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href="#Secession_from_Pinya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Secession from Pinya</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secession_from_Pinya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Middle years</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-War_with_Maw" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_with_Maw"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>War with Maw</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War_with_Maw-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reunification_with_Pinya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reunification_with_Pinya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Reunification with Pinya</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reunification_with_Pinya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_and_society" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_and_society"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Government and society</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Government_and_society-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> 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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Military</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historiography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historiography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Historiography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historiography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li 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<div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Sagaing Kingdom</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 9 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-9" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">9 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A9_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%BA" title="مملكة ساجينغ – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مملكة ساجينغ" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royaume_de_Sagaing" title="Royaume de Sagaing – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Royaume de Sagaing" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82" title="സാഗയിംഗ് രാജ്യം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സാഗയിംഗ് രാജ്യം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%85%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%80%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%81%E1%80%B1%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA" title="စစ်ကိုင်းခေတ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="စစ်ကိုင်းခေတ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kr%C3%B3lestwo_Sikongu" title="Królestwo Sikongu – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Królestwo Sikongu" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD_(%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE)" title="Сикайн (царство) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сикайн (царство)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%8C" title="อาณาจักรซะไกง์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อาณาจักรซะไกง์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD_(%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE)" title="Сікайн (царство) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Сікайн (царство)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%9E%E7%9A%86%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD" title="实皆王国 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="实皆王国" data-language-autonym="中文" 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Short-lived kingdom in present-day Myanmar (1315–1365)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow 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#a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Sagaing Kingdom</div><div class="ib-country-names"><span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">စစ်ကိုင်းပြည်</span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">1315–1365</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Burma_c._1350.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Sagaing Kingdom c. 1350"><img alt="Sagaing Kingdom c. 1350" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Burma_c._1350.png/250px-Burma_c._1350.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="495" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Burma_c._1350.png/375px-Burma_c._1350.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d5/Burma_c._1350.png 2x" data-file-width="474" data-file-height="939" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">Sagaing Kingdom <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1350</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data">Kingdom</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sagaing" title="Sagaing">Sagaing</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Burmese_language" title="Burmese language">Burmese</a> <small>(official)</small> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Shan_language" title="Shan language">Shan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Theravada_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Theravada Buddhism">Theravada Buddhism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ari_Buddhism" title="Ari Buddhism">Ari Buddhism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">animism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data">Monarchy</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1315–1327 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Saw_Yun" title="Saw Yun">Saw Yun</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1327–1336 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tarabya_I_of_Sagaing" title="Tarabya I of Sagaing">Tarabya I</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1339–1349 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kyaswa_of_Sagaing" title="Kyaswa of Sagaing">Kyaswa</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1352–1364 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Minbyauk_Thihapate" title="Minbyauk Thihapate">Thihapate</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data">None (Rule by decree)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Historical era</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Myanmar#Small_kingdoms" title="History