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vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Nature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Regions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Regions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Regions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Regions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Visible_limit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Visible_limit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Visible limit</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Visible_limit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commonly_used_subdivision_scheme" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commonly_used_subdivision_scheme"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Commonly used subdivision scheme</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commonly_used_subdivision_scheme-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-CIE_division_scheme" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#CIE_division_scheme"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>CIE division scheme</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-CIE_division_scheme-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ISO_20473_scheme" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ISO_20473_scheme"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>ISO 20473 scheme</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ISO_20473_scheme-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Astronomy_division_scheme" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Astronomy_division_scheme"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Astronomy division scheme</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Astronomy_division_scheme-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sensor_response_division_scheme" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sensor_response_division_scheme"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Sensor response division scheme</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sensor_response_division_scheme-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Telecommunication_bands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Telecommunication_bands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Telecommunication bands</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Telecommunication_bands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Heat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Heat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Applications</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Applications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Applications subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Night_vision" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Night_vision"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Night vision</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Night_vision-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thermography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thermography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Thermography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thermography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hyperspectral_imaging" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hyperspectral_imaging"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Hyperspectral imaging</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hyperspectral_imaging-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_imaging" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_imaging"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Other imaging</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_imaging-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tracking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tracking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Tracking</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tracking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Heating" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heating"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Heating</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heating-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cooling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cooling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7</span> <span>Cooling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cooling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Communications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Communications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.8</span> <span>Communications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Communications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spectroscopy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spectroscopy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.9</span> <span>Spectroscopy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spectroscopy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thin_film_metrology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thin_film_metrology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.10</span> <span>Thin film metrology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thin_film_metrology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Meteorology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Meteorology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.11</span> <span>Meteorology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Meteorology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climatology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climatology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.12</span> <span>Climatology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climatology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Astronomy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Astronomy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.13</span> <span>Astronomy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Astronomy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cleaning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cleaning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.14</span> <span>Cleaning</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cleaning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Art_conservation_and_analysis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art_conservation_and_analysis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.15</span> <span>Art conservation and analysis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art_conservation_and_analysis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biological_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biological_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.16</span> <span>Biological systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biological_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Photobiomodulation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Photobiomodulation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.17</span> <span>Photobiomodulation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Photobiomodulation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health_hazards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health_hazards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.18</span> <span>Health hazards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health_hazards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scientific_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scientific_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Scientific history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scientific_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Infrared</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 120 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-120" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">120 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrarooi" title="Infrarooi – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Infrarooi" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrarotstrahlung" title="Infrarotstrahlung – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Infrarotstrahlung" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A1" title="الأشعة تحت الحمراء – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الأشعة تحت الحمراء" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrarroyo" title="Infrarroyo – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Infrarroyo" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A7%B1%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4_%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF" title="অৱলোহিত ৰশ্মি – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="অৱলোহিত ৰশ্মি" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiaci%C3%B3n_infrarroxo" title="Radiación infrarroxo – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Radiación infrarroxo" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0nfraq%C4%B1rm%C4%B1z%C4%B1_%C5%9F%C3%BCalanma" title="İnfraqırmızı şüalanma – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İnfraqırmızı şüalanma" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C_%D8%A2%D9%84%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%BA%DB%8C" title="قیرمیزی آلتی ایشیغی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="قیرمیزی آلتی ایشیغی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiasi_inframerah" title="Radiasi inframerah – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Radiasi inframerah" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A3" title="অবলোহিত বিকিরণ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অবলোহিত বিকিরণ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%82ng-g%C5%8Da-s%C3%B2a%E2%81%BF" title="Âng-gōa-sòaⁿ – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Âng-gōa-sòaⁿ" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D2%A1%D1%8B%D2%99%D1%8B%D0%BB_%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%88" title="Инфраҡыҙыл нурланыш – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Инфраҡыҙыл нурланыш" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BD%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%87%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Інфрачырвонае выпраменьванне – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Інфрачырвонае выпраменьванне" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BD%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%87%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Інфрачырвонае выпраменьваньне – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Інфрачырвонае выпраменьваньне" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BB%D1%8A%D1%87%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Инфрачервено излъчване – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Инфрачервено излъчване" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infracrveno_zra%C4%8Denje" title="Infracrveno zračenje – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Infracrveno zračenje" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infraroig" title="Infraroig – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Infraroig" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infra%C4%8Derven%C3%A9_z%C3%A1%C5%99en%C3%AD" title="Infračervené záření – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Infračervené záření" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Is-goch" title="Is-goch – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Is-goch" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrar%C3%B8d_str%C3%A5ling" title="Infrarød stråling – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Infrarød stråling" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrarotstrahlung" title="Infrarotstrahlung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Infrarotstrahlung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrapunakiirgus" title="Infrapunakiirgus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Infrapunakiirgus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A5%CF%80%CE%AD%CF%81%CF%85%CE%B8%CF%81%CE%B7_%CE%B1%CE%BA%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%B2%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Υπέρυθρη ακτινοβολία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Υπέρυθρη ακτινοβολία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiaci%C3%B3n_infrarroja" title="Radiación infrarroja – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Radiación infrarroja" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infraru%C4%9Da_radiado" title="Infraruĝa radiado – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Infraruĝa radiado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infragorri" title="Infragorri – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Infragorri" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%AE" title="فروسرخ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فروسرخ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrared – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Infrared" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrarouge" title="Infrarouge – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Infrarouge" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ynfraread" title="Ynfraread – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Ynfraread" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rada%C3%ADocht_infridhearg" title="Radaíocht infridhearg – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Radaíocht infridhearg" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiaci%C3%B3n_infravermella" title="Radiación infravermella – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Radiación infravermella" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%BB%D2%BB%D0%BD" title="Уландорнь толярлһн – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Уландорнь толярлһн" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Хальмг</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%81%EC%99%B8%EC%84%A0" title="적외선 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="적외선" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BB%D5%B6%D6%86%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B4%D5%AB%D6%80_%D5%B3%D5%A1%D5%BC%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%A9%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Ինֆրակարմիր ճառագայթներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ինֆրակարմիր ճառագայթներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4" title="अवरक्त – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अवरक्त" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infracrveno_zra%C4%8Denje" title="Infracrveno zračenje – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Infracrveno zračenje" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrereda" title="Infrereda – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Infrereda" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inframerah" title="Inframerah – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Inframerah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrarubie" title="Infrarubie – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Infrarubie" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrarubie" title="Infrarubie – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Infrarubie" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imitha_ye-infrared" title="Imitha ye-infrared – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Imitha ye-infrared" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insibomvu" title="Insibomvu – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Insibomvu" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innrautt_lj%C3%B3s" title="Innrautt ljós – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Innrautt ljós" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiazione_infrarossa" title="Radiazione infrarossa – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Radiazione infrarossa" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%AA-%D7%90%D7%93%D7%95%D7%9D" title="תת-אדום – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תת-אדום" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infra_abang" title="Infra abang – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Infra abang" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%81" title="ಅವಗೆಂಪು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಅವಗೆಂಪು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%AC%E1%83%98%E1%83%97%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%AE%E1%83%98%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="ინფრაწითელი გამოსხივება – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ინფრაწითელი გამოსხივება" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D2%9B%D1%8B%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BB_%D1%81%D3%99%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Инфрақызыл сәуле – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Инфрақызыл сәуле" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mialekundu" title="Mialekundu – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mialekundu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onn_enfrawouj" title="Onn enfrawouj – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Onn enfrawouj" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BB_%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%83" title="Инфракызыл нурлануу – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Инфракызыл нурлануу" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiatio_infrarubra" title="Radiatio infrarubra – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Radiatio infrarubra" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrasarkanais_starojums" title="Infrasarkanais starojums – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Infrasarkanais starojums" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infraroutstralung" title="Infraroutstralung – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Infraroutstralung" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infraraudonieji_spinduliai" title="Infraraudonieji spinduliai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Infraraudonieji spinduliai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infraroead" title="Infraroead – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Infraroead" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infraross" title="Infraross – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Infraross" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrav%C3%B6r%C3%B6s_sug%C3%A1rz%C3%A1s" title="Infravörös sugárzás – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Infravörös sugárzás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%9A%D0%B5" title="Инфрацрвено зрачење – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Инфрацрвено зрачење" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%87%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%82" title="ഇൻഫ്രാറെഡ് തരംഗം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഇൻഫ്രാറെഡ് തരംഗം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3" title="अवरक्त किरण – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="अवरक्त किरण" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%AD%E1%83%98%E1%83%97%E1%83%90_%E1%83%92%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%90" title="ინფრაჭითა გოსინთაფა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ინფრაჭითა გოსინთაფა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AF" title="انفراريد – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="انفراريد" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinar_inframerah" title="Sinar inframerah – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sinar inframerah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8D%D1%82_%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D1%82%D1%83%D1%8F%D0%B0" title="Хэт улаан туяа – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Хэт улаан туяа" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%94%E1%80%AE%E1%80%A1%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%81%E1%80%BC%E1%80%8A%E1%80%BA" title="အနီအောက်ရောင်ခြည် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အနီအောက်ရောင်ခြည်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrarood" title="Infrarood – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Infrarood" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1" title="इन्फ्रारेड – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="इन्फ्रारेड" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B5%A4%E5%A4%96%E7%B7%9A" title="赤外線 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="赤外線" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infraruad" title="Infraruad – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Infraruad" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrar%C3%B8d_str%C3%A5ling" title="Infrarød stråling – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Infrarød stråling" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infraraud_str%C3%A5ling" title="Infraraud stråling – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Infraraud stråling" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infraroge" title="Infraroge – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Infraroge" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infraqizil_nurlanish" title="Infraqizil nurlanish – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Infraqizil nurlanish" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%B9%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%A0_%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A8" title="ਲਾਲਹੇਠ ਕਿਰਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਲਾਲਹੇਠ ਕਿਰਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DA%BE%D9%84%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%BA_%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84" title="تھلویں لال – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="تھلویں لال" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infraross" title="Infraross – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Infraross" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infraroodstralen" title="Infraroodstralen – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Infraroodstralen" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podczerwie%C5%84" title="Podczerwień – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Podczerwień" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radia%C3%A7%C3%A3o_infravermelha" title="Radiação infravermelha – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Radiação infravermelha" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infraro%C8%99u" title="Infraroșu – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Infraroșu" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BD%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Інфрачервене жарїня – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Інфрачервене жарїня" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Инфракрасное излучение – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Инфракрасное излучение" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0-%D0%BA%D1%8B%D2%BB%D1%8B%D0%BB_%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%D2%A5%D0%B0" title="Инфра-кыһыл