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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Data_structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Data_structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Data structure</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Data_structure-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Data structure subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Data_structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Definition_of_a_timezone" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Definition_of_a_timezone"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Definition of a timezone</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Definition_of_a_timezone-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-File_formats" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#File_formats"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>File formats</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-File_formats-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Timezones" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Timezones"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Timezones</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Timezones-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Daylight_saving_time_(DST)_rules" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Daylight_saving_time_(DST)_rules"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Daylight saving time (DST) rules</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Daylight_saving_time_(DST)_rules-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Names_of_timezones" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Names_of_timezones"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Names of timezones</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Names_of_timezones-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Area" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Area"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.1</span> <span>Area</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Area-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Location" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Location"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.2</span> <span>Location</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Location-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.3</span> <span>Examples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Example_zone_and_rule_lines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Example_zone_and_rule_lines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Example zone and rule lines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Example_zone_and_rule_lines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Data_stored_for_each_zone" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Data_stored_for_each_zone"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Data stored for each zone</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Data_stored_for_each_zone-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Zone.tab" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zone.tab"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7.1</span> <span>Zone.tab</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zone.tab-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Data_before_1970" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Data_before_1970"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7.2</span> <span>Data before 1970</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Data_before_1970-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coverage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coverage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Coverage</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Coverage-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Coverage subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Coverage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Zones_covering_multiple_post-1970_countries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zones_covering_multiple_post-1970_countries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Zones covering multiple post-1970 countries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zones_covering_multiple_post-1970_countries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maintenance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maintenance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Maintenance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maintenance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unix-like_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unix-like_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Unix-like systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unix-like_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Usage_and_extensions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Usage_and_extensions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Usage and extensions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Usage_and_extensions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Usage and extensions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Usage_and_extensions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Boundaries_of_timezones" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Boundaries_of_timezones"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Boundaries of timezones</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Boundaries_of_timezones-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use_in_other_standards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_in_other_standards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Use in other standards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use_in_other_standards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use_in_software_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_in_software_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Use in software systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use_in_software_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-2011_lawsuit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2011_lawsuit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>2011 lawsuit</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2011_lawsuit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Move_to_ICANN" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Move_to_ICANN"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Move to ICANN</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Move_to_ICANN-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle External links subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-General" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>General</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Official_IANA_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Official_IANA_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Official IANA sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Official_IANA_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Man_pages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Man_pages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Man pages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Man_pages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">tz database</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 18 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-18" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">18 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_de_dades_tz" title="Base de dades tz – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Base de dades tz" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeitzonen-Datenbank" title="Zeitzonen-Datenbank – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Zeitzonen-Datenbank" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%AC%CF%83%CE%B7_%CE%B4%CE%B5%CE%B4%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%AD%CE%BD%CF%89%CE%BD_%CE%B6%CF%89%CE%BD%CF%8E%CE%BD_%CF%8E%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Βάση δεδομένων ζωνών ώρας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βάση δεδομένων ζωνών ώρας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/TZ_Database" title="TZ Database – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="TZ Database" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempozona_datumaro" title="Tempozona datumaro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Tempozona datumaro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olson_datu-basea" title="Olson datu-basea – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Olson datu-basea" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%87_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87_%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%82%D9%87_%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="پایگاه داده منطقه زمانی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پایگاه داده منطقه زمانی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tz_database" title="Tz database – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Tz database" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tz_%EB%8D%B0%EC%9D%B4%ED%84%B0%EB%B2%A0%EC%9D%B4%EC%8A%A4" title="Tz 데이터베이스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="Tz 데이터베이스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basis_Data_Zona_Waktu" title="Basis Data Zona Waktu – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Basis Data Zona Waktu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basis_Dhata_Zona_Wektu" title="Basis Dhata Zona Wektu – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Basis Dhata Zona Wektu" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tz_database" title="Tz database – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="Tz database" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tz_database" title="Tz database – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Tz database" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aikavy%C3%B6hyketietokanta" title="Aikavyöhyketietokanta – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Aikavyöhyketietokanta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tz_database" title="Tz database – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tz database" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/IANA_zaman_dilimi_veritaban%C4%B1" title="IANA zaman dilimi veritabanı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="IANA zaman dilimi veritabanı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tz_database" title="Tz database – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Tz database" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%B6%E5%8C%BA%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E5%BA%93" title="时区信息数据库 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="时区信息数据库" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q187176#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Tz_database" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Tz_database" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content 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about the world's time zones</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Timezone-boundary-builder_release_2023d.