of Myanmar">Warring states</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pinya_Kingdom" title="Pinya Kingdom">Pinya Kingdom founded</a></span> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap">7 February 1313</span></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <span class="nowrap">Sagaing autonomy proclaimed</span> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">15 May 1315</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <span class="nowrap">Secession from Pinya</span> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap">1315–1317 <small>(de facto)</small></span><br />1325 <small>(de jure)</small></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Nanda_Pakyan" title="Nanda Pakyan">Court rule</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1336–1350s</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Maw raids </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1356–1364</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Maw Sack of Sagaing </div></th><td class="infobox-data">April 1364</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Ava_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Ava Kingdom">Ava Kingdom founded</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">26 February 1365</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Pinya_Kingdom" title="Pinya Kingdom">Pinya Kingdom</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Ava_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Ava Kingdom">Ava Kingdom</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Today part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="border-collapse: collapse;"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Myanmar" title="History of Myanmar">History of Myanmar</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:WikiProject_Myanmar_peacock.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/WikiProject_Myanmar_peacock.svg/75px-WikiProject_Myanmar_peacock.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/WikiProject_Myanmar_peacock.svg/113px-WikiProject_Myanmar_peacock.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/WikiProject_Myanmar_peacock.svg/150px-WikiProject_Myanmar_peacock.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="153" data-file-height="160" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="color: #54595d; text-align: left; border: 1px solid #aaa; padding: 0.3em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Myanmar" title="Prehistory of Myanmar">Prehistory of Myanmar</a> 11,000–200 BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyu_city-states" title="Pyu city-states">Pyu city-states</a> 200 BCE – 1050 CE</li></ul> <dl><dd><span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Sri_Ksetra_Kingdom" title="Sri Ksetra Kingdom">Sri Ksetra Kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tagaung_Kingdom" title="Tagaung Kingdom">Tagaung Kingdom</a>)</span></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mon_kingdoms" title="Mon kingdoms">Mon kingdoms</a> 825?–1057? CE</li></ul> <dl><dd><span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Thaton_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Thaton Kingdom">Thaton Kingdom</a>)</span></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Rakhine" title="History of Rakhine">Arakanese kingdoms</a> 788?–1406</li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="color: #54595d; text-align: left; border: 1px solid #aaa; padding: 0.3em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pagan_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagan Kingdom">Pagan Kingdom</a> 849–1297 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Pagan_Kingdom" title="Early Pagan Kingdom">Early Pagan Kingdom</a> 849–1044</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Myanmar#Small_kingdoms" title="History of Myanmar">Warring states period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Myanmar" title="Upper Myanmar">Upper Myanmar</a> 1297–1555 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Myinsaing_Kingdom" title="Myinsaing Kingdom">Myinsaing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pinya_Kingdom" title="Pinya Kingdom">Pinya Kingdoms</a> 1297–1365</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sagaing Kingdom</a> 1315–1365</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ava" title="Kingdom of Ava">Kingdom of Ava</a> 1365–1555</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prome_Kingdom" title="Prome Kingdom">Prome Kingdom</a> 1482–1542</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanthawaddy_Kingdom" title="Hanthawaddy Kingdom">Hanthawaddy Kingdom</a> 1287–1539, 1550–1552</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shan_States" title="Shan States">Shan States</a> 1215–1563</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mrauk_U" title="Kingdom of Mrauk U">Kingdom of Mrauk U</a> 1429–1785</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toungoo_dynasty" title="Toungoo dynasty">Toungoo dynasty</a> 1510–1752 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Toungoo_Empire" title="First Toungoo Empire">First Toungoo Empire</a> 1510–1599</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Myanmar#Restored_Taungoo_Kingdom_(Nyaungyan_Restoration)_(1599–1752)" title="History of Myanmar">Nyaungyan Restoration</a> 1599–1752</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restored_Hanthawaddy_Kingdom" title="Restored Hanthawaddy Kingdom">Restored Hanthawaddy</a> 1740–1757</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konbaung_dynasty" title="Konbaung dynasty">Konbaung dynasty</a> 1752–1885</li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="color: #54595d; text-align: left; border: 1px solid #aaa; padding: 0.3em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_rule_in_Burma" title="British rule in Burma">British colonial period</a> 1824–1948 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Burmese_Wars" title="Anglo-Burmese Wars">Anglo-Burmese Wars</a> 1824–1885</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_resistance_movement_1885%E2%80%9395" class="mw-redirect" title="Burmese resistance movement 1885–95">Resistance movement</a> 1885–1895</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_rule_in_Burma#Nationalist_movement" title="British rule in Burma">Nationalist movement</a> 1900–1948</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Burma" title="Japanese occupation of Burma">Japanese occupation</a> 