Baltimore </td> <td>MD </td> <td>134,615 </td> <td>52.7% </td> <td>110,879 </td> <td>43.4% </td> <td>1,598 </td> <td>0.6% </td> <td>7,257 </td> <td>2.8% </td> <td>1,014 </td> <td>0.4% </td> <td>255,363 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Detroit </td> <td>MI </td> <td>N/A </td> <td>63.9% </td> <td>N/A </td> <td>31.8% </td> <td>N/A </td> <td>0.0% </td> <td>N/A </td> <td>3.7% </td> <td>N/A </td> <td>0.6% </td> <td>753,129 </td></tr> <tr> <td>St. Louis </td> <td>MO </td> <td>220,654 </td> <td>64.2% </td> <td>120,656 </td> <td>35.1% </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0.0% </td> <td>1,638 </td> <td>0.5% </td> <td>822 </td> <td>0.2% </td> <td>343,770 </td></tr> <tr> <td>New York City </td> <td>NY </td> <td>1,596,545 </td> <td>50.6% </td> <td>1,108,288 </td> <td>35.1% </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0.0% </td> <td>422,355 </td> <td>13.4% </td> <td>29,931 </td> <td>0.9% </td> <td>3,157,119 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Philadelphia </td> <td>PA </td> <td>432,699 </td> <td>48.9% </td> <td>425,962 </td> <td>48.1% </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0.0% </td> <td>20,745 </td> <td>2.3% </td> <td>5,891 </td> <td>0.7% </td> <td>885,297 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Norfolk </td> <td>VA </td> <td>9,370 </td> <td>50.8% </td> <td>7,556 </td> <td>40.9% </td> <td>1,255 </td> <td>6.8% </td> <td>259 </td> <td>1.4% </td> <td>20 </td> <td>0.1% </td> <td>18,460 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Richmond </td> <td>VA </td> <td>16,466 </td> <td>46.6% </td> <td>14,549 </td> <td>41.2% </td> <td>3,892 </td> <td>11.0% </td> <td>307 </td> <td>0.9% </td> <td>87 </td> <td>0.2% </td> <td>35,301 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Faithless_elector_controversy">Faithless elector controversy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1948_United_States_presidential_election&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Faithless elector controversy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Preston Parks, a member of the <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Democratic_Party" title="Tennessee Democratic Party">Tennessee Democratic Party</a>, was selected as an elector for the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> ticket of <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alben_W._Barkley" title="Alben W. Barkley">Alben W. Barkley</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Electors are responsible for casting their votes on behalf of their <a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">state</a> in the <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">presidential</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vice_president" title="Vice president">vice-presidential</a> elections, with each <a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">state</a> receiving a number of electors equal to its <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_delegation" title="Parliamentary delegation">congressional delegation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To ensure <a href="/wiki/Impartiality" title="Impartiality">impartiality</a>, electors cannot be current members of the U.S. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">Senate</a> or <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a>, and they are often party members who are not running for office themselves, as was the case with Parks.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_120-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, Parks campaigned vigorously for the <a href="/wiki/Dixiecrat" title="Dixiecrat">Dixiecrats</a>, a faction of <a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">segregationist</a> Southern Democrats led by <a href="/wiki/Strom_Thurmond" title="Strom Thurmond">Strom Thurmond</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fielding_L._Wright" title="Fielding L. Wright">Fielding L. Wright</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_119-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Dixiecrats opposed Truman's <a href="/wiki/Civil_and_political_rights" title="Civil and political rights">civil rights</a> platform and advocated for the preservation of <a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation_in_the_United_States" title="Racial segregation in the United States">racial segregation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite being selected as a <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> elector, Parks cast his vote for the <a href="/wiki/Dixiecrat" title="Dixiecrat">Dixiecrat</a> ticket, making him a "faithless elector" and sparking controversy.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_119-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His defection, along with votes from other states that supported Thurmond—<a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a>—contributed to a total of 39 electoral votes for the Dixiecrat ticket.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_119-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1948_United_States_presidential_election&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Party conventions: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1948_Republican_National_Convention" title="1948 Republican National Convention">1948 Republican National Convention</a> (Philadelphia: June 21–25, 1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1948 Democratic National Convention">1948 Democratic National Convention</a> (Philadelphia: July 12–14, 1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dixiecrat" title="Dixiecrat">Dixiecrat</a> National Convention (Birmingham: July 17, 1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Progressive_National_Convention" title="1948 Progressive National Convention">1948 Progressive National Convention</a> (Philadelphia: July 23–25, 1948)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1945%E2%80%931964)" title="History of the United States (1945–1964)">History of the United States (1945–1964)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1948 United States House of Representatives elections">1948 United States House of Representatives elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_Senate_elections" title="1948 United States Senate elections">1948 United States Senate elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Harry_S._Truman" title="Second inauguration of Harry S. Truman">Second inauguration of Harry S. Truman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="2016 United States presidential election">2016 United States presidential election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dewey_Defeats_Truman" title="Dewey Defeats Truman">Dewey Defeats Truman</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1948_United_States_presidential_election&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-pledged-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pledged_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pledged_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">In state-by-state tallies, Truman earned 304 pledged electors, Thurmond 38. Truman lost one vote in Tennessee to Preston Parks, who voted for Thurmond & Wright, despite Truman carrying the state.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The formal name of the party was the 'States' Rights Democratic Party,' but it is more commonly known as the 'Dixiecrat Party.'</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fullterm-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fullterm_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Others before Truman were <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Calvin Coolidge</a>; subsequently, <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Roper_Polls-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Roper_Polls_72-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roper_Polls_72-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roper_Polls_72-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roper_Polls_72-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The publication date is used, as the dates of the survey were not given in the source</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NewYork-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NewYork_113-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NewYork_113-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">In <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a>, the Truman vote was a fusion of the Democratic and <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_New_York" title="Liberal Party of New York">Liberal</a> slates. There, Truman obtained 2,557,642 votes on the Democratic ticket and 222,562 votes on the Liberal ticket.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mississippi-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mississippi_114-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mississippi_114-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">In <a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a>, the Dewey vote was a fusion of the Republican and Independent Republican slates. There, Dewey obtained 2,595 votes on the Republican ticket and 2,448 votes on the Independent Republican ticket.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1948_United_States_presidential_election&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.electproject.org/national-1789-present">"National General Election VEP Turnout Rates, 1789-Present"</a>. <i>United States Election Project</i>. <a href="/wiki/CQ_Press" title="CQ Press">CQ Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Election+Project&rft.atitle=National+General+Election+VEP+Turnout+Rates%2C+1789-Present&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.electproject.org%2Fnational-1789-present&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1948+United+States+presidential+election" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmerican_Experience" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/American_Experience" title="American Experience">American Experience</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170221085231/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/general-article/truman-politics/">"General Article: Presidential Politics"</a>. PBS. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/general-article/truman-politics/">the original</a> on February 21, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 17,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=General+Article%3A+Presidential+Politics&rft.pub=PBS&rft.au=American+Experience&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Famericanexperience%2Ffeatures%2Fgeneral-article%2Ftruman-politics%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1948+United+States+presidential+election" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosegrant2012" class="citation web cs1">Rosegrant, Susan (April 18, 2012). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan">University of Michigan</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130402213551/http://www.sampler.isr.umich.edu/2012/featured/isr-and-the-truman-dewey-upset/">"ISR and the Truman/Dewey upset"</a>. isr.umich.edu. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sampler.isr.umich.edu/2012/featured/isr-and-the-truman-dewey-upset/">the original</a> on April 2, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ISR+and+the+Truman%2FDewey+upset&rft.pub=isr.umich.edu&rft.date=2012-04-18&rft.aulast=Rosegrant&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sampler.isr.umich.edu%2F2012%2Ffeatured%2Fisr-and-the-truman-dewey-upset%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1948+United+States+presidential+election" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCosgrove2012" class="citation magazine cs1">Cosgrove, Ben (October 21, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121022023613/http://life.time.com/history/dewey-defeats-truman-the-story-behind-a-classic-political-photo/#1">"Behind the Picture: 'DEWEY DEFEATS TRUMAN'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://life.time.com/history/dewey-defeats-truman-the-story-behind-a-classic-political-photo/#1">the original</a> on October 22, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Behind+the+Picture%3A+%27DEWEY+DEFEATS+TRUMAN%27&rft.date=2012-10-21&rft.aulast=Cosgrove&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flife.time.com%2Fhistory%2Fdewey-defeats-truman-the-story-behind-a-classic-political-photo%2F%231&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1948+United+States+presidential+election" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-debate-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-debate_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-debate_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ballot-access.org/2008/10/19/should-minor-party-independent-presidential-candidates-debate-down-lessons-of-1948/">"Should Minor Party & Independent Presidential Candidates "Debate Down"? Lessons of 1948"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Ballot_Access_News" title="Ballot Access News">Ballot Access News</a></i>. October 19, 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210323192447/http://www.ballot-access.org/2008/10/19/should-minor-party-independent-presidential-candidates-debate-down-lessons-of-1948/">Archived</a> from the original on March 23, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ballot+Access+News&rft.atitle=Should+Minor+Party+%26+Independent+Presidential+Candidates+%22Debate+Down%22%3F+Lessons+of+1948&rft.date=2008-10-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fballot-access.org%2F2008%2F10%2F19%2Fshould-minor-party-independent-presidential-candidates-debate-down-lessons-of-1948%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1948+United+States+presidential+election" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiSalvo2010" class="citation journal cs1">DiSalvo, Daniel (2010). "The Politics of a Party Faction: The Liberal-Labor Alliance in the Democratic Party, 1948–1972". <i>Journal of Policy History</i>. <b>22</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">269–</span>299. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0898030610000114">10.1017/S0898030610000114</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154735666">154735666</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Policy+History&rft.atitle=The+Politics+of+a+Party+Faction%3A+The+Liberal-Labor+Alliance+in+the+Democratic+Party%2C+1948%E2%80%931972&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E269-%3C%2Fspan%3E299&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0898030610000114&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154735666%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=DiSalvo&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1948+United+States+presidential+election" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul Kleppner et al. <i>The Evolution of American Electoral Systems</i> (1981) pp. 203–42</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert A. Garson, "The Alienation of the South: A Crisis for Harry S. Truman and the Democratic Party, 1945-1948", <i>Missouri Historical Review</i>, (July 1970) 64#4 pp. 448–471</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidt196033-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmidt196033_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchmidt1960">Schmidt 1960</a>, p. 33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nyt20030711-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nyt20030711_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2003/07/11/us/truman-wrote-of-48-offer-to-eisenhower.html?fta=y">Truman Wrote of '48 Offer to Eisenhower</a>" <i>The New York Times</i>, July 11, 2003.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_R._Gardner2003" class="citation book cs1">Michael R. Gardner (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N3Ypq7AqtxQC&pg=PA96"><i>Harry Truman and Civil Rights: Moral Courage and Political Risks</i></a>. Southern Illinois University Press. p. 96. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780809388967" title="Special:BookSources/9780809388967"><bdi>9780809388967</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Harry+Truman+and+Civil+Rights%3A+Moral+Courage+and+Political+Risks&rft.pages=96&rft.pub=Southern+Illinois+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780809388967&rft.au=Michael+R.+Gardner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DN3Ypq7AqtxQC%26pg%3DPA96&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1948+United+States+presidential+election" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJon_E._Taylor2012" class="citation book cs1">Jon E. Taylor (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oX8cC3CsQJYC&pg=PA94"><i>Freedom to Serve: Truman, Civil Rights, and Executive Order 9981</i></a>. Routledge. p. 94. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415894494" title="Special:BookSources/9780415894494"><bdi>9780415894494</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Freedom+to+Serve%3A+Truman%2C+Civil+Rights%2C+and+Executive+Order+9981&rft.pages=94&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780415894494&rft.au=Jon+E.+Taylor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoX8cC3CsQJYC%26pg%3DPA94&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1948+United+States+presidential+election" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMax_Hall1948" class="citation news cs1">Max Hall (July 14, 1948). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=266&dat=19480714&id=_94rAAAAIBAJ&pg=1589,4396150">"State's Right Plank Defeated"</a>. <i>Kentucky New Era</i>. p. 8.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kentucky+New+Era&rft.atitle=State%27s+Right+Plank+Defeated&rft.pages=8&rft.date=1948-07-14&rft.au=Max+Hall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fnid%3D266%26dat%3D19480714%26id%3D_94rAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D1589%2C4396150&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1948+United+States+presidential+election" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_R._Gardner2003" class="citation book cs1">Michael R. Gardner (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N3Ypq7AqtxQC&pg=PA97"><i>Harry Truman and Civil Rights: Moral Courage and Political Risks</i></a>. Southern Illinois University Press. p. 97. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780809388967" title="Special:BookSources/9780809388967"><bdi>9780809388967</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Harry+Truman+and+Civil+Rights%3A+Moral+Courage+and+Political+Risks&rft.pages=97&rft.pub=Southern+Illinois+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780809388967&rft.au=Michael+R.+Gardner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DN3Ypq7AqtxQC%26pg%3DPA97&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1948+United+States+presidential+election" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarl_Solberg2003" class="citation book cs1">Carl Solberg (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wzGabQcvDvcC&pg=PA17"><i>Hubert Humphrey: A Biography</i></a>. Minnesota Historical Society Press. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780873514736" title="Special:BookSources/9780873514736"><bdi>9780873514736</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hubert+Humphrey%3A+A+Biography&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=Minnesota+Historical+Society+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780873514736&rft.au=Carl+Solberg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwzGabQcvDvcC%26pg%3DPA17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1948+United+States+presidential+election" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_R._Gardner2003" class="citation book cs1">Michael R. Gardner (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N3Ypq7AqtxQC&pg=PA98"><i>Harry Truman and Civil Rights: Moral Courage and Political Risks</i></a>. Southern Illinois University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">98–</span>99. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780809388967" title="Special:BookSources/9780809388967"><bdi>9780809388967</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Harry+Truman+and+Civil+Rights%3A+Moral+Courage+and+Political+Risks&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E98-%3C%2Fspan%3E99&rft.pub=Southern+Illinois+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780809388967&rft.au=Michael+R.+Gardner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DN3Ypq7AqtxQC%26pg%3DPA98&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1948+United+States+presidential+election" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(Ross, pp. 124–125)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSitkoff1971" class="citation journal cs1">Sitkoff, Harvard (1971). "Harry Truman and the Election of 1948: The Coming of Age of Civil Rights in American Politics". <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Southern_History" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of Southern History">Journal of Southern History</a></i>. <b>37</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">597–</span>616. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2206548">10.2307/2206548</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2206548">2206548</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Southern+History&rft.atitle=Harry+Truman+and+the+Election+of+1948%3A+The+Coming+of+Age+of+Civil+Rights+in+American+Politics&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E597-%3C%2Fspan%3E616&rft.date=1971&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2206548&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2206548%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Sitkoff&rft.aufirst=Harvard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1948+United+States+presidential+election" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(Ross, p. 129)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(Ross, p. 131)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(Ross, p. 130)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_T._Patterson1972" class="citation book cs1">James T. Patterson (1972). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mrrepublicanbiog00patt_0"><i>Mr. Republican: a biography of Robert A. Taft</i></a></span>. Houghton Mifflin. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mrrepublicanbiog00patt_0/page/399">399</a>–408. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780395139387" title="Special:BookSources/9780395139387"><bdi>9780395139387</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mr.+Republican%3A+a+biography+of+Robert+A.+Taft&rft.pages=399-408&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=9780395139387&rft.au=James+T.+Patterson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmrrepublicanbiog00patt_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1948+United+States+presidential+election" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Howard B. Schonberger, "The General and the Presidency: Douglas MacArthur and the Election of 1948", <i>Wisconsin Magazine of History,</i> (Spring 1974) 57#3 pp. 201–219</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alec Kirby, "'A Major Contender': Harold Stassen and the Politics of American Presidential Nominations", <i>Minnesota History,</i> (Dec 1996) 55#4 pp. 150–165</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(Smith, pp. 488-489)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(Smith, p. 489)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(Abels, p. 57)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(Smith, pp. 492-493)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smith,_p._493-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Smith,_p._493_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smith,_p._493_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">(Smith, p. 493)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(Smith, pp. 492-494)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(Smith, p. 494)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tom Swafford, "The Last Real Presidential Debate", <i>American Heritage,</i> Feb/Mar 1986, Vol. 37 Issue 2, pp. 66–71</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(Patterson, p. 411)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(Abels, pp. 63-64)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Patterson,_p._410-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Patterson,_p._410_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Patterson,_p._410_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">(Patterson, p. 410)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(Abels, pp. 64-65)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Abels,_p._65-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Abels,_p._65_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abels,_p._65_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abels,_p._65_40-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">(Abels, p. 65)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(Abels, pp. 66-67)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(Halleck, p. 68)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(Abels, p. 71)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(Ross, p. 162)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ross,_p._153-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ross,_p._153_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ross,_p._153_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">(Ross, p. 153)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(Ross, p. 163)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Abels,_p._117-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Abels,_p._117_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abels,_p._117_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abels,_p._117_47-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">(Abels, p. 117)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(Abels, pp. 116-117)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(Abels, p. 233)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(Abels, pp. 34-35)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(Abels, p. 118)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(Abels, pp. 118-119)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(Abels, p. 206)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(Abels, pp. 206-207)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(Abels, p. 207)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(Abels, pp. 211-212)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(Abels, p. 212)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidt196074-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmidt196074_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchmidt1960">Schmidt 1960</a>, p. 74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidt1960222-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmidt1960222_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchmidt1960">Schmidt 1960</a>, p. 222.