сардаҥа – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Инфра-кыһыл сардаҥа" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiatzione_infraruja" title="Radiatzione infraruja – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Radiatzione infraruja" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rrezet_infra_t%C3%AB_kuqe" title="Rrezet infra të kuqe – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Rrezet infra të kuqe" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%85%E0%B6%B0%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AD_%E0%B6%AD%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%82%E0%B6%9C" title="අධෝරක්ත තරංග – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="අධෝරක්ත තරංග" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrared – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Infrared" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7_%D8%B1%D9%8A%DA%8A" title="انفرا ريڊ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="انفرا ريڊ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infra%C4%8Derven%C3%A9_%C5%BEiarenie" title="Infračervené žiarenie – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Infračervené žiarenie" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrarde%C4%8De_valovanje" title="Infrardeče valovanje – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Infrardeče valovanje" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infragaduud" title="Infragaduud – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Infragaduud" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%98%DB%8E%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B1" title="ژێرسوور – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ژێرسوور" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%9A%D0%B5" title="Инфрацрвено зрачење – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Инфрацрвено зрачење" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infracrveno_zra%C4%8Denje" title="Infracrveno zračenje – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Infracrveno zračenje" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrabeureum" title="Infrabeureum – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Infrabeureum" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrapunas%C3%A4teily" title="Infrapunasäteily – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Infrapunasäteily" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrar%C3%B6d_str%C3%A5lning" title="Infraröd strålning – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Infraröd strålning" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrared – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Infrared" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="அகச்சிவப்புக் கதிர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அகச்சிவப்புக் கதிர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aduzwi%C9%A3" title="Aduzwiɣ – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Aduzwiɣ" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BB_%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%88" title="Инфракызыл нурланыш – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Инфракызыл нурланыш" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%A3_%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%A3%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81" title="పరారుణ వికిరణాలు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="పరారుణ వికిరణాలు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94" title="อินฟราเรด – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อินฟราเรด" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%B1z%C4%B1l%C3%B6tesi" title="Kızılötesi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kızılötesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BB_%D1%85%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Инфракызыл херелдениишкин – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Инфракызыл херелдениишкин" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a 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Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئىنفرا قىزىل نۇر" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrarusked_s%C3%A4degoi%C4%8Dend" title="Infrarusked sädegoičend – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Infrarusked sädegoičend" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tia_h%E1%BB%93ng_ngo%E1%BA%A1i" title="Tia hồng ngoại – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tia hồng ngoại" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical 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free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Form of electromagnetic radiation</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Infrared_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Infrared (disambiguation)">Infrared (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ir_girl.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Ir_girl.png/250px-Ir_girl.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Ir_girl.png/330px-Ir_girl.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Ir_girl.png/500px-Ir_girl.png 2x" data-file-width="1159" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/False_color" title="False color">false-color</a> image of two people taken in long-wavelength infrared (body-temperature thermal) radiation</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Infrared</b> (<b>IR</b>; sometimes called <b>infrared light</b>) is <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiation" title="Electromagnetic radiation">electromagnetic radiation</a> (EMR) with <a href="/wiki/Wavelength" title="Wavelength">wavelengths</a> longer than that of <a href="/wiki/Visible_light" class="mw-redirect" title="Visible light">visible light</a> but shorter than <a href="/wiki/Microwaves" class="mw-redirect" title="Microwaves">microwaves</a>. The infrared <a href="/wiki/Spectral_band" title="Spectral band">spectral band</a> begins with the waves that are just longer than those of <a href="/wiki/Red" title="Red">red</a> light (the longest waves in the <a href="/wiki/Visible_spectrum" title="Visible spectrum">visible spectrum</a>), so IR is invisible to the human eye. IR is generally (according to ISO, CIE) understood to include wavelengths from around 780 <a href="/wiki/Nanometre" title="Nanometre">nm</a> (380 <a href="/wiki/Hertz" title="Hertz">THz</a>) to 1 <a href="/wiki/Millimetre" title="Millimetre">mm</a> (300 <a href="/wiki/Hertz" title="Hertz">GHz</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Vatansever-2012_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vatansever-2012-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> IR is commonly divided between longer-wavelength thermal IR, emitted from terrestrial sources, and shorter-wavelength IR or near-IR, part of the <a href="/wiki/Solar_spectrum" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar spectrum">solar spectrum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-IPCC_AR4-SYR_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IPCC_AR4-SYR-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Longer IR wavelengths (30–100 μm) are sometimes included as part of the <a href="/wiki/Terahertz_radiation" title="Terahertz radiation">terahertz radiation</a> band.<sup id="cite_ref-Rogalski-2019_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rogalski-2019-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Almost all <a href="/wiki/Black-body_radiation" title="Black-body radiation">black-body radiation</a> from objects near <a href="/wiki/Room_temperature" title="Room temperature">room temperature</a> is in the IR band. As a form of EMR, IR carries <a href="/wiki/Energy" title="Energy">energy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Momentum" title="Momentum">momentum</a>, exerts <a href="/wiki/Radiation_pressure" title="Radiation pressure">radiation pressure</a>, and has properties corresponding to <a href="/wiki/Wave%E2%80%93particle_duality" title="Wave–particle duality">both</a> those of a <a href="/wiki/Wave" title="Wave">wave</a> and of a <a href="/wiki/Subatomic_particle" title="Subatomic particle">particle</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Photon" title="Photon">photon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It was long known that fires emit invisible <a href="/wiki/Heat" title="Heat">heat</a>; in 1681 the pioneering experimenter <a href="/wiki/Edme_Mariotte" title="Edme Mariotte">Edme Mariotte</a> showed that glass, though transparent to sunlight, obstructed radiant heat.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1800 the astronomer Sir <a href="/wiki/William_Herschel" title="William Herschel">William Herschel</a> discovered that infrared radiation is a type of invisible radiation in the spectrum lower in energy than red light, by means of its effect on a <a href="/wiki/Thermometer" title="Thermometer">thermometer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Michael_Rowan_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Michael_Rowan-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Slightly more than half of the energy from the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a> was eventually found, through Herschel's studies, to arrive on <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a> in the form of infrared. The balance between absorbed and emitted infrared radiation has an important effect on Earth's <a href="/wiki/Climate" title="Climate">climate</a>. </p><p>Infrared radiation is emitted or absorbed by <a href="/wiki/Molecule" title="Molecule">molecules</a> when changing rotational-vibrational movements. It excites <a href="/wiki/Vibration" title="Vibration">vibrational</a> modes in a molecule through a change in the <a href="/wiki/Molecular_dipole_moment" class="mw-redirect" title="Molecular dipole moment">dipole moment</a>, making it a useful frequency range for study of these energy states for molecules of the proper symmetry. <a href="/wiki/Infrared_spectroscopy" title="Infrared spectroscopy">Infrared spectroscopy</a> examines absorption and transmission of <a href="/wiki/Photon" title="Photon">photons</a> in the infrared range.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Infrared radiation is used in industrial, scientific, military, commercial, and medical applications. Night-vision devices using active near-infrared illumination allow people or animals to be observed without the observer being detected. <a href="/wiki/Infrared_astronomy" title="Infrared astronomy">Infrared astronomy</a> uses sensor-equipped <a href="/wiki/Telescope" title="Telescope">telescopes</a> to penetrate dusty regions of space such as <a href="/wiki/Molecular_cloud" title="Molecular cloud">molecular clouds</a>, to detect objects such as <a href="/wiki/Planet" title="Planet">planets</a>, and to view highly <a href="/wiki/Red-shift" class="mw-redirect" title="Red-shift">red-shifted</a> objects from the early days of the <a href="/wiki/Universe" title="Universe">universe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ir_astronomy_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ir_astronomy-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Infrared thermal-imaging cameras are used to detect heat loss in insulated systems, to observe changing blood flow in the skin, to assist firefighting, and to detect the overheating of electrical components.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Military and civilian applications include <a href="/wiki/Target_acquisition" title="Target acquisition">target acquisition</a>, <a href="/wiki/Surveillance" title="Surveillance">surveillance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Night_vision" title="Night vision">night vision</a>, <a href="/wiki/Homing_(missile_guidance)" class="mw-redirect" title="Homing (missile guidance)">homing</a>, and tracking. Humans at normal body temperature radiate chiefly at wavelengths around 10 μm. Non-military uses include <a href="/wiki/Thermal_efficiency" title="Thermal efficiency">thermal efficiency</a> analysis, environmental monitoring, industrial facility inspections, detection of <a href="/wiki/Grow-ops" class="mw-redirect" title="Grow-ops">grow-ops</a>, remote temperature sensing, short-range <a href="/wiki/Wireless_communication" class="mw-redirect" title="Wireless communication">wireless communication</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spectroscopy" title="Spectroscopy">spectroscopy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Weather_forecasting" title="Weather forecasting">weather forecasting</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition_and_relationship_to_the_electromagnetic_spectrum">Definition and relationship to the electromagnetic spectrum</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infrared&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definition and relationship to the electromagnetic spectrum"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is no universally accepted definition of the range of infrared radiation. Typically, it is taken to extend from the nominal red edge of the visible spectrum at 780 nm to 1 mm. This range of wavelengths corresponds to a <a href="/wiki/Frequency_spectrum" class="mw-redirect" title="Frequency spectrum">frequency</a> range of approximately 430 THz down to 300 GHz. Beyond infrared is the microwave portion of the <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum" title="Electromagnetic spectrum">electromagnetic spectrum</a>. Increasingly, terahertz radiation is counted as part of the microwave band, not infrared, moving the band edge of infrared to 0.1 mm (3 THz). </p> <table class="wikitable" style="float:center; margin:2px; text-align:center;"> <caption>Position in the electromagnetic spectrum<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Name</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Wavelength" title="Wavelength">Wavelength</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Hertz" title="Hertz">Frequency (Hz)</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Electronvolt" title="Electronvolt">Photon energy (eV)</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gamma_ray" title="Gamma ray">Gamma ray</a></td> <td>less than 10 pm</td> <td>more than 30 EHz</td> <td>more than 124 keV </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/X-ray" title="X-ray">X-ray</a></td> <td>10 pm – 10 nm</td> <td>30 PHz – 30 EHz</td> <td>124 keV – 124 eV </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">Ultraviolet</a></td> <td>10 nm – 400 nm</td> <td>750 THz – 30 PHz</td> <td>124 eV – 3.3 eV </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Visible_light" class="mw-redirect" title="Visible light">Visible</a></td> <td>400 nm – 700 nm</td> <td>430 THz – 750 THz</td> <td>3.3 eV – 1.7 eV </td></tr> <tr style="background:#FFE8E8;"> <td><b>Infrared</b></td> <td>700 nm – 1 mm</td> <td>300 GHz – 430 THz</td> <td>1.7 eV – 1.24 meV </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Microwave" title="Microwave">Microwave</a></td> <td>1 mm – 1 meter</td> <td>300 MHz – 300 GHz</td> <td>1.24 meV – 1.24 μeV </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Radio_waves" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio waves">Radio</a></td> <td>1 meter and more</td> <td>300 MHz and below</td> <td>1.24 μeV and below </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nature">Nature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infrared&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Nature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Sunlight" title="Sunlight">Sunlight</a>, at an effective temperature of 5,780 <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">K</a> (5,510 °C, 9,940 °F), is composed of near-thermal-spectrum radiation that is slightly more than half infrared. At <a href="/wiki/Zenith" title="Zenith">zenith</a>, sunlight provides an <a href="/wiki/Irradiance" title="Irradiance">irradiance</a> of just over 1 <a href="/wiki/KW" class="mw-redirect" title="KW">kW</a> per square meter at sea level. Of this energy, 527 W is infrared radiation, 445 W is visible light, and 32 W is <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">ultraviolet</a> radiation.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nearly all the infrared radiation in sunlight is near infrared, shorter than 4 μm. </p><p>On the surface of Earth, at far lower temperatures than the surface of the Sun, some thermal radiation consists of infrared in the mid-infrared region, much longer than in sunlight. Black-body, or thermal, radiation is continuous: it radiates at all wavelengths. Of these natural thermal radiation processes, only lightning and natural fires are hot enough to produce much visible energy, and fires produce far more infrared than visible-light energy.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Regions">Regions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infrared&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Regions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In general, objects emit infrared radiation across a spectrum of wavelengths, but sometimes only a limited region of the spectrum is of interest because sensors usually collect radiation only within a specific bandwidth. Thermal infrared radiation also has a maximum emission wavelength, which is inversely proportional to the absolute temperature of object, in accordance with <a href="/wiki/Wien%27s_displacement_law" title="Wien's displacement law">Wien's displacement law</a>. The infrared band is often subdivided into smaller sections, although how the IR spectrum is thereby divided varies between different areas in which IR is employed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Visible_limit">Visible limit</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infrared&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Visible limit"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Infrared radiation is generally considered to begin with wavelengths longer than visible by the human eye. There is no hard wavelength limit to what is visible, as the eye's sensitivity decreases rapidly but smoothly, for wavelengths exceeding about 700 nm. Therefore wavelengths just longer than that can be seen if they are sufficiently bright, though they may still be classified as infrared according to usual definitions. Light from a near-IR laser may thus appear dim red and can present a hazard since it may actually be quite bright. Even IR at wavelengths up to 1,050 nm from pulsed lasers can be seen by humans under certain conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-Sliney1976_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sliney1976-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LynchLivingston2001_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LynchLivingston2001-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Saidman1933_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saidman1933-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commonly_used_subdivision_scheme">Commonly used subdivision scheme</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infrared&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Commonly used subdivision scheme"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A commonly used subdivision scheme is:<sup id="cite_ref-Byrnes_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Byrnes-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-RP-photonics_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RP-photonics-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Division name </th> <th>Abbreviation </th> <th>Wavelength </th> <th>Frequency </th> <th>Photon energy </th> <th>Temperature<sup id="cite_ref-†_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-†-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>Characteristics </th></tr> <tr> <th>Near-infrared </th> <td>NIR, IR-A <i><a href="/wiki/DIN" class="mw-redirect" title="DIN">DIN</a></i> </td> <td>0.75–1.4 <a href="/wiki/%CE%9Cm" class="mw-redirect" title="Μm">μm</a> </td> <td>214–400 <a href="/wiki/Terahertz_(unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Terahertz (unit)">THz</a> </td> <td>886–1,653 <a href="/wiki/MeV" class="mw-redirect" title="MeV">meV</a> </td> <td>3,864–2,070 <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">K</a><br />(3,591–1,797 <a href="/wiki/Celsius" title="Celsius">°C</a>) </td> <td>Goes up to the wavelength of the first <a href="/wiki/Water_absorption" class="mw-redirect" title="Water absorption">water absorption</a> band, and commonly used in <a href="/wiki/Fiber_optic" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiber optic">fiber optic</a> telecommunication because of low attenuation losses in the SiO<sub>2</sub> glass (<a href="/wiki/Silica" class="mw-redirect" title="Silica">silica</a>) medium. <a href="/wiki/Image_intensifier" title="Image intensifier">Image intensifiers</a> are sensitive to this area of the spectrum; examples include <a href="/wiki/Night_vision" title="Night vision">night vision</a> devices such as night vision goggles. <a href="/wiki/Near-infrared_spectroscopy" title="Near-infrared spectroscopy">Near-infrared spectroscopy</a> is another common application. </td></tr> <tr> <th>Short-wavelength infrared </th> <td>SWIR, IR-B <i>DIN</i> </td> <td>1.4–3 μm </td> <td>100–214 THz </td> <td>413–886 meV </td> <td>2,070–966 <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">K</a><br />(1,797–693 <a href="/wiki/Celsius" title="Celsius">°C</a>) </td> <td>Water absorption increases significantly at 1,450 nm. The 1,530 to 1,560 nm range is the dominant spectral region for long-distance telecommunications (see <a href="/wiki/Fiber-optic_communication#Transmission_windows" title="Fiber-optic communication">transmission windows</a>). </td></tr> <tr> <th><span class="anchor" id="MidIR"></span><span class="anchor" id="MWIR"></span><span class="anchor" id="IIR"></span><span class="anchor" id="IR-C"></span> Mid-wavelength infrared </th> <td>MWIR, IR-C <i>DIN</i>; MidIR.<sup id="cite_ref-rdmag20120908_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rdmag20120908-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also called intermediate infrared (IIR) </td> <td>3–8 μm </td> <td>37–100 THz </td> <td>155–413 meV </td> <td>966–362 <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">K</a><br />(693–89 <a href="/wiki/Celsius" title="Celsius">°C</a>) </td> <td>In guided missile technology the 3–5 μm portion of this band is the atmospheric window in which the seekers of passive IR 'heat seeking' missiles are designed to work, homing on to the <a href="/wiki/Infrared_signature" title="Infrared signature">infrared signature</a> of the target aircraft, typically the jet engine exhaust plume. This region is also known as thermal infrared. </td></tr> <tr> <th>Long-wavelength infrared </th> <td>LWIR, IR-C <i>DIN</i> </td> <td>8–15 μm </td> <td>20–37 THz </td> <td>83–155 meV </td> <td>362–193 <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">K</a><br />(89 – −80 <a href="/wiki/Celsius" title="Celsius">°C</a>) </td> <td>The "thermal imaging" region, in which sensors can obtain a completely passive image of objects only slightly higher in temperature than room temperature – for example, the human body – based on thermal emissions only and requiring no illumination such as the sun or moon or an infrared illuminator. This region is also called the "thermal infrared". </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Far-infrared" class="mw-redirect" title="Far-infrared">Far-infrared</a> </th> <td>FIR </td> <td>15–1,000 μm </td> <td>0.3–20 THz </td> <td>1.2–83 meV </td> <td>193–3 <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">K</a><br />(−80.15 – −270.15 <a href="/wiki/Celsius" title="Celsius">°C</a>) </td> <td>(see also <a href="/wiki/Far-infrared_laser" title="Far-infrared laser">far-infrared laser</a> and <a href="/wiki/Far-infrared" class="mw-redirect" title="Far-infrared">far-infrared</a>) </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Human-Infrared.