1942–1945</li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="color: #54595d; text-align: left; border: 1px solid #aaa; padding: 0.3em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Myanmar#Independent_Burma" title="History of Myanmar">Modern era</a> 1948–present <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Burma_(1948%E2%80%931962)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Burma (1948–1962)">AFPFL government</a> 1948–1962</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Burma_(1962%E2%80%931988)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Burma (1962–1988)">Ne Win dictatorship</a> 1962–1988</li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Peace_and_Development_Council" title="State Peace and Development Council">SLORC / SPDC junta</a> 1988–2010</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011%E2%80%932015_Myanmar_political_reforms" title="2011–2015 Myanmar political reforms">Political reforms</a> 2011–2015</li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Administration_Council" title="State Administration Council">SAC junta</a> 2021–present</li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="color: #54595d; text-align: left; border: 1px solid #aaa; padding: 0.3em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Burmese_history" title="Timeline of Burmese history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_capitals_of_Myanmar" title="List of capitals of Myanmar">List of capitals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Burmese_leaders" title="List of Burmese leaders">Leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_chronicles" title="Burmese chronicles">Royal chronicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Myanmar" title="Military history of Myanmar">Military history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_rule_in_Myanmar" title="Military rule in Myanmar">Military rule</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/32px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/48px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/64px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Myanmar" title="Portal:Myanmar">Myanmar portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="padding:0.3em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Myanmar" title="Template:History of Myanmar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Myanmar" title="Template talk:History of Myanmar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Myanmar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Myanmar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Sagaing Kingdom</b> (<a href="/wiki/Burmese_language" title="Burmese language">Burmese</a>: <span lang="my">စစ်ကိုင်းပြည်</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="my-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Burmese" title="Help:IPA/Burmese">[zəɡáɪɰ̃<span class="wrap"> </span>nèpjìdɔ̀]</a></span>) was a small kingdom ruled by a junior branch of the <a href="/wiki/Myinsaing_Kingdom" title="Myinsaing Kingdom">Myinsaing dynasty</a> from 1315 to 1365. Originally the northern province of Sagaing of the <a href="/wiki/Pinya_Kingdom" title="Pinya Kingdom">Pinya Kingdom</a>, it became de facto independent after Prince <a href="/wiki/Saw_Yun" title="Saw Yun">Saw Yun</a> successfully fought for autonomy from his father King <a href="/wiki/Thihathu" title="Thihathu">Thihathu</a> in 1315–17. Sagaing formally seceded from Pinya in 1325 after Thihathu's death. </p><p>The northern petty state stayed independent for the next four decades mainly due to Pinya's internal divisions. Sagaing itself was full of palace intrigues, and the court led by <a href="/wiki/Nanda_Pakyan" title="Nanda Pakyan">Nanda Pakyan</a> came to control a string of weak monarchs from the mid-1330s to the 1350s. In the 1350s, Princess <a href="/wiki/Soe_Min_Kodawgyi" title="Soe Min Kodawgyi">Soe Min</a> successfully repaired Sagaing's long-strained relationship with Pinya in order to defend against the northern <a href="/wiki/Shan_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Shan states">Shan state</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mong_Mao" class="mw-redirect" title="Mong Mao">Maw</a>. Sagaing bore the brunt of repeated Maw invasions of <a href="/wiki/Upper_Myanmar" title="Upper Myanmar">Upper Myanmar</a> (Burma) (1356–64). Maw forces broke through in 1364, sacking both capitals of <a href="/wiki/Sagaing" title="Sagaing">Sagaing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pinya" title="Pinya">Pinya</a> in succession. In the wake of the latest Maw raid, Saw Yun's grandson Prince <a href="/wiki/Thado_Minbya" title="Thado Minbya">Thado Minbya</a> seized both devastated capitals in 1364, and founded the <a href="/wiki/Ava_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Ava Kingdom">Ava Kingdom</a> in 1365. </p><p>Sagaing, like its bigger cousin Pinya, was a microcosm of the fractious <a href="/wiki/History_of_Myanmar#Small_kingdoms" title="History of Myanmar">small kingdoms period</a> (1287–1555). The small kingdom is remembered in <a href="/wiki/History_of_Myanmar" title="History of Myanmar">Burmese history</a> as the polity that gave birth to Ava, the dominant power of Upper Myanmar from the 14th to 16th centuries. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sagaing_Kingdom&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sagaing_Kingdom&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Myinsaing_regency">Myinsaing regency</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sagaing_Kingdom&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Myinsaing regency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Myinsaing_Kingdom" title="Myinsaing Kingdom">Myinsaing Kingdom</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Burma_c._1310.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Burma_c._1310.PNG/220px-Burma_c._1310.