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidt1960214-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmidt1960214_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchmidt1960">Schmidt 1960</a>, p. 214.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Results-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Results_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeip" class="citation web cs1">Leip, David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/national.php?year=1948&f=0&off=0&elect=0">"1948 Presidential Election Results"</a>. <i>Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 1,</span> 2005</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dave+Leip%27s+Atlas+of+U.S.+Presidential+Elections&rft.atitle=1948+Presidential+Election+Results&rft.aulast=Leip&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fuselectionatlas.org%2FRESULTS%2Fnational.php%3Fyear%3D1948%26f%3D0%26off%3D0%26elect%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1948+United+States+presidential+election" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mississippi numbers Wright as the 49th governor (1946–1948; completing his predecessor's term) and the 50th governor (1948–1952); serving his own full term.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jeffrey Smith. <i>Dixiecrat: The Life and Times of Strom Thurmond</i><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (December 2014)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hugh Alvin Bone, <i>American Politics and the Party System</i>, p. 262 (McGraw-Hill 1955).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-uop-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-uop_65-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-uop_65-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/government-politics/dixiecrats/">[1]</a> New Georgia Encyclopedia.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-arkansas-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-arkansas_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://encyclopediaofarkansas.net/encyclopedia/entry-detail.aspx?entryID=1767">"Gerald Lyman Kenneth Smith (1898-1976)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Arkansas_History_%26_Culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopedia of Arkansas History & Culture">Encyclopedia of Arkansas History & Culture</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 26,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gerald+Lyman+Kenneth+Smith+%281898-1976%29&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Arkansas+History+%26+Culture&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fencyclopediaofarkansas.net%2Fencyclopedia%2Fentry-detail.aspx%3FentryID%3D1767&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1948+United+States+presidential+election" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDart1977" class="citation news cs1">Dart, John (December 23, 1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121024112059/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/650349962.html?dids=650349962:650349962&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Dec+23,+1977&author=&pub=Los+Angeles+Times&desc=FOUNDED+BY+GERALD+L.+K.+SMITH&pqatl=google">"Founded by Gerald L. K. Smith"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/650349962.html?dids=650349962:650349962&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Dec+23%2C+1977&author=&pub=Los+Angeles+Times&desc=FOUNDED+BY+GERALD+L.+K.+SMITH&pqatl=google">the original</a> on October 24, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 26,</span> 2009</span>. <q>The anti-Jewish Christian Nationalist Crusade, founded by the late Gerald L. K. Smith and based in Glendale since 1953, is being dissolved, it was confirmed Thursday.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Founded+by+Gerald+L.+K.+Smith&rft.date=1977-12-23&rft.aulast=Dart&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpqasb.pqarchiver.com%2Flatimes%2Faccess%2F650349962.html%3Fdids%3D650349962%3A650349962%26FMT%3DABS%26FMTS%3DABS%3AAI%26type%3Dhistoric%26date%3DDec%2B23%252C%2B1977%26author%3D%26pub%3DLos%2BAngeles%2BTimes%26desc%3DFOUNDED%2BBY%2BGERALD%2BL.%2BK.%2BSMITH%26pqatl%3Dgoogle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1948+United+States+presidential+election" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGallup1983" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Gallup" title="George Gallup">Gallup, George</a> (1983). <i>The 1935-1971 Gallup Poll Public Opinion, Volume I</i>. p. 766.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+1935-1971+Gallup+Poll+Public+Opinion%2C+Volume+I&rft.pages=766&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Gallup&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1948+United+States+presidential+election" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGallup1983" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Gallup" title="George Gallup">Gallup, George</a> (1983). <i>The 1935-1971 Gallup Poll Public Opinion, Volume I</i>. p. 764.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+1935-1971+Gallup+Poll+Public+Opinion%2C+Volume+I&rft.pages=764&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Gallup&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1948+United+States+presidential+election" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGallup1983" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Gallup" title="George Gallup">Gallup, George</a> (1983). <i>The 1935-1971 Gallup Poll Public Opinion, Volume I</i>. p. 761.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+1935-1971+Gallup+Poll+Public+Opinion%2C+Volume+I&rft.pages=761&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Gallup&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1948+United+States+presidential+election" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/article/oakland-tribune-roper-poll-sees-big-dewe/161063407/">"Roper Poll Sees Big Dewey Victory"</a>. <i>Oakland Tribune</i>. September 9, 1948. p. 40 – via <a href="/wiki/Newspapers.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspapers.com">Newspapers.com</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oakland+Tribune&rft.atitle=Roper+Poll+Sees+Big+Dewey+Victory&rft.pages=40&rft.date=1948-09-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Farticle%2Foakland-tribune-roper-poll-sees-big-dewe%2F161063407%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1948+United+States+presidential+election" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGallup1983" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Gallup" title="George Gallup">Gallup, George</a> (1983). <i>The 1935-1971 Gallup Poll Public Opinion, Volume I</i>. p. 759.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+1935-1971+Gallup+Poll+Public+Opinion%2C+Volume+I&rft.pages=759&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Gallup&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1948+United+States+presidential+election" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGallup1983" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Gallup" title="George Gallup">Gallup, George</a> (1983). <i>The 1935-1971 Gallup Poll Public Opinion, Volume I</i>. p. 757.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+1935-1971+Gallup+Poll+Public+Opinion%2C+Volume+I&rft.pages=757&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Gallup&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1948+United+States+presidential+election" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGallup1983" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Gallup" title="George Gallup">Gallup, George</a> (1983). <i>The 1935-1971 Gallup Poll Public Opinion, Volume I</i>. p. 753.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+1935-1971+Gallup+Poll+Public+Opinion%2C+Volume+I&rft.pages=753&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Gallup&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1948+United+States+presidential+election" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/article/press-of-atlantic-city-dewey-favored-by/161063739/">"Dewey Favored By Roper Poll"</a>. <i>Press of Atlantic City</i>. August 13, 1948. p. 16 – via <a href="/wiki/Newspapers.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspapers.com">Newspapers.com</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Press+of+Atlantic+City&rft.atitle=Dewey+Favored+By+Roper+Poll&rft.pages=16&rft.date=1948-08-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Farticle%2Fpress-of-atlantic-city-dewey-favored-by%2F161063739%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1948+United+States+presidential+election" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGallup1983" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Gallup" title="George Gallup">Gallup, George</a> (1983). <i>The 1935-1971 Gallup Poll Public Opinion, Volume I</i>. p. 724.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+1935-1971+Gallup+Poll+Public+Opinion%2C+Volume+I&rft.pages=724&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Gallup&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1948+United+States+presidential+election" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/article/hartford-courant-roper-poll-shows-wide-d/161064053/">"Roper Poll Shows Wide Dewey Lead"</a>. <i>Hartford Courant</i>. July 15, 1948. p. 2 – via <a href="/wiki/Newspapers.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspapers.com">Newspapers.com</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hartford+Courant&rft.atitle=Roper+Poll+Shows+Wide+Dewey+Lead&rft.pages=2&rft.date=1948-07-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Farticle%2Fhartford-courant-roper-poll-shows-wide-d%2F161064053%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1948+United+States+presidential+election" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/article/riverside-daily-press-survey-shows-gop-v/161064707/">"Survey Shows GOP Victory In Fall May Depend Entirely On Candidate"</a>. <i>Riverside Daily Press</i>. June 17, 1948. p. 3 – via <a href="/wiki/Newspapers.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspapers.com">Newspapers.com</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Riverside+Daily+Press&rft.atitle=Survey+Shows+GOP+Victory+In+Fall+May+Depend+Entirely+On+Candidate&rft.pages=3&rft.date=1948-06-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Farticle%2Friverside-daily-press-survey-shows-gop-v%2F161064707%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1948+United+States+presidential+election" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGallup1983" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Gallup" title="George Gallup">Gallup, George</a> (1983). <i>The 1935-1971 Gallup Poll Public Opinion, Volume I</i>. p. 724.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+1935-1971+Gallup+Poll+Public+Opinion%2C+Volume+I&rft.pages=724&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Gallup&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1948+United+States+presidential+election" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGallup1983" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Gallup" title="George Gallup">Gallup, George</a> (1983). <i>The 1935-1971 Gallup Poll Public Opinion, Volume I</i>. p. 724.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+1935-1971+Gallup+Poll+Public+Opinion%2C+Volume+I&rft.pages=724&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Gallup&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1948+United+States+presidential+election" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGallup1983" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Gallup" title="George Gallup">Gallup, George</a> (1983). <i>The 1935-1971 Gallup Poll Public Opinion, Volume I</i>. p. 699.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+1935-1971+Gallup+Poll+Public+Opinion%2C+Volume+I&rft.pages=699&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Gallup&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1948+United+States+presidential+election" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGallup1983" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Gallup" title="George Gallup">Gallup, George</a> (1983). <i>The 1935-1971 Gallup Poll Public Opinion, Volume I</i>. p. 662.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+1935-1971+Gallup+Poll+Public+Opinion%2C+Volume+I&rft.pages=662&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Gallup&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1948+United+States+presidential+election" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gary A. Donaldson, <i>Truman Defeats Dewey</i> (The University Press of Kentucky, 1999), p. 173, quoting the <i><a href="/wiki/The_Courier-Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="The Courier-Journal">Louisville Courier-Journal</a></i>, November 18, 1948.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(Abels, p. 191)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(Abels, p. 165)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(Abels, p. 237)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(Abels, p. 194)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Manchester,_p._460-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Manchester,_p._460_89-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Manchester,_p._460_89-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">(Manchester, p. 460)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(Manchester, p. 461)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(Manchester, p. 465)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_92-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_92-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_92-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_92-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_92-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">(Manchester, p. 466)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(Abels, p. 275)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Manchester,_p._463-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Manchester,_p._463_94-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Manchester,_p._463_94-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Manchester,_p._463_94-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">(Manchester, p. 463)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Abels,_p._261-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Abels,_p._261_95-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abels,_p._261_95-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abels,_p._261_95-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abels,_p._261_95-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">(Abels, p. 261)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(Smith, p. 20)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(Manchester, p. 453)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(Ross, p. 241)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ross,_p._242-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ross,_p._242_99-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ross,_p._242_99-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">(Ross, p. 242)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(Manchester, p. 469)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(Ross, p. 240-243)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto1-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_102-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_102-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_102-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">(Manchester, p. 471)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081207041433/http://www.americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/ah/1968/4/1968_4_22.shtml">"americanheritage.com"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/ah/1968/4/1968_4_22.shtml">the original</a> on December 7, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 8,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=americanheritage.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanheritage.com%2Farticles%2Fmagazine%2Fah%2F1968%2F4%2F1968_4_22.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1948+United+States+presidential+election" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurphy1974" class="citation book cs1">Murphy, Paul (1974). <i>Political Parties In American History, Volume 3, 1890-present</i>. <a href="/wiki/G._P._Putnam%27s_Sons" title="G. P. Putnam's Sons">G. P. Putnam's Sons</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+Parties+In+American+History%2C+Volume+3%2C+1890-present&rft.pub=G.+P.+Putnam%27s+Sons&rft.date=1974&rft.aulast=Murphy&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1948+United+States+presidential+election" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidt1960233-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmidt1960233_105-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchmidt1960">Schmidt 1960</a>, p. 233.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lubell1956-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lubell1956_106-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLubell,_Samuel1956" class="citation book cs1">Lubell, Samuel (1956). <i>The Future of American Politics</i> (2nd ed.). Anchor Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">62–</span>63, <span class="nowrap">170–</span>172, <span class="nowrap">224–</span>227. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL6193934M">6193934M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Future+of+American+Politics&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E62-%3C%2Fspan%3E63%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E170-%3C%2Fspan%3E172%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E224-%3C%2Fspan%3E227&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Anchor+Press&rft.date=1956&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL6193934M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.au=Lubell%2C+Samuel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1948+United+States+presidential+election" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(Abels, p. 142)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnsonPrints2020" class="citation news cs1">Johnson, Theodore R.; Prints, Posters by Kennedy (September 16, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/09/16/magazine/black-vote.html">"How the Black Vote Became a Political Monolith"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=How+the+Black+Vote+Became+a+Political+Monolith&rft.date=2020-09-16&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Theodore+R.&rft.au=Prints%2C+Posters+by+Kennedy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2020%2F09%2F16%2Fmagazine%2Fblack-vote.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1948+United+States+presidential+election" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOstermeier2016" class="citation news cs1">Ostermeier, Eric (October 13, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://editions.lib.umn.edu/smartpolitics/2016/10/13/evan-mcmullin-could-set-mark-for-weakest-national-popular-vote-by-candidate-to-win-a-state/">"Evan McMullin Could Set Mark for Weakest National Popular Vote by Candidate to Win a State"</a>. <i>Smart Politics</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Smart+Politics&rft.atitle=Evan+McMullin+Could+Set+Mark+for+Weakest+National+Popular+Vote+by+Candidate+to+Win+a+State&rft.date=2016-10-13&rft.aulast=Ostermeier&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feditions.lib.umn.edu%2Fsmartpolitics%2F2016%2F10%2F13%2Fevan-mcmullin-could-set-mark-for-weakest-national-popular-vote-by-candidate-to-win-a-state%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1948+United+States+presidential+election" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.uk/government/history/past-prime-ministers/winston-churchill">"History of Sir Winston Churchill"</a>. <i>www.gov.uk</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.gov.uk&rft.atitle=History+of+Sir+Winston+Churchill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.uk%2Fgovernment%2Fhistory%2Fpast-prime-ministers%2Fwinston-churchill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1948+United+States+presidential+election" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biographyonline.net/politicians/charles_de_gaulle.html">"Charles de Gaulle"</a>. <i>Biography Online</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Biography+Online&rft.atitle=Charles+de+Gaulle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biographyonline.net%2Fpoliticians%2Fcharles_de_gaulle.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1948+United+States+presidential+election" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archives.gov/electoral-college/1948#certificates">"Electoral College Box Scores 1789–1996"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Archives_and_Records_Administration" title="National Archives and Records Administration">National Archives and Records Administration</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 1,</span> 2005</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Electoral+College+Box+Scores+1789%E2%80%931996&rft.pub=National+Archives+and+Records+Administration&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.archives.gov%2Felectoral-college%2F1948%23certificates&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1948+United+States+presidential+election" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A Tennessee faithless elector voted for Thurmond/Wright</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/data.php?year=1948&datatype=national&def=1&f=0&off=0&elect=0">"1948 Presidential General Election Data – National"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 8,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1948+Presidential+General+Election+Data+%E2%80%93+National&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fuselectionatlas.org%2FRESULTS%2Fdata.php%3Fyear%3D1948%26datatype%3Dnational%26def%3D1%26f%3D0%26off%3D0%26elect%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1948+United+States+presidential+election" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-split_tickets-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-split_tickets_117-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-split_tickets_117-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://clerk.house.gov/member_info/electionInfo/1948election.pdf">"Statistics of the Presidential and Congressional Election of November 2, 1948"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Official website of the Office of the Clerk of the House of Representatives</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://clerk.house.gov/member_info/electionInfo/1948election.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on October 9, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 29,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Official+website+of+the+Office+of+the+Clerk+of+the+House+of+Representatives&rft.atitle=Statistics+of+the+Presidential+and+Congressional+Election+of+November+2%2C+1948&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fclerk.house.gov%2Fmember_info%2FelectionInfo%2F1948election.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1948+United+States+presidential+election" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/data.php?year=1948&datatype=national&def=1&f=0&off=0&elect=0">"1948 Presidential General Election Data – National"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 8,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1948+Presidential+General+Election+Data+%E2%80%93+National&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fuselectionatlas.org%2FRESULTS%2Fdata.php%3Fyear%3D1948%26datatype%3Dnational%26def%3D1%26f%3D0%26off%3D0%26elect%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1948+United+States+presidential+election" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_119-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_119-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_119-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_119-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.fairvote.org/faithless.htm#1948">"The Electoral College - "Faithless Electors"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>archive.fairvote.