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Human-Infrared.jpg/200px-Human-Infrared.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Human-Infrared.jpg/300px-Human-Infrared.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/44/Human-Infrared.jpg 2x" data-file-width="355" data-file-height="214" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:162px;max-width:162px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Human-Visible.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Human-Visible.jpg/160px-Human-Visible.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Human-Visible.jpg/240px-Human-Visible.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9b/Human-Visible.jpg 2x" data-file-width="289" data-file-height="211" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">A comparison of a thermal image (top) and an ordinary photograph (bottom). The plastic bag is mostly transparent to long-wavelength infrared, but the man's glasses are opaque.</div></div></div></div> <p>NIR and SWIR together is sometimes called "reflected infrared", whereas MWIR and LWIR is sometimes referred to as "thermal infrared". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="CIE_division_scheme">CIE division scheme</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infrared&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: CIE division scheme"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/International_Commission_on_Illumination" title="International Commission on Illumination">International Commission on Illumination</a> (CIE) recommended the division of infrared radiation into the following three bands:<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Abbreviation </th> <th>Wavelength </th> <th>Frequency </th></tr> <tr> <td>IR-A</td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6993780000000000000♠"></span>780–1400 nm</span></td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7014215000000000000♠"></span>215–384 THz</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>IR-B</td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6994140000000000000♠"></span>1400–3000 nm</span></td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7014100000000000000♠"></span>100–215 THz</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>IR-C</td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6994300000000000000♠"></span>3–1000 μm</span></td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7011300000000000000♠"></span>0.3–100 THz</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ISO_20473_scheme">ISO 20473 scheme</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infrared&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: ISO 20473 scheme"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/ISO" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO">ISO</a> 20473 specifies the following scheme:<sup id="cite_ref-ISO_20473_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISO_20473-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:100pt; text-align:left;">Designation </th> <th style="width:100pt; text-align:center;">Abbreviation </th> <th style="width:150pt; text-align:center;">Wavelength </th></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Near-infrared </td> <td style="text-align:center;">NIR </td> <td style="text-align:center;">0.78–3 μm </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Mid-infrared </td> <td style="text-align:center;">MIR </td> <td style="text-align:center;">3–50 μm </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Far-infrared </td> <td style="text-align:center;">FIR </td> <td style="text-align:center;">50–1,000 μm </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Astronomy_division_scheme">Astronomy division scheme</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infrared&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Astronomy division scheme"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Astronomers typically divide the infrared spectrum as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:100pt; text-align:left;">Designation </th> <th style="width:100pt; text-align:center;">Abbreviation </th> <th style="width:150pt; text-align:center;">Wavelength </th></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Near-infrared </td> <td style="text-align:center;">NIR </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6993700000000000000♠"></span>0.7–2.5 μm</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Mid-infrared </td> <td style="text-align:center;">MIR </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6994300000000000000♠"></span>3–25 μm</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Far-infrared </td> <td style="text-align:center;">FIR </td> <td style="text-align:center;">above <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6995249999999999999♠"></span>25 μm</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>These divisions are not precise and can vary depending on the publication. The three regions are used for observation of different temperature ranges,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and hence different environments in space. </p><p>The most common photometric system used in astronomy allocates capital <a href="/wiki/Jhk" class="mw-redirect" title="Jhk">letters to different spectral regions</a> according to filters used; I, J, H, and K cover the near-infrared wavelengths; L, M, N, and Q refer to the mid-infrared region. These letters are commonly understood in reference to <a href="/wiki/Infrared_window" title="Infrared window">atmospheric windows</a> and appear, for instance, in the titles of many <a href="/wiki/Academic_paper" class="mw-redirect" title="Academic paper">papers</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sensor_response_division_scheme">Sensor response division scheme</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infrared&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Sensor response division scheme"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Atmosfaerisk_spredning-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Atmosfaerisk_spredning-en.svg/220px-Atmosfaerisk_spredning-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Atmosfaerisk_spredning-en.svg/330px-Atmosfaerisk_spredning-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Atmosfaerisk_spredning-en.svg/440px-Atmosfaerisk_spredning-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="726" data-file-height="354" /></a><figcaption>Plot of atmospheric transmittance in part of the infrared region</figcaption></figure> <p>A third scheme divides up the band based on the response of various detectors:<sup id="cite_ref-Miller_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miller-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Near-infrared: from 0.7 to 1.0 μm (from the approximate end of the response of the human eye to that of silicon).</li> <li>Short-wave infrared: 1.0 to 3 μm (from the cut-off of silicon to that of the MWIR atmospheric window). <a href="/wiki/InGaAs" class="mw-redirect" title="InGaAs">InGaAs</a> covers to about 1.8 μm; the less sensitive lead salts cover this region. Cryogenically cooled <a href="/wiki/Mercury_cadmium_telluride" title="Mercury cadmium telluride">MCT</a> detectors can cover the region of 1.0–2.5<span class="nowrap"> </span>μm.</li> <li>Mid-wave infrared: 3 to 5 μm (defined by the atmospheric window and covered by <a href="/wiki/Indium_antimonide" title="Indium antimonide">indium antimonide</a>, InSb and <a href="/wiki/Mercury_cadmium_telluride" title="Mercury cadmium telluride">mercury cadmium telluride</a>, HgCdTe, and partially by <a href="/wiki/Lead_selenide" title="Lead selenide">lead selenide</a>, PbSe).</li> <li>Long-wave infrared: 8 to 12, or 7 to 14 μm (this is the atmospheric window covered by HgCdTe and <a href="/wiki/Microbolometer" title="Microbolometer">microbolometers</a>).</li> <li>Very-long wave infrared (VLWIR) (12 to about 30 μm, covered by doped silicon).</li></ul> <p>Near-infrared is the region closest in wavelength to the radiation detectable by the human eye. mid- and far-infrared are progressively further from the visible spectrum. Other definitions follow different physical mechanisms (emission peaks, vs. bands, water absorption) and the newest follow technical reasons (the common <a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">silicon</a> detectors are sensitive to about 1,050 nm, while <a href="/wiki/InGaAs" class="mw-redirect" title="InGaAs">InGaAs</a>'s sensitivity starts around 950 nm and ends between 1,700 and 2,600 nm, depending on the specific configuration). No international standards for these specifications are currently available. </p><p>The onset of infrared is defined (according to different standards) at various values typically between 700 nm and 800 nm, but the boundary between visible and infrared light is not precisely defined. The human eye is markedly less sensitive to light above 700 nm wavelength, so longer wavelengths make insignificant contributions to scenes illuminated by common light sources. Particularly intense near-IR light (e.g., from <a href="/wiki/Laser" title="Laser">lasers</a>, LEDs or bright daylight with the visible light filtered out) can be detected up to approximately 780 nm, and will be perceived as red light. Intense light sources providing wavelengths as long as 1,050 nm can be seen as a dull red glow, causing some difficulty in near-IR illumination of scenes in the dark (usually this practical problem is solved by indirect illumination). Leaves are particularly bright in the near IR, and if all visible light leaks from around an IR-filter are blocked, and the eye is given a moment to adjust to the extremely dim image coming through a visually opaque IR-passing photographic filter, it is possible to see the <a href="/wiki/Wood_effect" class="mw-redirect" title="Wood effect">Wood effect</a> that consists of IR-glowing foliage.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Telecommunication_bands">Telecommunication bands</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infrared&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Telecommunication bands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Optical_communications" class="mw-redirect" title="Optical communications">optical communications</a>, the part of the infrared spectrum that is used is divided into seven bands based on availability of light sources, transmitting/absorbing materials (fibers), and detectors:<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Band </th> <th>Descriptor </th> <th>Wavelength range </th></tr> <tr> <td>O band </td> <td>Original </td> <td>1,260–1,360 nm </td></tr> <tr> <td>E band </td> <td>Extended </td> <td>1,360–1,460 nm </td></tr> <tr> <td>S band </td> <td>Short wavelength </td> <td>1,460–1,530 nm </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/C_band_(infrared)" title="C band (infrared)">C band</a> </td> <td>Conventional </td> <td>1,530–1,565 nm </td></tr> <tr> <td>L band </td> <td>Long wavelength </td> <td>1,565–1,625 nm </td></tr> <tr> <td>U band </td> <td>Ultralong wavelength </td> <td>1,625–1,675 nm </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The C-band is the dominant band for long-distance <a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_network" title="Telecommunications network">telecommunications networks</a>. The S and L bands are based on less well established technology, and are not as widely deployed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Heat">Heat</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infrared&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Heat"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Thermal_radiation" title="Thermal radiation">Thermal radiation</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Effect_of_emissivity_on_apparent_temperature.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Effect_of_emissivity_on_apparent_temperature.jpg/220px-Effect_of_emissivity_on_apparent_temperature.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/67/Effect_of_emissivity_on_apparent_temperature.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="240" data-file-height="240" /></a><figcaption>Materials with higher <a href="/wiki/Emissivity" title="Emissivity">emissivity</a> appear closer to their true temperature than materials that reflect more of their different-temperature surroundings. In this thermal image, the more reflective ceramic cylinder, reflecting the cooler surroundings, appears to be colder than its cubic container (made of more emissive silicon carbide), while in fact, they have the same temperature.</figcaption></figure> <p>Infrared radiation is popularly known as "heat radiation",<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but light and electromagnetic waves of any frequency will heat surfaces that absorb them. Infrared light from the Sun accounts for 49%<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of the heating of Earth, with the rest being caused by visible light that is absorbed then re-radiated at longer wavelengths. Visible light or ultraviolet-emitting lasers can char paper and incandescently hot objects emit visible radiation. Objects at room <a href="/wiki/Temperature" title="Temperature">temperature</a> will <a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_emission" title="Spontaneous emission">emit</a> <a href="/wiki/Thermal_radiation" title="Thermal radiation">radiation</a> concentrated mostly in the 8 to 25 μm band, but this is not distinct from the emission of visible light by incandescent objects and ultraviolet by even hotter objects (see <a href="/wiki/Black_body" title="Black body">black body</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wien%27s_displacement_law" title="Wien's displacement law">Wien's displacement law</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Heat" title="Heat">Heat</a> is energy in transit that flows due to a temperature difference. Unlike heat transmitted by <a href="/wiki/Thermal_conduction" title="Thermal conduction">thermal conduction</a> or <a href="/wiki/Thermal_convection" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal convection">thermal convection</a>, thermal radiation can propagate through a <a href="/wiki/Vacuum" title="Vacuum">vacuum</a>. Thermal radiation is characterized by a particular spectrum of many wavelengths that are associated with emission from an object, due to the vibration of its molecules at a given temperature. Thermal radiation can be emitted from objects at any wavelength, and at very high temperatures such radiation is associated with spectra far above the infrared, extending into visible, ultraviolet, and even X-ray regions (e.g. the <a href="/wiki/Solar_corona" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar corona">solar corona</a>). Thus, the popular association of infrared radiation with thermal radiation is only a coincidence based on typical (comparatively low) temperatures often found near the surface of planet Earth. </p><p>The concept of <a href="/wiki/Emissivity" title="Emissivity">emissivity</a> is important in understanding the infrared emissions of objects. This is a property of a surface that describes how its thermal emissions deviate from the ideal of a <a href="/wiki/Black_body" title="Black body">black body</a>. To further explain, two objects at the same physical temperature may not show the same infrared image if they have differing emissivity. For example, for any pre-set emissivity value, objects with higher emissivity will appear hotter, and those with a lower emissivity will appear cooler (assuming, as is often the case, that the surrounding environment is cooler than the objects being viewed). When an object has less than perfect emissivity, it obtains properties of reflectivity and/or transparency, and so the temperature of the surrounding environment is partially reflected by and/or transmitted through the object. If the object were in a hotter environment, then a lower emissivity object at the same temperature would likely appear to be hotter than a more emissive one. For that reason, incorrect selection of emissivity and not accounting for environmental temperatures will give inaccurate results when using infrared cameras and pyrometers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infrared&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Night_vision">Night vision</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infrared&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Night vision"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Night_vision" title="Night vision">Night vision</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Active-Infrared-Night-Vision.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Active-Infrared-Night-Vision.jpg/220px-Active-Infrared-Night-Vision.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="361" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Active-Infrared-Night-Vision.jpg/330px-Active-Infrared-Night-Vision.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Active-Infrared-Night-Vision.jpg/440px-Active-Infrared-Night-Vision.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1314" /></a><figcaption>Active-infrared night vision: the camera illuminates the scene at infrared wavelengths invisible to the <a href="/wiki/Human_eye" title="Human eye">human eye</a>. Despite a dark back-lit scene, active-infrared night vision delivers identifying details, as seen on the display monitor.</figcaption></figure><p> Infrared is used in night vision equipment when there is insufficient visible light to see.<sup id="cite_ref-how_night_vision_works_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-how_night_vision_works-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Night_vision_devices" class="mw-redirect" title="Night vision devices">Night vision devices</a> operate through a process involving the conversion of ambient light photons into electrons that are then amplified by a chemical and electrical process and then converted back into visible light.<sup id="cite_ref-how_night_vision_works_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-how_night_vision_works-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Infrared light sources can be used to augment the available ambient light for conversion by night vision devices, increasing in-the-dark visibility without actually using a visible light source.<sup id="cite_ref-how_night_vision_works_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-how_night_vision_works-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Vatansever-2012_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vatansever-2012-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The use of infrared light and night vision devices should not be confused with <a href="/wiki/Thermal_imaging" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal imaging">thermal imaging</a>, which creates images based on differences in surface temperature by detecting infrared radiation (<a href="/wiki/Heat" title="Heat">heat</a>) that emanates from objects and their surrounding environment.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Michael_Rowan_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Michael_Rowan-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Thermography">Thermography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infrared&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Thermography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:STS-3_infrared_on_reentry.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/STS-3_infrared_on_reentry.jpg/250px-STS-3_infrared_on_reentry.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/STS-3_infrared_on_reentry.jpg/330px-STS-3_infrared_on_reentry.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1486" data-file-height="1752" /></a><figcaption>Thermography helped to determine the temperature profile of the <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_thermal_protection_system" title="Space Shuttle thermal protection system">Space Shuttle thermal protection system</a> during re-entry.</figcaption></figure><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Thermography" title="Thermography">Thermography</a></div> <p>Infrared radiation can be used to remotely determine the temperature of objects (if the emissivity is known). This is termed thermography, or in the case of very hot objects in the NIR or visible it is termed <a href="/wiki/Pyrometry" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyrometry">pyrometry</a>. Thermography (thermal imaging) is mainly used in military and industrial applications but the technology is reaching the public market in the form of infrared cameras on cars due to greatly reduced production costs. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Thermographic_cameras" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermographic cameras">Thermographic cameras</a> detect radiation in the infrared range of the electromagnetic spectrum (roughly 9,000–14,000 nm or 9–14 μm) and produce images of that radiation. Since infrared radiation is emitted by all objects based on their temperatures, according to the black-body radiation law, thermography makes it possible to "see" one's environment with or without visible illumination. The amount of radiation emitted by an object increases with temperature, therefore thermography allows one to see variations in temperature (hence the name). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hyperspectral_imaging">Hyperspectral imaging</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infrared&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Hyperspectral imaging"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hyperspectral_imaging" title="Hyperspectral imaging">Hyperspectral imaging</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Specim_aisaowl_outdoor.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/77/Specim_aisaowl_outdoor.png/220px-Specim_aisaowl_outdoor.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/77/Specim_aisaowl_outdoor.png/330px-Specim_aisaowl_outdoor.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/77/Specim_aisaowl_outdoor.png/440px-Specim_aisaowl_outdoor.png 2x" data-file-width="1194" data-file-height="536" /></a><figcaption> Hyperspectral thermal infrared <a href="/wiki/Emission_spectrum" title="Emission spectrum">emission</a> measurement, an outdoor scan in winter conditions, ambient temperature −15 °C, image produced with a <a href="/wiki/Specim" title="Specim">Specim</a> LWIR hyperspectral imager. Relative radiance spectra from various targets in the image are shown with arrows. The <a href="/wiki/Infrared_spectra" class="mw-redirect" title="Infrared spectra">infrared spectra</a> of the different objects such as the watch clasp have clearly distinctive characteristics. The contrast level indicates the temperature of the object.<sup id="cite_ref-Holma_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holma-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blue_infrared_light.