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="486" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/89/Burma_c._1310.PNG 1.5x" data-file-width="264" data-file-height="583" /></a><figcaption>Myinsaing <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1310</figcaption></figure> <p>At the end of the 13th century, Sagaing was the northernmost vassal state of <a href="/wiki/Myinsaing_Kingdom" title="Myinsaing Kingdom">Myinsaing</a>, the polity that succeeded Pagan in Central Burma. The northern province included the <a href="/wiki/Mu_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Mu river">Mu valley</a>, one of the three main granaries of the Irrawaddy valley. To the north of Sagaing lay the Province of Zhengmian of the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a>—present-day northern Burma and southwestern <a href="/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan">Yunnan</a>, which the Mongols had <a href="/wiki/First_Mongol_invasion_of_Burma" title="First Mongol invasion of Burma">wrested away from the Pagan Empire</a> since the 1280s. The Mongols <a href="/wiki/Second_Mongol_invasion_of_Burma" title="Second Mongol invasion of Burma">launched another invasion</a> in 1300–01 but could not break through and quit northern Burma altogether in 1303.<sup id="cite_ref-tt-1964-137_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tt-1964-137-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Myinsaing's rulers—<a href="/wiki/Athinkhaya" title="Athinkhaya">Athinkhaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yazathingyan" title="Yazathingyan">Yazathingyan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thihathu" title="Thihathu">Thihathu</a>—raced to regain northern Burma but got no further than Tagaung. Various <a href="/wiki/Shan_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Shan states">Shan states</a>, nominal Mongol vassals, now dominated the entire northwestern-to-southeastern arc surrounding the Irrawaddy valley. In 1313, <a href="/wiki/Thihathu" title="Thihathu">Thihathu</a>, the last surviving brother, founded <a href="/wiki/Pinya_Kingdom" title="Pinya Kingdom">Pinya</a> as the de jure successor state of Pagan.<sup id="cite_ref-hy-1-370_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hy-1-370-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He kept his newly built capital <a href="/wiki/Pinya" title="Pinya">Pinya</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Kyaukse_District" title="Kyaukse District">Kyaukse granary</a> instead of the historical capital <a href="/wiki/Bagan" title="Bagan">Pagan</a> (Bagan) probably because Pinya was closer to the Mu valley.<sup id="cite_ref-atat-109_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-atat-109-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pinya">Pinya</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sagaing_Kingdom&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Pinya"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pinya_Kingdom" title="Pinya Kingdom">Pinya Kingdom</a></div> <p>For the first time since the 1280s, the entire Irrawaddy between <a href="/wiki/Pyay" title="Pyay">Prome</a> (Pyay) in the south and Tagaung in the north was under a single ruler. But the trouble was brewing from the start. First, the Myinsaing-Pinya rulers had inherited the longstanding problem that had existed since the late Pagan period: between one and two-thirds of Upper Burma's cultivated land had been donated to religion, and the crown had lost resources needed to retain the loyalty of courtiers and military servicemen.<sup id="cite_ref-vbl-120_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vbl-120-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, "markedly drier weather during the late 13th and much of the 14th centuries" in Upper Burma forced large migrations from the established granaries (<a href="/wiki/Kyaukse_District" title="Kyaukse District">Kyaukse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minbu_District" title="Minbu District">Minbu</a>, and Mu valley)<sup id="cite_ref-atat-94_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-atat-94-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "to better watered districts farther south".<sup id="cite_ref-vbl-121_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vbl-121-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To compound the problem, Pinya was hit with a dynastic feud from the start. So eager was Thihathu, a commoner, to be seen as a legitimate king of Pagan, he made his adopted stepson Uzana, biological son of King Kyawswa of Pagan and Queen <a href="/wiki/Mi_Saw_U" title="Mi Saw U">Mi Saw U</a>, his heir-apparent. He also appointed <a href="/wiki/Kyawswa_I_of_Pinya" title="Kyawswa I of Pinya">Kyawswa I</a>, his biological son by Mi Saw U, governor of <a href="/wiki/Pinle" title="Pinle">Pinle</a>, the second most coveted position.<sup id="cite_ref-hy-1-370-371_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hy-1-370-371-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, the king did not appoint <a href="/wiki/Saw_Yun" title="Saw Yun">Saw Yun</a>, his eldest biological son by a commoner queen, <a href="/wiki/Yadanabon_of_Pinya" title="Yadanabon of Pinya">Yadanabon</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Tarabya_I_of_Sagaing" title="Tarabya I of Sagaing">Tarabya</a> his stepson by Yadanabon, to any meaningful positions. He appointed Saw Yun governor of <a href="/wiki/Sagaing" title="Sagaing">Sagaing</a> in 1314 only after the eldest son's repeated protestations.<sup id="cite_ref-hy-1-374_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hy-1-374-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-geh-79_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-geh-79-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Saw Yun remained deeply unhappy for he still did not command an army as did Uzana and Kyawswa.<sup id="cite_ref-hy-1-374_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hy-1-374-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secession_from_Pinya">Secession from Pinya</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sagaing_Kingdom&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Secession from Pinya"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Burma_c._1350.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Burma_c._1350.png/220px-Burma_c._1350.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="436" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Burma_c._1350.png/330px-Burma_c._1350.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Burma_c._1350.png/440px-Burma_c._1350.png 2x" data-file-width="474" data-file-height="939" /></a><figcaption>Pinya <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1350</figcaption></figure> <p>The simmering resentment led to Saw Yun's insurrection. In 1315, the teenage prince walked out of the Pinya Palace, never to return.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He found support among a sect of forest-dwelling monks and their followers who had become politically powerful during the chaotic conditions of the upcountry.