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 5,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=archive.fairvote.org&rft.atitle=The+Electoral+College+-+%22Faithless+Electors%22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.fairvote.org%2Ffaithless.htm%231948&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1948+United+States+presidential+election" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_120-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_120-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archives.gov/electoral-college/electors">"About the Electors"</a>. <i>National Archives</i>. August 27, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 5,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Archives&rft.atitle=About+the+Electors&rft.date=2019-08-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.archives.gov%2Felectoral-college%2Felectors&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1948+United+States+presidential+election" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrederickson2003" class="citation book cs1">Frederickson, Kari (January 14, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_Y0MCgAAQBAJ&q=dixiecrat+1948+convention"><i>The Dixiecrat Revolt and the End of the Solid South, 1932-1968</i></a>. Univ of North Carolina Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-7544-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-7544-5"><bdi>978-0-8078-7544-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dixiecrat+Revolt+and+the+End+of+the+Solid+South%2C+1932-1968&rft.pub=Univ+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2003-01-14&rft.isbn=978-0-8078-7544-5&rft.aulast=Frederickson&rft.aufirst=Kari&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_Y0MCgAAQBAJ%26q%3Ddixiecrat%2B1948%2Bconvention&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1948+United+States+presidential+election" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1948_United_States_presidential_election&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Works cited"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmidt1960" class="citation book cs1">Schmidt, Karl (1960). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/henryawallacequi0000karl"><i>Henry A. Wallace: Quixotic Crusade 1948</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Syracuse_University_Press" title="Syracuse University Press">Syracuse University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8156-0020-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8156-0020-6"><bdi>978-0-8156-0020-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Henry+A.+Wallace%3A+Quixotic+Crusade+1948&rft.pub=Syracuse+University+Press&rft.date=1960&rft.isbn=978-0-8156-0020-6&rft.aulast=Schmidt&rft.aufirst=Karl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhenryawallacequi0000karl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1948+United+States+presidential+election" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1948_United_States_presidential_election&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Abels, Jules. <i>Out of the Jaws of Victory</i>, New York: Henry Holt and Company (1959)</li> <li>Baime, Albert J. <i>Dewey Defeats Truman: The 1948 Election and the Battle for America's Soul</i> (Houghton Mifflin, 2020).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBassThompson2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jack_Bass" title="Jack Bass">Bass, Jack</a>; <a href="/wiki/Marilyn_W._Thompson" title="Marilyn W. Thompson">Thompson, Marilyn W.</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/stromcomplicated00bass"><i>Strom: The Complicated Personal and Political Life of Strom Thurmond</i></a>. New York: Public Affairs. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58648-297-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-58648-297-1"><bdi>1-58648-297-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Strom%3A+The+Complicated+Personal+and+Political+Life+of+Strom+Thurmond&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Public+Affairs&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1-58648-297-1&rft.aulast=Bass&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft.au=Thompson%2C+Marilyn+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstromcomplicated00bass&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1948+United+States+presidential+election" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowen2011" class="citation book cs1">Bowen, Michael (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=33KPbpldfnMC"><i>The Roots of Modern Conservatism: Dewey, Taft, and the Battle for the Soul of the Republican Party</i></a>. University of North Carolina Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780807834855" title="Special:BookSources/9780807834855"><bdi>9780807834855</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Roots+of+Modern+Conservatism%3A+Dewey%2C+Taft%2C+and+the+Battle+for+the+Soul+of+the+Republican+Party&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780807834855&rft.aulast=Bowen&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D33KPbpldfnMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1948+United+States+presidential+election" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Busch, Andrew E. <i>Truman's Triumphs: The 1948 Election and the Making of Postwar America</i>, Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas, 2012.</li> <li>Cohodas, Nadine. <i>Strom Thurmond & the Politics of Southern Change</i> (1995)</li> <li>Devine, Thomas W. <i>Henry Wallace's 1948 Presidential Campaign and the Future of Postwar Liberalism</i>, Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 2013.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDivine1972" class="citation journal cs1">Divine, Robert A. (1972). "The Cold War and the Election of 1948". <i>Journal of American History</i>. <b>59</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">90–</span>110. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1888388">10.2307/1888388</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1888388">1888388</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+American+History&rft.atitle=The+Cold+War+and+the+Election+of+1948&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E90-%3C%2Fspan%3E110&rft.date=1972&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1888388&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1888388%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Divine&rft.aufirst=Robert+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1948+United+States+presidential+election" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Divine, Robert A. <i>Foreign policy and U.S. presidential elections, 1940-1948</i> (1974) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/foreignpolicyusp0000divi">online</a> pp. 167–276 on 1948.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonaldson1999" class="citation book cs1">Donaldson, Gary A. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/trumandefeatsdew00dona"><i>Truman Defeats Dewey</i></a>. Lexington, KY: University Press of Kentucky. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8131-2075-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8131-2075-6"><bdi>0-8131-2075-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Truman+Defeats+Dewey&rft.place=Lexington%2C+KY&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kentucky&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-8131-2075-6&rft.aulast=Donaldson&rft.aufirst=Gary+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftrumandefeatsdew00dona&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1948+United+States+presidential+election" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Frederickson, Kari. <i>The Dixiecrat Revolt and the End of the Solid South, 1932–1968</i> (2001) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/book-the-dixiecrat-revolt-and-the-end-of-the-solid-south">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGullan1998" class="citation book cs1">Gullan, Harold I. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/upsetthatwasntha00gull"><i>The Upset That Wasn't: Harry S. Truman and the Crucial Election of 1948</i></a>. Chicago: Ivan R. Dee. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56663-206-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-56663-206-4"><bdi>1-56663-206-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Upset+That+Wasn%27t%3A+Harry+S.+Truman+and+the+Crucial+Election+of+1948&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=Ivan+R.+Dee&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=1-56663-206-4&rft.aulast=Gullan&rft.aufirst=Harold+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fupsetthatwasntha00gull&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1948+United+States+presidential+election" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Heersink, Boris, and Peterson, Brenton D. "Truman defeats Dewey: The effect of campaign visits on election outcomes", <i>Electoral Studies</i> 49 (2017): 49–64. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Brenton-Peterson/publication/315705092_Truman_defeats_Dewey_The_effect_of_campaign_visits_on_election_outcomes/links/5a5e677c458515c03ee0b32d/Truman-defeats-Dewey-The-effect-of-campaign-visits-on-election-outcomes.pdf">online</a></li> <li>Johnstone, Andrew, and Priest, Andrew (eds.) <i>US Presidential Elections and Foreign Policy: Candidates, Campaigns, and Global Politics from FDR to Bill Clinton</i> (2017), pp. 61–81. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/book/50578/">online</a></li> <li>Jonas, Frank H. "The 1948 Elections in Utah", <i>Western Political Quarterly</i> 2#1 1949, pp. 124–127. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307/442345">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarabell1948" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Zachary_Karabell" title="Zachary Karabell">Karabell, Zachary</a> (1948). <i>The Last Campaign: How Harry Truman Won the 1948 Election</i>. New York: Knopf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-375-40086-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-375-40086-9"><bdi>0-375-40086-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Last+Campaign%3A+How+Harry+Truman+Won+the+1948+Election&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Knopf&rft.date=1948&rft.isbn=0-375-40086-9&rft.aulast=Karabell&rft.aufirst=Zachary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1948+United+States+presidential+election" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="width: 210px; clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External videos</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/video/?157020-1/last-campaign-harry-truman-won-1948-election"><i>Booknotes</i> interview with Zachary Karabell on <i>The Last Campaign: How Harry Truman Won the 1948 Election</i>, June 4, 2000</a>, <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>Karlin, Jules Alexander. "The 1948 Elections in Montana", <i>Western Political Quarterly</i> 2#1 1949, pp. 109–113. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307/442341">online</a></li> <li>Kelso, Paul. "The 1948 Elections in Arizona", <i>Western Political Quarterly</i> 2#1 1949, pp. 92–96. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307/442337">online</a></li> <li>Kirby, Alec. "'A Major Contender': Harold Stassen and the Politics of American Presidential Nominations", <i>Minnesota History</i> 55.4 (1996): 150–165.</li> <li>Manchester, William. (1975). <i>The Glory and the Dream: A Narrative History of America, 1932–1972</i>, New York: Bantam Books. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/glorydreamnarrat00manc">online</a></li> <li>Martin, Boyd A. "The 1948 Elections in Idaho", <i>Western Political Quarterly</i> 2#1 1949, pp. 105–108. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307/442340">online</a></li> <li>Mosteller, Frederick. "Why Did Dewey Beat Truman in the Pre-election Polls of 1948?", in <i>The Pleasures of Statistics</i> (Springer, New York, 2010) pp. 5–17.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatterson1972" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_T._Patterson_(historian)" title="James T. Patterson (historian)">Patterson, James T.</a> (1972). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mrrepublicanbiog00patt_0"><i>Mr. Republican: a biography of Robert A. Taft</i></a></span>. Houghton Mifflin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780395139387" title="Special:BookSources/9780395139387"><bdi>9780395139387</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mr.+Republican%3A+a+biography+of+Robert+A.+Taft&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=9780395139387&rft.aulast=Patterson&rft.aufirst=James+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmrrepublicanbiog00patt_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1948+United+States+presidential+election" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPietrusza2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Pietrusza" title="David Pietrusza">Pietrusza, David W.</a> (2011). <i>1948: Harry Truman's Improbable Victory and the Year that Changed America</i>. New York: Union Square Press (Sterling Publishing). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4027-6748-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4027-6748-7"><bdi>978-1-4027-6748-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1948%3A+Harry+Truman%27s+Improbable+Victory+and+the+Year+that+Changed+America&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Union+Square+Press+%28Sterling+Publishing%29&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4027-6748-7&rft.aulast=Pietrusza&rft.aufirst=David+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1948+United+States+presidential+election" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReinhard1983" class="citation book cs1">Reinhard, David W. (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/republicanrights00rein"><i>The Republican Right since 1945</i></a>. Lexington, KY: University Press of Kentucky. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8131-1484-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8131-1484-5"><bdi>0-8131-1484-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Republican+Right+since+1945&rft.place=Lexington%2C+KY&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kentucky&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=0-8131-1484-5&rft.aulast=Reinhard&rft.aufirst=David+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frepublicanrights00rein&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1948+United+States+presidential+election" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Ross, Irwin. <i>The Loneliest Campaign: The Truman Victory of 1948</i>, New York: New American Library, 1968.</li> <li>Schumacher, Waldo. "The 1948 Elections in Oregon", <i>Western Political Quarterly</i> 2#1 1949, pp. 121–123. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307/442344">online</a></li> <li>Sitkoff, Harvard. "Harry Truman and the Election of 1948: The Coming of Age of Civil Rights in American Politics", <i>Journal of Southern History</i> Vol. 37, No. 4 (November 1971), pp. 597–616. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2206548">2206548</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1984" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Norton_Smith" title="Richard Norton Smith">Smith, Richard Norton</a> (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/thomasedeweyhist00smit_0"><i>Thomas E. Dewey and His Times</i></a>. New York: Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-671-41741-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-671-41741-X"><bdi>0-671-41741-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thomas+E.+Dewey+and+His+Times&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-671-41741-X&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Richard+Norton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fthomasedeweyhist00smit_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1948+United+States+presidential+election" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Titus, Charles H., and Nixon, Charles R. "The 1948 Elections in California", <i>Western Political Quarterly</i> 2#1 1949, pp. 97–102. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307/442338">online</a></li> <li>Topping, Simon. "'Never argue with the Gallup Poll': Thomas Dewey, Civil Rights and the Election of 1948", <i>Journal of American Studies</i> 38.2 (2004): 179–198. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.archive.org/work/4mtutxkd3fclxlz2t2dfp4la4m/access/wayback/https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/1417ECF38D165455C09ADA38B81956CC/S0021875804008400a.pdf/div-class-title-never-argue-with-the-gallup-poll-thomas-dewey-civil-rights-and-the-election-of-1948-div.pdf">online</a></li> <li>Tuttle, Daniel W. "The 1948 Elections in Wyoming", <i>Western Political Quarterly</i> 2#1 1949, pp. 132–134. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307/442347">online</a></li> <li>Webster, Donald H. "The 1948 Elections in Washington", <i>Western Political Quarterly</i> 2#1 1949, pp. 128–131. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307/442346">online</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1948_United_States_presidential_election&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Primary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Gallup" title="George Gallup">Gallup, George H.</a> (ed.) <i>The Gallup Poll, Volume One 1935–1948</i> (1972) statistical reports on each poll <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/galluppollpublic0001gall/page/n7/mode/2up">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMosteller1949" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Mosteller" title="Frederick Mosteller">Mosteller, Frederick</a> (1949). <i>The Pre-Election Polls of 1948: Report to the Committee on Analysis of Pre-Election Polls and Forecasts</i>. New York: Social Science Research Council.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pre-Election+Polls+of+1948%3A+Report+to+the+Committee+on+Analysis+of+Pre-Election+Polls+and+Forecasts&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Social+Science+Research+Council&rft.date=1949&rft.aulast=Mosteller&rft.aufirst=Frederick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1948+United+States+presidential+election" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeal2003" class="citation book cs1">Neal, Steve (2003). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/miracleof48harry0000trum"><i>Miracle of '48: Harry Truman's Major Campaign Speeches & Selected Whistle-Stops</i></a></span>. Southern Illinois University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8093-2557-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8093-2557-8"><bdi>0-8093-2557-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Miracle+of+%2748%3A+Harry+Truman%27s+Major+Campaign+Speeches+%26+Selected+Whistle-Stops&rft.pub=Southern+Illinois+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-8093-2557-8&rft.aulast=Neal&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmiracleof48harry0000trum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1948+United+States+presidential+election" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Chester, Edward W. <i>A guide to political platforms</i> (1977) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/guidetopolitical0000ches">online</a></li> <li>Porter, Kirk H., and Johnson, Donald Bruce (eds.) <i>National party platforms, 1840-1964</i> (1965) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nationalpartypla00port">online 1840-1956</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1948_United_States_presidential_election&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Scholia_logo.svg/40px-Scholia_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Scholia_logo.svg/60px-Scholia_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Scholia_logo.svg/80px-Scholia_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="107" data-file-height="104" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:Scholia" class="extiw" title="d:Wikidata:Scholia">Scholia</a> has a <i>topic</i> profile for <i><b><a href="https://iw.toolforge.org/scholia/topic/Q568973" class="extiw" title="toolforge:scholia/topic/Q568973">1948 United States presidential election</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://geoelections.free.fr/USA/elec_comtes/1948.htm">1948 popular vote by counties</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081201053455/http://www.multied.com/elections/1948state.html">1948 State-by-state Popular vote</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303222523/http://www.countingthevotes.com/1948/">Election of 1948 in Counting the Votes</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://americanarchive.org/catalog/cpb-aacip-526-7p8tb0zz5h">"Journeys; Give 'em Hell, Harry! The Truman-Dewey Campaign of 1948"</a>, 1980-10-10, The Walter J. Brown Media Archives & Peabody Awards Collection at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Georgia" title="University of Georgia">University of Georgia</a>, <a href="/wiki/American_Archive_of_Public_Broadcasting" title="American Archive of Public Broadcasting">American Archive of Public Broadcasting</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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aria-labelledby="State_and_district_results_of_the_1948_United_States_presidential_election119" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:State_results_of_the_1948_U.S._presidential_election" title="Template:State results of the 1948 U.S. presidential election"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:State_results_of_the_1948_U.S._presidential_election" title="Template talk:State results of the 1948 U.S. presidential election"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:State_results_of_the_1948_U.S._presidential_election" title="Special:EditPage/Template:State results of the 1948 U.S. presidential election"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="State_and_district_results_of_the_1948_United_States_presidential_election119" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">State and district results of the <a class="mw-selflink selflink">1948 United States presidential election</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_Alabama" title="1948 United States presidential election in Alabama">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_Arizona" title="1948 United States presidential election in Arizona">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_Arkansas" title="1948 United States presidential election in Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_California" title="1948 United States presidential election in California">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_Colorado" title="1948 United States presidential election in Colorado">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_Connecticut" title="1948 United States presidential election in Connecticut">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_Delaware" title="1948 United States presidential election in Delaware">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_Florida" title="1948 United States presidential election in Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_Georgia" title="1948 United States presidential election in Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_Idaho" title="1948 United States presidential election in Idaho">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_Illinois" title="1948 United States presidential election in Illinois">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_Indiana" title="1948 United States presidential election in Indiana">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_Iowa" title="1948 United States presidential election in Iowa">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_Kansas" title="1948 United States presidential election in Kansas">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_Kentucky" title="1948 United States presidential election in Kentucky">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_Louisiana" title="1948 United States presidential election in Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_Maine" title="1948 United States presidential election in Maine">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_Maryland" title="1948 United States presidential election in Maryland">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_Massachusetts" title="1948 United States presidential election in Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_Michigan" title="1948 United States presidential election in Michigan">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_Minnesota" title="1948 United States presidential election in Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_Mississippi" title="1948 United States presidential election in Mississippi">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_Missouri" title="1948 United States presidential election in Missouri">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_Montana" title="1948 United States presidential election in Montana">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_Nebraska" title="1948 United States presidential election in Nebraska">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_Nevada" title="1948 United States presidential election in Nevada">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_New_Hampshire" title="1948 United States presidential election in New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_New_Jersey" title="1948 United States presidential election in New Jersey">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_New_Mexico" title="1948 United States presidential election in New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_New_York" title="1948 United States presidential election in New York">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_North_Carolina" title="1948 United States presidential election in North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_North_Dakota" title="1948 United States presidential election in North Dakota">North Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio" title="1948 United States presidential election in Ohio">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_Oklahoma" title="1948 United States presidential election in Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_Oregon" title="1948 United States presidential election in Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_Pennsylvania" title="1948 United States presidential election in Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_Rhode_Island" title="1948 United States presidential election in Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_South_Carolina" title="1948 United States presidential election in South Carolina">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_South_Dakota" title="1948 United States presidential election in South Dakota">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_Tennessee" title="1948 United States presidential election in Tennessee">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_Texas" title="1948 United States presidential election in Texas">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_Utah" title="1948 United States presidential election in Utah">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_Vermont" title="1948 United States presidential election in Vermont">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_Virginia" title="1948 United States presidential election in Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_Washington_(state)" title="1948 United States presidential election in Washington (state)">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_West_Virginia" title="1948 United States presidential election in West Virginia">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_Wisconsin" title="1948 United States presidential election in Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_Wyoming" title="1948 United States presidential election in Wyoming">Wyoming</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px;padding-left:1.5em;"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ElectoralCollege1948.