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Timezone-boundary-builder_release_2023d.png/400px-Timezone-boundary-builder_release_2023d.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Timezone-boundary-builder_release_2023d.png/600px-Timezone-boundary-builder_release_2023d.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Timezone-boundary-builder_release_2023d.png/800px-Timezone-boundary-builder_release_2023d.png 2x" data-file-width="2384" data-file-height="1192" /></a><figcaption>The tz database partitions the world into regions where local clocks all show the same time. This map was made by combining version 2023d of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_tz_database_time_zones" title="List of tz database time zones">List of tz database time zones</a> with <a href="/wiki/OpenStreetMap" title="OpenStreetMap">OpenStreetMap</a> data, using open source software.<sup id="cite_ref-tz-boundary-builder_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tz-boundary-builder-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>tz database</b> is a collaborative compilation of information about the world's <a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">time zones</a> and rules for observing <a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">daylight saving time</a>, primarily intended for use with computer programs and operating systems.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Paul Eggert has been its editor and maintainer since 2005,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the organizational backing of <a href="/wiki/ICANN" title="ICANN">ICANN</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tz database is also known as <b>tzdata</b>, the <b>zoneinfo database</b> or the <b>IANA time zone database</b> (after the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Assigned_Numbers_Authority" title="Internet Assigned Numbers Authority">Internet Assigned Numbers Authority</a>), and occasionally as the <b>Olson database</b>, referring to the founding contributor, Arthur David Olson.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Its uniform naming convention for entries in the database, such as <i>America/New_York</i> and <i>Europe/Paris</i>, was designed by Paul Eggert.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The database attempts to record historical time zones and all civil changes since 1970, the <a href="/wiki/Unix_time" title="Unix time">Unix time</a> epoch.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also records <a href="/wiki/Leap_second" title="Leap second">leap seconds</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The database, as well as some reference <a href="/wiki/Source_code" title="Source code">source code</a>, is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> New editions of the database and code are published as changes warrant, usually several times per year.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Data_structure">Data structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tz_database&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Data structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Definition_of_a_timezone">Definition of a timezone</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tz_database&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Definition of a timezone"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Within the tz database, a <i>timezone</i> is any national region where local clocks have all agreed since 1970.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This definition concerns itself first with geographic areas which have had consistent local clocks. A timezone is different from a region with a particular <a href="/wiki/Standard_time" title="Standard time">standard time</a> <a href="/wiki/UTC_offset" title="UTC offset">offset from UTC</a>, which is often referred to as a "time zone". Therefore, each of the timezones defined by the tz database may use multiple offsets from UTC, such as offsets for standard time and <a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">daylight saving time</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="File_formats">File formats</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tz_database&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: File formats"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The tz database is published as a set of <a href="/wiki/Text_file" title="Text file">text files</a> which list the rules and zone transitions in a human-readable format. For use, these text files are <a href="/wiki/Compiler" title="Compiler">compiled</a> into a set of platform-independent <a href="/wiki/Binary_file" title="Binary file">binary files</a>—one per timezone. The reference source code includes such a compiler called <i>zic</i> (zone information compiler), as well as code to read those files and use them in standard <a href="/wiki/Application_programming_interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Application programming interface">APIs</a> such as <code>localtime()</code> and <code>mktime()</code>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Timezones">Timezones</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tz_database&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Timezones"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Each timezone has one or more "zone lines" in one of the tz database text files. The first zone line for a timezone gives the name of the timezone; any subsequent zone lines for that timezone leave the name blank, indicating that they apply to the same zone as the previous line. Each zone line for a zone specifies, for a range of date and time, the <a href="/wiki/UTC_offset" title="UTC offset">offset to UTC</a> for standard time, the name of the set of rules that govern <a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">daylight saving time</a> (or a hyphen if standard time always applies), the format for time zone abbreviations, and, for all but the last zone line, the date and time at which the range of date and time governed by that line ends. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Daylight_saving_time_(DST)_rules"><span id="Daylight_saving_time_.28DST.29_rules"></span>Daylight saving time (DST) rules</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tz_database&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Daylight saving time (DST) rules"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The rules for <a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">daylight saving time</a> are specified in named rule sets. Each rule set has one or more rule lines in the text files. A rule line contains the name of the rule set to which it belongs, the first year in which the rule applies, the last year in which the rule applies (or "only" if it applies only in one year or "max" if it is the rule then in effect), the type of year to which the rule applies ("-" if it applies to all years in the specified range, which is almost always the case, otherwise a name used as an argument to a script that indicates whether the year is of the specified type), the month in which the rule takes effect, the day on which the rule takes effect (which could either be a specific day or a specification such as "the last Sunday of the month"), the time of day at which the rule takes effect, the amount of time to add to the <a href="/wiki/UTC_offset" title="UTC offset">offset to UTC</a> when the rule is in effect, and the letter or letters to use in the time zone abbreviation (for example, "S" if the rule governs standard time and "D" if it governs daylight saving time). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Names_of_timezones">Names of timezones</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tz_database&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Names of timezones"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The timezones have unique names in the form "<i>Area</i>/<i>Location</i>", e.g. "America/New_York". A choice was also made to use English names or equivalents, and to omit punctuation and common suffixes. The underscore character is used in place of spaces. Hyphens are used where they appear in the name of a location. The <i>Area</i> and <i>Location</i> names each have a maximum length of 14 characters.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Area">Area</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tz_database&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Area"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Area</i> is the name of a <a href="/wiki/Continent" title="Continent">continent</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">ocean</a>, or "Etc". The continents and oceans used are <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">America</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arctic_Ocean" title="Arctic Ocean">Arctic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia_(continent)" title="Australia (continent)">Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific</a>. </p><p>The oceans are included since some islands are hard to connect to a certain continent. Some are geographically connected to one continent and politically to another. See also <a href="/wiki/Boundaries_between_continents" class="mw-redirect" title="Boundaries between continents">Boundaries between continents</a>. </p><p>The special area of "Etc" is used for some administrative zones, particularly for "Etc/UTC" which represents <a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">Coordinated Universal Time</a>. In order to conform with the <a href="/wiki/POSIX" title="POSIX">POSIX</a> style, those zone names beginning with "Etc/GMT" have their sign reversed from the standard <a href="/wiki/ISO_8601#Time_offsets_from_UTC" title="ISO 8601">ISO 8601</a> convention. In the "Etc" area, zones west of GMT have a positive sign and those east have a negative sign in their name (e.g "Etc/GMT-14" is 14 hours ahead of GMT). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Location">Location</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tz_database&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Location"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Location</i> is the name of a specific location within the area – usually a city or small island. </p><p>Country names are not normally used in this scheme, primarily because they would not be robust, owing to frequent political and boundary changes. The names of large cities tend to be more permanent.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Usually the most populous city in a region is chosen to represent the entire timezone, although another city may be selected if it is more widely known, and another location, including a location other than a city, may be used if it results in a less ambiguous name.