<sup id="cite_ref-mha-77_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mha-77-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The young prince went on to upgrade Sagaing's timber walls to brick without his father's permission, and completed it in 1316.<sup id="cite_ref-yt-1-161-3_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yt-1-161-3-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thihathu seemed conflicted about punishing his teenage son. The king, who had never liked to share power—even with his own brothers—never sent a full force to reclaim Sagaing. He did order two small expeditions, the first led by Crown Prince Uzana and the second led by Prince Kyawswa. But by the end of 1316–17 dry season, both expeditions had failed to dislodge Saw Yun.<sup id="cite_ref-hy-1-373-376_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hy-1-373-376-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sagaing got a breather in 1317 when Toungoo and <a href="/wiki/Taungdwingyi" title="Taungdwingyi">Taungdwin</a> revolted. Thihathu bought peace with Taungdwin but Toungoo required an expedition. In the end, Pinya agreed to a deal that allowed the rebel leader <a href="/wiki/Thawun_Nge" title="Thawun Nge">Thawun Nge</a> to remain in office in exchange for his nominal submission to Pinya.<sup id="cite_ref-yt-1-160_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yt-1-160-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hy-1-372_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hy-1-372-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The deal with Toungoo proved to be the model for Sagaing as well. The king allowed Saw Yun to remain in office at Sagaing in exchange for his son's nominal submission. He was resigned to the fact that his kingdom would break apart once he died.<sup id="cite_ref-mha-77_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mha-77-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The kingdom formally split into two right after Thihathu's death in 1325.<sup id="cite_ref-mha-78_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mha-78-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Saw Yun (r. 1315–27) now controlled the northern country to Tagaung while Uzana I (r. 1325–40) became king of the southern country to Prome and Toungoo. Since the end of the last war, Saw Yun had been preparing for another war against Pinya, which was much larger and more populous than Sagaing by founding special military battalions, most notably the Sagaing Cavalry.<sup id="cite_ref-hy-1-388-389_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hy-1-388-389-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> King Uzana I's authority was openly contested by Crown Prince Kyawswa I with the half-brothers maintaining their own military units.<sup id="cite_ref-hy-1-378_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hy-1-378-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The best Pinya could muster was Kyawswa's ordering of an <a href="/wiki/Khin_Nyo" title="Khin Nyo">attempt on Saw Yun's life</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-hy-1-383_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hy-1-383-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_years">Middle years</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sagaing_Kingdom&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Middle years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pinya's entrenched power struggle gave Sagaing just enough room to survive. After Saw Yun's sudden death in 1327, his half-brother <a href="/wiki/Tarabya_I_of_Sagaing" title="Tarabya I of Sagaing">Tarabya I</a> (r. 1327–36) succeeded, perhaps as a regent. Though he was a commoner stepson of Thihathu, Tarabya ruled for the next nine years until his son <a href="/wiki/Shwetaungtet" title="Shwetaungtet">Shwetaungtet</a> (r. 1336−39) overthrew him. But the self-proclaimed king, styled as Anawrahta, could not eliminate Saw Yun's young children. The dowager Queen <a href="/wiki/Saw_Hnaung_of_Sagaing" title="Saw Hnaung of Sagaing">Saw Hnaung</a> with the help of Chief Minister <a href="/wiki/Nanda_Pakyan" title="Nanda Pakyan">Nanda Pakyan</a> hid the children in <a href="/wiki/Mindon,_Myanmar" title="Mindon, Myanmar">Mindon</a> inside Pinya territory.<sup id="cite_ref-tt-127_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tt-127-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hy-1-389-390_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hy-1-389-390-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nanda Pakyan became the power behind the throne. He ran the day-to-day affairs for the inexperienced usurper while regularly taking bribes from the dowager queen to keep the royal children hidden. In 1339, the powerful chief minister actually put down a palace coup by Tarabya's loyalists who had assassinated Shwetaungtet, ordered the execution of Tarabya, and placed Saw Yun's eldest son <a href="/wiki/Kyaswa_of_Sagaing" title="Kyaswa of Sagaing">Kyaswa</a> (r. 1339–49) on the throne.<sup id="cite_ref-hy-1-390-391_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hy-1-390-391-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kyaswa duly appointed Nanda Pakyan chief minister and commander-in-chief. The minister ran the country.<sup id="cite_ref-hy-1-391_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hy-1-391-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also placed the next two kings <a href="/wiki/Nawrahta_Minye" title="Nawrahta Minye">Anawrahta II</a> (r. 1349), <a href="/wiki/Tarabya_II_of_Sagaing" title="Tarabya II of Sagaing">Tarabya II</a> (r. 1349−52), and possibly <a href="/wiki/Minbyauk_Thihapate" title="Minbyauk Thihapate">Thihapate</a> (r. 1352−64) on the throne.<sup id="cite_ref-zy-44_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zy-44-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Throughout the years, Sagaing had largely stayed out of the affairs of its larger neighbor to the south. One exception was Shwetaungtet's 1339 expedition to Mindon that brought back the children of Saw Yun to Sagaing.