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Electoral map, 1948 election"><img alt="Electoral map, 1948 election" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/ElectoralCollege1948.svg/150px-ElectoralCollege1948.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/ElectoralCollege1948.svg/225px-ElectoralCollege1948.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/ElectoralCollege1948.svg/300px-ElectoralCollege1948.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1020" data-file-height="593" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="(←_1944)_1948_United_States_presidential_election_(→_1952)465" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1948_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template:1948 United States presidential election"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1948_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template talk:1948 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1948_United_States_presidential_election" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1948 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="(←_1944)_1948_United_States_presidential_election_(→_1952)465" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">(<a href="/wiki/1944_United_States_presidential_election" title="1944 United States presidential election">← 1944</a>) <a class="mw-selflink selflink">1948 United States presidential election</a> (<a href="/wiki/1952_United_States_presidential_election" title="1952 United States presidential election">→ 1952</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #3333FF;"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1948_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1948 Democratic National Convention">Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1948 Democratic Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Incumbent nominee: <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman_1948_presidential_campaign" title="Harry S. Truman 1948 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Alben_W._Barkley" title="Alben W. Barkley">Alben W. Barkley</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Other candidates:</b> <a href="/wiki/Harley_M._Kilgore" title="Harley M. Kilgore">Harley M. Kilgore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Russell_Jr." title="Richard Russell Jr.">Richard Russell Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Wallace" title="Henry A. Wallace">Henry A. Wallace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #E81B23;"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1948_Republican_National_Convention" title="1948 Republican National Convention">Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1948 Republican Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._Dewey" title="Thomas E. Dewey">Thomas E. Dewey</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Earl_Warren" title="Earl Warren">Earl Warren</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Other candidates:</b> <a href="/wiki/Riley_A._Bender" title="Riley A. Bender">Riley A. Bender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_E._Hitchcock" title="Herbert E. Hitchcock">Herbert E. Hitchcock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur" title="Douglas MacArthur">Douglas MacArthur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_W._Martin_Jr." title="Joseph W. Martin Jr.">Joseph W. Martin Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Martin_(Pennsylvania_politician)" title="Edward Martin (Pennsylvania politician)">Edward Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leverett_Saltonstall" title="Leverett Saltonstall">Leverett Saltonstall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Stassen" title="Harold Stassen">Harold Stassen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Vandenberg" title="Arthur Vandenberg">Arthur Vandenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Taft" title="Robert A. Taft">Robert A. Taft</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FF9955;"><b><a href="/wiki/Dixiecrat" title="Dixiecrat">States' Rights Democratic Party</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dixiecrat#1948_presidential_election" title="Dixiecrat">Convention</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Strom_Thurmond" title="Strom Thurmond">Strom Thurmond</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Fielding_L._Wright" title="Fielding L. Wright">Fielding L. Wright</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Other_third-party_and_independent_candidates358" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other <a href="/wiki/Third_party_(U.S._politics)" title="Third party (U.S. politics)">third-party</a> and <a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">independent</a> candidates</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FF00FF;"><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_Party" title="Prohibition Party">Prohibition Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Claude_A._Watson" title="Claude A. Watson">Claude A. Watson</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Dale_H._Learn" title="Dale H. Learn">Dale H. Learn</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #5FD170;"><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(United_States,_1948)" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive Party (United States, 1948)">Progressive Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Wallace" title="Henry A. Wallace">Henry A. Wallace</a></b></li> <li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Glen_H._Taylor" title="Glen H. Taylor">Glen H. Taylor</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #CD3700;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Party of America">Socialist Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Norman_Thomas" title="Norman Thomas">Norman Thomas</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Tucker_P._Smith" title="Tucker P. Smith">Tucker P. Smith</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #AA0000;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Workers_Party_(United_States)" title="Socialist Workers Party (United States)">Socialist Workers Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Farrell_Dobbs" title="Farrell Dobbs">Farrell Dobbs</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Grace_Carlson" title="Grace Carlson">Grace Carlson</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #DDDDBB;"><a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Independents</a> and other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Gerald_L._K._Smith" title="Gerald L. K. Smith">Gerald L. K. Smith</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b>Other 1948 elections</b>: <a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1948 United States House of Representatives elections">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_Senate_elections" title="1948 United States Senate elections">Senate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_presidential_elections584" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_presidential_elections" title="Template:United States presidential elections"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_presidential_elections" title="Template talk:United States presidential elections"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_presidential_elections" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States presidential elections"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_presidential_elections584" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election" title="United States presidential election">United States presidential elections</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elections by year</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1788%E2%80%9389_United_States_presidential_election" title="1788–89 United States presidential election">1788–89</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1792_United_States_presidential_election" title="1792 United States presidential election">1792</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1796_United_States_presidential_election" title="1796 United States presidential election">1796</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1800_United_States_presidential_election" title="1800 United States presidential election">1800</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1804_United_States_presidential_election" title="1804 United States presidential election">1804</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1808_United_States_presidential_election" title="1808 United States presidential election">1808</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1812_United_States_presidential_election" title="1812 United States presidential election">1812</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1816_United_States_presidential_election" title="1816 United States presidential election">1816</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1820_United_States_presidential_election" title="1820 United States presidential election">1820</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1824_United_States_presidential_election" title="1824 United States presidential election">1824</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1828_United_States_presidential_election" title="1828 United States presidential election">1828</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1832_United_States_presidential_election" title="1832 United States presidential election">1832</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1836_United_States_presidential_election" title="1836 United States presidential election">1836</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1840_United_States_presidential_election" title="1840 United States presidential election">1840</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1844_United_States_presidential_election" title="1844 United States presidential election">1844</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1848_United_States_presidential_election" title="1848 United States presidential election">1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1852_United_States_presidential_election" title="1852 United States presidential election">1852</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1856_United_States_presidential_election" title="1856 United States presidential election">1856</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_presidential_election" title="1860 United States presidential election">1860</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1864_United_States_presidential_election" title="1864 United States presidential election">1864</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_United_States_presidential_election" title="1868 United States presidential election">1868</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_United_States_presidential_election" title="1872 United States presidential election">1872</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_United_States_presidential_election" title="1876 United States presidential election">1876</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1880_United_States_presidential_election" title="1880 United States presidential election">1880</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1884_United_States_presidential_election" title="1884 United States presidential election">1884</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1888_United_States_presidential_election" title="1888 United States presidential election">1888</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1892_United_States_presidential_election" title="1892 United States presidential election">1892</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1896_United_States_presidential_election" title="1896 United States presidential election">1896</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1900_United_States_presidential_election" title="1900 United States presidential election">1900</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1904_United_States_presidential_election" title="1904 United States presidential election">1904</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1908_United_States_presidential_election" title="1908 United States presidential election">1908</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1912_United_States_presidential_election" title="1912 United States presidential election">1912</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1916_United_States_presidential_election" title="1916 United States presidential election">1916</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1920_United_States_presidential_election" title="1920 United States presidential election">1920</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1924_United_States_presidential_election" title="1924 United States presidential election">1924</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_United_States_presidential_election" title="1928 United States presidential election">1928</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1932_United_States_presidential_election" title="1932 United States presidential election">1932</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1936_United_States_presidential_election" title="1936 United States presidential election">1936</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1940_United_States_presidential_election" title="1940 United States presidential election">1940</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1944_United_States_presidential_election" title="1944 United States presidential election">1944</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">1948</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_United_States_presidential_election" title="1952 United States presidential election">1952</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_United_States_presidential_election" title="1956 United States presidential election">1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_presidential_election" title="1960 United States presidential election">1960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election" title="1964 United States presidential election">1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_United_States_presidential_election" title="1968 United States presidential election">1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_United_States_presidential_election" title="1972 United States presidential election">1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_United_States_presidential_election" title="1976 United States presidential election">1976</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_presidential_election" title="1980 United States presidential election">1980</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_United_States_presidential_election" title="1984 United States presidential election">1984</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_United_States_presidential_election" title="1988 United States presidential election">1988</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_United_States_presidential_election" title="1992 United States presidential election">1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_United_States_presidential_election" title="1996 United States presidential election">1996</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_presidential_election" title="2000 United States presidential election">2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_United_States_presidential_election" title="2004 United States presidential election">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_United_States_presidential_election" title="2008 United States presidential election">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_United_States_presidential_election" title="2012 United States presidential election">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="2016 United States presidential election">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_election" title="2020 United States presidential election">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_United_States_presidential_election" title="2024 United States presidential election">2024</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2028_United_States_presidential_election" title="2028 United States presidential election"><i>2028</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_by_participation_in_United_States_presidential_elections" title="List of states by participation in United States presidential elections">Elections by state</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Alabama" title="United States presidential elections in Alabama">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Alaska" title="United States presidential elections in Alaska">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Arizona" title="United States presidential elections in Arizona">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Arkansas" title="United States presidential elections in Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_California" title="United States presidential elections in California">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Colorado" title="United States presidential elections in Colorado">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Connecticut" title="United States presidential elections in Connecticut">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Delaware" title="United States presidential elections in Delaware">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_the_District_of_Columbia" title="United States presidential elections in the District of Columbia">District of Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Florida" title="United States presidential elections in Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Georgia" title="United States presidential elections in Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Hawaii" title="United States presidential elections in Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Idaho" title="United States presidential elections in Idaho">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Illinois" title="United States presidential elections in Illinois">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Indiana" title="United States presidential elections in Indiana">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Iowa" title="United States presidential elections in Iowa">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Kansas" title="United States presidential elections in Kansas">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Kentucky" title="United States presidential elections in Kentucky">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Louisiana" title="United States presidential elections in Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Maine" title="United States presidential elections in Maine">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Maryland" title="United States presidential elections in Maryland">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Massachusetts" title="United States presidential elections in Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Michigan" title="United States presidential elections in Michigan">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Minnesota" title="United States presidential elections in Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Mississippi" title="United States presidential elections in Mississippi">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Missouri" title="United States presidential elections in Missouri">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Montana" title="United States presidential elections in Montana">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Nebraska" title="United States presidential elections in Nebraska">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Nevada" title="United States presidential elections in Nevada">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_New_Hampshire" title="United States presidential elections in New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_New_Jersey" title="United States presidential elections in New Jersey">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_New_Mexico" title="United States presidential elections in New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_New_York" title="United States presidential elections in New York">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_North_Carolina" title="United States presidential elections in North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_North_Dakota" title="United States presidential elections in North Dakota">North Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Ohio" title="United States presidential elections in Ohio">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Oklahoma" title="United States presidential elections in Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Oregon" title="United States presidential elections in Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Pennsylvania" title="United States presidential elections in Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Rhode_Island" title="United States presidential elections in Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_South_Carolina" title="United States presidential elections in South Carolina">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_South_Dakota" title="United States presidential elections in South Dakota">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Tennessee" title="United States presidential elections in Tennessee">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Texas" title="United States presidential elections in Texas">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Utah" title="United States presidential elections in Utah">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Vermont" title="United States presidential elections in Vermont">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Virginia" title="United States presidential elections in Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Washington_(state)" title="United States presidential elections in Washington (state)">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_West_Virginia" title="United States presidential elections in West Virginia">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Wisconsin" title="United States presidential elections in Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Wyoming" title="United States presidential elections in Wyoming">Wyoming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_primary" title="United States presidential primary">Primaries and caucuses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iowa_caucuses" title="Iowa caucuses">Iowa caucuses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire_presidential_primary" title="New Hampshire presidential primary">New Hampshire presidential primary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevada_presidential_caucuses" title="Nevada presidential caucuses">Nevada presidential caucuses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_presidential_primary" title="South Carolina presidential primary">South Carolina presidential primary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_Tuesday" title="Super Tuesday">Super Tuesday</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_nominating_convention" title="United States presidential nominating convention">Nominating conventions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidential_nominating_conventions_in_the_United_States" title="List of presidential nominating conventions in the United States">List of nominating conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brokered_convention" title="Brokered convention">Brokered convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_bounce" title="Convention bounce">Convention bounce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superdelegate" title="Superdelegate">Superdelegate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Electoral_College" title="United States Electoral College">Electoral College</a><br />and popular vote</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Results <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election_summary" class="mw-redirect" title="United States presidential election summary">summary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_presidential_elections_in_which_the_winner_lost_the_popular_vote" title="List of United States presidential elections in which the winner lost the popular vote">elections in which the winner lost the popular vote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_presidential_elections_by_Electoral_College_margin" title="List of United States presidential elections by Electoral College margin">Electoral College margins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_presidential_election_results_by_state" title="List of United States presidential election results by state">Electoral College results by state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_vote_changes_between_United_States_presidential_elections" title="Electoral vote changes between United States presidential elections">electoral vote changes between elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_who_received_an_electoral_vote_in_the_United_States_Electoral_College" title="List of