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the event that the name of the location used to represent the timezone changes, the convention is to create an alias<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in future editions so that both the old and new names refer to the same database entry. </p><p>In some cases the <i>Location</i> is itself represented as a compound name, for example the timezone "America/Indiana/Indianapolis". Three-level names include those under "America/Argentina/...", "America/Kentucky/...", "America/Indiana/...", and "America/North_Dakota/...". </p><p>The location selected is representative for the entire area. However, if there were differences within the area before 1970, the time zone rules only apply in the named location. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Examples">Examples</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tz_database&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Name </th> <th>Explanation </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/America/Costa_Rica" class="mw-redirect" title="America/Costa Rica">America/Costa Rica</a></td> <td>name of country used because the name of the largest city (and capital city) <a href="/wiki/San_Jos%C3%A9,_Costa_Rica" title="San José, Costa Rica">San José</a> is <a href="/wiki/San_Jos%C3%A9_(disambiguation)#Places" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="San José (disambiguation)">ambiguous</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/America/New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="America/New York">America/New York</a></td> <td>Space replaced with underscore </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Asia/Kolkata" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia/Kolkata">Asia/Kolkata</a></td> <td>name of city of <a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a> used, because it was the most populous city in the zone at the time the zone was set up, though this is no longer true<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Asia/Sakhalin" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia/Sakhalin">Asia/Sakhalin</a></td> <td>name of island used, because largest city, <a href="/wiki/Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk" title="Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk">Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk</a>, has more than 14 characters </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/America/Bahia_Banderas" class="mw-redirect" title="America/Bahia Banderas">America/Bahia Banderas</a></td> <td>"de" removed from <a href="/wiki/Bahia_de_Banderas" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahia de Banderas">Bahia de Banderas</a>, because correct name has more than 14 characters </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Antarctica/DumontDUrville" class="mw-redirect" title="Antarctica/DumontDUrville">Antarctica/DumontDUrville</a></td> <td>the apostrophe is removed. The space would normally be replaced with "_", but the name would then exceed 14 characters. </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Example_zone_and_rule_lines">Example zone and rule lines</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tz_database&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Example zone and rule lines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>These are rule lines for the standard United States daylight saving time rules, rule lines for the daylight saving time rules in effect in the US <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Time_Zone_(North_America)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Time Zone (North America)">Eastern Time Zone</a> (called "NYC" as <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> is the city representing that zone) in some years, and zone lines for the America/New_York timezone, as of release version <i>tzdata2011n</i> of the time zone database. The zone and rule lines reflect the <a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time_in_the_United_States#History_of_DST_in_the_United_States" title="Daylight saving time in the United States">history of DST in the United States</a>. </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span># Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S Rule US 1918 1919 - Mar lastSun 2:00 1:00 D Rule US 1918 1919 - Oct lastSun 2:00 0 S Rule US 1942 only - Feb 9 2:00 1:00 W # War Rule US 1945 only - Aug 14 23:00u 1:00 P # Peace Rule US 1945 only - Sep 30 2:00 0 S Rule US 1967 2006 - Oct lastSun 2:00 0 S Rule US 1967 1973 - Apr lastSun 2:00 1:00 D Rule US 1974 only - Jan 6 2:00 1:00 D Rule US 1975 only - Feb 23 2:00 1:00 D Rule US 1976 1986 - Apr lastSun 2:00 1:00 D Rule US 1987 2006 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 D Rule US 2007 max - Mar Sun>=8 2:00 1:00 D Rule US 2007 max - Nov Sun>=1 2:00 0 S .... # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER Rule NYC 1920 only - Mar lastSun 2:00 1:00 D Rule NYC 1920 only - Oct lastSun 2:00 0 S Rule NYC 1921 1966 - Apr lastSun 2:00 1:00 D Rule NYC 1921 1954 - Sep lastSun 2:00 0 S Rule NYC 1955 1966 - Oct lastSun 2:00 0 S # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] Zone America/New_York -4:56:02 - LMT 1883 November 18, 12:03:58 -5:00 US E%sT 1920 -5:00 NYC E%sT 1942 -5:00 US E%sT 1946 -5:00 NYC E%sT 1967 -5:00 US E%sT </pre></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Data_stored_for_each_zone">Data stored for each zone</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tz_database&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Data stored for each zone"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For each timezone that has multiple offsets (usually due to daylight saving time), the tz database records the exact moment of transition. The format can accommodate changes in the dates and times of transitions as well. Zones may have historical rule changes going back many decades (as shown in the example above). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Zone.tab">Zone.tab</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tz_database&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Zone.tab"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The file <a href="/wiki/Zone.tab" class="mw-redirect" title="Zone.tab">zone.tab</a> is in the public domain and lists the zones. Columns and row sorting are described in the comments of the file, as follows: </p> <pre># This file contains a table with the following columns: # 1. <a href="/wiki/ISO_3166_2-character_country_code" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 3166 2-character country code">ISO 3166 2-character country code</a>. See the file `iso3166.tab'. # 2. Latitude and longitude of the zone's principal location # in <a href="/wiki/ISO_6709" title="ISO 6709">ISO 6709</a> sign-degrees-minutes-seconds format, # either +-DDMM+-DDDMM or +-DDMMSS+-DDDMMSS, # first latitude (+ is north), then longitude (+ is east). # 3. Zone name used in value of TZ environment variable. # 4. Comments; present if and only if the country has multiple rows. # # Columns are separated by a single tab. # The table is sorted first by country, then an order within the country that # (1) makes some geographical sense, and # (2) puts the most populous zones first, where that does not contradict (1). </pre> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Data_before_1970">Data before 1970</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tz_database&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Data before 1970"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Data before 1970 aims to be correct for the city identifying the region, but is not necessarily correct for the entire region. This is because new regions are created only as required to distinguish clocks since 1970. </p><p>For example, between 1963-10-23 and 1963-12-09 in Brazil only the states of <a href="/wiki/Minas_Gerais" title="Minas Gerais">Minas Gerais</a>, <a href="/wiki/Esp%C3%ADrito_Santo" title="Espírito Santo">Espírito Santo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro_(state)" title="Rio de Janeiro (state)">Rio de Janeiro</a>, and <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo_(state)" title="São Paulo (state)">São Paulo</a> had summer time. However, a requested split from <a href="/wiki/America/Sao_Paulo" class="mw-redirect" title="America/Sao Paulo">America/Sao Paulo</a> was rejected in 2010 with the reasoning that, since 1970, the clocks were the same in the whole region.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Time_in_Germany" title="Time in Germany">Time in Germany</a>, which is represented by <a href="/wiki/Europe/Berlin" class="mw-redirect" title="Europe/Berlin">Europe/Berlin</a>, is incorrect for the year 1945 when the <a href="/wiki/Trizone" class="mw-redirect" title="Trizone">Trizone</a> used daylight saving time rules different from Berlin's.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Coverage">Coverage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tz_database&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Coverage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zones_covering_multiple_post-1970_countries">Zones covering multiple post-1970 countries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tz_database&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Zones covering multiple post-1970 countries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are two zones that cover an area that was covered by two countries after 1970. The database follows the definitions of countries as per <a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-1" title="ISO 3166-1">ISO 3166-1</a>, whose predecessor, ISO 3166, was first published in 1974. </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asia/Aden&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asia/Aden (page does not exist)">Asia/Aden</a> – two countries until 1990: <a href="/wiki/Yemen_Arab_Republic" title="Yemen Arab Republic">North Yemen</a> (<a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-1" title="ISO 3166-1">ISO 3166-1</a>: YE; capital Sana'a) and <a href="/wiki/South_Yemen" title="South Yemen">South Yemen</a> (People's Republic, ISO 3166-1: YD, <a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-3" title="ISO 3166-3">ISO 3166-3</a>: YDYE; capital: Aden).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europe/Berlin" class="mw-redirect" title="Europe/Berlin">Europe/Berlin</a> – two countries until <a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">1990</a>: <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a> (ISO 3166-1: DD, ISO 3166-3: DDDE) and <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a> (ISO 3166-1: DE)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Maintenance">Maintenance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tz_database&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Maintenance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Arthur_David_Olson"></span> The tz reference code and database is maintained by a group of volunteers. Arthur David Olson makes most of the changes to the tz reference code. Paul Eggert makes most of the changes to the tz database. Proposed changes are sent to the tz mailing list, which is gatewayed to the comp.time.tz <a href="/wiki/Usenet_newsgroup" title="Usenet newsgroup">Usenet newsgroup</a>. Source files are distributed via the IANA FTP server. Typically, these files are taken by a software distributor like <a href="/wiki/Debian" title="Debian">Debian</a>, compiled, and then the source and binaries are packaged as part of that distribution. End users can either rely on their software distribution's update procedures, which may entail some delay, or obtain the source directly and build the binary files themselves. The <a href="/wiki/IETF" class="mw-redirect" title="IETF">IETF</a> has published <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc6557">6557</a>, "Procedures for Maintaining the Time Zone Database" documenting best practices based on similar principles. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Unix-like_systems">Unix-like systems</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tz_database&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Unix-like systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The standard path for the timezone database is <code>/usr/share/zoneinfo/</code> in Linux distributions, <a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a>, and some other <a href="/wiki/Unix-like" title="Unix-like">Unix-like</a> systems. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Usage_and_extensions">Usage and extensions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tz_database&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Usage and extensions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Boundaries_of_timezones">Boundaries of timezones</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tz_database&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Boundaries of timezones"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Geographical boundaries in the form of coordinate sets are not part of the tz database, but boundaries are published by Evan Siroky<sup id="cite_ref-tz-boundary-builder_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tz-boundary-builder-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in <a href="/wiki/GeoJSON" title="GeoJSON">GeoJSON</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shapefile" title="Shapefile">shapefile</a> formats. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Use_in_other_standards">Use in other standards</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tz_database&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Use in other standards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Unicode <a href="/wiki/Common_Locale_Data_Repository" title="Common Locale Data Repository">Common Locale Data Repository</a> (CLDR) refers to zones in the tz database. However, as the name for a zone can change from one tz database release to another, the CLDR assigns the <a href="/wiki/UN/LOCODE" title="UN/LOCODE">UN/LOCODE</a> for the city used in the name for the zone, or an internally-assigned code if there is no such city for the zone, to a tzdb zone.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Use_in_software_systems">Use in software systems</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tz_database&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Use in software systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The tz database is used for time zone processing and conversions in many computer software systems, including: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berkeley_Software_Distribution" title="Berkeley Software Distribution">BSD</a>-derived systems, including <a href="/wiki/FreeBSD" title="FreeBSD">FreeBSD</a>, <a href="/wiki/NetBSD" title="NetBSD">NetBSD</a>, <a href="/wiki/OpenBSD" title="OpenBSD">OpenBSD</a>, <a href="/wiki/DragonFly_BSD" title="DragonFly BSD">DragonFly BSD</a>, <a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a>, and <a href="/wiki/IOS" title="IOS">iOS</a> (they also use the reference TZ database processing code as their TZ POSIX API implementation);</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/GNU_C_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="GNU C Library">GNU C Library</a> and systems that use it, including <a href="/wiki/GNU" title="GNU">GNU</a>, most <a href="/wiki/Linux_distribution" title="Linux distribution">Linux distributions</a>, <a href="/wiki/BeOS" title="BeOS">BeOS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haiku_(operating_system)" title="Haiku (operating system)">Haiku</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nexenta_OS" title="Nexenta OS">Nexenta OS</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cygwin" title="Cygwin">Cygwin</a>;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNIX_System_V#SVR4" title="UNIX System V">System V Release 4</a>-derived systems, such as <a href="/wiki/Solaris_(operating_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="Solaris (operating system)">Solaris</a> and <a href="/wiki/UnixWare" title="UnixWare">UnixWare</a>;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_AIX" title="IBM AIX">AIX</a> 6.1 and later<sup id="cite_ref-Olsontzsetup_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Olsontzsetup-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AIXTZ_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AIXTZ-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (earlier versions of AIX, starting with AIX 5.2, include zoneinfo,<sup id="cite_ref-AIXLinuxinfo_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AIXLinuxinfo-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for support of third-party applications such as <a href="/wiki/MySQL" title="MySQL">MySQL</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but do not use it themselves<sup id="cite_ref-AIXLinuxinfo_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AIXLinuxinfo-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AIXwiki_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AIXwiki-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>);</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>several other <a href="/wiki/Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a> systems, including <a href="/wiki/IRIX" title="IRIX">IRIX</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tru64_UNIX" title="Tru64 UNIX">Tru64</a>, <a href="/wiki/SunOS" title="SunOS">SunOS</a> 4.x,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/UNICOS" title="UNICOS">UNICOS</a>/mp;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenVMS" title="OpenVMS">OpenVMS</a>;</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Java_virtual_machine#Java_Runtime_Environment_from_Oracle" title="Java virtual machine">Java Runtime Environment</a> since release 1.8 (2014), see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/time/ZoneId.html">java.time.ZoneId</a></li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Perl" title="Perl">Perl</a> modules <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://metacpan.org/module/DateTime::TimeZone">DateTime::TimeZone</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://metacpan.org/module/DateTime::LeapSecond">DateTime::LeapSecond</a> since 2003;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PHP" title="PHP">PHP</a> releases since 5.1.0 (2005);</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Ruby_(programming_language)" title="Ruby (programming language)">Ruby</a> <a href="/wiki/RubyGems" title="RubyGems">Gem</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rubygems.org/gems/tzinfo">TZInfo</a>;</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a> standard library <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/zoneinfo.html">zoneinfo</a> module, and the third-party <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pypi.python.org/pypi/pytz">pytz</a> package;</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a> language specification for Internationalization explicitly specifies the usage of IANA Time Zone names for API, and recommends the usage of the time zone data as well.<sup id="cite_ref-ecma_ECMA_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ecma_ECMA-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>Numerous libraries also available: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/mde/timezone-js">timezone-js</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/bigeasy/timezone">BigEasy/TimeZone</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/sproutsocial/walltime-js">WallTime-js</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://momentjs.com/timezone/">moment-timezone</a>;</li></ul></li> <li>the Pandas (Python) module <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pandas.pydata.org">pandas – Python Data Analysis Library</a>;</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/.NET_Framework" title=".NET Framework">.NET Framework</a> libraries <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nodatime.org/">NodaTime</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140201215458/http://www.babiej.demon.nl/Tz4Net/main.htm">TZ4Net</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://zoneinfo.codeplex.com/">zoneinfo</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171224045950/http://zoneinfo.codeplex.com/">Archived</a> 24 December 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>;</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Haskell" title="Haskell">Haskell</a> libraries <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hackage.haskell.org/package/timezone-series">timezone-series</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hackage.haskell.org/package/timezone-olson">timezone-olson</a>;</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Erlang_(programming_language)" title="Erlang (programming language)">Erlang</a> module <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/drfloob/ezic">ezic</a>;</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Go_(programming_language)" title="Go (programming language)">Go</a> standard library <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://golang.org/pkg/time/">time</a> package;</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Rust_(programming_language)" title="Rust (programming language)">Rust</a> crate <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://crates.io/crates/chrono-tz">chrono-tz</a>;</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Squeak" title="Squeak">Squeak</a> Smalltalk <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wiki.squeak.org/squeak/1076">time</a> package;</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a> libraries <a href="/wiki/Boost_(C%2B%2B_libraries)" title="Boost (C++ libraries)">Boost</a> and <a href="/wiki/Qt_(software)" title="Qt (software)">Qt</a>, and <a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B20" title="C++20">C++20</a> chrono standard library's <code>std::chrono::tzdb</code>;</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Delphi_(software)" title="Delphi (software)">Delphi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Free_Pascal" title="Free Pascal">Free Pascal</a> library <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/pavkam/tzdb">TZDB</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Free_Pascal" title="Free Pascal">Free Pascal</a> library <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/dezlov/pascaltz">PascalTZ</a>;</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Tool_Command_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tool Command Language">Tool Command Language</a> has a <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tcl.tk/man/tcl/TclCmd/clock.htm#M78">clock command</a> using tzdata;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oracle_Database" title="Oracle Database">Oracle</a> releases since 10g (2004);<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PostgreSQL" title="PostgreSQL">PostgreSQL</a> since release 8.0 (2005);</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_SQL_Server" title="Microsoft SQL Server">Microsoft SQL Server</a> library <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/mj1856/SqlServerTimeZoneSupport">SQL Server Time Zone Support</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MongoDB" title="MongoDB">MongoDB</a> since release 3.6;</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Dart_(programming_language)" title="Dart (programming language)">Dart/Flutter</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pub.dev/packages/timezone">Timezone package in pub</a>;</li> <li>embedded software such as the firmware used in IP clocks.