<sup id="cite_ref-tt-127_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tt-127-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pinya never responded to the transgression possibly because Shwetaungtet died right after the expedition, and because it was conducted near the climax of Pinya's internal power struggles. At any rate, the two kingdoms made peace through a <a href="/wiki/Marriage_of_state" title="Marriage of state">marriage of state</a> between the new king Kyaswa and Uzana I's daughter <a href="/wiki/Saw_Pa_Oh_of_Sagaing" title="Saw Pa Oh of Sagaing">Saw Pa Oh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-tt-127_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tt-127-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But the situation turned cold again in 1340 when Uzana I lost his long power struggle with Kyawswa I, and abdicated the throne. Sagaing readily gave sanctuary to Pinya's prominent defectors—Gov. <a href="/wiki/Nawrahta_of_Kanni" title="Nawrahta of Kanni">Nawrahta</a> of <a href="/wiki/Pinle" title="Pinle">Pinle</a> in 1349<sup id="cite_ref-hy-1-380_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hy-1-380-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Gov. <a href="/wiki/Swa_Saw_Ke" title="Swa Saw Ke">Saw Ke</a> of <a href="/wiki/Yamethin" class="mw-redirect" title="Yamethin">Yamethin</a> in 1351.<sup id="cite_ref-hy-1-403_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hy-1-403-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But Tarabya II tried to cool the situation by sending his sister Princess <a href="/wiki/Soe_Min_Kodawgyi" title="Soe Min Kodawgyi">Soe Min</a> and her husband Gov. <a href="/wiki/Thado_Hsinhtein_of_Tagaung" title="Thado Hsinhtein of Tagaung">Thado Hsinhtein of Tagaung</a> to seek a truce with Kyawswa II. The embassy was successful, and the peace between the two Burmese-speaking kingdoms was maintained.<sup id="cite_ref-hy-1-384-385_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hy-1-384-385-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="War_with_Maw">War with Maw</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sagaing_Kingdom&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: War with Maw"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One main reason for the truce may have been the northern <a href="/wiki/Shan_States" title="Shan States">Shan state</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mong_Mao" class="mw-redirect" title="Mong Mao">Maw</a> (Mong Mao). The large Shan state led by <a href="/wiki/Si_Kefa" title="Si Kefa">Tho Chi-Bwa</a> (Si Kefa; r. 1340–71) had been in revolt of its Mongol overlords since the early 1340s, and had successfully fought off three Mongol campaigns (1342–48).<sup id="cite_ref-tt-1964-278_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tt-1964-278-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Maw troops also breached northern Sagaing territory in 1342 but they were driven back.<sup id="cite_ref-tt-1959-129_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tt-1959-129-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1355, the Maw Shans had effectively achieved independence, and gazed southward to the Irrawaddy valley.<sup id="cite_ref-tt-1964-278_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tt-1964-278-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1356−57, Maw troops again raided northern Sagaing territory.<sup id="cite_ref-tt-1959-129_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tt-1959-129-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While Sagaing defenses held this time, both Sagaing and Pinya leadership recognized the eminent danger. The agreed to an alliance through a marriage of state between Princess <a href="/wiki/Shin_Saw_Gyi_of_Sagaing" title="Shin Saw Gyi of Sagaing">Shin Saw Gyi of Sagaing</a> and King <a href="/wiki/Kyawswa_II_of_Pinya" title="Kyawswa II of Pinya">Kyawswa II of Pinya</a> (r. 1350–59).<sup id="cite_ref-hy-1-384-385_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hy-1-384-385-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The alliance yielded no discernible benefit. Kyawswa II simply did not command enough manpower to assist Sagaing and hold his southern vassals at the same time. When the next Maw raid came in 1358−59, Pinya's southern vassal <a href="/wiki/Taungoo" title="Taungoo">Toungoo</a> (Taungoo) promptly revolted, and attacked Pinya from the south.<sup id="cite_ref-hy-1-384-385_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hy-1-384-385-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This allowed the Shan forces to overrun Sagaing and Pinya territories from the north. Kyawswa II died during the raids in 1359.<sup id="cite_ref-tt-124_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tt-124-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> So devastating were the raids that Pinya's new king <a href="/wiki/Narathu_of_Pinya" title="Narathu of Pinya">Narathu</a> (r. 1359–64) withdrew from the alliance.<sup id="cite_ref-hy-1-392_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hy-1-392-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sagaing was now on its own. The next raid in 1362–63 overran the entire Sagaing countryside, and reached as far south as Pinya.<sup id="cite_ref-tt-124_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tt-124-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subsequently, Pinya pursued an alliance with Maw, and the two states agreed to a joint attack on Sagaing. In 1363–64, Maw forces again invaded, laying siege to Sagaing in early 1364, with Pinya forces enacting a naval blockade. In April 1364, Maw forces broke through, and entered the city. Thihapate escaped through the porous blockade but subsequently put to death by his stepson <a href="/wiki/Thado_Minbya" title="Thado Minbya">Thado Minbya</a> (r. 1364–67) who seized the throne.<sup id="cite_ref-hy-1-384-385_27-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hy-1-384-385-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reunification_with_Pinya">Reunification with Pinya</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sagaing_Kingdom&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Reunification with Pinya"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Thado_Minbya" title="Thado Minbya">Thado Minbya</a>, great grandson of Thihathu, went on to reunite the two kingdoms that had been split since 1315. He benefited from Maw troops having sacked Pinya and leaving Central Burma in chaos in their wake. (Deeply dissatisfied with the porous blockade of Sagaing and what he deemed insufficient contribution by Pinya to the siege, the Maw leader ordered an attack on Pinya itself, and took away Narathu and the loot.