people who received an electoral vote in the United States Electoral College">electoral vote recipients</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_presidential_candidates_by_number_of_votes_received" title="List of United States presidential candidates by number of votes received">popular votes received</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_presidential_elections_by_popular_vote_margin" title="List of United States presidential elections by popular vote margin">popular-vote margins</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_Count_Act" title="Electoral Count Act">Electoral Count Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Certificate_of_ascertainment" title="Certificate of ascertainment">Certificate of ascertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Certificate_of_vote" class="mw-redirect" title="Certificate of vote">Certificate of vote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contingent_election" title="Contingent election">Contingent election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faithless_elector" title="Faithless elector">Faithless elector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unpledged_elector" title="Unpledged elector">Unpledged elector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voter_turnout_in_United_States_presidential_elections" title="Voter turnout in United States presidential elections">Voter turnout</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._presidential_campaign_slogans" class="mw-redirect" title="List of U.S. presidential campaign slogans">Campaign slogans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polling_for_United_States_presidential_elections" title="Polling for United States presidential elections">Historical election polling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_Day_(United_States)" title="Election Day (United States)">Election Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_major_party_presidential_tickets" title="List of United States major party presidential tickets">Major party tickets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_unsuccessful_major_party_candidates_for_President_of_the_United_States" title="List of unsuccessful major party candidates for President of the United States">Major party losers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_debates" title="United States presidential debates">Presidential debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_surprise" title="October surprise">October surprise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_states_and_blue_states" title="Red states and blue states">Red states and blue states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swing_state" title="Swing state">Swing state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tipping-point_state" title="Tipping-point state">Tipping-point state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_recount" title="Election recount">Election recount</a> (<a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_presidential_election_recount_in_Florida" title="2000 United States presidential election recount in Florida">2000</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_straw_polls_in_Guam" title="United States presidential straw polls in Guam">Guam straw poll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_straw_polls_in_Puerto_Rico" title="United States presidential straw polls in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico straw poll</a></li> <li>Vice presidential confirmations: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1973_United_States_vice_presidential_confirmation" title="1973 United States vice presidential confirmation">1973</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1974_United_States_vice_presidential_confirmation" title="1974 United States vice presidential confirmation">1974</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="Template:United States House of Representatives elections">House elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_Senate_elections" title="Template:United States Senate elections">Senate elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_gubernatorial_elections" title="Template:United States gubernatorial elections">Gubernatorial elections</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Notable_third-party_performances_in_United_States_elections788" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Notable_third-party_performances_in_United_States_elections" title="Template:Notable third-party performances in United States elections"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Notable_third-party_performances_in_United_States_elections" title="Template talk:Notable third-party performances in United States elections"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Notable_third-party_performances_in_United_States_elections" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Notable third-party performances in United States elections"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Notable_third-party_performances_in_United_States_elections788" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_third-party_and_independent_performances_in_United_States_elections" title="List of third-party and independent performances in United States elections">Notable third-party performances in United States elections</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>* Third party is endorsed by a major party</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_third-party_and_independent_performances_in_United_States_presidential_elections" title="List of third-party and independent performances in United States presidential elections">Presidential</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/1788%E2%80%9389_United_States_presidential_election" title="1788–89 United States presidential election">1788–89</a></b>*</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1792_United_States_presidential_election" title="1792 United States presidential election">1792</a></b>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1832_United_States_presidential_election" title="1832 United States presidential election">1832</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1848_United_States_presidential_election" title="1848 United States presidential election">1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1856_United_States_presidential_election" title="1856 United States presidential election">1856</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_presidential_election" title="1860 United States presidential election">1860</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_United_States_presidential_election" title="1872 United States presidential election">1872</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1892_United_States_presidential_election" title="1892 United States presidential election">1892</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1896_United_States_presidential_election" title="1896 United States presidential election">1896</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1912_United_States_presidential_election" title="1912 United States presidential election">1912</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1924_United_States_presidential_election" title="1924 United States presidential election">1924</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">1948</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_presidential_election" title="1960 United States presidential election">1960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_United_States_presidential_election" title="1968 United States presidential election">1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_presidential_election" title="1980 United States presidential election">1980</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_United_States_presidential_election" title="1992 United States presidential election">1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_United_States_presidential_election" title="1996 United States presidential election">1996</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Senatorial (since 1940)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1940_United_States_Senate_election_in_California" title="1940 United States Senate election in California">California 1940</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1940_United_States_Senate_election_in_Minnesota" title="1940 United States Senate election in Minnesota">Minnesota 1940</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1940_United_States_Senate_election_in_North_Dakota" title="1940 United States Senate election in North Dakota">North Dakota 1940</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1940_United_States_Senate_election_in_Wisconsin" title="1940 United States Senate election in Wisconsin">Wisconsin 1940</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1942_United_States_Senate_special_election_in_Minnesota" title="1942 United States Senate special election in Minnesota">Minnesota 1942</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1942_United_States_Senate_election_in_Minnesota" title="1942 United States Senate election in Minnesota">Minnesota 1942</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1942_United_States_Senate_election_in_Nebraska" title="1942 United States Senate election in Nebraska">Nebraska 1942</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1942_United_States_Senate_election_in_Virginia" title="1942 United States Senate election in Virginia">Virginia 1942</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1944_United_States_Senate_election_in_North_Dakota" title="1944 United States Senate election in North Dakota">North Dakota 1944</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1944_United_States_Senate_election_in_Wisconsin" title="1944 United States Senate election in Wisconsin">Wisconsin 1944</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1946_United_States_Senate_elections_in_California" title="1946 United States Senate elections in California">California 1946 (Republican write-in)</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_United_States_Senate_election_in_North_Dakota" title="1946 United States Senate election in North Dakota">North Dakota 1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_United_States_Senate_special_election_in_North_Dakota" title="1946 United States Senate special election in North Dakota">North Dakota 1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_United_States_Senate_election_in_Tennessee" title="1946 United States Senate election in Tennessee">Tennessee 1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_Senate_election_in_Arkansas" class="mw-redirect" title="1948 United States Senate election in Arkansas">Arkansas 1948</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1950_United_States_Senate_election_in_Alabama" title="1950 United States Senate election in Alabama">Alabama 1950</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1950_United_States_Senate_election_in_New_Hampshire" class="mw-redirect" title="1950 United States Senate election in New Hampshire">New Hampshire 1950</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_United_States_Senate_election_in_California" title="1952 United States Senate election in California">California 1952</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_United_States_Senate_election_in_Maine" title="1952 United States Senate election in Maine">Maine 1952</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_United_States_Senate_election_in_New_York" title="1952 United States Senate election in New York">New York 1952</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_United_States_Senate_election_in_North_Dakota" title="1952 United States Senate election in North Dakota">North Dakota 1952</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_United_States_Senate_election_in_Virginia" title="1952 United States Senate election in Virginia">Virginia 1952</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1954_United_States_Senate_election_in_South_Carolina" title="1954 United States Senate election in South Carolina">South Carolina 1954 (Democratic write-in)</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_United_States_Senate_election_in_Virginia" title="1954 United States Senate election in Virginia">Virginia 1954</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1958_United_States_Senate_election_in_Utah" title="1958 United States Senate election in Utah">Utah 1958</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1958_United_States_Senate_election_in_Virginia" title="1958 United States Senate election in Virginia">Virginia 1958</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_Senate_election_in_Virginia" title="1960 United States Senate election in Virginia">Virginia 1960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_United_States_Senate_election_in_Virginia" title="1964 United States Senate election in Virginia">Virginia 1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_United_States_Senate_election_in_Mississippi" title="1966 United States Senate election in Mississippi">Mississippi 1966</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_United_States_Senate_special_election_in_Virginia" title="1966 United States Senate special election in Virginia">Virginia 1966</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_United_States_Senate_election_in_Virginia" title="1966 United States Senate election in Virginia">Virginia 1966</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_United_States_Senate_election_in_Alabama" title="1968 United States Senate election in Alabama">Alabama 1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_United_States_Senate_election_in_Alaska" title="1968 United States Senate election in Alaska">Alaska 1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_United_States_Senate_election_in_Maryland" title="1968 United States Senate election in Maryland">Maryland 1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_United_States_Senate_election_in_New_York" title="1968 United States Senate election in New York">New York 1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_United_States_Senate_election_in_Connecticut" title="1970 United States Senate election in Connecticut">Connecticut 1970</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_United_States_Senate_election_in_Mississippi" title="1970 United States Senate election in Mississippi">Mississippi 1970</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1970_United_States_Senate_election_in_New_York" title="1970 United States Senate election in New York">New York 1970</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1970_United_States_Senate_election_in_Virginia" title="1970 United States Senate election in Virginia">Virginia 1970</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_United_States_Senate_election_in_Louisiana" title="1972 United States Senate election in Louisiana">Louisiana 1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1974_United_States_Senate_election_in_Florida" title="1974 United States Senate election in Florida">Florida 1974</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1974_United_States_Senate_election_in_Hawaii" title="1974 United States Senate election in Hawaii">Hawaii 1974</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1974_United_States_Senate_election_in_Nevada" title="1974 United States Senate election in Nevada">Nevada 1974</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1974_United_States_Senate_election_in_New_York" title="1974 United States Senate election in New York">New York 1974</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1974_United_States_Senate_election_in_Utah" title="1974 United States Senate election in Utah">Utah 1974</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_United_States_Senate_election_in_Minnesota" title="1976 United States Senate election in Minnesota">Minnesota 1976</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1976_United_States_Senate_election_in_Virginia" title="1976 United States Senate election in Virginia">Virginia 1976</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1978_United_States_Senate_election_in_Alabama" title="1978 United States Senate election in Alabama">Alabama 1978</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1978_United_States_Senate_election_in_Arkansas" title="1978 United States Senate election in Arkansas">Arkansas 1978</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1978_United_States_Senate_election_in_Maine" title="1978 United States Senate election in Maine">Maine 1978</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1978_United_States_Senate_election_in_Mississippi" title="1978 United States Senate election in Mississippi">Mississippi 1978</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_Senate_election_in_New_York" title="1980 United States Senate election in New York">New York 1980</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_United_States_Senate_election_in_Washington" title="1982 United States Senate election in Washington">Washington 1982</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_United_States_Senate_election_in_Tennessee" title="1984 United States Senate election in Tennessee">Tennessee 1984</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_United_States_Senate_election_in_Virginia" title="1990 United States Senate election in Virginia">Virginia 1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_United_States_Senate_election_in_Alaska" title="1992 United States Senate election in Alaska">Alaska 1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_United_States_Senate_election_in_Arizona" title="1992 United States Senate election in Arizona">Arizona 1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_United_States_Senate_election_in_Hawaii" title="1992 United States Senate election in Hawaii">Hawaii 1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_United_States_Senate_election_in_Louisiana" title="1992 United States Senate election in Louisiana">Louisiana 1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_United_States_Senate_election_in_Ohio" title="1992 United States Senate election in Ohio">Ohio 1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_United_States_Senate_election_in_Arizona" title="1994 United States Senate election in Arizona">Arizona 1994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_United_States_Senate_election_in_Minnesota" title="1994 United States Senate election in Minnesota">Minnesota 1994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_United_States_Senate_election_in_Ohio" title="1994 United States Senate election in Ohio">Ohio 1994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_United_States_Senate_election_in_Vermont" title="1994 United States Senate election in Vermont">Vermont 1994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_United_States_Senate_election_in_Virginia" title="1994 United States Senate election in Virginia">Virginia 1994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_United_States_Senate_election_in_Alaska" title="1996 United States Senate election in Alaska">Alaska 1996</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_United_States_Senate_election_in_Minnesota" title="1996 United States Senate election in Minnesota">Minnesota 1996</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_Senate_election_in_Arizona" title="2000 United States Senate election in Arizona">Arizona 2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_Senate_election_in_Massachusetts" title="2000 United States Senate election in Massachusetts">Massachusetts 2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_Senate_election_in_Minnesota" title="2000 United States Senate election in Minnesota">Minnesota 2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_United_States_Senate_election_in_Alaska" title="2002 United States Senate election in Alaska">Alaska 2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_United_States_Senate_election_in_Kansas" title="2002 United States Senate election in Kansas">Kansas 2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_United_States_Senate_election_in_Massachusetts" title="2002 United States Senate election in Massachusetts">Massachusetts 2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_United_States_Senate_election_in_Mississippi" title="2002 United States Senate election in Mississippi">Mississippi 2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_United_States_Senate_election_in_Oklahoma" title="2002 United States Senate election in Oklahoma">Oklahoma 2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_United_States_Senate_election_in_Virginia" title="2002 United States Senate election in Virginia">Virginia 2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_United_States_Senate_election_in_Oklahoma" title="2004 United States Senate election in Oklahoma">Oklahoma 2004</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/2006_United_States_Senate_election_in_Connecticut" title="2006 United States Senate election in Connecticut">Connecticut 2006</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_United_States_Senate_election_in_Indiana" title="2006 United States Senate election in Indiana">Indiana 2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_United_States_Senate_election_in_Maine" title="2006 United States Senate election in Maine">Maine 2006</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/2006_United_States_Senate_election_in_Vermont" title="2006 United States Senate election in Vermont">Vermont 2006</a></b>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_United_States_Senate_election_in_Arkansas" title="2008 United States Senate election in Arkansas">Arkansas 2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_United_States_Senate_election_in_Idaho" title="2008 United States Senate election in Idaho">Idaho 2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_United_States_Senate_election_in_Minnesota" title="2008 United States Senate election in Minnesota">Minnesota 2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_United_States_Senate_election_in_Oregon" title="2008 United States Senate election in Oregon">Oregon 2008</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/2010_United_States_Senate_election_in_Alaska" title="2010 United States Senate election in Alaska">Alaska 2010 (Republican write-in)</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_United_States_Senate_election_in_Florida" title="2010 United States Senate election in Florida">Florida 2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_United_States_Senate_election_in_Indiana" title="2010 United States Senate election in Indiana">Indiana 2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_United_States_Senate_election_in_South_Carolina" title="2010 United States Senate election in South Carolina">South Carolina 2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_United_States_Senate_election_in_Utah" title="2010 United States Senate election in Utah">Utah 2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_United_States_Senate_election_in_Indiana" title="2012 United States Senate election in Indiana">Indiana 2012</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/2012_United_States_Senate_election_in_Maine" title="2012 United States Senate election in Maine">Maine 2012</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_United_States_Senate_election_in_Maryland" title="2012 United States Senate election in Maryland">Maryland 2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_United_States_Senate_election_in_Missouri" title="2012 United States Senate election in Missouri">Missouri 2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_United_States_Senate_election_in_Montana" title="2012 United States Senate election in Montana">Montana 2012</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/2012_United_States_Senate_election_in_Vermont" title="2012 United States Senate election in Vermont">Vermont 2012</a></b>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_United_States_Senate_election_in_Kansas" title="2014 United States Senate election in Kansas">Kansas 2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_United_States_Senate_election_in_South_Dakota" title="2014 United States Senate election in South Dakota">South Dakota 2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_United_States_Senate_election_in_Wyoming" title="2014 United States Senate election in Wyoming">Wyoming 2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_Senate_election_in_Alaska" title="2016 United States Senate election in Alaska">Alaska 2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_Senate_election_in_Arizona" title="2016 United States Senate election in Arizona">Arizona 2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_Senate_election_in_Idaho" title="2016 United States Senate election in Idaho">Idaho 2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_Senate_election_in_Indiana" title="2016 United States Senate election in Indiana">Indiana 2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_Senate_election_in_Kansas" title="2016 United States Senate election in Kansas">Kansas 2016</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/2018_United_States_Senate_election_in_Maine" title="2018 United States Senate election in Maine">Maine 2018</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_United_States_Senate_election_in_New_Mexico" title="2018 United States Senate election in New Mexico">New Mexico 2018</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/2018_United_States_Senate_election_in_Vermont" title="2018 United States Senate election in Vermont">Vermont 2018</a></b>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_Senate_election_in_Alaska" title="2020 United States Senate election in Alaska">Alaska 2020</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_Senate_election_in_Arkansas" title="2020 United States Senate election in Arkansas">Arkansas 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_Senate_election_in_Minnesota" title="2020 United States Senate election in Minnesota">Minnesota 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_Senate_election_in_Nebraska" title="2020 United States Senate election in Nebraska">Nebraska 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_United_States_Senate_election_in_Idaho" title="2022 