</li></ul> <p>The Olson timezone IDs are also used by the Unicode <a href="/wiki/Common_Locale_Data_Repository" title="Common Locale Data Repository">Common Locale Data Repository</a> (CLDR) and <a href="/wiki/International_Components_for_Unicode" title="International Components for Unicode">International Components for Unicode</a> (ICU). For example, the CLDR Windows–Tzid table maps Microsoft Windows time zone IDs to the standard Olson names, although such a mapping cannot be perfect because the number of time zones in Windows systems is significantly lower than in the IANA TZ database.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tz_database&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The project's origins go back to 1986 or earlier.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2011_lawsuit">2011 lawsuit</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tz_database&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: 2011 lawsuit"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 30 September 2011, a lawsuit, <i>Astrolabe, Inc. v. Olson et al.</i>, was filed concerning <a href="/wiki/Copyright" title="Copyright">copyright</a> in the database.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-complaint_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-complaint-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, on 6 October 2011, the database's mailing list and <a href="/wiki/File_Transfer_Protocol" title="File Transfer Protocol">FTP</a> site were shut down.<sup id="cite_ref-shutdown-email_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shutdown-email-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The case revolved around the database maintainers' use of <i>The American Atlas</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_G._Shanks" title="Thomas G. Shanks">Thomas G. Shanks</a>, and <i>The International Atlas</i>, by Thomas G. Shanks and Rique Pottenger. It complained of unauthorised reproduction of atlas data in the timezone mailing list archive and in some auxiliary link collections maintained with the database, though it did not actually point at the database itself. The complaint related only to the compilation of historical timezone data, and did not cover extant tzdata world timezone tables.<sup id="cite_ref-complaint_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-complaint-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-astrolabes-opinion_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-astrolabes-opinion-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This lawsuit was resolved on 22 February 2012 after the involvement of the <a href="/wiki/Electronic_Frontier_Foundation" title="Electronic Frontier Foundation">Electronic Frontier Foundation</a>, when Astrolabe voluntarily <a href="/wiki/Motion_(legal)#To_dismiss" title="Motion (legal)">moved to dismiss</a> the lawsuit without having ever <a href="/wiki/Service_of_process" title="Service of process">served</a> the defendants and agreed to a covenant not to sue in the future.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Move_to_ICANN">Move to ICANN</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tz_database&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Move to ICANN"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/ICANN" title="ICANN">ICANN</a> took responsibility for the maintenance of the database on 14 October 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The full database and a description of plans for its maintenance are available online from <a href="/wiki/Internet_Assigned_Numbers_Authority" title="Internet Assigned Numbers Authority">IANA</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tz_database&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tz_database_time_zones" title="List of tz database time zones">List of tz database time zones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">Daylight saving time</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tz_database&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 32em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-tz-boundary-builder-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tz-boundary-builder_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tz-boundary-builder_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiroky2024" class="citation web cs1">Siroky, Evan (1 January 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/evansiroky/timezone-boundary-builder/releases/tag/2023d">"Time Zone Boundary Builder"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/GitHub" title="GitHub">GitHub</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GitHub&rft.atitle=Time+Zone+Boundary+Builder&rft.date=2024-01-01&rft.aulast=Siroky&rft.aufirst=Evan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.com%2Fevansiroky%2Ftimezone-boundary-builder%2Freleases%2Ftag%2F2023d&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATz+database" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEggertOlson" class="citation web cs1">Eggert, Paul; Olson, Arthur David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.iana.org/time-zones/tz-link.html">"Time zone and daylight saving time data"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308114505/https://data.iana.org/time-zones/tz-link.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Time+zone+and+daylight+saving+time+data&rft.aulast=Eggert&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.au=Olson%2C+Arthur+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.iana.org%2Ftime-zones%2Ftz-link.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATz+database" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEggert2005" class="citation mailinglist cs1">Eggert, Paul (17 January 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2005-January/012806.html">"Re: FW: IANA time zone registration – proposal"</a>. <i>tz</i> (Mailing list).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Re%3A+FW%3A+IANA+time+zone+registration+%E2%80%93+proposal&rft.date=2005-01-17&rft.aulast=Eggert&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmm.icann.org%2Fpipermail%2Ftz%2F2005-January%2F012806.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATz+database" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2011-October/008090.html">"ICANN to Manage Time Zone Database"</a> (news alert). ICANN. 15 October 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141213225140/http://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2011-October/008090.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 December 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ICANN+to+Manage+Time+Zone+Database&rft.pub=ICANN&rft.date=2011-10-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmm.icann.org%2Fpipermail%2Ftz%2F2011-October%2F008090.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATz+database" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlson1986" class="citation mailinglist cs1">Olson, Arthur David (16 December 1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/1986-December/008966.html">"Resolved timezone issue? Other issues. New ctime manual page"</a>. <i>tz</i> (Mailing list). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210309010653/https://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/1986-December/008966.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Resolved+timezone+issue%3F+Other+issues.+New+ctime+manual+page&rft.date=1986-12-16&rft.aulast=Olson&rft.aufirst=Arthur+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmm.icann.org%2Fpipermail%2Ftz%2F1986-December%2F008966.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATz+database" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEggert1993" class="citation mailinglist cs1">Eggert, Paul (20 October 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/1993-October/009233.html">"proposal for time zone names"</a>. <i>tz</i> (Mailing list). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160927075107/https://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/1993-October/009233.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=proposal+for+time+zone+names&rft.date=1993-10-20&rft.aulast=Eggert&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmm.icann.org%2Fpipermail%2Ftz%2F1993-October%2F009233.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATz+database" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlson1987" class="citation mailinglist cs1">Olson, Arthur David (18 March 1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/1987-March/009022.html">"Re: List of issues"</a>. <i>tz</i> (Mailing list). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308181917/https://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/1987-March/009022.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Re%3A+List+of+issues&rft.date=1987-03-18&rft.aulast=Olson&rft.aufirst=Arthur+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmm.icann.org%2Fpipermail%2Ftz%2F1987-March%2F009022.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATz+database" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDevine1988" class="citation mailinglist cs1">Devine, Bob (2 June 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/1988-June/009124.html">"leap seconds; [0-60] is ok"</a>. <i>tz</i> (Mailing list). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160411140426/https://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/1988-June/009124.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 April 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=leap+seconds%3B+%5B0-60%5D+is+ok&rft.date=1988-06-02&rft.aulast=Devine&rft.aufirst=Bob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmm.icann.org%2Fpipermail%2Ftz%2F1988-June%2F009124.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATz+database" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEggert1995" class="citation mailinglist cs1">Eggert, Paul (11 November 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/1995-November/009446.html">"questions and comments on http://tycho.usno.navy.mil/tzones.html"</a>. <i>tz</i> (Mailing list). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308183723/https://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/1995-November/009446.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=questions+and+comments+on+http%3A%2F%2Ftycho.usno.navy.mil%2Ftzones.html&rft.date=1995-11-11&rft.aulast=Eggert&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmm.icann.org%2Fpipermail%2Ftz%2F1995-November%2F009446.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATz+database" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="ftp://munnari.oz.au/pub/oldtz/">"zoneinfo tzcode and tzdata archives (FTP)"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240926113714/ftp://munnari.oz.au/pub/oldtz/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 September 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=zoneinfo+tzcode+and+tzdata+archives+%28FTP%29&rft_id=ftp%3A%2F%2Fmunnari.oz.au%2Fpub%2Foldtz%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATz+database" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.iana.org/time-zones/theory.html">"Theory and pragmatics of the tz code and data"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210305214749/https://data.iana.org/time-zones/theory.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Theory+and+pragmatics+of+the+tz+code+and+data&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.iana.org%2Ftime-zones%2Ftheory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATz+database" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.iana.org/time-zones/theory.html#scope">"Scope of the tz database"</a>. <i>Theory and pragmatics of the tz code and data</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240417030958/https://data.iana.org/time-zones/theory.html#scope">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2024</span>. <q>Each timezone typically corresponds to a geographical region that is smaller than a traditional time zone, because clocks in a timezone all agree after 1970 whereas a traditional time zone merely specifies current standard time. For example, applications that deal with current and future timestamps in the traditional North American mountain time zone can choose from the timezones America/Denver which observes US-style daylight saving time (DST), and America/Phoenix which does not observe DST. Applications that also deal with past timestamps in the mountain time zone can choose from over a dozen timezones, such as America/Boise, America/Edmonton, and America/Hermosillo, each of which currently uses mountain time but differs from other timezones for some timestamps after 1970.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Theory+and+pragmatics+of+the+tz+code+and+data&rft.atitle=Scope+of+the+tz+database&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.iana.org%2Ftime-zones%2Ftheory.html%23scope&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATz+database" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlson2010" class="citation mailinglist cs1">Olson, Arthur David (1 May 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2010-May/016209.html">"proposed time zone package changes (Bahia de Banderas; version naming)"</a>. <i>tz</i> (Mailing list). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308223627/https://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2010-May/016209.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=proposed+time+zone+package+changes+%28Bahia+de+Banderas%3B+version+naming%29&rft.date=2010-05-01&rft.aulast=Olson&rft.aufirst=Arthur+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmm.icann.org%2Fpipermail%2Ftz%2F2010-May%2F016209.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATz+database" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.iana.org/time-zones/theory.html#naming">"Timezone identifiers"</a>. <i>Theory and pragmatics of the tz code and data</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240926113704/https://data.iana.org/time-zones/theory.html#naming">Archived</a> from the original on 26 September 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 December</span> 2020</span>. <q>Use only valid POSIX file name components (i.e., the parts of names other than '/'). Do not use the file name components '.' and '..'. Within a file name component, use only ASCII letters, '.', '-' and '_'. Do not use digits, as that might create an ambiguity with POSIX TZ strings. A file name component must not exceed 14 characters or start with '-'. E.g., prefer Asia/Brunei to Asia/Bandar_Seri_Begawan. Exceptions: see the discussion of legacy names below.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Theory+and+pragmatics+of+the+tz+code+and+data&rft.atitle=Timezone+identifiers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.iana.org%2Ftime-zones%2Ftheory.html%23naming&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATz+database" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.iana.org/time-zones/theory.html#naming">"Timezone identifiers"</a>. <i>Theory and pragmatics of the tz code and data</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240926113704/https://data.iana.org/time-zones/theory.html#naming">Archived</a> from the original on 26 September 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 December</span> 2020</span>. <q>Keep locations compact. Use cities or small islands, not countries or regions, so that any future changes do not split individual locations into different timezones. E.g., prefer Europe/Paris to Europe/France, since France has had multiple timezones.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Theory+and+pragmatics+of+the+tz+code+and+data&rft.atitle=Timezone+identifiers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.iana.org%2Ftime-zones%2Ftheory.html%23naming&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATz+database" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.iana.org/time-zones/theory.html#naming">"Timezone identifiers"</a>. <i>Theory and pragmatics of the tz code and data</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210305214749/https://data.iana.org/time-zones/theory.html#naming">Archived</a> from the original on 5 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 December</span> 2020</span>. <q>Here are the general guidelines used for choosing timezone names, in decreasing order of importance: ... If a name is ambiguous, use a less ambiguous alternative; e.g., many cities are named San José and Georgetown, so prefer America/Costa_Rica to America/San_Jose and America/Guyana to America/Georgetown. ... Use the most populous among locations in a region, e.g., prefer Asia/Shanghai to Asia/Beijing. Among locations with similar populations, pick the best-known location, e.g., prefer Europe/Rome to Europe/Milan.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Theory+and+pragmatics+of+the+tz+code+and+data&rft.atitle=Timezone+identifiers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.iana.org%2Ftime-zones%2Ftheory.html%23naming&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATz+database" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.iana.org/time-zones/theory.html#naming">"Timezone identifiers"</a>. <i>Theory and pragmatics of the tz code and data</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240926113704/https://data.iana.org/time-zones/theory.html#naming">Archived</a> from the original on 26 September 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 December</span> 2020</span>. <q>If a name is changed, put its old spelling in the 'backward' file. This means old spellings will continue to work. Ordinarily a name change should occur only in the rare case when a location's consensus English-language spelling changes; for example, in 2008 Asia/Calcutta was renamed to Asia/Kolkata due to long-time widespread use of the new city name instead of the old.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Theory+and+pragmatics+of+the+tz+code+and+data&rft.atitle=Timezone+identifiers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.iana.org%2Ftime-zones%2Ftheory.html%23naming&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATz+database" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_Eggert2012" class="citation mailinglist cs1">Paul Eggert (21 December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2012-December/018487.html">"Re: zoneinfo : ist : error"</a>. <i>tz</i> (Mailing list). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220530182004/http://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2012-December/018487.html">Archived</a> from the original on 30 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Re%3A+zoneinfo+%3A+ist+%3A+error&rft.date=2012-12-21&rft.au=Paul+Eggert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmm.icann.org%2Fpipermail%2Ftz%2F2012-December%2F018487.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATz+database" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlson2010" class="citation mailinglist cs1">Olson, Arthur David (6 January 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2010-January/016010.html">"RE: little nuance in brazil 1963"</a>. <i>tz</i> (Mailing list). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190425163548/https://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2010-January/016010.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=RE%3A+little+nuance+in+brazil+1963&rft.date=2010-01-06&rft.aulast=Olson&rft.aufirst=Arthur+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmm.icann.org%2Fpipermail%2Ftz%2F2010-January%2F016010.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATz+database" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ptb.de/cms/en/ptb/fachabteilungen/abt4/fb-44/ag-441/realisation-of-legal-time-in-germany/dst-and-midsummer-dst-in-germany-until-1979.html">"DST and midsummer DST in Germany until 1979"</a>. <i>Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt</i>. 11 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Physikalisch-Technische+Bundesanstalt&rft.atitle=DST+and+midsummer+DST+in+Germany+until+1979&rft.date=2017-05-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ptb.de%2Fcms%2Fen%2Fptb%2Ffachabteilungen%2Fabt4%2Ffb-44%2Fag-441%2Frealisation-of-legal-time-in-germany%2Fdst-and-midsummer-dst-in-germany-until-1979.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATz+database" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cldr.unicode.org/index/bcp47-extension">"Unicode Locale Extension ('u') for BCP 47"</a>. CLDR – Unicode Common Locale Data Repository. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110728143836/http://cldr.unicode.org/index/bcp47-extension">Archived</a> from the original on 28 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 February</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Unicode+Locale+Extension+%28%27u%27%29+for+BCP+47&rft.pub=CLDR+%E2%80%93+Unicode+Common+Locale+Data+Repository&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcldr.unicode.org%2Findex%2Fbcp47-extension&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATz+database" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/reports/tr35/tr35-dates.html#Time_Zone_Names">"Unicode Locale Data Markup Language (LDML), Part 4: Dates"</a>. section 5, Time Zone Names. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180323131559/http://unicode.org/reports/tr35/tr35-dates.html#Time_Zone_Names">Archived</a> from the original on 23 March 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Unicode+Locale+Data+Markup+Language+%28LDML%29%2C+Part+4%3A+Dates&rft.pages=section+5%2C+Time+Zone+Names&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2Freports%2Ftr35%2Ftr35-dates.html%23Time_Zone_Names&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATz+database" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Olsontzsetup-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Olsontzsetup_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ibm.com/docs/en/aix/7.3?topic=setup-olson-time-zone-support">"Olson time zone support and setup"</a>. <i>AIX 7.3 Documentation</i>. IBM<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AIX+7.3+Documentation&rft.atitle=Olson+time+zone+support+and+setup&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibm.com%2Fdocs%2Fen%2Faix%2F7.3%3Ftopic%3Dsetup-olson-time-zone-support&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATz+database" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AIXTZ-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AIXTZ_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ibm.com/support/pages/managing-time-zone-variable-posix">"Managing the Time Zone Variable (POSIX)"</a>. IBM. 2 February 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Managing+the+Time+Zone+Variable+%28POSIX%29&rft.pub=IBM&rft.date=2007-02-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibm.com%2Fsupport%2Fpages%2Fmanaging-time-zone-variable-posix&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATz+database" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AIXLinuxinfo-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AIXLinuxinfo_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AIXLinuxinfo_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160411074517/http://www14.software.ibm.com/webapp/set2/sas/f/enews/2006/10/DSTupdate.html">"AIX O/S updated to support 2007 Daylight Saving Time change"</a>. IBM. 18 October 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www14.software.ibm.com/webapp/set2/sas/f/enews/2006/10/DSTupdate.html">the original</a> on 11 April 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AIX+Wiki&rft.atitle=Introduction+of+daylight+saving+time+in+Western+Australia+2006&rft.date=2009-03-30&rft.au=Wickremasinghe%2C+Christopher&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibm.com%2Fdeveloperworks%2Fwikis%2Fdisplay%2Fusergroups%2FIntroduction%2Bof%2BDaylight%2BSaving%2BTime%2Bin%2BWestern%2BAustralia%2B%2B2006&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATz+database" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://developer.android.com/reference/java/time/ZoneId">"ZoneId"</a>. <i>developer.android.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180914203505/https://developer.android.com/reference/java/time/ZoneId">Archived</a> from the original on 14 September 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=developer.android.com&rft.atitle=ZoneId&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdeveloper.android.com%2Freference%2Fjava%2Ftime%2FZoneId&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATz+database" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bitsavers.org/pdf/sun/sunos/4.0/800-1731-07r50_Release_4.0_Change_Notes_for_the_Sun_Workstation_198701.pdf"><i>Release 4.0 Change Notes for the Sun Workstation</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Sun_Microsystems" title="Sun Microsystems">Sun Microsystems</a>. 19 January 1987. p. 4. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220307192247/http://bitsavers.org/pdf/sun/sunos/4.0/800-1731-07r50_Release_4.0_Change_Notes_for_the_Sun_Workstation_198701.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 7 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Release+4.0+Change+Notes+for+the+Sun+Workstation&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Sun+Microsystems&rft.date=1987-01-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbitsavers.org%2Fpdf%2Fsun%2Fsunos%2F4.0%2F800-1731-07r50_Release_4.0_Change_Notes_for_the_Sun_Workstation_198701.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATz+database" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ecma_ECMA-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ecma_ECMA_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ecma-international.org/ecma-402/2.0/#sec-time-zone-names">"ECMAScript 2015 Internationalization API Specification"</a>. <i>ecma-international.org</i> (2nd ed.). June 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191026140400/https://www.ecma-international.org/ecma-402/2.0/#sec-time-zone-names">Archived</a> from the original on 26 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 January</span> 2020</span>. <q>The ECMAScript 2015 Internationalization API Specification identifies time zones using the Zone and Link names of the IANA Time Zone Database. Their canonical form is the corresponding Zone name in the casing used in the IANA Time Zone Database. ... It is recommended that implementations use the time zone information of the IANA Time Zone Database.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ecma-international.org&rft.atitle=ECMAScript+2015+Internationalization+API+Specification&rft.date=2015-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ecma-international.org%2Fecma-402%2F2.0%2F%23sec-time-zone-names&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATz+database" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pavkam.dev/alex.ciobanu.org/index7414.html?p=533">"TZDB library moved to GitHub on April 23, 2014"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210224102451/https://pavkam.dev/alex.ciobanu.org/index7414.html?p=533">Archived</a> from the original on 24 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=TZDB+library+moved+to+GitHub+on+April+23%2C+2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpavkam.dev%2Falex.ciobanu.org%2Findex7414.html%3Fp%3D533&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATz+database" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081201232907/http://download-uk.oracle.com/docs/cd/B14117_01/server.101/b10749/ch4datetime.htm#i1006667"><i>Oracle Database Globalization Support Guide 10g Release 1 (10.1): Chapter 4, Section "Choosing a Time Zone File"</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Oracle_Corporation" title="Oracle Corporation">Oracle Corporation</a>. June 2004. pp. <span class="nowrap">4–</span>14. Part No. B10749-02. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://download-uk.oracle.com/docs/cd/B14117_01/server.101/b10749/ch4datetime.htm#i1006667">the original</a> on 1 December 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oracle+Database+Globalization+Support+Guide+10g+Release+1+%2810.1%29%3A+Chapter+4%2C+Section+%22Choosing+a+Time+Zone+File%22&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E4-%3C%2Fspan%3E14&rft.pub=Oracle+Corporation&rft.date=2004-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdownload-uk.oracle.com%2Fdocs%2Fcd%2FB14117_01%2Fserver.101%2Fb10749%2Fch4datetime.htm%23i1006667&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATz+database" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130503041328/http://unicode.org/repos/cldr-tmp/trunk/diff/supplemental/windows_tzid.html">"Windows → Tzid"</a>. Unicode Consortium. 12 November 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unicode.org/cldr/data/diff/supplemental/windows_tzid.html">the original</a> on 3 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 February</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Windows+%E2%86%92+Tzid&rft.pub=Unicode+Consortium&rft.date=2007-11-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Funicode.org%2Fcldr%2Fdata%2Fdiff%2Fsupplemental%2Fwindows_tzid.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATz+database" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlson1986" class="citation mailinglist cs1">Olson, Arthur David (24 November 1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/1986-November/008946.html">"seismo!elsie!tz; new versions of time zone stuff"</a>. <i>tz</i> (Mailing list). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240926113707/https://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/1986-November/008946.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 September 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=seismo%21elsie%21tz%3B+new+versions+of+time+zone+stuff&rft.date=1986-11-24&rft.aulast=Olson&rft.aufirst=Arthur+David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmm.icann.org%2Fpipermail%2Ftz%2F1986-November%2F008946.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATz+database" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dockets.justia.com/docket/massachusetts/madce/1:2011cv11725/139342">"Astrolabe, Inc. v. Olson et al"</a>. 6 October 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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ARTHUR DAVID OLSON and PAUL EGGERT, Defendants"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 30 September 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.mit.edu/jhawk/tmp/tz/gov.uscourts.mad.139342.1.0.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 14 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ASTROLABE%2C+INC.%2C+Plaintiff%2C+v.+ARTHUR+DAVID+OLSON+and+PAUL+EGGERT%2C+Defendants.&rft.date=2011-09-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.mit.edu%2Fjhawk%2Ftmp%2Ftz%2Fgov.uscourts.mad.139342.1.0.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATz+database" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-shutdown-email-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-shutdown-email_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlson2011" class="citation mailinglist cs1">Olson, Arthur David (6 October 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2011-October/008945.html">"Civil suit; ftp shutdown; mailing list shutdown"</a>. <i>tz</i> (Mailing list). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308175942/https://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2011-October/008945.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Civil+suit%3B+ftp+shutdown%3B+mailing+list+shutdown&rft.date=2011-10-06&rft.aulast=Olson&rft.aufirst=Arthur+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmm.icann.org%2Fpipermail%2Ftz%2F2011-October%2F008945.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATz+database" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thedailyparker.com/post/2011/10/06/c5f28bae-4b9c-41ea-b7b7-8891ad63c938">"Time zone database shut down"</a>. <i>The Daily Parker</i>. 