<sup id="cite_ref-hy-1-384-385_27-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hy-1-384-385-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) The new king of Pinya, <a href="/wiki/Uzana_II_of_Pinya" title="Uzana II of Pinya">Uzana II</a> (r. 1364), never gained control of the situation. In September 1364, Thado Minbya seized Pinya, and claimed himself king of Sagaing and Pinya.<sup id="cite_ref-hy-1-394_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hy-1-394-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He built a new citadel at <a href="/wiki/Inwa" title="Inwa">Ava</a> (Inwa) at a more strategic location the confluence of the Irrawaddy and the <a href="/wiki/Myitnge_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Myitnge river">Myitnge</a>. It was directly across the Irrawaddy from Sagaing, roughly between Sagaing and Pinya and located in the all important Kyaukse granary. It was the very site that his great grandfather Thihathu initially had wanted to build a new capital before choosing to build at Pinya in 1313.<sup id="cite_ref-hy-1-394-395_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hy-1-394-395-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sagaing_Kingdom&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1365, Thado Minbya founded the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ava" title="Kingdom of Ava">Kingdom of Ava</a> and declared Sagaing and Pinya constituent countries of Ava.<sup id="cite_ref-hy-1-396-398_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hy-1-396-398-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite his proclamation, he still had no control over Pinya's southern vassals. He would spend the next three years on campaigns to gain control of former vassal states of Pinya.<sup id="cite_ref-tt-1959-128_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tt-1959-128-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Thado Minbya's sudden death from smallpox in 1367, his chief queen <a href="/wiki/Saw_Omma_of_Pinya" title="Saw Omma of Pinya">Saw Omma</a> and Commander <a href="/wiki/Nga_Nu" title="Nga Nu">Nga Nu</a> tried to seize the Ava throne, and when they failed, they fled to Sagaing to revive the old Sagaing Kingdom. Saw Omma's brother and Thado Minbya's brother-in-law <a href="/wiki/Swa_Saw_Ke" title="Swa Saw Ke">Swa Saw Ke</a> (r. 1367–1400) put down the rebellion.<sup id="cite_ref-hy-1-400-401_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hy-1-400-401-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-geh-81_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-geh-81-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Swa went on to restore the former Myinsaing Kingdom, and would ultimately attempt to restore the Pagan Empire in the following decades. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government_and_society">Government and society</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sagaing_Kingdom&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Government and society"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administration">Administration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sagaing_Kingdom&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Administration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sagaing kings employed Pagan's <a href="/wiki/Mandala_(Southeast_Asian_political_model)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandala (Southeast Asian political model)">administrative model of solar polities</a><sup id="cite_ref-atat-109_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-atat-109-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in which the high king ruled the core while semi-independent tributaries, autonomous viceroys, and governors actually controlled day-to-day administration and manpower.<sup id="cite_ref-vbl-35_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vbl-35-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mat-1985-99-101_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mat-1985-99-101-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To be sure, Sagaing used the system in a far smaller scale than Pagan as its effective territory was small. (Although Sagaing claimed all the way to the border of <a href="/wiki/Manipur" title="Manipur">Manipur</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-app-60_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-app-60-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> its effective control may have been no more than half today's <a href="/wiki/Sagaing_Region" title="Sagaing Region">Sagaing Region</a>, without the Shan state of Kalay in the upper <a href="/wiki/Chindwin" class="mw-redirect" title="Chindwin">Chindwin</a> region or anything beyond <a href="/wiki/Tagaung" title="Tagaung">Tagaung</a>, 225 km from Sagaing, the northernmost fort mentioned in the chronicles.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) Unlike with its larger neighbor to the south, Sagaing, according to the chronicles, did not have any governor-level rulers in districts (except for Tagaung). The kings may have dealt with local headmen of the districts directly. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economy">Economy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sagaing_Kingdom&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The landlocked Sagaing was an agrarian state. It possessed the largest granary, Mu valley, of the Irrawaddy valley that covered 93,000 hectares of irrigated lands at its peak in the late Pagan period.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the agriculture during the Sagaing period never reached its potential. Cultivators had been migrating to the south since the late 13th century as much of the land had been donated to religion by the crown.<sup id="cite_ref-vbl-121_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vbl-121-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 14th century, the monks who had been endowed the land had to till the land themselves because of the scarcity of lay cultivators.<sup id="cite_ref-mha-77_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mha-77-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-atat-95_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-atat-95-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sagaing_Kingdom&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While <a href="/wiki/Theravada_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Theravada Buddhism">Theravada Buddhism</a> was the official religion of the royal family, other sects flourished. One particular powerful sect was that of the forest-dwelling monks. The sect was influenced by <a href="/wiki/Ari_Buddhism" title="Ari Buddhism">Ari Buddhism</a> and was founded in Sagaing district in 1169/70.