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Blue_infrared_light.jpg/220px-Blue_infrared_light.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Blue_infrared_light.jpg/330px-Blue_infrared_light.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Blue_infrared_light.jpg/440px-Blue_infrared_light.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Infrared light from the <a href="/wiki/LED" class="mw-redirect" title="LED">LED</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Remote_control" title="Remote control">remote control</a> as recorded by a digital camera</figcaption></figure> <p>A hyperspectral image is a "picture" containing continuous <a href="/wiki/Infrared_spectroscopy" title="Infrared spectroscopy">spectrum</a> through a wide spectral range at each pixel. Hyperspectral imaging is gaining importance in the field of applied spectroscopy particularly with NIR, SWIR, MWIR, and LWIR spectral regions. Typical applications include biological, mineralogical, defence, and industrial measurements. </p><p>Thermal infrared hyperspectral imaging can be similarly performed using a <a href="/wiki/Thermographic_camera" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermographic camera">thermographic camera</a>, with the fundamental difference that each pixel contains a full LWIR spectrum. Consequently, chemical identification of the object can be performed without a need for an external light source such as the Sun or the Moon. Such cameras are typically applied for geological measurements, outdoor surveillance and <a href="/wiki/UAV" class="mw-redirect" title="UAV">UAV</a> applications.<sup id="cite_ref-Frost&Sullivan_Specim_Owl_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frost&Sullivan_Specim_Owl-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_imaging">Other imaging</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infrared&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Other imaging"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Infrared_photography" title="Infrared photography">infrared photography</a>, <a href="/wiki/Infrared_filter" class="mw-redirect" title="Infrared filter">infrared filters</a> are used to capture the near-infrared spectrum. <a href="/wiki/Digital_camera" title="Digital camera">Digital cameras</a> often use infrared <a href="/wiki/Filter_(optics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Filter (optics)">blockers</a>. Cheaper digital cameras and <a href="/wiki/Camera_phones" class="mw-redirect" title="Camera phones">camera phones</a> have less effective filters and can view intense near-infrared, appearing as a bright purple-white color. This is especially pronounced when taking pictures of subjects near IR-bright areas (such as near a lamp), where the resulting infrared interference can wash out the image. There is also a technique called '<a href="/wiki/T-ray" class="mw-redirect" title="T-ray">T-ray</a>' imaging, which is imaging using <a href="/wiki/Far-infrared" class="mw-redirect" title="Far-infrared">far-infrared</a> or <a href="/wiki/Terahertz_radiation" title="Terahertz radiation">terahertz radiation</a>. Lack of bright sources can make terahertz photography more challenging than most other infrared imaging techniques. Recently T-ray imaging has been of considerable interest due to a number of new developments such as <a href="/wiki/Terahertz_time-domain_spectroscopy" title="Terahertz time-domain spectroscopy">terahertz time-domain spectroscopy</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Infrared_portrait_comparison.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Infrared_portrait_comparison.jpg/220px-Infrared_portrait_comparison.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Infrared_portrait_comparison.jpg/330px-Infrared_portrait_comparison.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Infrared_portrait_comparison.jpg/440px-Infrared_portrait_comparison.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7688" data-file-height="3860" /></a><figcaption>Reflected light photograph in various infrared spectra to illustrate the appearance as the wavelength of light changes</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tracking">Tracking</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infrared&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Tracking"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Infrared_homing" title="Infrared homing">Infrared homing</a></div> <p>Infrared tracking, also known as infrared homing, refers to a <a href="/wiki/Passive_homing" class="mw-redirect" title="Passive homing">passive missile guidance system</a>, which uses the <a href="/wiki/Light_emission" class="mw-redirect" title="Light emission">emission</a> from a target of electromagnetic radiation in the infrared part of the spectrum to track it. Missiles that use infrared seeking are often referred to as "heat-seekers" since infrared (IR) is just below the visible spectrum of light in frequency and is radiated strongly by hot bodies. Many objects such as people, vehicle engines, and aircraft generate and retain heat, and as such, are especially visible in the infrared wavelengths of light compared to objects in the background.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Heating">Heating</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infrared&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Heating"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Infrared_heating" class="mw-redirect" title="Infrared heating">Infrared heating</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hooded_dryer_for_infrared_hair_drying_at_hair_salon_-_shown_from_three_perspectives.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Hooded_dryer_for_infrared_hair_drying_at_hair_salon_-_shown_from_three_perspectives.jpg/250px-Hooded_dryer_for_infrared_hair_drying_at_hair_salon_-_shown_from_three_perspectives.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Hooded_dryer_for_infrared_hair_drying_at_hair_salon_-_shown_from_three_perspectives.jpg/330px-Hooded_dryer_for_infrared_hair_drying_at_hair_salon_-_shown_from_three_perspectives.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Hooded_dryer_for_infrared_hair_drying_at_hair_salon_-_shown_from_three_perspectives.jpg/500px-Hooded_dryer_for_infrared_hair_drying_at_hair_salon_-_shown_from_three_perspectives.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6408" data-file-height="4010" /></a><figcaption>Infrared <a href="/wiki/Hair_dryer" title="Hair dryer">hair dryer</a> for <a href="/wiki/Beauty_salon" title="Beauty salon">hair salons</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2010s</span></figcaption></figure> <p>Infrared radiation can be used as a deliberate heating source. For example, it is used in <a href="/wiki/Infrared_sauna" title="Infrared sauna">infrared saunas</a> to heat the occupants. It may also be used in other heating applications, such as to remove ice from the wings of aircraft (de-icing).<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Infrared heating is also becoming more popular in industrial manufacturing processes, e.g. curing of coatings, forming of plastics, annealing, plastic welding, and print drying. In these applications, infrared heaters replace convection ovens and contact heating. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cooling">Cooling</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infrared&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Cooling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Passive_daytime_radiative_cooling" title="Passive daytime radiative cooling">Passive daytime radiative cooling</a></div> <p>A variety of technologies or proposed technologies take advantage of infrared emissions to cool buildings or other systems. The LWIR (8–15 μm) region is especially useful since some radiation at these wavelengths can escape into space through the atmosphere's <a href="/wiki/Infrared_window" title="Infrared window">infrared window</a>. This is how <a href="/wiki/Passive_daytime_radiative_cooling" title="Passive daytime radiative cooling">passive daytime radiative cooling</a> (PDRC) surfaces are able to achieve sub-ambient cooling temperatures under direct solar intensity, enhancing terrestrial <a href="/wiki/Heat_flow" class="mw-redirect" title="Heat flow">heat flow</a> to outer space with zero <a href="/wiki/Efficient_energy_use" title="Efficient energy use">energy consumption</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pollution" title="Pollution">pollution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> PDRC surfaces maximize shortwave <a href="/wiki/Solar_reflectance" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar reflectance">solar reflectance</a> to lessen heat gain while maintaining strong longwave infrared (LWIR) <a href="/wiki/Thermal_radiation" title="Thermal radiation">thermal radiation</a> <a href="/wiki/Heat_transfer" title="Heat transfer">heat transfer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When imagined on a worldwide scale, this cooling method has been proposed as a way to slow and even reverse <a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">global warming</a>, with some estimates proposing a global surface area coverage of 1-2% to balance global heat fluxes.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Communications">Communications</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infrared&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Communications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Consumer_IR" title="Consumer IR">Consumer IR</a></div> <p>IR data transmission is also employed in short-range communication among computer peripherals and <a href="/wiki/Personal_digital_assistant" title="Personal digital assistant">personal digital assistants</a>. These devices usually conform to standards published by <a href="/wiki/IrDA" class="mw-redirect" title="IrDA">IrDA</a>, the Infrared Data Association. Remote controls and IrDA devices use infrared <a href="/wiki/Light-emitting_diode" title="Light-emitting diode">light-emitting diodes</a> (LEDs) to emit infrared radiation that may be concentrated by a <a href="/wiki/Lens" title="Lens">lens</a> into a beam that the user aims at the detector. The beam is <a href="/wiki/On%E2%80%93off_keying" title="On–off keying">modulated</a>, i.e. switched on and off, according to a code which the receiver interprets. Usually very near-IR is used (below 800 nm) for practical reasons. This wavelength is efficiently detected by inexpensive <a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">silicon</a> <a href="/wiki/Photodiode" title="Photodiode">photodiodes</a>, which the receiver uses to convert the detected radiation to an <a href="/wiki/Electric_current" title="Electric current">electric current</a>. That electrical signal is passed through a <a href="/wiki/High-pass_filter" title="High-pass filter">high-pass filter</a> which retains the rapid pulsations due to the IR transmitter but filters out slowly changing infrared radiation from ambient light. Infrared communications are useful for indoor use in areas of high population density. IR does not penetrate walls and so does not interfere with other devices in adjoining rooms. Infrared is the most common way for <a href="/wiki/Remote_control" title="Remote control">remote controls</a> to command appliances. Infrared remote control protocols like <a href="/wiki/RC-5" title="RC-5">RC-5</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sony_Infrared_Remote_Control&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sony Infrared Remote Control (page does not exist)">SIRC</a>, are used to communicate with infrared. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Free-space_optical_communication" class="mw-redirect" title="Free-space optical communication">Free-space optical communication</a> using infrared <a href="/wiki/Laser" title="Laser">lasers</a> can be a relatively inexpensive way to install a communications link in an urban area operating at up to 4 gigabit/s, compared to the cost of burying fiber optic cable, except for the radiation damage. "Since the eye cannot detect IR, blinking or closing the eyes to help prevent or reduce damage may not happen."<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Infrared lasers are used to provide the light for <a href="/wiki/Optical_fiber" title="Optical fiber">optical fiber</a> communications systems. Wavelengths around 1,330 nm (least <a href="/wiki/Dispersion_(optics)" title="Dispersion (optics)">dispersion</a>) or 1,550 nm (best transmission) are the best choices for standard <a href="/wiki/Silica" class="mw-redirect" title="Silica">silica</a> fibers. </p><p>IR data transmission of audio versions of printed signs is being researched as an aid for visually impaired people through the <a href="/wiki/Remote_infrared_audible_signage" title="Remote infrared audible signage">Remote infrared audible signage</a> project. Transmitting IR data from one device to another is sometimes referred to as <a href="/wiki/Beaming" class="mw-redirect" title="Beaming">beaming</a>. </p><p>IR is sometimes used for assistive audio as an alternative to an <a href="/wiki/Audio_induction_loop" title="Audio induction loop">audio induction loop</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spectroscopy">Spectroscopy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infrared&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Spectroscopy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Infrared_spectroscopy" title="Infrared spectroscopy">Infrared vibrational spectroscopy</a> (see also <a href="/wiki/Near-infrared_spectroscopy" title="Near-infrared spectroscopy">near-infrared spectroscopy</a>) is a technique that can be used to identify molecules by analysis of their constituent bonds. Each chemical bond in a molecule vibrates at a frequency characteristic of that bond. A group of atoms in a molecule (e.g., CH<sub>2</sub>) may have multiple modes of oscillation caused by the stretching and bending motions of the group as a whole. If an oscillation leads to a change in <a href="/wiki/Dipole" title="Dipole">dipole</a> in the molecule then it will absorb a <a href="/wiki/Photon" title="Photon">photon</a> that has the same frequency. The vibrational frequencies of most molecules correspond to the frequencies of infrared light. Typically, the technique is used to study <a href="/wiki/Organic_compound" title="Organic compound">organic compounds</a> using light radiation from the mid-infrared, 4,000–400 cm<sup>−1</sup>. A spectrum of all the frequencies of absorption in a sample is recorded. This can be used to gain information about the sample composition in terms of chemical groups present and also its purity (for example, a wet sample will show a broad O-H absorption around 3200 cm<sup>−1</sup>). The unit for expressing radiation in this application, cm<sup>−1</sup>, is the spectroscopic <a href="/wiki/Wavenumber" title="Wavenumber">wavenumber</a>. It is the frequency divided by the speed of light in vacuum. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Thin_film_metrology">Thin film metrology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infrared&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Thin film metrology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the semiconductor industry, infrared light can be used to characterize materials such as thin films and periodic trench structures. By measuring the reflectance of light from the surface of a semiconductor wafer, the index of refraction (n) and the extinction Coefficient (k) can be determined via the <a href="/wiki/Forouhi%E2%80%93Bloomer_model" title="Forouhi–Bloomer model">Forouhi–Bloomer dispersion equations</a>. The reflectance from the infrared light can also be used to determine the critical dimension, depth, and sidewall angle of high aspect ratio trench structures. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Meteorology">Meteorology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infrared&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Meteorology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NOAA_Shares_First_Infrared_Imagery_from_GOES-17_(43904870711).gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/NOAA_Shares_First_Infrared_Imagery_from_GOES-17_%2843904870711%29.gif/220px-NOAA_Shares_First_Infrared_Imagery_from_GOES-17_%2843904870711%29.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/NOAA_Shares_First_Infrared_Imagery_from_GOES-17_%2843904870711%29.gif/330px-NOAA_Shares_First_Infrared_Imagery_from_GOES-17_%2843904870711%29.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/NOAA_Shares_First_Infrared_Imagery_from_GOES-17_%2843904870711%29.gif/440px-NOAA_Shares_First_Infrared_Imagery_from_GOES-17_%2843904870711%29.gif 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>IR satellite picture of cumulonimbus clouds over the <a href="/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains">Great Plains</a> of the United States</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Weather_satellite" title="Weather satellite">Weather satellites</a> equipped with scanning radiometers produce thermal or infrared images, which can then enable a trained analyst to determine cloud heights and types, to calculate land and surface water temperatures, and to locate ocean surface features. The scanning is typically in the range 10.3–12.5 μm (IR4 and IR5 channels). </p><p>Clouds with high and cold tops, such as <a href="/wiki/Cyclone" title="Cyclone">cyclones</a> or <a href="/wiki/Cumulonimbus_cloud" title="Cumulonimbus cloud">cumulonimbus clouds</a>, are often displayed as red or black, lower warmer clouds such as <a href="/wiki/Stratus_cloud" title="Stratus cloud">stratus</a> or <a href="/wiki/Stratocumulus" class="mw-redirect" title="Stratocumulus">stratocumulus</a> are displayed as blue or grey, with intermediate clouds shaded accordingly. Hot land surfaces are shown as dark-grey or black. One disadvantage of infrared imagery is that low clouds such as stratus or <a href="/wiki/Fog" title="Fog">fog</a> can have a temperature similar to the surrounding land or sea surface and do not show up. However, using the difference in brightness of the IR4 channel (10.3–11.5 μm) and the near-infrared channel (1.58–1.64 μm), low clouds can be distinguished, producing a <i>fog</i> satellite picture. The main advantage of infrared is that images can be produced at night, allowing a continuous sequence of weather to be studied. </p><p>These infrared pictures can depict ocean eddies or vortices and map currents such as the Gulf Stream, which are valuable to the shipping industry. Fishermen and farmers are interested in knowing land and water temperatures to protect their crops against frost or increase their catch from the sea. Even <a href="/wiki/El_Ni%C3%B1o" class="mw-redirect" title="El Niño">El Niño</a> phenomena can be spotted. Using color-digitized techniques, the gray-shaded thermal images can be converted to color for easier identification of desired information. </p><p>The main water vapour channel at 6.40 to 7.08 μm can be imaged by some weather satellites and shows the amount of moisture in the atmosphere. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climatology">Climatology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infrared&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Climatology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Greenhouse-effect-t2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Greenhouse-effect-t2.svg/500px-Greenhouse-effect-t2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="340" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Greenhouse-effect-t2.svg/960px-Greenhouse-effect-t2.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="2180" data-file-height="1322" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_effect" title="Greenhouse effect">greenhouse effect</a> with molecules of methane, water, and carbon dioxide re-radiating solar heat</figcaption></figure> <p>In the field of climatology, atmospheric infrared radiation is monitored to detect trends in the energy exchange between the Earth and the atmosphere. These trends provide information on long-term changes in Earth's climate. It is one of the primary parameters studied in research into <a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">global warming</a>, together with <a href="/wiki/Solar_radiation" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar radiation">solar radiation</a>. </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Pyrgeometer" title="Pyrgeometer">pyrgeometer</a> is utilized in this field of research to perform continuous outdoor measurements. This is a broadband infrared radiometer with sensitivity for infrared radiation between approximately 4.5 μm and 50 μm. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Astronomy">Astronomy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infrared&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Astronomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Infrared_astronomy" title="Infrared astronomy">Infrared astronomy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Far-infrared_astronomy" title="Far-infrared astronomy">far-infrared astronomy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ESO_-_Beta_Pictoris_planet_finally_imaged_(by).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/ESO_-_Beta_Pictoris_planet_finally_imaged_%28by%29.jpg/220px-ESO_-_Beta_Pictoris_planet_finally_imaged_%28by%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/ESO_-_Beta_Pictoris_planet_finally_imaged_%28by%29.jpg/330px-ESO_-_Beta_Pictoris_planet_finally_imaged_%28by%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/ESO_-_Beta_Pictoris_planet_finally_imaged_%28by%29.jpg/440px-ESO_-_Beta_Pictoris_planet_finally_imaged_%28by%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="989" data-file-height="985" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Beta_Pictoris" title="Beta Pictoris">Beta Pictoris</a> with its planet Beta Pictoris b, the light-blue dot off-center, as seen in infrared. It combines two images, the inner disc is at 3.6 μm.</figcaption></figure> <p>Astronomers observe objects in the infrared portion of the electromagnetic spectrum using optical components, including mirrors, lenses and solid state digital detectors. For this reason it is classified as part of <a href="/wiki/Optical_astronomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Optical astronomy">optical astronomy</a>. To form an image, the components of an infrared telescope need to be carefully shielded from heat sources, and the detectors are chilled using liquid <a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">helium</a>. </p><p>The sensitivity of Earth-based infrared telescopes is significantly limited by water vapor in the atmosphere, which absorbs a portion of the infrared radiation arriving from space outside of selected <a href="/wiki/Infrared_window" title="Infrared window">atmospheric windows</a>. This limitation can be partially alleviated by placing the telescope observatory at a high altitude, or by carrying the telescope aloft with a balloon or an aircraft. Space telescopes do not suffer from this handicap, and so outer space is considered the ideal location for infrared astronomy. </p><p>The infrared portion of the spectrum has several useful benefits for astronomers. Cold, dark <a href="/wiki/Molecular_cloud" title="Molecular cloud">molecular clouds</a> of gas and dust in our galaxy will glow with radiated heat as they are irradiated by imbedded stars. Infrared can also be used to detect <a href="/wiki/Protostar" title="Protostar">protostars</a> before they begin to emit visible light. Stars emit a smaller portion of their energy in the infrared spectrum, so nearby cool objects such as <a href="/wiki/Planet" title="Planet">planets</a> can be more readily detected. (In the visible light spectrum, the glare from the star will drown out the reflected light from a planet.) </p><p>Infrared light is also useful for observing the cores of <a href="/wiki/Active_galaxies" class="mw-redirect" title="Active galaxies">active galaxies</a>, which are often cloaked in gas and dust. Distant galaxies with a high <a href="/wiki/Redshift" title="Redshift">redshift</a> will have the peak portion of their spectrum shifted toward longer wavelengths, so they are more readily observed in the infrared.