United States Senate election in Idaho">Idaho 2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_United_States_Senate_election_in_North_Dakota" title="2022 United States Senate election in North Dakota">North Dakota 2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_United_States_Senate_election_in_Utah" title="2022 United States Senate election in Utah">Utah 2022</a>*</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/2024_United_States_Senate_election_in_Maine" title="2024 United States Senate election in Maine">Maine 2024</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_United_States_Senate_election_in_Nebraska" title="2024 United States Senate election in Nebraska">Nebraska 2024</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_United_States_Senate_election_in_Utah" title="2024 United States Senate election in Utah">Utah 2024</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/2024_United_States_Senate_election_in_Vermont" title="2024 United States Senate election in Vermont">Vermont 2024</a></b>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_third-party_performances_in_United_States_gubernatorial_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="List of third-party performances in United States gubernatorial elections">Gubernatorial</a> (since 1940)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1940_Minnesota_gubernatorial_election" title="1940 Minnesota gubernatorial election">Minnesota 1940</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1940_Wisconsin_gubernatorial_election" title="1940 Wisconsin gubernatorial election">Wisconsin 1940</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1942_Connecticut_gubernatorial_election" title="1942 Connecticut gubernatorial election">Connecticut 1942</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1942_Minnesota_gubernatorial_election" title="1942 Minnesota gubernatorial election">Minnesota 1942</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1942_New_York_gubernatorial_election" title="1942 New York gubernatorial election">New York 1942</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1942_Wisconsin_gubernatorial_election" title="1942 Wisconsin gubernatorial election">Wisconsin 1942</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1944_North_Dakota_gubernatorial_election" title="1944 North Dakota gubernatorial election">North Dakota 1944</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1944_Wisconsin_gubernatorial_election" title="1944 Wisconsin gubernatorial election">Wisconsin 1944</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_California_gubernatorial_election" title="1946 California gubernatorial election">California 1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1950_Tennessee_gubernatorial_election" title="1950 Tennessee gubernatorial election">Tennessee 1950</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_Maine_gubernatorial_election" title="1952 Maine gubernatorial election">Maine 1952</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_Vermont_gubernatorial_election" title="1952 Vermont gubernatorial election">Vermont 1952</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_Tennessee_gubernatorial_election" title="1954 Tennessee gubernatorial election">Tennessee 1954</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Nebraska_gubernatorial_election" title="1956 Nebraska gubernatorial election">Nebraska 1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Texas_gubernatorial_election" title="1956 Texas gubernatorial election">Texas 1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Utah_gubernatorial_election" title="1956 Utah gubernatorial election">Utah 1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1958_Oklahoma_gubernatorial_election" title="1958 Oklahoma gubernatorial election">Oklahoma 1958</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1958_Tennessee_gubernatorial_election" title="1958 Tennessee gubernatorial election">Tennessee 1958</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_North_Dakota_gubernatorial_election" title="1960 North Dakota gubernatorial election">North Dakota 1960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1962_Tennessee_gubernatorial_election" title="1962 Tennessee gubernatorial election">Tennessee 1962</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1965_Virginia_gubernatorial_election" title="1965 Virginia gubernatorial election">Virginia 1965</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_Alabama_gubernatorial_election" title="1966 Alabama gubernatorial election">Alabama 1966</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_Georgia_gubernatorial_election" title="1966 Georgia gubernatorial election">Georgia 1966</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_Idaho_gubernatorial_election" title="1966 Idaho gubernatorial election">Idaho 1966</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_Maryland_gubernatorial_election" title="1966 Maryland gubernatorial election">Maryland 1966</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_New_York_gubernatorial_election" title="1966 New York gubernatorial election">New York 1966</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_Tennessee_gubernatorial_election" title="1966 Tennessee gubernatorial election">Tennessee 1966</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_Alabama_gubernatorial_election" title="1970 Alabama gubernatorial election">Alabama 1970</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_Arkansas_gubernatorial_election" title="1970 Arkansas gubernatorial election">Arkansas 1970</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_New_Hampshire_gubernatorial_election" title="1970 New Hampshire gubernatorial election">New Hampshire 1970</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_New_York_gubernatorial_election" title="1970 New York gubernatorial election">New York 1970</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Mississippi_gubernatorial_election" title="1971 Mississippi gubernatorial election">Mississippi 1971</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_New_Hampshire_gubernatorial_election" title="1972 New Hampshire gubernatorial election">New Hampshire 1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_Texas_gubernatorial_election" title="1972 Texas gubernatorial election">Texas 1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_Washington_gubernatorial_election" title="1972 Washington gubernatorial election">Washington 1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Virginia_gubernatorial_election" title="1973 Virginia gubernatorial election">Virginia 1973</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1974_Maine_gubernatorial_election" title="1974 Maine gubernatorial election">Maine 1974</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1974_Nebraska_gubernatorial_election" title="1974 Nebraska gubernatorial election">Nebraska 1974</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1974_Nevada_gubernatorial_election" title="1974 Nevada gubernatorial election">Nevada 1974</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1974_Texas_gubernatorial_election" title="1974 Texas gubernatorial election">Texas 1974</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1974_Vermont_gubernatorial_election" title="1974 Vermont gubernatorial election">Vermont 1974</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Vermont_gubernatorial_election" title="1976 Vermont gubernatorial election">Vermont 1976</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1978_Alaska_gubernatorial_election" title="1978 Alaska gubernatorial election">Alaska 1978</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1978_California_gubernatorial_election" title="1978 California gubernatorial election">California 1978</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1978_Maine_gubernatorial_election" title="1978 Maine gubernatorial election">Maine 1978</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1978_Rhode_Island_gubernatorial_election" title="1978 Rhode Island gubernatorial election">Rhode Island 1978</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_Alaska_gubernatorial_election" title="1982 Alaska gubernatorial election">Alaska 1982</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_Arizona_gubernatorial_election" title="1982 Arizona gubernatorial election">Arizona 1982</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_Hawaii_gubernatorial_election" title="1982 Hawaii gubernatorial election">Hawaii 1982</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_Alaska_gubernatorial_election" title="1986 Alaska gubernatorial election">Alaska 1986</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_Arizona_gubernatorial_election" title="1986 Arizona gubernatorial election">Arizona 1986</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_Illinois_gubernatorial_election" title="1986 Illinois gubernatorial election">Illinois 1986</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_Maine_gubernatorial_election" title="1986 Maine gubernatorial election">Maine 1986</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_Oklahoma_gubernatorial_election" title="1986 Oklahoma gubernatorial election">Oklahoma 1986</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_Vermont_gubernatorial_election" title="1986 Vermont gubernatorial election">Vermont 1986</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Utah_gubernatorial_election" title="1988 Utah gubernatorial election">Utah 1988</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1990_Alaska_gubernatorial_election" title="1990 Alaska gubernatorial election">Alaska 1990</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1990_Connecticut_gubernatorial_election" title="1990 Connecticut gubernatorial election">Connecticut 1990</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_Kansas_gubernatorial_election" title="1990 Kansas gubernatorial election">Kansas 1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_Maine_gubernatorial_election" title="1990 Maine gubernatorial election">Maine 1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_New_York_gubernatorial_election" title="1990 New York gubernatorial election">New York 1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_Oklahoma_gubernatorial_election" title="1990 Oklahoma gubernatorial election">Oklahoma 1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_Oregon_gubernatorial_election" title="1990 Oregon gubernatorial election">Oregon 1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Utah_gubernatorial_election" title="1992 Utah gubernatorial election">Utah 1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_West_Virginia_gubernatorial_election" title="1992 West Virginia gubernatorial election">West Virginia 1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_Alaska_gubernatorial_election" title="1994 Alaska gubernatorial election">Alaska 1994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_Connecticut_gubernatorial_election" title="1994 Connecticut gubernatorial election">Connecticut 1994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_Hawaii_gubernatorial_election" title="1994 Hawaii gubernatorial election">Hawaii 1994</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1994_Maine_gubernatorial_election" title="1994 Maine gubernatorial election">Maine 1994</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_New_Mexico_gubernatorial_election" title="1994 New Mexico gubernatorial election">New Mexico 1994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_Oklahoma_gubernatorial_election" title="1994 Oklahoma gubernatorial election">Oklahoma 1994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_Pennsylvania_gubernatorial_election" title="1994 Pennsylvania gubernatorial election">Pennsylvania 1994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_Rhode_Island_gubernatorial_election" title="1994 Rhode Island gubernatorial election">Rhode Island 1994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_Vermont_gubernatorial_election" title="1994 Vermont gubernatorial election">Vermont 1994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_Alaska_gubernatorial_election" title="1998 Alaska gubernatorial election">Alaska 1998</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1998_Maine_gubernatorial_election" title="1998 Maine gubernatorial election">Maine 1998</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1998_Minnesota_gubernatorial_election" title="1998 Minnesota gubernatorial election">Minnesota 1998</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_New_York_gubernatorial_election" title="1998 New York gubernatorial election">New York 1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_Pennsylvania_gubernatorial_election" title="1998 Pennsylvania gubernatorial election">Pennsylvania 1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_Rhode_Island_gubernatorial_election" title="1998 Rhode Island gubernatorial election">Rhode Island 1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_Kentucky_gubernatorial_election" title="1999 Kentucky gubernatorial election">Kentucky 1999</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_New_Hampshire_gubernatorial_election" title="2000 New Hampshire gubernatorial election">New Hampshire 2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_Vermont_gubernatorial_election" title="2000 Vermont gubernatorial election">Vermont 2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_Arizona_gubernatorial_election" title="2002 Arizona gubernatorial election">Arizona 2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_California_gubernatorial_election" title="2002 California gubernatorial election">California 2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_Maine_gubernatorial_election" title="2002 Maine gubernatorial election">Maine 2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_Minnesota_gubernatorial_election" title="2002 Minnesota gubernatorial election">Minnesota 2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_New_Mexico_gubernatorial_election" title="2002 New Mexico gubernatorial election">New Mexico 2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_New_York_gubernatorial_election" title="2002 New York gubernatorial election">New York 2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_Oklahoma_gubernatorial_election" title="2002 Oklahoma gubernatorial election">Oklahoma 2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_Vermont_gubernatorial_election" title="2002 Vermont gubernatorial election">Vermont 2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_Wisconsin_gubernatorial_election" title="2002 Wisconsin gubernatorial election">Wisconsin 2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Alaska_gubernatorial_election" title="2006 Alaska gubernatorial election">Alaska 2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Illinois_gubernatorial_election" title="2006 Illinois gubernatorial election">Illinois 2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Maine_gubernatorial_election" title="2006 Maine gubernatorial election">Maine 2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Massachusetts_gubernatorial_election" title="2006 Massachusetts gubernatorial election">Massachusetts 2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Minnesota_gubernatorial_election" title="2006 Minnesota gubernatorial election">Minnesota 2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Texas_gubernatorial_election" title="2006 Texas gubernatorial election">Texas 2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Louisiana_gubernatorial_election" title="2007 Louisiana gubernatorial election">Louisiana 2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Vermont_gubernatorial_election" title="2008 Vermont gubernatorial election">Vermont 2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_New_Jersey_gubernatorial_election" title="2009 New Jersey gubernatorial election">New Jersey 2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Colorado_gubernatorial_election" title="2010 Colorado gubernatorial election">Colorado 2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Idaho_gubernatorial_election" title="2010 Idaho gubernatorial election">Idaho 2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Maine_gubernatorial_election" title="2010 Maine gubernatorial election">Maine 2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Massachusetts_gubernatorial_election" title="2010 Massachusetts gubernatorial election">Massachusetts 2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Minnesota_gubernatorial_election" title="2010 Minnesota gubernatorial election">Minnesota 2010</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/2010_Rhode_Island_gubernatorial_election" title="2010 Rhode Island gubernatorial election">Rhode Island 2010</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Wyoming_gubernatorial_election" title="2010 Wyoming gubernatorial election">Wyoming 2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Kentucky_gubernatorial_election" title="2011 Kentucky gubernatorial election">Kentucky 2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Virginia_gubernatorial_election" title="2013 Virginia gubernatorial election">Virginia 2013</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/2014_Alaska_gubernatorial_election" title="2014 Alaska gubernatorial election">Alaska 2014</a></b>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Hawaii_gubernatorial_election" title="2014 Hawaii gubernatorial election">Hawaii 2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Maine_gubernatorial_election" title="2014 Maine gubernatorial election">Maine 2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Rhode_Island_gubernatorial_election" title="2014 Rhode Island gubernatorial election">Rhode Island 2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Wyoming_gubernatorial_election" title="2014 Wyoming gubernatorial election">Wyoming 2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Maine_gubernatorial_election" title="2018 Maine gubernatorial election">Maine 2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Kansas_gubernatorial_election" title="2018 Kansas gubernatorial election">Kansas 2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Indiana_gubernatorial_election" title="2020 Indiana gubernatorial election">Indiana 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Vermont_gubernatorial_election" title="2020 Vermont gubernatorial election">Vermont 2020</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Alaska_gubernatorial_election" title="2022 Alaska gubernatorial election">Alaska 2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Idaho_gubernatorial_election" title="2022 Idaho gubernatorial election">Idaho 2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Oregon_gubernatorial_election" title="2022 Oregon gubernatorial election">Oregon 2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_North_Dakota_gubernatorial_election" title="2024 North Dakota gubernatorial election">North Dakota 2024</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Utah_gubernatorial_election" title="2024 Utah gubernatorial election">Utah 2024 (Republican write-in)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Territorial Governors (since 1970)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1970_United_States_Virgin_Islands_gubernatorial_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1970 United States Virgin Islands gubernatorial election">U.S. Virgin Islands 1970</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_Puerto_Rican_general_election" title="1972 Puerto Rican general election">Puerto Rico 1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1974_Washington,_D.C.,_mayoral_election" title="1974 Washington, D.C., mayoral election">District of Columbia 1974</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1974_United_States_Virgin_Islands_gubernatorial_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1974 United States Virgin Islands gubernatorial election">U.S. Virgin Islands 1974</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1978_United_States_Virgin_Islands_gubernatorial_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1978 United States Virgin Islands gubernatorial election">U.S. Virgin Islands 1978</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Puerto_Rican_general_election" title="1980 Puerto Rican general election">Puerto Rico 1980</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_United_States_Virgin_Islands_gubernatorial_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1986 United States Virgin Islands gubernatorial election">U.S. Virgin Islands 1986</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Puerto_Rican_general_election" title="1988 Puerto Rican general election">Puerto Rico 1988</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_United_States_Virgin_Islands_gubernatorial_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1990 United States Virgin Islands gubernatorial election">U.S. Virgin Islands 1990</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1994_United_States_Virgin_Islands_gubernatorial_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1994 United States Virgin Islands gubernatorial election">U.S. Virgin Islands 1994</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_United_States_Virgin_Islands_gubernatorial_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1998 United States Virgin Islands gubernatorial election">U.S. Virgin Islands 1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_Puerto_Rican_general_election" title="2000 Puerto Rican general election">Puerto Rico 2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2001_Northern_Mariana_Islands_gubernatorial_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2001 Northern Mariana Islands gubernatorial election">Northern Mariana Islands 2001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_United_States_Virgin_Islands_gubernatorial_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2002 United States Virgin Islands gubernatorial election">U.S. Virgin Islands 2002</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/2005_Northern_Mariana_Islands_general_election" title="2005 Northern Mariana Islands general election">Northern Mariana Islands 2005</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_United_States_Virgin_Islands_gubernatorial_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2006 United States Virgin Islands gubernatorial election">U.S. Virgin Islands 2006</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/2009_Northern_Mariana_Islands_general_election" title="2009 Northern Mariana Islands general election">Northern Mariana Islands 2009</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Washington,_D.C.,_mayoral_election" title="2010 Washington, D.C., mayoral election">District of Columbia 2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_United_States_Virgin_Islands_gubernatorial_election" title="2010 United States Virgin Islands gubernatorial election">U.S. Virgin Islands 2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Washington,_D.C.,_mayoral_election" title="2014 Washington, D.C., mayoral election">District of Columbia 2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Northern_Mariana_Islands_general_election" title="2014 Northern Mariana Islands general election">Northern Mariana Islands 2014</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/2014_United_States_Virgin_Islands_gubernatorial_election" title="2014 United States Virgin Islands gubernatorial election">U.S. Virgin Islands 2014</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Puerto_Rican_general_election" title="2016 Puerto Rican general election">Puerto Rico 2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Washington,_D.C.,_mayoral_election" title="2018 Washington, D.C., mayoral election">District of Columbia 2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Guamanian_gubernatorial_election" title="2018 Guamanian gubernatorial election">Guam 2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Northern_Mariana_Islands_general_election" title="2018 Northern Mariana Islands general election">Northern Mariana Islands 2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_United_States_Virgin_Islands_gubernatorial_election" title="2018 United States Virgin Islands gubernatorial election">U.S. Virgin Islands 2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Puerto_Rican_general_election" title="2020 Puerto Rican general election">Puerto Rico 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Washington,_D.C.,_mayoral_election" title="2022 Washington, D.C., mayoral election">District of Columbia 2022</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/2022_Northern_Mariana_Islands_general_election" title="2022 Northern Mariana Islands general election">Northern Mariana Islands 2022</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_United_States_Virgin_Islands_gubernatorial_election" title="2022 United States Virgin Islands gubernatorial election">U.S. Virgin Islands 2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Puerto_Rican_general_election" title="2024 Puerto Rican general election">Puerto Rico 2024</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_third-party_performances_in_United_States_state_legislative_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="List of third-party performances in United States state legislative elections">State legislative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_third-party_and_independent_performances_in_Alaska_state_legislative_elections" title="List of third-party and independent performances in Alaska state legislative elections">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_third-party_and_independent_performances_in_Hawaii_state_legislative_elections" title="List of third-party and independent performances in Hawaii state legislative elections">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_third-party_and_independent_performances_in_Louisiana_state_legislative_elections" title="List of third-party and independent performances in Louisiana state legislative elections">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_third-party_and_independent_performances_in_Montana_state_legislative_elections" title="List of third-party and independent performances in Montana state legislative elections">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_third-party_and_independent_performances_in_West_Virginia_state_legislative_elections" title="List