6 October 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=EFF+Wins+Protection+for+Time+Zone+Database&rft.pub=Electronic+Frontier+Foundation&rft.date=2012-02-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eff.org%2Fpress%2Freleases%2Feff-wins-protection-time-zone-database&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATz+database" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iana.org/time-zones">"Time Zone Database"</a>. IANA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111017173848/https://www.iana.org/time-zones">Archived</a> from the original on 17 October 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Time+Zone+Database&rft.pub=IANA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iana.org%2Ftime-zones&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATz+database" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tz_database&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General">General</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tz_database&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: General"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itu.int/dms_pub/itu-t/opb/sp/T-SP-LT.1-2015-PDF-E.pdf"><i>Legal time</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, ITU, 2015</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Legal+time&rft.pub=ITU&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.itu.int%2Fdms_pub%2Fitu-t%2Fopb%2Fsp%2FT-SP-LT.1-2015-PDF-E.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATz+database" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cs.ucla.edu/~eggert/tz/tz-link.htm"><i>The tz database home page</i></a>, UCLA</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+tz+database+home+page&rft.pub=UCLA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcs.ucla.edu%2F~eggert%2Ftz%2Ftz-link.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATz+database" class="Z3988"></span> (deprecated, see Official IANA sources below)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lists.iana.org/hyperkitty/list/tz@iana.org/"><i>The tz mailing list archive</i></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+tz+mailing+list+archive&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flists.iana.org%2Fhyperkitty%2Flist%2Ftz%40iana.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATz+database" class="Z3988"></span> at IANA</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lists.iana.org/postorius/lists/tz.iana.org/">tz mailing list at IANA</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blog.jonudell.net/2009/10/23/a-literary-appreciation-of-the-olsonzoneinfotz-database/">"A literary appreciation of the Olson/Zoneinfo/tz database"</a> by <a href="/wiki/Jon_Udell" title="Jon Udell">Jon Udell</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Official_IANA_sources">Official IANA sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tz_database&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Official IANA sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iana.org/time-zones">Home page</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ftp.iana.org/tz/">FTP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rsync" title="Rsync">rsync</a>, at rsync://rsync.iana.org/tz/</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Man_pages">Man pages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tz_database&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Man pages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="plainlinksneverexpand"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://linux.die.net/man/8/zic">zic(8)</a></code></span> – <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a> Administration and Privileged Commands <a href="/wiki/Man_page" title="Man page">Manual</a> (gives the syntax of source files for the tz database)</li> <li><span class="plainlinksneverexpand"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://linux.die.net/man/5/tzfile">tzfile(5)</a></code></span> – <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a> File Formats <a href="/wiki/Man_page" title="Man page">Manual</a> (gives the format of compiled tz database files)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:UTC_time_offsets" title="Template:UTC time offsets"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:UTC_time_offsets" title="Template talk:UTC time offsets"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:UTC_time_offsets" title="Special:EditPage/Template:UTC time offsets"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Coordinated_Universal_Time_(UTC)242" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">Coordinated Universal Time</a> (UTC)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/UTC_offset" title="UTC offset">UTC offset</a> for <a href="/wiki/Standard_time" title="Standard time">standard time</a> and <a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">Daylight saving time</a> (DST)<br /><br /><i>Italics: historical or unofficial</i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/180th_meridian" title="180th meridian">180°</a> to <a href="/wiki/90th_meridian_west" title="90th meridian west">90°W</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%9212:00" title="UTC−12:00">−12:00</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%9211:00" title="UTC−11:00">−11:00</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%9210:30" title="UTC−10:30">−10:30</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%9210:00" title="UTC−10:00">−10:00</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%9209:30" title="UTC−09:30">−09:30</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%9209:00" title="UTC−09:00">−09:00</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%9208:30" title="UTC−08:30">−08:30</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%9208:00" title="UTC−08:00">−08:00</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%9207:00" title="UTC−07:00">−07:00</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/90th_meridian_west" title="90th meridian west">90°W</a> to <a href="/wiki/IERS_Reference_Meridian" title="IERS Reference Meridian">0°</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%9206:00" title="UTC−06:00">−06:00</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%9205:00" title="UTC−05:00">−05:00</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%9204:30" title="UTC−04:30">−04:30</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%9204:00" title="UTC−04:00">−04:00</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%9203:30" title="UTC−03:30">−03:30</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%9203:00" title="UTC−03:00">−03:00</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%9202:30" title="UTC−02:30">−02:30</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%9202:00" title="UTC−02:00">−02:00</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%9201:00" title="UTC−01:00">−01:00</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%9200:44" title="UTC−00:44">−00:44</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%9200:25:21" title="UTC−00:25:21">−00:25:21</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/IERS_Reference_Meridian" title="IERS Reference Meridian">0°</a> to <a href="/wiki/90th_meridian_east" title="90th meridian east">90°E</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B00:00" title="UTC+00:00">+00:00</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B00:20" title="UTC+00:20">+00:20</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B00:30" title="UTC+00:30">+00:30</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B01:00" title="UTC+01:00">+01:00</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B01:24" title="UTC+01:24">+01:24</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B01:30" title="UTC+01:30">+01:30</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B02:00" title="UTC+02:00">+02:00</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B02:30" title="UTC+02:30">+02:30</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B03:00" title="UTC+03:00">+03:00</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B03:30" title="UTC+03:30">+03:30</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B04:00" title="UTC+04:00">+04:00</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B04:30" title="UTC+04:30">+04:30</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B04:51" title="UTC+04:51">+04:51</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B05:00" title="UTC+05:00">+05:00</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B05:30" title="UTC+05:30">+05:30</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B05:40" title="UTC+05:40">+05:40</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B05:45" title="UTC+05:45">+05:45</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/90th_meridian_east" title="90th meridian east">90°E</a> to <a href="/wiki/180th_meridian" title="180th meridian">180°</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B06:00" title="UTC+06:00">+06:00</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B06:30" title="UTC+06:30">+06:30</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B07:00" title="UTC+07:00">+07:00</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B07:20" title="UTC+07:20">+07:20</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B07:30" title="UTC+07:30">+07:30</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B08:00" title="UTC+08:00">+08:00</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B08:30" title="UTC+08:30">+08:30</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B08:45" title="UTC+08:45">+08:45</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B09:00" title="UTC+09:00">+09:00</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B09:30" title="UTC+09:30">+09:30</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B09:45" title="UTC+09:45">+09:45</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B10:00" title="UTC+10:00">+10:00</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B10:30" title="UTC+10:30">+10:30</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B11:00" title="UTC+11:00">+11:00</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B11:30" title="UTC+11:30">+11:30</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/180th_meridian" title="180th meridian">180°</a> to <a href="/wiki/90th_meridian_west" title="90th meridian west">90°W</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B12:00" title="UTC+12:00">+12:00</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B12:45" title="UTC+12:45">+12:45</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B13:00" title="UTC+13:00">+13:00</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B13:45" title="UTC+13:45">+13:45</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B14:00" title="UTC+14:00">+14:00</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a> data sources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">tz database</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_time_zones" title="Lists of time zones">Lists of time zones</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_time_zones_by_country" title="List of time zones by country">Time zones by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_UTC_offsets" title="List of UTC offsets">Time zones by UTC offset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_time_zone" title="Military time zone">Military time zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_time_zone_abbreviations" title="List of time zone abbreviations">Time zone abbreviations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time_by_country" title="Daylight saving time by country">Daylight saving time by country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_time_zones" title="Abolition of time zones">Abolition of time zones</a></li></ul> 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