CINXE.COM
Just a moment...
<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '913390470ede40aa',cH: 'RBOuZgGR1N6_c4CbYbSqPuAzmHsRFU6HlPI.YgQe3xI-1739772094-1.2.1.1-Zms7SgImW9R3bzg.qqzeocor6cR20iBeIYNpWefOfuCdktZlNzgV_oLmppWTYdwE',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/search?q=stiffness&__cf_chl_tk=M3IDeEpZ5JxySH0VhCZCNa50meWcRPgUjTzfafnRtfE-1739772094-1.0.1.1-eFZZvX5Hy6DEUK..2BNwoMM2yBhD59SLSp7YnVhpDyk",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1739772094',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/abstracts\/search?q=stiffness&__cf_chl_f_tk=M3IDeEpZ5JxySH0VhCZCNa50meWcRPgUjTzfafnRtfE-1739772094-1.0.1.1-eFZZvX5Hy6DEUK..2BNwoMM2yBhD59SLSp7YnVhpDyk",md: "ebV7sV9_a_XH8LVDkE69inULd1EKLrgLkseZUmrNmTQ-1739772094-1.2.1.1-_.AU2bPRHWnIMkSBMT0Pq1lA_TYm4njJBh5iEgc2WO7zg_ZqxvnqyjwA8s8uNfm0ZZf.gUDD1P5JBCWbtioBlSH0U_LHVDx3pNhf.93VBmM1tQp0LrgbiF6KAl81Tm2c1583NzwGMMYqmWzSBadXxSnTfUQTJBlQMCdlGrttgpaUJX9Y90oRN5jFAgHkNa4OwiFAItz0OmDZ7STDRmcMds2alVn2dzmLQtKWMylIIku1cALTYDZ31hvZPIUXDd3WZkMcqna3iehPeBwso0HfGeY6.YQxm03M8Gc6KiuIuDrIbVM.0oMlHm0YS9_k5egQsxq07IVTvEK.78ASP6FSd8726CjiAW2UVAQA1B_3IPXsj8.LUsBhjK3ZFx4sznJmtoglwLb8r6_LVcPel8LL7ehbWB2xPY62ziKEQ_N0hnsBLeBR5eBxkbwak.Lt6XFQoXYwDeY1fCPZWUrqdpRErGkUSmcvVZ2o1mAFG.XSfkddfvguXQbhEXxm4aggZywvs_XVTJ8lDMttMuPvbYZAMSTXbZBt3XhAt9jtvTidDW4HSgUBpKN.8YY4dkT_9JABqKpxjLlPPjNF6n5nJ0w7i2FramPRQP3SJZ4yA1Xvht1pGycrqJcObzsSOQemCpdrv3MNjF5L65qbsZBUdJScp5eS6lvigtE3PKSQ5IcanQtihp866y4a_9cUszBRjuuEiQuK79BJna3iZJvhpjdUqEPCZixLY9w5nXikF39pjEDWIW0docPEw5KRgFvCCKae9BQ5.CK1Brwit372Sd89RnDy1TZaLg1cqvY6dX1dhYnz7Sl41_kWHgBaQfRxfAkm9D0tcu6Z0r7iQc5BfUqchQJmMW9IS7b2I3Nr2V2OU0GNx7j.cidMIxuWQUbEgWlVPDqo1FaxFAUDc5Llo9PpmZbTQEscjd3WVjNgQ47McPh1cuJwmDRr8Ksr3XPSxB_t5VwfYpOcgzVr3Hp6YZ_7BvAabavHaTGu6EPNwu8t.uQO93JXxJ2XHSF_DCgMGLn_WIXXqW7oVGNo9W3rArPywOHaJQOdD6sSQdJm2aXiV1r7V0SxU0Zwo4cyGz2vXZpxA6k61k2BNCpm5Q03GL.wOGYY9eEfQJsEG._xf2nsWFZ24hFFoNQr.YnpDwso6lTnW1AFe6o1qXK797ofpij7AH5CSaF.8O3FVXDi0CUF.XC3BM0gRytvMuW3Di2P9NrZoThOT4v.24k.cEVX5KIhno_LtMuxcFGX3gmgI3uZJHUXxwsQn3gieYcRM32hvcO1Wgk3CrdiqUvRRwDr7mxlqT6ifu2_AzMuR69OuyDdgqiSQ5GQNfveMT5GrM19hSSshpKERRN1BAA2BXW1Mj88YDTkRHzud1CNUqTrhdrexnBuJiTePDRuDePKiQTMy14tQhbMWPfsFgSmWL.VRb5IhY41yOJhh5v9PoU24YIdMiqahAiEbYVpikP4HpSPZmnqykUvQwKlqvKEkUQxReFv9bIvnBW1eSasQGWzekUowVAZ07n1I7TWa5pq.ii6yoTYxxaR02wPqqFNmpIEHduHHB7VIUUZEo.5P3mcnkXzT7nzacFYfDQ_Iz4s2z9FUh44dDE9KMeRi7nnKAK1kMjE0pVhcwgZ7_HW42VecwwviP5QBqEdx119sq6bdvrWuR5g08lDXLpEOSYh5rf7J3HAS3SgIfOLLm6EpOkynwfYz_n7t_RlDTOXftXicS3vJneqSSmtueApYfXYDwQJbzoD4f_YOPGKbe06hdxEICXnK9vTeixL8uIqGzk.qQU5puIEt_HrYW3nCz4fAnmKkFNedFdY2IY_5Vdk6OTJCpThAIj_AhSPwDVtjrFuljpET8VG5DP4LptRzRnrbqj5eG0xWOUqjtaPeNAnUsxwcXMBjeRDW8lrW9GUmcnneoK2OrSak5SE8VYBuqL9pqFcPaHePw",mdrd: "ueyJ1CPfdlT2QaOUcVd.CPh93EOyca7IxNkpCKDin4c-1739772094-1.2.1.1-mIdxwF8Ild8Di5nof.K7K1mBjxbLhhXg8Umxgkz47hSH7vbfQpAXURojNA7tX_8KcuJ3kgeVdzWk6hVD6.PqBDiQIoWnFVYS5rATS3nlfeZumc0AKMkf_Xx5Ys_I8bCo6D5PjYC4k5dmCE1HwUI6wdIM27QBCo1X1rbA4ShL9_N6IHVKGlsgkGer2zAAWKmHYoLG8B_BK2vhTHpio.FsQOFtVod6SAPInzDyIN_DC9JgIAGADYLjMIVmkLqaLLBH3cbEt2uVL22dy_Bs.IUSDFzv2bACqsg.0q59BJkUTFRuucXRCUZDw4T0MjCmum_hCRVGGhqSF9CAe_jFWYs2RyNZeHUnakI8XkUH7hVVxoSXR7izZTz9rqLMtfEEO8Q1jvL2r0RypoOdWyeFy2t9NOxVNKbqq9pYIaHDOiwjvIJkMR876pI4aJdhuZSd8OgYVreJpV0oXtS_PjoSESl76FXRvRm4n7r3dAQ9qv0fon4Ite7Q6itTMubAo8.4p1hH0RHYEfrJjU7ODhzhdDHETaexcuLFdu8RX5WgizhTkQAdEFx9EBHG_YL812rt9LpgoWddqBVgGliNctdyMbaQk4fOkWOtCpKN35yMfqIGcjzDYRM1_XKEIXgKbn6UfPl7T6891P5qMSaJSkdMBL4Huh6oawKiIfFb88goIhocGOXDymXb8vrYFpJOwHpsPJZLVVE5un3OBFIy5wmDfqnqeVSWNMWsEWxqmuzqf3UI.uuCjI7_GOM15A48sug2rtXKK.Q48LU7K7mlSf_ByOHYqSATsL.LTMFgfc2HrMMLrbuzykGyG86mHjx9OSjYxGbr4NItqw8IFmAiwAB.ADs_KxDlRRzEsQbOaFFcpbqkXntBIHHdmjFLgTgFk7yX4QPcsg0RPceUfFjWuOCZbN4pDxH.rT2znIhoIK3hvcTR7JYe2V6weDGyxrrb9UP3EthJllu1ekbdeoMeXdBDy_9.Uuz8qZVTAJzjH5XAy7h_Gp19Lls1koNubjgV0kOkyw.yxuvo53Y8VoTJqstaL9SHHpOfwjPvfR4wr7Zs1GOiajU4Cd46pY6MwDA6HX1uZ2pLRYgFyXBwzDkcIYkn23vDPdK6Bqwy6WicpJQUVl4NqWUKU00NUFAIkYJrd2P7RLKeYGH4O7pLdZ1yDWRYuyS2GP9kyCHsxmmeXm_3wvfIKt0fex3mZShAix1nYOf2zVxgnfp6.XQEUS4vcGR36dS01HeeSsK4s1.vXifRZk5jFpIrGAQ3YDlTvpegpWQT79BYMiC12IH4kwrIgxAsFDjSQe4osKvawwPWVdjEHL5ibAsi_YmL8TfvMZE17RABI4.6tqhKSrSu.fpdlnGfwvHrmyEP5vHrMiHs081anTej4Ei3K0WsXbaOBUid3RIpLV_X4bYCeO1w7nZUGB_fK9vtE4WDXrBumMcRR0mldsNsqd2mRM53xeL.mSCdZcAx2snkhWs6ZqERlUriG8hsbA0g3fuo64ZAn0k6ovnavzURy9OnK8k9DhtnTOhhKcf.pIydY5VvcBgDm1Pex3tOxmHAKrqCfk94opVBee27Pf1se1kKZowy1NUzdkS5SPhTNKs9CRA5H7FXY9GffYiaizbqJVUCKADwcE4QJwkDPMyOdXao8z9IoMl4lH.Jso92ATAhpvrngl4zaHs1OxvGVsk3ZEPl62s4lrCNn05iKH57RJMOQicWOyjfHkohu6L1o0FrTzaMq2x3WMZ.3JdGIiIQCfnCOGr0oQxzl18BC3C2RXBOvXlaCqb671FlSFUHfq1Cl0lt4hIJeW5U3BQh3jpZsc8f6N6B3Nny21TMSbaqFpaWmKyybzPAKUd1ug0SbiETuTjUpv3SQDCxcFjjldWztq2n7dUy1rTb0VkV0idSq13ScLDWzW_ctJxnFp7OQ6OI.NwN6pMUoeJbhx7BT4b7SkvL3DtnDE2tonvUsK7L0ae4oT0zUwlYyfbLCHrGO4aS"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=913390470ede40aa';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/search?q=stiffness&__cf_chl_rt_tk=M3IDeEpZ5JxySH0VhCZCNa50meWcRPgUjTzfafnRtfE-1739772094-1.0.1.1-eFZZvX5Hy6DEUK..2BNwoMM2yBhD59SLSp7YnVhpDyk" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>