of third-party and independent performances in West Virginia state legislative elections">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_third-party_and_independent_performances_in_Wyoming_state_legislative_elections" title="List of third-party and independent performances in Wyoming state legislative elections">Wyoming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Portal:Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_party_(U.S._politics)" title="Third party (U.S. politics)">Third party (U.S. politics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_third-party_and_independent_performances_in_United_States_elections" title="List of third-party and independent performances in United States elections">List of third-party and independent performances in United States elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third-party_and_independent_members_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Third-party and independent members of the United States Congress">Third-party and independent members of the United States Congress</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Socialist_Party_of_America116" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Socialist_Party_of_America" title="Template:Socialist Party of America"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Socialist_Party_of_America" title="Template talk:Socialist Party of America"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Socialist_Party_of_America" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Socialist Party of America"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Socialist_Party_of_America116" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Party of America">Socialist Party of America</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presidential tickets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1904_United_States_presidential_election" title="1904 United States presidential election">1904</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eugene_V._Debs" title="Eugene V. Debs">Debs</a>/<a href="/wiki/Ben_Hanford" title="Ben Hanford">Hanford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1908_United_States_presidential_election" title="1908 United States presidential election">1908</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eugene_V._Debs" title="Eugene V. Debs">Debs</a>/<a href="/wiki/Ben_Hanford" title="Ben Hanford">Hanford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1912_United_States_presidential_election" title="1912 United States presidential election">1912</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eugene_V._Debs" title="Eugene V. Debs">Debs</a>/<a href="/wiki/Emil_Seidel" title="Emil Seidel">Seidel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1916_United_States_presidential_election" title="1916 United States presidential election">1916</a>, <a href="/wiki/Allan_L._Benson" title="Allan L. Benson">Benson</a>/<a href="/wiki/George_Ross_Kirkpatrick" title="George Ross Kirkpatrick">Kirkpatrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1920_United_States_presidential_election" title="1920 United States presidential election">1920</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eugene_V._Debs" title="Eugene V. Debs">Debs</a>/<a href="/wiki/Seymour_Stedman" title="Seymour Stedman">Stedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1924_United_States_presidential_election" title="1924 United States presidential election">1924</a>, Endorsed <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(United_States,_1924%E2%80%931934)" title="Progressive Party (United States, 1924–1934)">Progressive Party ticket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_United_States_presidential_election" title="1928 United States presidential election">1928</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norman_Thomas" title="Norman Thomas">Thomas</a>/<a href="/wiki/James_H._Maurer" title="James H. Maurer">Maurer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1932_United_States_presidential_election" title="1932 United States presidential election">1932</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norman_Thomas" title="Norman Thomas">Thomas</a>/<a href="/wiki/James_H._Maurer" title="James H. Maurer">Maurer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1936_United_States_presidential_election" title="1936 United States presidential election">1936</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norman_Thomas" title="Norman Thomas">Thomas</a>/<a href="/wiki/George_A._Nelson" title="George A. Nelson">Nelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1940_United_States_presidential_election" title="1940 United States presidential election">1940</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norman_Thomas" title="Norman Thomas">Thomas</a>/<a href="/wiki/Maynard_C._Krueger" title="Maynard C. Krueger">Krueger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1944_United_States_presidential_election" title="1944 United States presidential election">1944</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norman_Thomas" title="Norman Thomas">Thomas</a>/<a href="/wiki/Darlington_Hoopes" title="Darlington Hoopes">Hoopes</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">1948</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norman_Thomas" title="Norman Thomas">Thomas</a>/<a href="/wiki/Tucker_P._Smith" title="Tucker P. Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_United_States_presidential_election" title="1952 United States presidential election">1952</a>, <a href="/wiki/Darlington_Hoopes" title="Darlington Hoopes">Hoopes</a>/<a href="/wiki/Samuel_H._Friedman" title="Samuel H. Friedman">Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_United_States_presidential_election" title="1956 United States presidential election">1956</a>, <a href="/wiki/Darlington_Hoopes" title="Darlington Hoopes">Hoopes</a>/<a href="/wiki/Samuel_H._Friedman" title="Samuel H. Friedman">Friedman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Parties by state<br />and territory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="State5" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">State</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_California" title="Socialist Party of California">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_Colorado" title="Socialist Party of Colorado">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_Connecticut" title="Socialist Party of Connecticut">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_Florida" title="Socialist Party of Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_Kansas" title="Socialist Party of Kansas">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_Louisiana" title="Socialist Party of Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_Maine" title="Socialist Party of Maine">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_Massachusetts" title="Socialist Party of Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_Michigan" title="Socialist Party of Michigan">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_Minnesota" title="Socialist Party of Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_Missouri" title="Socialist Party of Missouri">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_New_Jersey" title="Socialist Party of New Jersey">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_New_York" title="Socialist Party of New York">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_North_Carolina" title="Socialist Party of North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_North_Dakota" title="Socialist Party of North Dakota">North Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_Ohio" title="Socialist Party of Ohio">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_Oklahoma" title="Socialist Party of Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_Oregon" title="Socialist Party of Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_Pennsylvania" title="Socialist Party of Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_Texas" title="Socialist Party of Texas">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_Washington" title="Socialist Party of Washington">Washington (state)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social-Democratic_Party_of_Wisconsin" title="Social-Democratic Party of Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_socialist_movement_in_the_United_States" title="History of the socialist movement in the United States">History of the socialist movement in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Federation_(United_States)" title="Social Democratic Federation (United States)">Social Democratic Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_America" title="Social Democratic Party of America">Social Democratic Party of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_USA" title="Socialist Party USA">Socialist Party USA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_for_the_Preservation_of_the_Socialist_Party" title="Committee for the Preservation of the Socialist Party">Committee for the Preservation of the Socialist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Socialist_Organizing_Committee" title="Democratic Socialist Organizing Committee">Democratic Socialist Organizing Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Democrats,_USA" title="Social Democrats, USA">Social Democrats, USA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_People%27s_Socialist_League_(1907)" title="Young People's Socialist League (1907)">Young People's Socialist League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English-language_press_of_the_Socialist_Party_of_America" title="English-language press of the Socialist Party of America">English-language press of the Socialist Party of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-English_press_of_the_Socialist_Party_of_America" title="Non-English press of the Socialist Party of America">Non-English press of the Socialist Party of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_socialism" title="Democratic socialism">Democratic socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Harry_S._Truman849" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Harry_S._Truman" title="Template:Harry S. Truman"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Harry_S._Truman" title="Template talk:Harry S. Truman"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Harry_S._Truman" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Harry S. Truman"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Harry_S._Truman849" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">33rd</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> (1945–1953)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_vice_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of vice presidents of the United States">34th</a> <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President of the United States</a> (1945)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Missouri" title="List of United States senators from Missouri">U.S. Senator from Missouri</a> (1935–1945)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Harry_S._Truman" title="Presidency of Harry S. Truman">Presidency</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Harry_S._Truman_presidency" title="Timeline of the Harry S. Truman presidency">Timeline</a></li> <li>Inaugurations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Harry_S._Truman" title="First inauguration of Harry S. Truman">first</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Harry_S._Truman" title="Second inauguration of Harry S. Truman">second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attempted_assassination_of_Harry_S._Truman" title="Attempted assassination of Harry S. Truman">Assassination attempt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1952_Puerto_Rican_constitutional_referendum" title="1952 Puerto Rican constitutional referendum">1952 Puerto Rican constitutional referendum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_the_Union" title="State of the Union">State of the Union Address</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1946_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1946 State of the Union Address">1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1947_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1947 State of the Union Address">1947</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1948 State of the Union Address">1948</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1949_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1949 State of the Union Address">1949</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1950_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1950 State of the Union Address">1950</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1951_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1951 State of the Union Address">1951</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1952 State of the Union Address">1952</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_1953_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="January 1953 State of the Union Address">1953</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Harry_S._Truman" title="List of federal judges appointed by Harry S. Truman">Judicial appointments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman_Supreme_Court_candidates" title="Harry S. Truman Supreme Court candidates">Supreme Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherman_Minton_Supreme_Court_nomination" title="Sherman Minton Supreme Court nomination">Sherman Minton Supreme Court nomination</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman#Administration_and_cabinet" title="Harry S. Truman">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truman_Balcony" title="Truman Balcony">Truman Balcony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buck_passing#"The_buck_stops_here"" title="Buck passing">"The buck stops here"</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Harry_S._Truman/Executive_orders" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Author:Harry S. Truman/Executive orders">Executive Orders</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Harry_S._Truman/Presidential_Proclamations" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Author:Harry S. Truman/Presidential Proclamations">Presidential Proclamations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Presidential transition of Dwight D. Eisenhower">Eisenhower transition</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Harry_S._Truman_administration" title="Foreign policy of the Harry S. Truman administration">Foreign policy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Truman_Doctrine" title="Truman Doctrine">Truman Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potsdam_Conference" title="Potsdam Conference">Potsdam Conference</a> <ul><li>1945; <a href="/wiki/Potsdam_Agreement" title="Potsdam Agreement">Agreement on Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potsdam_Declaration" title="Potsdam Declaration">Declaration to Japan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_Brides_Act" title="War Brides Act">War Brides Act</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alien_Fianc%C3%A9es_and_Fianc%C3%A9s_Act" title="Alien Fiancées and Fiancés Act">Alien Fiancées and Fiancés Act</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luce%E2%80%93Celler_Act" title="Luce–Celler Act">Luce–Celler Act</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_9835" title="Executive Order 9835">Executive Order 9835</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Agreement_on_Tariffs_and_Trade" title="General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade">General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoover_Commission" title="Hoover Commission">Hoover Commission</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Act_of_1947" title="National Security Act of 1947">National Security Act of 1947</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">U.S. Department of Defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff" title="Joint Chiefs of Staff">Joint Chiefs of Staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Security_Council" title="United States National Security Council">National Security Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Resources_Board" title="National Security Resources Board">National Security Resources Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">Air Force</a>/<a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Air_Force" title="United States Department of the Air Force">Department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Displaced_Persons_Act" title="Displaced Persons Act">Displaced Persons Act</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Key_West_Agreement" title="Key West Agreement">Key West Agreement</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Space_Force_Station" title="Cape Canaveral Space Force Station">Joint Long Range Proving Grounds</a> (1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_Treaty" title="North Atlantic Treaty">North Atlantic Treaty</a> <ul><li>1949; <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Admirals" title="Revolt of the Admirals">Revolt of the Admirals</a> (1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a> <ul><li>1950–1953; <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_82" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 82">U.N. Security Council Resolutions 82,</a> <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_83" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 83">83</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_Production_Act_of_1950" title="Defense Production Act of 1950">Defense Production Act of 1950</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relief_of_Douglas_MacArthur" title="Relief of Douglas MacArthur">Relief of Douglas MacArthur</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Defense_Mobilization" title="Office of Defense Mobilization">Office of Defense Mobilization</a> <ul><li>1950; <a href="/wiki/President%27s_Science_Advisory_Committee" title="President's Science Advisory Committee">Science Advisory Committee</a>, 1951</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_and_Nationality_Act_of_1952" title="Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952">Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Agency" title="National Security Agency">National Security Agency</a> (1952)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fair_Deal" title="Fair Deal">Fair Deal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medal_of_Freedom_(1945)" title="Medal of Freedom (1945)">Medal of Freedom</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenue_Act_of_1945" title="Revenue Act of 1945">Revenue Act of 1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Mental_Health_Act" title="National Mental Health Act">National Mental Health Act</a> <ul><li>1946; <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Mental_Health" title="National Institute of Mental Health">National Institute of Mental Health</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_Energy_Act_of_1946" title="Atomic Energy Act of 1946">Atomic Energy Act of 1946</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Atomic_Energy_Commission" title="United States Atomic Energy Commission">U.S. Atomic Energy Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employment_Act_of_1946" title="Employment Act of 1946">Employment Act of 1946</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Economic_Advisers" title="Council of Economic Advisers">Council of Economic Advisers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood_Control_Act" title="Flood Control Act">Flood Control Acts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flood_Control_Act_of_1946" title="Flood Control Act of 1946">1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood_Control_Act_of_1948" title="Flood Control Act of 1948">1948</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood_Control_Act_of_1950" title="Flood Control Act of 1950">1950</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulbright_Program" title="Fulbright Program">Fulbright Program</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hill%E2%80%93Burton_Act" title="Hill–Burton Act">Hill–Burton Act</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Reorganization_Act_of_1946" title="Legislative Reorganization Act of 1946">Legislative Reorganization Act of 1946</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Regulation_of_Lobbying_Act_of_1946" title="Federal Regulation of Lobbying Act of 1946">Federal Regulation of Lobbying Act of 1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Tort_Claims_Act" title="Federal Tort Claims Act">Federal Tort Claims Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Research_Service" title="Congressional Research Service">Legislative Reference Service</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_School_Lunch_Act" title="National School Lunch Act">National School Lunch Act</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/President%27s_Committee_on_Civil_Rights" title="President's Committee on Civil Rights">President's Committee on Civil Rights</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Insecticide,_Fungicide,_and_Rodenticide_Act" title="Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act">Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_and_Home_Finance_Agency" title="Housing and Home Finance Agency">Housing and Home Finance Agency</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_Succession_Act" title="Presidential Succession Act">Presidential Succession Act of 1947</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taft%E2%80%93Hartley_Act" title="Taft–Hartley Act">Taft–Hartley Act</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_Act_of_1948" title="Agricultural Act of 1948">Agricultural Act of 1948</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_9981" title="Executive Order 9981">Executive Order 9981</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenue_Act_of_1948" title="Revenue Act of 1948">Revenue Act of 1948</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_Act_of_1949" title="Agricultural Act of 1949">Agricultural Act of 1949</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_Act_of_1949" title="Housing Act of 1949">Housing Act of 1949</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dingell%E2%80%93Johnson_Act" title="Dingell–Johnson Act">Dingell–Johnson Act</a> (1950)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenue_Act_of_1950" title="Revenue Act of 1950">Revenue Act of 1950</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Excess_profits_tax" title="Excess profits tax">Excess profits tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unrelated_Business_Income_Tax" title="Unrelated Business Income Tax">Unrelated Business Income Tax</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenue_Act_of_1951" title="Revenue Act of 1951">Revenue Act of 1951</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal-Aid_Highway_Act_of_1952" title="Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1952">Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1952</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_steel_strike" title="1952 steel strike">1952 steel strike</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman#Early_life_and_career" title="Harry S. Truman">Early life and career</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman_Presidential_Library_and_Museum" title="Harry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museum">Presidential Library, Museum, and gravesite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_S_Truman_Office_and_Courtroom" title="Harry S Truman Office and Courtroom">Missouri Office and Courtroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truman_Committee" title="Truman Committee">Truman Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1944_Democratic_Party_vice_presidential_candidate_selection" title="1944 Democratic Party vice presidential candidate selection">1944 Democratic Party vice presidential candidate selection</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Homes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harry_S_Truman_Birthplace_State_Historic_Site" title="Harry S Truman Birthplace State Historic Site">Birthplace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman_Farm_Home" title="Harry S. Truman Farm Home">Harry S. Truman Farm Home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman_National_Historic_Site" title="Harry S. Truman National Historic Site">Harry S. Truman home and National Historic Site</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman_Historic_District" title="Harry S. Truman Historic District">Historic District</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blair_House" title="Blair House">Blair House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman_Little_White_House" title="Harry S. Truman Little White House">Truman Little White House</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_Harry_S._Truman" title="Electoral history of Harry S. Truman">Elections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1934_United_States_Senate_election_in_Missouri" title="1934 United States Senate election in Missouri">United States Senate election in Missouri, 1934</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1940_United_States_Senate_election_in_Missouri" title="1940 United States Senate election in Missouri">1940</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1944_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1944 Democratic National Convention">Democratic National Convention 1944</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1948 Democratic National Convention">1948</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1944_United_States_presidential_election" title="1944 United States presidential election">1944 United States presidential election</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">1948</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman_1948_presidential_campaign" title="Harry S. Truman 1948 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Dewey_Defeats_Truman" title="Dewey Defeats Truman">Dewey Defeats Truman</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/I%27m_Just_Wild_About_Harry" title="I'm Just Wild About Harry">campaign song</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1952 Democratic Party presidential primaries">1952 Democratic Party presidential primaries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Harry_S._Truman" title="Bibliography of Harry S. Truman">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truman_Day" title="Truman Day">Truman Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_S_Truman_Building" title="Harry S Truman Building">Harry S Truman Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truman_Reservoir" title="Truman Reservoir">Truman Dam and Reservoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman_Scholarship" title="Harry S. Truman Scholarship">Harry S. Truman Scholarship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truman_Sports_Complex" title="Truman Sports Complex">Truman Sports Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidents_of_the_United_States_on_U.S._postage_stamps#Harry_S._Truman" title="Presidents of the United States on U.S. postage stamps">U.S. Postage stamps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Harry_S._Truman" title="Statue of Harry S. Truman">Statue of Harry S. Truman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Public image</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Give_%27em_Hell,_Harry!" title="Give 'em Hell, Harry!">Give 'em Hell, Harry!