<sup id="cite_ref-ir_astronomy_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ir_astronomy-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cleaning">Cleaning</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infrared&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Cleaning"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Infrared_cleaning" title="Infrared cleaning">Infrared cleaning</a> is a technique used by some <a href="/wiki/Motion_picture_film_scanner" title="Motion picture film scanner">motion picture film scanners</a>, <a href="/wiki/Film_scanner" title="Film scanner">film scanners</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flatbed_scanner" class="mw-redirect" title="Flatbed scanner">flatbed scanners</a> to reduce or remove the effect of dust and scratches upon the finished <a href="/wiki/Image_scanning" class="mw-redirect" title="Image scanning">scan</a>. It works by collecting an additional infrared channel from the scan at the same position and resolution as the three visible color channels (red, green, and blue). The infrared channel, in combination with the other channels, is used to detect the location of scratches and dust. Once located, those defects can be corrected by scaling or replaced by <a href="/wiki/Inpainting" title="Inpainting">inpainting</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Art_conservation_and_analysis">Art conservation and analysis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infrared&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Art conservation and analysis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Infrared_reflectograms_of_Mona_Lisa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Infrared_reflectograms_of_Mona_Lisa.jpg/180px-Infrared_reflectograms_of_Mona_Lisa.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Infrared_reflectograms_of_Mona_Lisa.jpg/270px-Infrared_reflectograms_of_Mona_Lisa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Infrared_reflectograms_of_Mona_Lisa.jpg/360px-Infrared_reflectograms_of_Mona_Lisa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1628" data-file-height="2309" /></a><figcaption>An infrared reflectogram of <i><a href="/wiki/Mona_Lisa" title="Mona Lisa">Mona Lisa</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci">Leonardo da Vinci</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Infrared_reflectography-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Infrared_reflectography-en.svg/200px-Infrared_reflectography-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="354" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Infrared_reflectography-en.svg/300px-Infrared_reflectography-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Infrared_reflectography-en.svg/400px-Infrared_reflectography-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2043" data-file-height="3617" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p>Infrared reflectography<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> can be applied to paintings to reveal underlying layers in a non-destructive manner, in particular the artist's <a href="/wiki/Underdrawing" title="Underdrawing">underdrawing</a> or outline drawn as a guide. Art conservators use the technique to examine how the visible layers of paint differ from the underdrawing or layers in between (such alterations are called <a href="/wiki/Pentimenti" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentimenti">pentimenti</a> when made by the original artist). This is very useful information in deciding whether a painting is the <a href="/wiki/Prime_version" title="Prime version">prime version</a> by the original artist or a copy, and whether it has been altered by over-enthusiastic restoration work. In general, the more pentimenti, the more likely a painting is to be the prime version. It also gives useful insights into working practices.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reflectography often reveals the artist's use of <a href="/wiki/Carbon_black" title="Carbon black">carbon black</a>, which shows up well in reflectograms, as long as it has not also been used in the ground underlying the whole painting. </p><p>Recent progress in the design of infrared-sensitive cameras makes it possible to discover and depict not only underpaintings and pentimenti, but entire paintings that were later overpainted by the artist.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Notable examples are <a href="/wiki/Picasso" class="mw-redirect" title="Picasso">Picasso</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Woman_Ironing" title="Woman Ironing">Woman Ironing</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Blue_Room_(Picasso)" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue Room (Picasso)">Blue Room</a></i>, where in both cases a portrait of a man has been made visible under the painting as it is known today. </p><p>Similar uses of infrared are made by conservators and scientists on various types of objects, especially very old written documents such as the <a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea_Scrolls" title="Dead Sea Scrolls">Dead Sea Scrolls</a>, the Roman works in the <a href="/wiki/Villa_of_the_Papyri" title="Villa of the Papyri">Villa of the Papyri</a>, and the Silk Road texts found in the <a href="/wiki/Dunhuang_Caves" class="mw-redirect" title="Dunhuang Caves">Dunhuang Caves</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Carbon black used in ink can show up extremely well. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biological_systems">Biological systems</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infrared&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Biological systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Infrared_sensing_in_snakes" title="Infrared sensing in snakes">Infrared sensing in snakes</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_snake_eats_mouse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Wiki_snake_eats_mouse.jpg/220px-Wiki_snake_eats_mouse.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Wiki_snake_eats_mouse.jpg/330px-Wiki_snake_eats_mouse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Wiki_snake_eats_mouse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="404" data-file-height="240" /></a><figcaption>Thermographic image of a snake eating a mouse</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Pit_viper" title="Pit viper">pit viper</a> has a pair of infrared sensory pits on its head. There is uncertainty regarding the exact thermal sensitivity of this biological infrared detection system.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other organisms that have thermoreceptive organs are pythons (family <a href="/wiki/Pythonidae" title="Pythonidae">Pythonidae</a>), some boas (family <a href="/wiki/Boidae" title="Boidae">Boidae</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Common_Vampire_Bat" class="mw-redirect" title="Common Vampire Bat">Common Vampire Bat</a> (<i>Desmodus rotundus</i>), a variety of <a href="/wiki/Jewel_beetle" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewel beetle">jewel beetles</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Melanophila_acuminata" title="Melanophila acuminata">Melanophila acuminata</a></i>),<sup id="cite_ref-Evans_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Evans-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> darkly pigmented butterflies (<i><a href="/wiki/Pachliopta_aristolochiae" title="Pachliopta aristolochiae">Pachliopta aristolochiae</a></i> and <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Troides_rhadamantus_plateni&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Troides rhadamantus plateni (page does not exist)">Troides rhadamantus plateni</a></i>), and possibly blood-sucking bugs (<i><a href="/wiki/Triatoma_infestans" title="Triatoma infestans">Triatoma infestans</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Campbell-2002_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Campbell-2002-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By detecting the heat that their prey emits, <a href="/wiki/Crotaline" class="mw-redirect" title="Crotaline">crotaline</a> and <a href="/wiki/Booidea" title="Booidea">boid snakes</a> identify and capture their prey using their <a href="/wiki/Infrared_sensing_in_snakes" title="Infrared sensing in snakes">IR-sensitive pit organs</a>. Comparably, IR-sensitive pits on the <a href="/wiki/Common_Vampire_Bat" class="mw-redirect" title="Common Vampire Bat">Common Vampire Bat</a> (<i>Desmodus rotundus</i>) aid in the identification of blood-rich regions on its warm-blooded victim. The jewel beetle, <i><a href="/wiki/Melanophila_acuminata" title="Melanophila acuminata">Melanophila acuminata</a></i>, locates <a href="/wiki/Forest_fires" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest fires">forest fires</a> via infrared pit organs, where on recently burnt trees, they deposit their eggs. <a href="/wiki/Thermoreceptors" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermoreceptors">Thermoreceptors</a> on the wings and antennae of butterflies with dark pigmentation, such <i><a href="/wiki/Pachliopta_aristolochiae" title="Pachliopta aristolochiae">Pachliopta aristolochiae</a></i> and <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Troides_rhadamantus_plateni&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Troides rhadamantus plateni (page does not exist)">Troides rhadamantus plateni</a></i>, shield them from heat damage as they sunbathe in the sun. Additionally, it's hypothesised that thermoreceptors let bloodsucking bugs (<i><a href="/wiki/Triatoma_infestans" title="Triatoma infestans">Triatoma infestans</a></i>) locate their <a href="/wiki/Warm-blooded" title="Warm-blooded">warm-blooded</a> victims by sensing their body heat.<sup id="cite_ref-Campbell-2002_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Campbell-2002-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some fungi like <i><a href="/wiki/Venturia_inaequalis" title="Venturia inaequalis">Venturia inaequalis</a></i> require near-infrared light for ejection.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although near-infrared vision (780–1,000 nm) has long been deemed impossible due to noise in visual pigments,<sup id="cite_ref-Meuthen_et_al._58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meuthen_et_al.-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sensation of near-infrared light was reported in the common carp and in three cichlid species.<sup id="cite_ref-Meuthen_et_al._58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meuthen_et_al.-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Shcherbakov_et_al._62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shcherbakov_et_al.-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fish use NIR to capture prey<sup id="cite_ref-Meuthen_et_al._58-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meuthen_et_al.-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and for phototactic swimming orientation.<sup id="cite_ref-Shcherbakov_et_al._62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shcherbakov_et_al.-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> NIR sensation in fish may be relevant under poor lighting conditions during twilight<sup id="cite_ref-Meuthen_et_al._58-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meuthen_et_al.-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in turbid surface waters.<sup id="cite_ref-Shcherbakov_et_al._62-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shcherbakov_et_al.-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Photobiomodulation">Photobiomodulation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infrared&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Photobiomodulation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Near-infrared light, or <a href="/wiki/Photobiomodulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Photobiomodulation">photobiomodulation</a>, is used for treatment of chemotherapy-induced oral ulceration as well as wound healing. There is some work relating to anti-herpes virus treatment.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Research projects include work on central nervous system healing effects via cytochrome c oxidase upregulation and other possible mechanisms.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health_hazards">Health hazards</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infrared&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Health hazards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Strong infrared radiation in certain industry high-heat settings may be hazardous to the eyes, resulting in damage or blindness to the user. Since the radiation is invisible, special IR-proof goggles must be worn in such places.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scientific_history">Scientific history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infrared&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Scientific history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The discovery of infrared radiation is ascribed to <a href="/wiki/William_Herschel" title="William Herschel">William Herschel</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Astronomer" title="Astronomer">astronomer</a>, in the early 19th century. Herschel published his results in 1800 before the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society_of_London" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Society of London">Royal Society of London</a>. Herschel used a <a href="/wiki/Triangular_prism_(optics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Triangular prism (optics)">prism</a> to <a href="/wiki/Refract" class="mw-redirect" title="Refract">refract</a> light from the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">sun</a> and detected the infrared, beyond the <a href="/wiki/Red" title="Red">red</a> part of the spectrum, through an increase in the temperature recorded on a <a href="/wiki/Thermometer" title="Thermometer">thermometer</a>. He was surprised at the result and called them "Calorific Rays".<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term "infrared" did not appear until late 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An <a href="/wiki/Pictet%27s_experiment" title="Pictet's experiment">earlier experiment in 1790</a> by <a href="/wiki/Marc-Auguste_Pictet" title="Marc-Auguste Pictet">Marc-Auguste Pictet</a> demonstrated the reflection and focusing of radiant heat via mirrors in the absence of visible light.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other important dates include:<sup id="cite_ref-Miller_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miller-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Herschel01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/William_Herschel01.jpg/170px-William_Herschel01.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/William_Herschel01.jpg/255px-William_Herschel01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/William_Herschel01.jpg/340px-William_Herschel01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1936" data-file-height="2368" /></a><figcaption>Infrared radiation was discovered in 1800 by William Herschel.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>1830: <a href="/wiki/Leopoldo_Nobili" title="Leopoldo Nobili">Leopoldo Nobili</a> made the first <a href="/wiki/Thermopile" title="Thermopile">thermopile</a> IR detector.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1840: <a href="/wiki/John_Herschel" title="John Herschel">John Herschel</a> produces the first thermal image, called a <a href="/wiki/Thermogram" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermogram">thermogram</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1860: <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Kirchhoff" title="Gustav Kirchhoff">Gustav Kirchhoff</a> formulated the <a href="/wiki/Kirchhoff%27s_law_of_thermal_radiation" title="Kirchhoff's law of thermal radiation">blackbody theorem</a> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E=J(T,n)}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>E</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>J</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>T</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>n</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E=J(T,n)}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0c04adcf66d065b6ff99d040f4d6d70f7fad3cda" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:12.22ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E=J(T,n)}" /></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1873: <a href="/wiki/Willoughby_Smith" title="Willoughby Smith">Willoughby Smith</a> discovered the photoconductivity of <a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">selenium</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1878: <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Pierpont_Langley" class="mw-redirect" title="Samuel Pierpont Langley">Samuel Pierpont Langley</a> invents the first <a href="/wiki/Bolometer" title="Bolometer">bolometer</a>, a device which is able to measure small temperature fluctuations, and thus the power of far infrared sources.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1879: <a href="/wiki/Stefan%E2%80%93Boltzmann_law" title="Stefan–Boltzmann law">Stefan–Boltzmann law</a> formulated empirically that the power radiated by a blackbody is proportional to <i>T</i><sup>4</sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1880s and 1890s: <a href="/wiki/Lord_Rayleigh" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Rayleigh">Lord Rayleigh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Wien" title="Wilhelm Wien">Wilhelm Wien</a> solved part of the blackbody equation, but both solutions diverged in parts of the electromagnetic spectrum. This problem was called the "<a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_catastrophe" title="Ultraviolet catastrophe">ultraviolet catastrophe</a> and infrared catastrophe".<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1892: Willem Henri Julius published infrared spectra of 20 organic compounds measured with a bolometer in units of angular displacement.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1901: <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck">Max Planck</a> published the <a href="/wiki/Planck%27s_law" title="Planck's law">blackbody equation</a> and theorem. He solved the problem by quantizing the allowable energy transitions.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1905: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a> developed the theory of the <a href="/wiki/Photoelectric_effect" title="Photoelectric effect">photoelectric effect</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1905–1908: <a href="/wiki/William_Coblentz" title="William Coblentz">William Coblentz</a> published infrared spectra in units of wavelength (micrometers) for several chemical compounds in <i>Investigations of Infra-Red Spectra</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1917: <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Case" title="Theodore Case">Theodore Case</a> developed the <a href="/wiki/Thallous_sulfide" class="mw-redirect" title="Thallous sulfide">thallous sulfide</a> detector, which helped produce the first <a href="/wiki/Infrared_search_and_track" title="Infrared search and track">infrared search and track</a> device able to detect aircraft at a range of one mile (1.6 km).</li> <li>1935: Lead salts – early missile guidance in <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.</li> <li>1938: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yeou_Ta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yeou Ta (page does not exist)">Yeou Ta</a> predicted that the pyroelectric effect could be used to detect infrared radiation.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1945: The <a href="/wiki/Zielger%C3%A4t_1229" title="Zielgerät 1229">Zielgerät 1229</a> "Vampir" infrared weapon system was introduced as the first portable infrared device for military applications.</li> <li>1952: <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Welker" title="Heinrich Welker">Heinrich Welker</a> grew synthetic <a href="/wiki/InSb" class="mw-redirect" title="InSb">InSb</a> crystals.</li> <li>1950s and 1960s: Nomenclature and radiometric units defined by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fred_Nicodemenus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fred Nicodemenus (page does not exist)">Fred Nicodemenus</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=G._J._Zissis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="G. J. Zissis (page does not exist)">G. J. Zissis</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=R._Clark&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="R. Clark (page does not exist)">R. Clark</a>; <a href="/wiki/Robert_Clark_Jones" title="Robert Clark Jones">Robert Clark Jones</a> defined <i>D</i>*.</li> <li>1958: <a href="/w/index.php?title=W._D._Lawson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="W. D. Lawson (page does not exist)">W. D. Lawson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Royal_Radar_Establishment" title="Royal Radar Establishment">Royal Radar Establishment</a> in Malvern) discovered IR detection properties of <a href="/wiki/Mercury_cadmium_telluride" title="Mercury cadmium telluride">Mercury cadmium telluride</a> (HgCdTe).<sup id="cite_ref-Reine_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reine-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1958: <a href="/wiki/AIM-4_Falcon" title="AIM-4 Falcon">Falcon</a> and <a href="/wiki/AIM-9_Sidewinder" title="AIM-9 Sidewinder">Sidewinder</a> missiles were developed using infrared technology.</li> <li>1960s: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Kruse_(engineer)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paul Kruse (engineer) (page does not exist)">Paul Kruse</a> and his colleagues at <a href="/wiki/Honeywell" title="Honeywell">Honeywell</a> Research Center demonstrate the use of HgCdTe as an effective <a href="/wiki/Chemical_compound" title="Chemical compound">compound</a> for infrared detection.<sup id="cite_ref-Reine_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reine-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1962: <a href="/w/index.php?title=J._Cooper&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="J. Cooper (page does not exist)">J. Cooper</a> demonstrated pyroelectric detection.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1964: W. G. Evans discovered infrared thermoreceptors in a pyrophile beetle.<sup id="cite_ref-Evans_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Evans-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1965: First IR handbook; first commercial imagers (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Barnes,_Agema&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Barnes, Agema (page does not exist)">Barnes, Agema</a> (now part of <a href="/wiki/FLIR_Systems" class="mw-redirect" title="FLIR Systems">FLIR Systems</a> Inc.)); <a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Hudson_(physicist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard Hudson (physicist) (page does not exist)">Richard Hudson</a>'s landmark text; F4 TRAM FLIR by <a href="/wiki/Hughes_Aircraft_Company" title="Hughes Aircraft Company">Hughes</a>; phenomenology pioneered by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fred_Simmons_(scientist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fred Simmons (scientist) (page does not exist)">Fred Simmons</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=A._T._Stair&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A. T. Stair (page does not exist)">A. T. Stair</a>; U.S. Army's night vision lab formed (now <a href="/wiki/Night_Vision_and_Electronic_Sensors_Directorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Night Vision and Electronic Sensors Directorate">Night Vision and Electronic Sensors Directorate</a> (NVESD)), and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rachets&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rachets (page does not exist)">Rachets</a> develops detection, recognition and identification modeling there.</li> <li>1970: <a href="/wiki/Willard_Boyle" title="Willard Boyle">Willard Boyle</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_E._Smith" title="George E. Smith">George E. Smith</a> proposed CCD at <a href="/wiki/Bell_Labs" title="Bell Labs">Bell Labs</a> for <a href="/wiki/Picture_phone" class="mw-redirect" title="Picture phone">picture phone</a>.</li> <li>1973: Common module program started by NVESD.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1978: Infrared imaging astronomy came of age, observatories planned, <a href="/wiki/NASA_Infrared_Telescope_Facility" title="NASA Infrared Telescope Facility">IRTF</a> on Mauna Kea opened; 32 × 32 and 64 × 64 arrays produced using InSb, HgCdTe and other materials.</li> <li>2013: On 14 February, researchers developed a <a href="/wiki/Neural_implant" class="mw-redirect" title="Neural implant">neural implant</a> that gives <a href="/wiki/Rat" title="Rat">rats</a> the ability to sense infrared light, which for the first time provides <a href="/wiki/Living_creatures" class="mw-redirect" title="Living creatures">living creatures</a> with new abilities, instead of simply replacing or augmenting existing abilities.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infrared&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black-body_radiation" title="Black-body radiation">Black-body radiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrared_non-destructive_testing_of_materials" class="mw-redirect" title="Infrared non-destructive testing of materials">Infrared non-destructive testing of materials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_cell#Infrared_solar_cells" title="Solar cell">Infrared solar cells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrared_thermometer" title="Infrared thermometer">Infrared thermometer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_counter" title="People counter">People counter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_infrared_articles" title="Index of infrared articles">Index of infrared articles</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infrared&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-roman"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-†-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-†_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Temperatures of black bodies for which spectral peaks fall at the given wavelengths, according to the wavelength form of <a href="/wiki/Wien%27s_displacement_law" title="Wien's displacement law">Wien's displacement law</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infrared&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Vatansever-2012-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Vatansever-2012_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vatansever-2012_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFVatanseverHamblin2012" class="citation journal cs1">Vatansever, Fatma; Hamblin, Michael R. 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"Visual sensitivity of the eye to infrared laser radiation". <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_Optical_Society_of_America" title="Journal of the Optical Society of America">Journal of the Optical Society of America</a></i>. <b>66</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">339–</span>341. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1976JOSA...66..339S">1976JOSA...66..339S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1364%2FJOSA.66.000339">10.1364/JOSA.66.000339</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1262982">1262982</a>. <q>The foveal sensitivity to several near-infrared laser wavelengths was measured. It was found that the eye could respond to radiation at wavelengths at least as far as 1064 nm. A continuous 1064 nm laser source appeared red, but a 1060 nm pulsed laser source appeared green, which suggests the presence of second harmonic generation in the retina.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Optical+Society+of+America&rft.atitle=Visual+sensitivity+of+the+eye+to+infrared+laser+radiation&rft.volume=66&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E339-%3C%2Fspan%3E341&rft.date=1976&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F1262982&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1364%2FJOSA.66.000339&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1976JOSA...66..339S&rft.aulast=Sliney&rft.aufirst=David+H.&rft.au=Wangemann%2C+Robert+T.&rft.au=Franks%2C+James+K.&rft.au=Wolbarsht%2C+Myron+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfrared" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LynchLivingston2001-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LynchLivingston2001_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLynchLivingston2001" class="citation book cs1">Lynch, David K.; Livingston, William Charles (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4Abp5FdhskAC&pg=PA231"><i>Color and Light in Nature</i></a> (2nd ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 231. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-77504-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-77504-5"><bdi>978-0-521-77504-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240529134755/https://books.google.com/books?id=4Abp5FdhskAC&pg=PA231#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 29 May 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2013</span>. <q>Limits of the eye's overall range of sensitivity extends from about 310 to 1,050 nanometers</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Color+and+Light+in+Nature&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.pages=231&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-521-77504-5&rft.aulast=Lynch&rft.aufirst=David+K.&rft.au=Livingston%2C+William+Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4Abp5FdhskAC%26pg%3DPA231&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfrared" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Saidman1933-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Saidman1933_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSaidman1933" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Saidman, Jean (15 May 1933). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://visualiseur.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k3148d">"Sur la visibilité de l'ultraviolet jusqu'à la longueur d'onde 3130"</a> [The visibility of the ultraviolet to the wave length of 3130]. <i><a href="/wiki/Comptes_rendus_de_l%27Acad%C3%A9mie_des_sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Comptes rendus de l'Académie des sciences">Comptes rendus de l'Académie des sciences</a></i> (in French). <b>196</b>: <span class="nowrap">1537–</span>9. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131024092515/http://visualiseur.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k3148d">Archived</a> from the original on 24 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Instituts für Umform- und Hochleistungs. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://info.tuwien.ac.at/iflt/safety/section1/1_1_1.htm">the original</a> on 2007-10-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-10-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wavelength+considerations&rft.pub=Instituts+f%C3%BCr+Umform-+und+Hochleistungs&rft.aulast=Henderson&rft.aufirst=Roy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finfo.tuwien.ac.at%2Fiflt%2Fsafety%2Fsection1%2F1_1_1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfrared" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCIE_(International_Commission_on_Illumination)" class="citation web cs1">CIE (International Commission on Illumination). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cie.co.at/eilvterm/17-21-004">"infrared radiation IR radiation IRR"</a>. <i>17-21-004</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240922080552/https://cie.co.at/eilvterm/17-21-004">Archived</a> from the original on 22 September 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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"The eyes of the common carp and Nile tilapia are sensitive to near-infrared". <i>Fisheries Science</i>. <b>71</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">350–</span>355. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005FisSc..71..350M">2005FisSc..71..350M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1444-2906.2005.00971.x">10.1111/j.1444-2906.2005.00971.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:24556470">24556470</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fisheries+Science&rft.atitle=The+eyes+of+the+common+carp+and+Nile+tilapia+are+sensitive+to+near-infrared&rft.volume=71&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E350-%3C%2Fspan%3E355&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A24556470%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1444-2906.2005.00971.x&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005FisSc..71..350M&rft.aulast=Matsumoto&rft.aufirst=Taro&rft.au=Kawamura%2C+Gunzo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfrared" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shcherbakov_et_al.-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Shcherbakov_et_al._62-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shcherbakov_et_al._62-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shcherbakov_et_al._62-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShcherbakovKnörzerHilbigHaas2012" class="citation journal cs1">Shcherbakov, Denis; Knörzer, Alexandra; Hilbig, Reinhard; Haas, Ulrich; Blum, Martin (2012). "Near-infrared orientation of Mozambique tilapia <i>Oreochromis mossambicus</i>". <i>Zoology</i>. <b>115</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">233–</span>238. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012Zool..115..233S">2012Zool..115..233S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.zool.2012.01.005">10.1016/j.zool.2012.01.005</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22770589">22770589</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zoology&rft.atitle=Near-infrared+orientation+of+Mozambique+tilapia+Oreochromis+mossambicus&rft.volume=115&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E233-%3C%2Fspan%3E238&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22770589&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.zool.2012.01.005&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012Zool..115..233S&rft.aulast=Shcherbakov&rft.aufirst=Denis&rft.au=Kn%C3%B6rzer%2C+Alexandra&rft.au=Hilbig%2C+Reinhard&rft.au=Haas%2C+Ulrich&rft.au=Blum%2C+Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfrared" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHargate2006" class="citation journal cs1">Hargate, G (2006). "A randomised double-blind study comparing the effect of 1072-nm light against placebo for the treatment of herpes labialis". <i>Clinical and Experimental Dermatology</i>. <b>31</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">638–</span>41. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2230.2006.02191.x">10.1111/j.1365-2230.2006.02191.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16780494">16780494</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:26977101">26977101</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Clinical+and+Experimental+Dermatology&rft.atitle=A+randomised+double-blind+study+comparing+the+effect+of+1072-nm+light+against+placebo+for+the+treatment+of+herpes+labialis&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E638-%3C%2Fspan%3E41&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A26977101%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16780494&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1365-2230.2006.02191.x&rft.aulast=Hargate&rft.aufirst=G&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfrared" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDesmetPazCorryEells2006" class="citation journal cs1">Desmet KD, Paz DA, Corry JJ, Eells JT, Wong-Riley MT, Henry MM, Buchmann EV, Connelly MP, Dovi JV, Liang HL, Henshel DS, Yeager RL, Millsap DS, Lim J, Gould LJ, Das R, Jett M, Hodgson BD, Margolis D, Whelan HT (May 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://epublications.marquette.edu/dentistry_fac/3">"Clinical and experimental applications of NIR-LED photobiomodulation"</a>. <i>Photomedicine and Laser Surgery</i>. <b>24</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">121–</span>8. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1089%2Fpho.2006.24.121">10.1089/pho.2006.24.121</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16706690">16706690</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:22442409">22442409</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200316014302/https://epublications.marquette.edu/dentistry_fac/3/">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-03-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-06-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Photomedicine+and+Laser+Surgery&rft.atitle=Clinical+and+experimental+applications+of+NIR-LED+photobiomodulation&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E121-%3C%2Fspan%3E8&rft.date=2006-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A22442409%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16706690&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1089%2Fpho.2006.24.121&rft.aulast=Desmet&rft.aufirst=KD&rft.au=Paz%2C+DA&rft.au=Corry%2C+JJ&rft.au=Eells%2C+JT&rft.au=Wong-Riley%2C+MT&rft.au=Henry%2C+MM&rft.au=Buchmann%2C+EV&rft.au=Connelly%2C+MP&rft.au=Dovi%2C+JV&rft.au=Liang%2C+HL&rft.au=Henshel%2C+DS&rft.au=Yeager%2C+RL&rft.au=Millsap%2C+DS&rft.au=Lim%2C+J&rft.au=Gould%2C+LJ&rft.au=Das%2C+R&rft.au=Jett%2C+M&rft.au=Hodgson%2C+BD&rft.au=Margolis%2C+D&rft.au=Whelan%2C+HT&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fepublications.marquette.edu%2Fdentistry_fac%2F3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfrared" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRosso,_Monona_l2001" class="citation book cs1">Rosso, Monona l (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E7-9unTgJrwC&pg=PA33"><i>The Artist's Complete Health and Safety Guide</i></a>. Allworth Press. pp. 33–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58115-204-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58115-204-3"><bdi>978-1-58115-204-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Artist%27s+Complete+Health+and+Safety+Guide&rft.pages=33-&rft.pub=Allworth+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-58115-204-3&rft.au=Rosso%2C+Monona+l&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DE7-9unTgJrwC%26pg%3DPA33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfrared" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHerschel1800" class="citation journal cs1">Herschel, William (1800). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=pst.000054592520;view=1up;seq=358">"Experiments on the refrangibility of the invisible rays of the Sun"</a>. <i>Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London</i>. <b>90</b>: <span class="nowrap">284–</span>292. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frstl.1800.0015">10.1098/rstl.1800.0015</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/107057">107057</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210204133019/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=pst.000054592520;view=1up;seq=358">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-02-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-04-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Transactions+of+the+Royal+Society+of+London&rft.atitle=Experiments+on+the+refrangibility+of+the+invisible+rays+of+the+Sun&rft.volume=90&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E284-%3C%2Fspan%3E292&rft.date=1800&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frstl.1800.0015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F107057%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Herschel&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dpst.000054592520%3Bview%3D1up%3Bseq%3D358&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfrared" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120225094516/http://coolcosmos.ipac.caltech.edu/cosmic_classroom/classroom_activities/herschel_bio.html">"Herschel Discovers Infrared Light"</a>. <i>Coolcosmos.ipac.caltech.edu</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://coolcosmos.ipac.caltech.edu/cosmic_classroom/classroom_activities/herschel_bio.html">the original</a> on 2012-02-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-11-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Coolcosmos.ipac.caltech.edu&rft.atitle=Herschel+Discovers+Infrared+Light&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcoolcosmos.ipac.caltech.edu%2Fcosmic_classroom%2Fclassroom_activities%2Fherschel_bio.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfrared" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In 1867, French physicist <a href="/wiki/Edmond_Becquerel" title="Edmond Becquerel">Edmond Becquerel</a> coined the term <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">infra-rouge</i></span> (infra-red): <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBecquerel1867" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Becquerel, Edmond (1867). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SyWP1zBJiv0C&pg=PA141"><i>La Lumiere: Ses causes et ses effets</i></a> [<i>Light: Its causes and effects</i>] (in French). Paris, France: Didot Frères, Fils et Cie. pp. <span class="nowrap">141–</span>145. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240922080442/https://books.google.com/books?id=SyWP1zBJiv0C&pg=PA141#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-09-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-04-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Lumiere%3A+Ses+causes+et+ses+effets&rft.place=Paris%2C+France&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E141-%3C%2Fspan%3E145&rft.pub=Didot+Fr%C3%A8res%2C+Fils+et+Cie.&rft.date=1867&rft.aulast=Becquerel&rft.aufirst=Edmond&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSyWP1zBJiv0C%26pg%3DPA141&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfrared" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> The word <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">infra-rouge</i></span> was translated into English as "infrared" in 1874, in a translation of an article by Vignaud Dupuy de Saint-Florent (1830–1907), an engineer in the French army, who attained the rank of lieutenant colonel and who pursued photography as a pastime. <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFde_Saint-Florent1874" class="citation journal cs1">de Saint-Florent (10 April 1874). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nyp.33433060399015;view=1up;seq=188">"Photography in natural colours"</a>. <i>The Photographic News</i>. <b>18</b>: <span class="nowrap">175–</span>176. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210205123314/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nyp.33433060399015;view=1up;seq=188">Archived</a> from the original on 5 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Photographic+News&rft.atitle=Photography+in+natural+colours&rft.volume=18&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E175-%3C%2Fspan%3E176&rft.date=1874-04-10&rft.au=de+Saint-Florent&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dnyp.33433060399015%3Bview%3D1up%3Bseq%3D188&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfrared" class="Z3988"></span> From p. 176: "As to the infra-red rays, they may be absorbed by means of a weak solution of sulphate of copper, ..."</li></ul> See also: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRosenberg2012" class="citation journal cs1">Rosenberg, Gary (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americanscientist.org/article/infrared-dating">"Letter to the Editors: Infrared dating"</a>. <i>American Scientist</i>. <b>100</b> (5): 355. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180415124833/https://www.americanscientist.org/article/infrared-dating">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-04-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-04-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Scientist&rft.atitle=Letter+to+the+Editors%3A+Infrared+dating&rft.volume=100&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=355&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Rosenberg&rft.aufirst=Gary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanscientist.org%2Farticle%2Finfrared-dating&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfrared" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChang2007" class="citation book cs1">Chang, Hasok (2007). <i>Inventing temperature: measurement and scientific progress</i>. Oxford studies in philosophy of science (1. issued as paperback ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">166–</span>167. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-533738-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-533738-9"><bdi>978-0-19-533738-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inventing+temperature%3A+measurement+and+scientific+progress&rft.place=Oxford&rft.series=Oxford+studies+in+philosophy+of+science&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E166-%3C%2Fspan%3E167&rft.edition=1.+issued+as+paperback&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-19-533738-9&rft.aulast=Chang&rft.aufirst=Hasok&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfrared" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNobili1830" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Nobili, Leopoldo (1830). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=pst.000052859885;view=1up;seq=237">"Description d'un thermo-multiplicateur ou thermoscope électrique"</a> [Description of a thermo-multiplier or electric thermoscope]. <i>Bibliothèque Universelle</i> (in French). <b>44</b>: <span class="nowrap">225–</span>234. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210224141602/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=pst.000052859885;view=1up;seq=237">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-02-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-04-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biblioth%C3%A8que+Universelle&rft.atitle=Description+d%27un+thermo-multiplicateur+ou+thermoscope+%C3%A9lectrique&rft.volume=44&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E225-%3C%2Fspan%3E234&rft.date=1830&rft.aulast=Nobili&rft.aufirst=Leopoldo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dpst.000052859885%3Bview%3D1up%3Bseq%3D237&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfrared" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNobiliMelloni1831" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Nobili; Melloni (1831). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uva.x002487856;view=1up;seq=202">"Recherches sur plusieurs phénomènes calorifiques entreprises au moyen du thermo-multiplicateur"</a> [Investigations of several heat phenomena undertaken via a thermo-multiplier]. <i>Annales de Chimie et de Physique</i>. 2nd series (in French). <b>48</b>: <span class="nowrap">198–</span>218. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210205123013/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uva.x002487856;view=1up;seq=202">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-02-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-04-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annales+de+Chimie+et+de+Physique&rft.atitle=Recherches+sur+plusieurs+ph%C3%A9nom%C3%A8nes+calorifiques+entreprises+au+moyen+du+thermo-multiplicateur&rft.volume=48&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E198-%3C%2Fspan%3E218&rft.date=1831&rft.au=Nobili&rft.au=Melloni&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Duva.x002487856%3Bview%3D1up%3Bseq%3D202&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfrared" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVollmerMöllmann2010" class="citation book cs1">Vollmer, Michael; Möllmann, Klaus-Peter (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ClU_DwAAQBAJ&pg=SA1-PA67"><i>Infrared Thermal Imaging: Fundamentals, Research and Applications</i></a> (2nd ed.). Berlin, Germany: Wiley-VCH. pp. <span class="nowrap">1–</span>67. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-527-69329-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-527-69329-0"><bdi>978-3-527-69329-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240922080441/https://books.google.com/books?id=ClU_DwAAQBAJ&pg=SA1-PA67#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-09-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-04-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Infrared+Thermal+Imaging%3A+Fundamentals%2C+Research+and+Applications&rft.place=Berlin%2C+Germany&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E67&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Wiley-VCH&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-3-527-69329-0&rft.aulast=Vollmer&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=M%C3%B6llmann%2C+Klaus-Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DClU_DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DSA1-PA67&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfrared" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHerschel1840" class="citation journal cs1">Herschel, John F. W. (1840). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=pst.000054592933;view=1up;seq=47">"On chemical action of rays of solar spectrum on preparation of silver and other substances both metallic and nonmetallic and on some photographic processes"</a>. <i>Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London</i>. <b>130</b>: <span class="nowrap">1–</span>59. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1840RSPT..130....1H">1840RSPT..130....1H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frstl.1840.0002">10.1098/rstl.1840.0002</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:98119765">98119765</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210205123249/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=pst.000054592933;view=1up;seq=47">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-02-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-04-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Transactions+of+the+Royal+Society+of+London&rft.atitle=On+chemical+action+of+rays+of+solar+spectrum+on+preparation+of+silver+and+other+substances+both+metallic+and+nonmetallic+and+on+some+photographic+processes&rft.volume=130&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E59&rft.date=1840&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A98119765%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frstl.1840.0002&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1840RSPT..130....1H&rft.aulast=Herschel&rft.aufirst=John+F.+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dpst.000054592933%3Bview%3D1up%3Bseq%3D47&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfrared" class="Z3988"></span> The term "thermograph" is coined on p. 51: " ... I have discovered a process by which the calorific rays in the solar spectrum are made to leave their impress on a surface properly prepared for the purpose, so as to form what may be called a thermograph of the spectrum, ... ".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKirchhoff1859" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kirchhoff (1859). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015049219333;view=1up;seq=811">"Ueber den Zusammenhang von Emission und Absorption von Licht und Warme"</a> [On the relation between emission and absorption of light and heat]. <i>Monatsberichte der Königlich-Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin (Monthly Reports of the Royal Prussian Academy of Philosophy in Berlin)</i> (in German): <span class="nowrap">783–</span>787. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200925004705/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015049219333;view=1up;seq=811">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-09-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-04-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Monatsberichte+der+K%C3%B6niglich-Preussischen+Akademie+der+Wissenschaften+zu+Berlin+%28Monthly+Reports+of+the+Royal+Prussian+Academy+of+Philosophy+in+Berlin%29&rft.atitle=Ueber+den+Zusammenhang+von+Emission+und+Absorption+von+Licht+und+Warme&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E783-%3C%2Fspan%3E787&rft.date=1859&rft.au=Kirchhoff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dmdp.39015049219333%3Bview%3D1up%3Bseq%3D811&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfrared" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKirchhoff1860" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kirchhoff, G. (1860). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/1423668">"Ueber das Verhältnis zwischen dem Emissionsvermögen und dem Absorptionsvermögen der Körper für Wärme und Licht"</a> [On the relation between bodies' emission capacity and absorption capacity for heat and light]. <i>Annalen der Physik und Chemie</i> (in German). <b>109</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">275–</span>301. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1860AnP...185..275K">1860AnP...185..275K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fandp.18601850205">10.1002/andp.18601850205</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-04-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annalen+der+Physik+und+Chemie&rft.atitle=Ueber+das+Verh%C3%A4ltnis+zwischen+dem+Emissionsverm%C3%B6gen+und+dem+Absorptionsverm%C3%B6gen+der+K%C3%B6rper+f%C3%BCr+W%C3%A4rme+und+Licht&rft.volume=109&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E275-%3C%2Fspan%3E301&rft.date=1860&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fandp.18601850205&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1860AnP...185..275K&rft.aulast=Kirchhoff&rft.aufirst=G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F1423668&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfrared" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>English translation: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKirchhoff1860" class="citation journal cs1">Kirchhoff, G. (1860). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=pst.000068485634;view=1up;seq=19">"On the relation between the radiating and absorbing powers of different bodies for light and heat"</a>. <i>Philosophical Magazine</i>. 4th series. <b>20</b>: <span class="nowrap">1–</span>21. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210205123215/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=pst.000068485634;view=1up;seq=19">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-02-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-04-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Magazine&rft.atitle=On+the+relation+between+the+radiating+and+absorbing+powers+of+different+bodies+for+light+and+heat&rft.volume=20&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E21&rft.date=1860&rft.aulast=Kirchhoff&rft.aufirst=G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dpst.000068485634%3Bview%3D1up%3Bseq%3D19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfrared" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSmith1873" class="citation journal cs1">Smith, Willoughby (1873). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/1429782">"The action of light on selenium"</a>. <i>Journal of the Society of Telegraph Engineers</i>. <b>2</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">31–</span>33. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1049%2Fjste-1.1873.0023">10.1049/jste-1.1873.0023</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241003190750/https://zenodo.org/records/1429782">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-10-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-04-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Society+of+Telegraph+Engineers&rft.atitle=The+action+of+light+on+selenium&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E31-%3C%2Fspan%3E33&rft.date=1873&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1049%2Fjste-1.1873.0023&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Willoughby&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F1429782&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfrared" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSmith1873" class="citation journal cs1">Smith, Willoughby (20 February 1873). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uiug.30112007449892;view=1up;seq=67">"Effect of light on selenium during the passage of an electric current"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>7</b> (173): 303. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1873Natur...7R.303.">1873Natur...7R.303.</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F007303e0">10.1038/007303e0</a></span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210103112531/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uiug.30112007449892;view=1up;seq=67">Archived</a> from the original on 3 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Effect+of+light+on+selenium+during+the+passage+of+an+electric+current&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=173&rft.pages=303&rft.date=1873-02-20&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F007303e0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1873Natur...7R.303.&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Willoughby&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Duiug.30112007449892%3Bview%3D1up%3Bseq%3D67&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfrared" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLangley1880" class="citation journal cs1">Langley, S. P. (1880). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nyp.33433090766035;view=1up;seq=282">"The bolometer"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the American Metrological Society</i>. <b>2</b>: <span class="nowrap">184–</span>190. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210205123346/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nyp.33433090766035;view=1up;seq=282">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-02-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-04-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+American+Metrological+Society&rft.atitle=The+bolometer&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E184-%3C%2Fspan%3E190&rft.date=1880&rft.aulast=Langley&rft.aufirst=S.+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dnyp.33433090766035%3Bview%3D1up%3Bseq%3D282&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfrared" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLangley1881" class="citation journal cs1">Langley, S. P. (1881). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044106428089;view=1up;seq=360">"The bolometer and radiant energy"</a></span>. <i>Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences</i>. <b>16</b>: <span class="nowrap">342–</span>358. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F25138616">10.2307/25138616</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25138616">25138616</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210205125622/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044106428089;view=1up;seq=360">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-02-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-04-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+American+Academy+of+Arts+and+Sciences&rft.atitle=The+bolometer+and+radiant+energy&rft.volume=16&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E342-%3C%2Fspan%3E358&rft.date=1881&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F25138616&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25138616%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Langley&rft.aufirst=S.+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dhvd.32044106428089%3Bview%3D1up%3Bseq%3D360&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfrared" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStefan1879" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Stefan, J. (1879). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044093294874;view=1up;seq=419">"Über die Beziehung zwischen der Wärmestrahlung und der Temperatur"</a> [On the relation between heat radiation and temperature]. <i>Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften [Wien]: Mathematisch-naturwissenschaftlichen Classe (Proceedings of the Imperial Academy of Philosophy [in Vienna]: Mathematical-scientific Class)</i> (in German). <b>79</b>: <span class="nowrap">391–</span>428. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190402030509/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044093294874;view=1up;seq=419">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-04-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-04-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sitzungsberichte+der+Kaiserlichen+Akademie+der+Wissenschaften+%5BWien%5D%3A+Mathematisch-naturwissenschaftlichen+Classe+%28Proceedings+of+the+Imperial+Academy+of+Philosophy+%5Bin+Vienna%5D%3A+Mathematical-scientific+Class%29&rft.atitle=%C3%9Cber+die+Beziehung+zwischen+der+W%C3%A4rmestrahlung+und+der+Temperatur&rft.volume=79&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E391-%3C%2Fspan%3E428&rft.date=1879&rft.aulast=Stefan&rft.aufirst=J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dhvd.32044093294874%3Bview%3D1up%3Bseq%3D419&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfrared" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWien1896" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Wien, Willy (1896). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=wu.89048352850;view=1up;seq=676">"Ueber die Energieverteilung im Emissionsspektrum eines schwarzen Körpers"</a> [On the energy distribution in the emission spectrum of a black body]. <i>Annalen der Physik und Chemie</i>. 3rd series (in German). <b>58</b>: <span class="nowrap">662–</span>669. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210224221923/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=wu.89048352850;view=1up;seq=676">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-02-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-04-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annalen+der+Physik+und+Chemie&rft.atitle=Ueber+die+Energieverteilung+im+Emissionsspektrum+eines+schwarzen+K%C3%B6rpers&rft.volume=58&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E662-%3C%2Fspan%3E669&rft.date=1896&rft.aulast=Wien&rft.aufirst=Willy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dwu.89048352850%3Bview%3D1up%3Bseq%3D676&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfrared" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>English translation: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWien1897" class="citation journal cs1">Wien, Willy (1897). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015024088695;view=1up;seq=226">"On the division of energy in the emission-spectrum of a black body"</a></span>. <i>Philosophical Magazine</i>. 5th series. <b>43</b> (262): <span class="nowrap">214–</span>220. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14786449708620983">10.1080/14786449708620983</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210205132307/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015024088695;view=1up;seq=226">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-02-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-04-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Magazine&rft.atitle=On+the+division+of+energy+in+the+emission-spectrum+of+a+black+body&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=262&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E214-%3C%2Fspan%3E220&rft.date=1897&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14786449708620983&rft.aulast=Wien&rft.aufirst=Willy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dmdp.39015024088695%3Bview%3D1up%3Bseq%3D226&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfrared" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJulius1892" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Julius, Willem Henri (1892). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K1AVAAAAIAAJ&q=Bolometrisch+Ondersoek+van+Absorptiespectra&pg=PA44"><i>Bolometrisch onderzoek van absorptiespectra</i></a> (in Dutch). J. Müller. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240922080441/https://books.google.com/books?id=K1AVAAAAIAAJ&q=Bolometrisch+Ondersoek+van+Absorptiespectra&pg=PA44#v=snippet&q=Bolometrisch%20Ondersoek%20van%20Absorptiespectra&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-09-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bolometrisch+onderzoek+van+absorptiespectra&rft.pub=J.+M%C3%BCller&rft.date=1892&rft.aulast=Julius&rft.aufirst=Willem+Henri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DK1AVAAAAIAAJ%26q%3DBolometrisch%2BOndersoek%2Bvan%2BAbsorptiespectra%26pg%3DPA44&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfrared" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPlanck1900" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Planck, M. (1900). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924056107224;view=1up;seq=516">"Ueber eine Verbesserung der Wien'schen Spectralgleichung"</a> [On an improvement of Wien's spectral equation]. <i>Verhandlungen der Deutschen Physikalischen Gesellschaft</i> (in German). <b>2</b>: <span class="nowrap">202–</span>204. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240922080455/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/imgsrv/html?id=coo.31924056107224&seq=519">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-09-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-04-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Verhandlungen+der+Deutschen+Physikalischen+Gesellschaft&rft.atitle=Ueber+eine+Verbesserung+der+Wien%27schen+Spectralgleichung&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E202-%3C%2Fspan%3E204&rft.date=1900&rft.aulast=Planck&rft.aufirst=M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dcoo.31924056107224%3Bview%3D1up%3Bseq%3D516&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfrared" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPlanck1900" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Planck, M. (1900). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924056107224;view=1up;seq=551">"Zur Theorie des Gesetzes der Energieverteilung im Normalspectrum"</a> [On the theory of the law of energy distribution in the normal spectrum]. <i>Verhandlungen der Deutschen Physikalischen Gesellschaft</i> (in German). <b>2</b>: <span class="nowrap">237–</span>245. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210225013229/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924056107224;view=1up;seq=551">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-02-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-04-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Verhandlungen+der+Deutschen+Physikalischen+Gesellschaft&rft.atitle=Zur+Theorie+des+Gesetzes+der+Energieverteilung+im+Normalspectrum&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E237-%3C%2Fspan%3E245&rft.date=1900&rft.aulast=Planck&rft.aufirst=M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dcoo.31924056107224%3Bview%3D1up%3Bseq%3D551&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfrared" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPlanck1901" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Planck, Max (1901). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924066378310;view=1up;seq=585">"Ueber das Gesetz der Energieverteilung im Normalspectrum"</a> [On the law of energy distribution in the normal spectrum]. <i>Annalen der Physik</i>. 4th series (in German). <b>4</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">553–</span>563. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1901AnP...309..553P">1901AnP...309..553P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fandp.19013090310">10.1002/andp.19013090310</a></span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210206034106/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924066378310;view=1up;seq=585">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-02-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-04-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annalen+der+Physik&rft.atitle=Ueber+das+Gesetz+der+Energieverteilung+im+Normalspectrum&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E553-%3C%2Fspan%3E563&rft.date=1901&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fandp.19013090310&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1901AnP...309..553P&rft.aulast=Planck&rft.aufirst=Max&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dcoo.31924066378310%3Bview%3D1up%3Bseq%3D585&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfrared" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEinstein1905" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Einstein, A. (1905). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/annalenderphysi108unkngoog#page/n150/mode/2up">"Über einen die Erzeugung und Verwandlung des Lichtes betreffenden heuristischen Gesichtspunkt"</a> [On heuristic viewpoint concerning the production and transformation of light]. <i>Annalen der Physik</i>. 