</a></i> (1975 play and film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Harry_Truman_(song)" title="Harry Truman (song)">Harry Truman</a></i> (1975 song by <a href="/wiki/Chicago_(band)" title="Chicago (band)">Chicago</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Collision_Course:_Truman_vs._MacArthur" title="Collision Course: Truman vs. MacArthur">Collision Course: Truman vs. MacArthur</a></i> (1976 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/MacArthur_(1977_film)" title="MacArthur (1977 film)">MacArthur</a></i> (1977 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Backstairs_at_the_White_House" title="Backstairs at the White House">Backstairs at the White House</a></i> (1979 miniseries)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Truman_(1995_film)" title="Truman (1995 film)">Truman</a></i> (1995 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Truman_(1997_film)" title="Truman (1997 film)">Truman</a></i> (1997 documentary film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_First_Lady_(American_TV_series)" title="The First Lady (American TV series)">The First Lady</a></i> (2022 TV series)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oppenheimer_(film)" title="Oppenheimer (film)">Oppenheimer</a></i> (2023 film)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bess_Truman" title="Bess Truman">Bess Wallace Truman</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Truman" title="Margaret Truman">Margaret Truman</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Ellen_Young_Truman" class="mw-redirect" title="Martha Ellen Young Truman">Martha Ellen Young Truman</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clifton_Truman_Daniel" title="Clifton Truman Daniel">Clifton Truman Daniel</a> (grandson)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">← Franklin D. Roosevelt</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower →</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Wallace" title="Henry A. Wallace">← Henry A. Wallace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alben_W._Barkley" title="Alben W. Barkley">Alben W. Barkley →</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Harry_S._Truman" title="Category:Harry S. Truman">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="(1947←)_1948_United_States_elections_(→1949)448" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1948_United_States_elections" title="Template:1948 United States elections"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1948_United_States_elections" title="Template talk:1948 United States elections"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1948_United_States_elections" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1948 United States elections"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="(1947←)_1948_United_States_elections_(→1949)448" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">(<a href="/w/index.php?title=1947_United_States_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1947 United States elections (page does not exist)">1947←</a>)   <a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_elections" title="1948 United States elections">1948 United States elections</a>   (<a href="/w/index.php?title=1949_United_States_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1949 United States elections (page does not exist)">→1949</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">President</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">1948 United States presidential election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1948 Democratic Party presidential primaries">Democratic primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1948 Republican Party presidential primaries">Republican primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1948 Democratic National Convention">Democratic convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Republican_National_Convention" title="1948 Republican National Convention">Republican convention</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_Senate_elections" title="1948 United States Senate elections">U.S.<br />Senate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_Senate_election_in_Alabama" title="1948 United States Senate election in Alabama">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_Senate_election_in_Arkansas" class="mw-redirect" title="1948 United States Senate election in Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_Senate_election_in_Colorado" title="1948 United States Senate election in Colorado">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_Senate_election_in_Delaware" class="mw-redirect" title="1948 United States Senate election in Delaware">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_Senate_election_in_Georgia" title="1948 United States Senate election in Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_Senate_election_in_Idaho" class="mw-redirect" title="1948 United States Senate election in Idaho">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_Senate_election_in_Illinois" title="1948 United States Senate election in Illinois">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_Senate_election_in_Iowa" title="1948 United States Senate election in Iowa">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_Senate_election_in_Kansas" title="1948 United States Senate election in Kansas">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_Senate_election_in_Kentucky" title="1948 United States Senate election in Kentucky">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_Senate_election_in_Louisiana" title="1948 United States Senate election in Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_Senate_special_election_in_Louisiana" class="mw-redirect" title="1948 United States Senate special election in Louisiana">Louisiana (special)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_Senate_election_in_Maine" title="1948 United States Senate election in Maine">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_Senate_election_in_Massachusetts" title="1948 United States Senate election in Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_Senate_election_in_Michigan" title="1948 United States Senate election in Michigan">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_Senate_election_in_Minnesota" title="1948 United States Senate election in Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_Senate_election_in_Mississippi" class="mw-redirect" title="1948 United States Senate election in Mississippi">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_Senate_election_in_Montana" title="1948 United States Senate election in Montana">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_Senate_election_in_Nebraska" title="1948 United States Senate election in Nebraska">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_Senate_election_in_New_Hampshire" title="1948 United States Senate election in New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_Senate_election_in_New_Jersey" title="1948 United States Senate election in New Jersey">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_Senate_election_in_New_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="1948 United States Senate election in New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_Senate_election_in_North_Carolina" class="mw-redirect" title="1948 United States Senate election in North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_Senate_special_election_in_North_Carolina" class="mw-redirect" title="1948 United States Senate special election in North Carolina">North Carolina (special)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_Senate_election_in_Oklahoma" title="1948 United States Senate election in Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_Senate_election_in_Oregon" class="mw-redirect" title="1948 United States Senate election in Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_Senate_election_in_Rhode_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="1948 United States Senate election in Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_Senate_election_in_South_Carolina" title="1948 United States Senate election in South Carolina">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_Senate_election_in_South_Dakota" title="1948 United States Senate election in South Dakota">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_Senate_election_in_Tennessee" title="1948 United States Senate election in Tennessee">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_Senate_election_in_Texas" title="1948 United States Senate election in Texas">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_Senate_election_in_Virginia" title="1948 United States Senate election in Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_Senate_election_in_West_Virginia" class="mw-redirect" title="1948 United States Senate election in West Virginia">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_Senate_election_in_Wyoming" title="1948 United States Senate election in Wyoming">Wyoming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1948 United States House of Representatives elections">U.S.<br />House</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Alabama" class="mw-redirect" title="1948 United States House of Representatives elections in Alabama">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_House_of_Representatives_election_in_Alaska_Territory" class="mw-redirect" title="1948 United States House of Representatives election in Alaska Territory">Alaska Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Arkansas" class="mw-redirect" title="1948 United States House of Representatives elections in Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Arizona" class="mw-redirect" title="1948 United States House of Representatives elections in Arizona">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_California" title="1948 United States House of Representatives elections in California">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Colorado" class="mw-redirect" title="1948 United States House of Representatives elections in Colorado">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Connecticut" class="mw-redirect" title="1948 United States House of Representatives elections in Connecticut">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_House_of_Representatives_election_in_Delaware" class="mw-redirect" title="1948 United States House of Representatives election in Delaware">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Florida" class="mw-redirect" title="1948 United States House of Representatives elections in Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="1948 United States House of Representatives elections in Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_House_of_Representatives_election_in_Hawaii_Territory" class="mw-redirect" title="1948 United States House of Representatives election in Hawaii Territory">Hawaii Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Idaho" class="mw-redirect" title="1948 United States House of Representatives elections in Idaho">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Illinois" class="mw-redirect" title="1948 United States House of Representatives elections in Illinois">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Indiana" class="mw-redirect" title="1948 United States House of Representatives elections in Indiana">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Iowa" class="mw-redirect" title="1948 United States House of Representatives elections in Iowa">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Kansas" class="mw-redirect" title="1948 United States House of Representatives elections in Kansas">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Kentucky" class="mw-redirect" title="1948 United States House of Representatives elections in Kentucky">Kentucky</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1948_Kentucky%27s_2nd_congressional_district_special_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1948 Kentucky's 2nd congressional district special election">2nd sp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Kentucky%27s_9th_congressional_district_special_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1948 Kentucky's 9th congressional district special election">9th sp</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Louisiana" class="mw-redirect" title="1948 United States House of Representatives elections in Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Maine" class="mw-redirect" title="1948 United States House of Representatives elections in Maine">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Maryland" class="mw-redirect" title="1948 United States House of Representatives elections in Maryland">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="1948 United States House of Representatives elections in Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Michigan" class="mw-redirect" title="1948 United States House of Representatives elections in Michigan">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Minnesota" class="mw-redirect" title="1948 United States House of Representatives elections in Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Mississippi" class="mw-redirect" title="1948 United States House of Representatives elections in Mississippi">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Missouri" class="mw-redirect" title="1948 United States House of Representatives elections in Missouri">Missouri</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1948_Missouri%27s_10th_congressional_district_special_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1948 Missouri's 10th congressional district special election">10th sp</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Montana" class="mw-redirect" title="1948 United States House of Representatives elections in Montana">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Nebraska" class="mw-redirect" title="1948 United States House of Representatives elections in Nebraska">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_House_of_Representatives_election_in_Nevada" class="mw-redirect" title="1948 United States House of Representatives election in Nevada">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_New_Hampshire" class="mw-redirect" title="1948 United States House of Representatives elections in New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_New_Jersey" class="mw-redirect" title="1948 United States House of Representatives elections in New Jersey">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_House_of_Representatives_election_in_New_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="1948 United States House of Representatives election in New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="1948 United States House of Representatives elections in New York">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_North_Carolina" class="mw-redirect" title="1948 United States House of Representatives elections in North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_House_of_Representatives_election_in_North_Dakota" class="mw-redirect" title="1948 United States House of Representatives election in North Dakota">North Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Ohio" class="mw-redirect" title="1948 United States House of Representatives elections in Ohio">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Oklahoma" class="mw-redirect" title="1948 United States House of Representatives elections in Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Oregon" class="mw-redirect" title="1948 United States House of Representatives elections in Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Pennsylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="1948 United States House of Representatives elections in Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Rhode_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="1948 United States House of Representatives elections in Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_South_Carolina" title="1948 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_South_Dakota" class="mw-redirect" title="1948 United States House of Representatives elections in South Dakota">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Tennessee" class="mw-redirect" title="1948 United States House of Representatives elections in Tennessee">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="1948 United States House of Representatives elections in Texas">Texas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1948_Texas%27s_15th_congressional_district_special_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1948 Texas's 15th congressional district special election">15th sp</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Utah" class="mw-redirect" title="1948 United States House of Representatives elections in Utah">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_House_of_Representatives_election_in_Vermont" class="mw-redirect" title="1948 United States House of Representatives election in Vermont">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Virginia" class="mw-redirect" title="1948 United States House of Representatives elections in Virginia">Virginia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1948_Virginia%27s_4th_congressional_district_special_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1948 Virginia's 4th congressional district special election">4th sp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Virginia%27s_6th_congressional_district_special_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1948 Virginia's 6th congressional district special election">6th sp</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Washington" class="mw-redirect" title="1948 United States House of Representatives elections in Washington">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_West_Virginia" class="mw-redirect" title="1948 United States House of Representatives elections in West Virginia">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Wisconsin" class="mw-redirect" title="1948 United States House of Representatives elections in Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_House_of_Representatives_election_in_Wyoming" class="mw-redirect" title="1948 United States House of Representatives election in Wyoming">Wyoming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_gubernatorial_elections" title="1948 United States gubernatorial elections">Governors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1948_Arizona_gubernatorial_election" title="1948 Arizona gubernatorial election">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Arkansas_gubernatorial_election" title="1948 Arkansas gubernatorial election">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Colorado_gubernatorial_election" title="1948 Colorado gubernatorial election">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Connecticut_gubernatorial_election" title="1948 Connecticut gubernatorial election">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Delaware_gubernatorial_election" title="1948 Delaware gubernatorial election">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Florida_gubernatorial_election" title="1948 Florida gubernatorial election">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Georgia_gubernatorial_special_election" title="1948 Georgia gubernatorial special election">Georgia (special)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Illinois_gubernatorial_election" title="1948 Illinois gubernatorial election">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Indiana_gubernatorial_election" title="1948 Indiana gubernatorial election">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Iowa_gubernatorial_election" title="1948 Iowa gubernatorial election">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Kansas_gubernatorial_election" title="1948 Kansas gubernatorial election">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Louisiana_gubernatorial_election" title="1948 Louisiana gubernatorial election">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Maine_gubernatorial_election" title="1948 Maine gubernatorial election">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Massachusetts_gubernatorial_election" title="1948 Massachusetts gubernatorial election">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Michigan_gubernatorial_election" title="1948 Michigan gubernatorial election">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Minnesota_gubernatorial_election" title="1948 Minnesota gubernatorial election">Minnesota</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1948_Minnesota_lieutenant_gubernatorial_election" title="1948 Minnesota lieutenant gubernatorial election">Lt. Gov</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Missouri_gubernatorial_election" title="1948 Missouri gubernatorial election">Missouri</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1948_Missouri_lieutenant_gubernatorial_election" title="1948 Missouri lieutenant gubernatorial election">Lt. Gov</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Montana_gubernatorial_election" title="1948 Montana gubernatorial election">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Nebraska_gubernatorial_election" title="1948 Nebraska gubernatorial election">Nebraska</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1948_Nebraska_lieutenant_gubernatorial_election" title="1948 Nebraska lieutenant gubernatorial election">Lt. Gov</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_New_Hampshire_gubernatorial_election" title="1948 New Hampshire gubernatorial election">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_New_Mexico_gubernatorial_election" title="1948 New Mexico gubernatorial election">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_North_Carolina_gubernatorial_election" title="1948 North Carolina gubernatorial election">North Carolina</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1948_North_Carolina_lieutenant_gubernatorial_election" title="1948 North Carolina lieutenant gubernatorial election">Lt. Gov</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_North_Dakota_gubernatorial_election" title="1948 North Dakota gubernatorial election">North Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Ohio_gubernatorial_election" title="1948 Ohio gubernatorial election">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Oregon_gubernatorial_special_election" title="1948 Oregon gubernatorial special election">Oregon (special)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Rhode_Island_gubernatorial_election" title="1948 Rhode Island gubernatorial election">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_South_Dakota_gubernatorial_election" title="1948 South Dakota gubernatorial election">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Tennessee_gubernatorial_election" title="1948 Tennessee gubernatorial election">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Texas_gubernatorial_election" title="1948 Texas gubernatorial election">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Utah_gubernatorial_election" title="1948 Utah gubernatorial election">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Vermont_gubernatorial_election" title="1948 Vermont gubernatorial election">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Washington_gubernatorial_election" title="1948 Washington gubernatorial election">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_West_Virginia_gubernatorial_election" title="1948 West Virginia gubernatorial election">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Wisconsin_gubernatorial_election" title="1948 Wisconsin gubernatorial election">Wisconsin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:1948_state_legislature_elections_in_the_United_States" title="Category:1948 state legislature elections in the United States">State<br />legislatures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1948_Iowa_Senate_election" title="1948 Iowa Senate election">Iowa Senate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox585" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q568973#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh2010106959">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13192308p">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13192308p">BnF data</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1948_United_States_presidential_election&oldid=1275978284">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1948_United_States_presidential_election&oldid=1275978284</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1948_United_States_presidential_election" title="Category:1948 United States presidential election">1948 United States presidential election</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Presidency_of_Harry_S._Truman" title="Category:Presidency of Harry S. 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