4th series (in German). <b>17</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">132–</span>148. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1905AnP...322..132E">1905AnP...322..132E</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fandp.19053220607">10.1002/andp.19053220607</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annalen+der+Physik&rft.atitle=%C3%9Cber+einen+die+Erzeugung+und+Verwandlung+des+Lichtes+betreffenden+heuristischen+Gesichtspunkt&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E132-%3C%2Fspan%3E148&rft.date=1905&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fandp.19053220607&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1905AnP...322..132E&rft.aulast=Einstein&rft.aufirst=A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fannalenderphysi108unkngoog%23page%2Fn150%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfrared" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>English translation: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAronsPeppard1965" class="citation journal cs1">Arons, A. B.; Peppard, M. B. (1965). "Einstein's proposal of the photon concept—a translation of the Annalen der Physik paper of 1905". <i>American Journal of Physics</i>. <b>33</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">367–</span>374. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1965AmJPh..33..367A">1965AmJPh..33..367A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1119%2F1.1971542">10.1119/1.1971542</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:27091754">27091754</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Physics&rft.atitle=Einstein%27s+proposal+of+the+photon+concept%E2%80%94a+translation+of+the+Annalen+der+Physik+paper+of+1905&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E367-%3C%2Fspan%3E374&rft.date=1965&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A27091754%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1119%2F1.1971542&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1965AmJPh..33..367A&rft.aulast=Arons&rft.aufirst=A.+B.&rft.au=Peppard%2C+M.+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfrared" class="Z3988"></span> Available at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141121114532/http://www.esfm2005.ipn.mx/ESFM_Images/paper1.pdf">Wayback Machine</a>.</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCoblentz1905" class="citation book cs1">Coblentz, William Weber (1905). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qVUoHbyKbDsC&q=coblentz,+william+weber&pg=PP7"><i>Investigations of Infra-red Spectra: Part I, II</i></a>. Carnegie institution of Washington. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240922080441/https://books.google.com/books?id=qVUoHbyKbDsC&q=coblentz,+william+weber&pg=PP7#v=snippet&q=coblentz%2C%20william%20weber&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-09-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Investigations+of+Infra-red+Spectra%3A+Part+I%2C+II&rft.pub=Carnegie+institution+of+Washington&rft.date=1905&rft.aulast=Coblentz&rft.aufirst=William+Weber&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqVUoHbyKbDsC%26q%3Dcoblentz%2C%2Bwilliam%2Bweber%26pg%3DPP7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfrared" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCoblentz1905" class="citation book cs1">Coblentz, William Weber (1905). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/investigationsi01coblgoog"><i>Investigations of Infra-red Spectra: Part III, IV</i></a>. University of Michigan. Washington, D.C., Carnegie institution of Washington.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Investigations+of+Infra-red+Spectra%3A+Part+III%2C+IV&rft.pub=Washington%2C+D.C.%2C+Carnegie+institution+of+Washington&rft.date=1905&rft.aulast=Coblentz&rft.aufirst=William+Weber&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finvestigationsi01coblgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfrared" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCoblentz1905" class="citation book cs1">Coblentz, William Weber (August 1905). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/investigationsof03coblrich"><i>Investigations of Infra-red Spectra: Part V, VI, VII</i></a>. University of California Libraries. Washington, D.C. : Carnegie Institution of Washington.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Investigations+of+Infra-red+Spectra%3A+Part+V%2C+VI%2C+VII&rft.pub=Washington%2C+D.C.+%3A+Carnegie+Institution+of+Washington&rft.date=1905-08&rft.aulast=Coblentz&rft.aufirst=William+Weber&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finvestigationsof03coblrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfrared" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OTXABAAAQBAJ&q=yeou+ta+1938&pg=PA406"><i>Waste Energy Harvesting: Mechanical and Thermal Energies</i></a>. Springer Science & Business Media. 2014. p. 406. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-642-54634-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-642-54634-1"><bdi>978-3-642-54634-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240922081008/https://books.google.com/books?id=OTXABAAAQBAJ&q=yeou+ta+1938&pg=PA406#v=snippet&q=yeou%20ta%201938&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-09-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-01-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Waste+Energy+Harvesting%3A+Mechanical+and+Thermal+Energies&rft.pages=406&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-3-642-54634-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOTXABAAAQBAJ%26q%3Dyeou%2Bta%2B1938%26pg%3DPA406&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfrared" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reine-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Reine_84-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reine_84-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMarion_B._Reine2015" class="citation journal cs1">Marion B. Reine (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11664-015-3737-1.pdf">"Interview with Paul W. Kruse on the Early History of HgCdTe (1980)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Electronic Materials</i>. <b>44</b> (9). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11664-015-3737-1">10.1007/s11664-015-3737-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:95341284">95341284</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200730140413/https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11664-015-3737-1.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2020-07-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-01-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Electronic+Materials&rft.atitle=Interview+with+Paul+W.+Kruse+on+the+Early+History+of+HgCdTe+%281980%29&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=9&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11664-015-3737-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A95341284%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Marion+B.+Reine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fcontent%2Fpdf%2F10.1007%2Fs11664-015-3737-1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfrared" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJ_Cooper1962" class="citation journal cs1">J Cooper (1962). "A fast-response pyroelectric thermal detector". <i>Journal of Scientific Instruments</i>. <b>39</b> (9): <span class="nowrap">467–</span>472. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1962JScI...39..467C">1962JScI...39..467C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F0950-7671%2F39%2F9%2F308">10.1088/0950-7671/39/9/308</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Scientific+Instruments&rft.atitle=A+fast-response+pyroelectric+thermal+detector&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E467-%3C%2Fspan%3E472&rft.date=1962&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1088%2F0950-7671%2F39%2F9%2F308&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1962JScI...39..467C&rft.au=J+Cooper&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfrared" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200316225350/https://c5isr.ccdc.army.mil/inside_c5isr_center/nvesd/history/">"History of Army Night Vision"</a>. C5ISR Center. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://c5isr.ccdc.army.mil/inside_c5isr_center/nvesd/history/">the original</a> on March 16, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-01-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+Army+Night+Vision&rft.pub=C5ISR+Center&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fc5isr.ccdc.army.mil%2Finside_c5isr_center%2Fnvesd%2Fhistory%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfrared" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.co.uk/news/archive/2013-02/14/implant-gives-rats-sixth-sense-for-infrared-light">"Implant gives rats sixth sense for infrared light"</a>. <i>Wired UK</i>. 14 February 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130217055046/http://www.wired.co.uk/news/archive/2013-02/14/implant-gives-rats-sixth-sense-for-infrared-light">Archived</a> from the original on 17 February 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wired+UK&rft.atitle=Implant+gives+rats+sixth+sense+for+infrared+light&rft.date=2013-02-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.co.uk%2Fnews%2Farchive%2F2013-02%2F14%2Fimplant-gives-rats-sixth-sense-for-infrared-light&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfrared" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infrared&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid 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ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Infrared</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/infrared" class="extiw" title="wikt:infrared">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Infrared" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Infrared">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Infrared" class="extiw" title="n:Special:Search/Infrared">News</a> from Wikinews</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/40px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/60px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Infrared" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Infrared">Texts</a> from Wikisource</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Infrared" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Infrared">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Infrared" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Infrared">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.omega.com/literature/transactions/volume1/historical1.html">Infrared: A Historical Perspective</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070807034953/http://www.omega.com/literature/transactions/volume1/historical1.html">Archived</a> 2007-08-07 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (Omega Engineering)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irda.org/">Infrared Data Association</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080522132313/http://www.irda.org/">Archived</a> 2008-05-22 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, a standards organization for infrared data interconnection</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://yengal-marumugam.blogspot.com/2011/06/sirc-part-i-basics.html">SIRC Protocol</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111013110621/http://yengal-marumugam.blogspot.com/2011/06/sirc-part-i-basics.html">Archived</a> 2011-10-13 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ocinside.de/html/modding/usb_ir_receiver/usb_ir_receiver.html">How to build a USB infrared receiver to control PC's remotely</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110719165527/http://www.ocinside.de/html/modding/usb_ir_receiver/usb_ir_receiver.html">Archived</a> 2011-07-19 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060114051647/http://imagers.gsfc.nasa.gov/ems/infrared.html">Infrared Waves</a>: detailed explanation of infrared light. (NASA)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/philtrans08733349">Herschel's original paper from 1800 announcing the discovery of infrared light</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thethermograpiclibrary.org/index.php/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Library">The thermographic's library</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130611022731/http://www.thethermograpiclibrary.org/index.php/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Library">Archived</a> 2013-06-11 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, collection of thermogram</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://colourlex.com/project/ir-reflectography/">Infrared reflectography in analysis of paintings</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151222133807/http://colourlex.com/project/ir-reflectography/">Archived</a> 2015-12-22 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at ColourLex</li> <li>Molly Faries, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nap.edu/read/11413/chapter/8">Techniques and Applications – Analytical Capabilities of Infrared Reflectography: An Art Historian s Perspective</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151222152730/http://www.nap.edu/read/11413/chapter/8">Archived</a> 2015-12-22 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, in Scientific Examination of Art: Modern Techniques in Conservation and Analysis, Sackler NAS Colloquium, 2005</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Electromagnetic_spectrum" title="Template:Electromagnetic spectrum"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Electromagnetic_spectrum" title="Template talk:Electromagnetic spectrum"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Electromagnetic_spectrum" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Electromagnetic spectrum"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Electromagnetic_spectrum748" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum" title="Electromagnetic spectrum">Electromagnetic spectrum</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="padding:0.3em 0.5em 0.4em;line-height:1.25em;font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gamma_ray" title="Gamma ray">Gamma rays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-ray" title="X-ray">X-rays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">Ultraviolet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visible_spectrum" title="Visible spectrum">Visible</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Infrared</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microwave" title="Microwave">Microwave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_wave" title="Radio wave">Radio</a><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Frequency_vs._wave_length.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Frequency_vs._wave_length.svg/500px-Frequency_vs._wave_length.svg.png" decoding="async" width="500" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Frequency_vs._wave_length.svg/750px-Frequency_vs._wave_length.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Frequency_vs._wave_length.svg/1000px-Frequency_vs._wave_length.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="104" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div><span class="nobold"><i><span style="font-size:120%">←</span> higher <a href="/wiki/Frequency" title="Frequency">frequencies</a>, higher energy, shorter <a href="/wiki/Wavelength" title="Wavelength">wavelengths</a><span class="nowrap">       </span>longer <a href="/wiki/Wavelength" title="Wavelength">wavelengths</a>, lower frequencies, lower energy <span style="font-size:120%">→</span></i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lavender;"><a href="/wiki/Gamma_ray" title="Gamma ray">Gamma rays</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Very-high-energy_gamma_ray" title="Very-high-energy gamma ray">Very-high-energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-high-energy_gamma_ray" title="Ultra-high-energy gamma ray">Ultra-high-energy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lavender;"><a href="/wiki/X-ray" title="X-ray">X-rays</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soft_X-ray" class="mw-redirect" title="Soft X-ray">Soft X-ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_X-ray" class="mw-redirect" title="Hard X-ray">Hard X-ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-energy_X-rays" title="High-energy X-rays">High-energy X-rays</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lavender;"><a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">Ultraviolet</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_ultraviolet" title="Extreme ultraviolet">Extreme ultraviolet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vacuum_ultraviolet" class="mw-redirect" title="Vacuum ultraviolet">Vacuum ultraviolet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyman-alpha" title="Lyman-alpha">Lyman-alpha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far_ultraviolet" class="mw-redirect" title="Far ultraviolet">FUV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_ultraviolet" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle ultraviolet">MUV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near_ultraviolet" class="mw-redirect" title="Near ultraviolet">NUV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_C" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultraviolet C">UVC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_B" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultraviolet B">UVB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_A" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultraviolet A">UVA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lavender;"><a href="/wiki/Visible_spectrum" title="Visible spectrum">Visible (optical)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Violet_(color)" title="Violet (color)">Violet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue" title="Blue">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyan" title="Cyan">Cyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green" title="Green">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow" title="Yellow">Yellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_(colour)" title="Orange (colour)">Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red" title="Red">Red</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lavender;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Infrared</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Near-infrared" class="mw-redirect" title="Near-infrared">NIR</a> (<a href="/wiki/Photometric_system" title="Photometric system">Bands</a>: <a href="/wiki/J_band_(infrared)" title="J band (infrared)">J</a>, <a href="/wiki/K_band_(infrared)" title="K band (infrared)">K</a>, <a href="/wiki/H_band_(infrared)" title="H band (infrared)">H</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Regions">SWIR</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Regions">MWIR</a> (<a href="/wiki/Photometric_system" title="Photometric system">Bands</a>: <a href="/wiki/L_band_(infrared)" title="L band (infrared)">L</a>, <a href="/wiki/M_band_(infrared)" title="M band (infrared)">M</a>, <a href="/wiki/N_band" title="N band">N</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Regions">LWIR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far_infrared" title="Far infrared">FIR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lavender;"><a href="/wiki/Microwave" title="Microwave">Microwaves</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/W_band" title="W band">W band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V_band" title="V band">V band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q_band" title="Q band">Q band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ka_band" title="Ka band">K<sub>a</sub> band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K_band_(IEEE)" title="K band (IEEE)">K band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ku_band" title="Ku band">K<sub>u</sub> band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X_band" title="X band">X band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C_band_(IEEE)" title="C band (IEEE)">C band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S_band" title="S band">S band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L_band" title="L band">L band</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lavender;"><a href="/wiki/Radio_frequency" title="Radio frequency">Radio</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terahertz_radiation" title="Terahertz radiation">THF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extremely_high_frequency" title="Extremely high frequency">EHF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_high_frequency" title="Super high frequency">SHF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra_high_frequency" title="Ultra high frequency">UHF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Very_high_frequency" title="Very high frequency">VHF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_frequency" title="High frequency">HF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medium_frequency" title="Medium frequency">MF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_frequency" title="Low frequency">LF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Very_low_frequency" title="Very low frequency">VLF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra_low_frequency" title="Ultra low frequency">ULF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_low_frequency" title="Super low frequency">SLF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extremely_low_frequency" title="Extremely low frequency">ELF</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lavender;"><a href="/wiki/Wavelength" title="Wavelength">Wavelength</a> types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microwave" title="Microwave">Microwave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shortwave_radio" title="Shortwave radio">Shortwave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medium_wave" title="Medium wave">Medium wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longwave" title="Longwave">Longwave</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" 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this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4161686-8">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85066322">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Rayonnement infrarouge"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11948695s">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Rayonnement infrarouge"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11948695s">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00570566">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="infračervené záření"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph456984&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Radiación infrarroja"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX526729">Spain</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007550608105171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=12491">Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div 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