<sup id="cite_ref-mha-77_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mha-77-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tt-1959-131_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tt-1959-131-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the early 14th century, many of the monks tilled the land on their own, and had become a political force that reported lent support to Saw Yun's insurrection in 1315.<sup id="cite_ref-mha-77_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mha-77-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sect remained a powerful force in the Ava period, and their power declined only in the 16th century.<sup id="cite_ref-tt-1959-131_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tt-1959-131-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military">Military</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sagaing_Kingdom&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Military"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sagaing did not possess a large military. It did maintain special military units, founded by Saw Yun. One cavalry regiment he founded in 1318, named <i>Sagaing Htaungthin</i> ("Thousand-strong Regiment of Sagaing") would be maintained until the fall of Burmese monarchy.<sup id="cite_ref-hy-1-388-389_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hy-1-388-389-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During Saw Yun's reign, Sagaing's military included the forest dwelling monks.<sup id="cite_ref-geh-79_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-geh-79-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historiography">Historiography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sagaing_Kingdom&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Historiography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Burmese_chronicles" title="Burmese chronicles">royal chronicles</a> treat Sagaing as a junior branch of the Myinsaing dynasty. </p> <table width="100%" class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th style="background-color:#B9D1FF">Item </th> <th style="background-color:#B9D1FF"><i><a href="/wiki/Zatadawbon_Yazawin" title="Zatadawbon Yazawin">Zatadawbon Yazawin</a></i> </th> <th style="background-color:#B9D1FF"><i><a href="/wiki/Maha_Yazawin" title="Maha Yazawin">Maha Yazawin</a></i> </th> <th style="background-color:#B9D1FF"><i><a href="/wiki/Yazawin_Thit" title="Yazawin Thit">Yazawin Thit</a></i> </th> <th style="background-color:#B9D1FF"><i><a href="/wiki/Hmannan_Yazawin" title="Hmannan Yazawin">Hmannan Yazawin</a></i> </th> <th style="background-color:#B9D1FF">Inscriptions </th></tr> <tr> <td>Name of dynasty </td> <td>Sagaing dynasty<sup id="cite_ref-zy-43_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zy-43-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><i>no specific name</i> </td> <td>Sagaing dynasty<sup id="cite_ref-yt-1-172_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yt-1-172-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Sagaing dynasty<sup id="cite_ref-hy-1-389_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hy-1-389-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Secession from Pinya <br /> (de facto) </td> <td rowspan="2">1322/23<sup id="cite_ref-zy-43_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zy-43-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>1322/23<sup id="cite_ref-my-1-262_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-my-1-262-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>15 May 1315<sup id="cite_ref-yt-1-161_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yt-1-161-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>15 May 1315<sup id="cite_ref-hy-1-375_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hy-1-375-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>26 March 1316<sup id="cite_ref-yt-1-161-3_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yt-1-161-3-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>(de jure) </td> <td>1323/24<sup id="cite_ref-my-1-262_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-my-1-262-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><small>before</small> 30 April 1322<sup id="cite_ref-yt-1-173_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yt-1-173-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><small>before</small> 30 April 1322<sup id="cite_ref-hy-1-389_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hy-1-389-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><small>before</small> 29 March 1325<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Fall of Sagaing to Maw Shans </td> <td>1364<sup id="cite_ref-zy-43_45-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zy-43-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>April 1364<sup id="cite_ref-my-1-275_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-my-1-275-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>1364<sup id="cite_ref-yt-1-170_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yt-1-170-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>April 1364<sup id="cite_ref-hy-1-393_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hy-1-393-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Fall of Pinya to Sagaing </td> <td><i>not mentioned</i> </td> <td>September 1364<sup id="cite_ref-my-1-275_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-my-1-275-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>1364<sup id="cite_ref-yt-1-177_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yt-1-177-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>September 1364<sup id="cite_ref-hy-1-394_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hy-1-394-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>End of dynasty </td> <td>26 February 1365<sup id="cite_ref-zy-44_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zy-44-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>26 February 1365<sup id="cite_ref-my-1-275_53-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-my-1-275-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>26 February 1365<sup id="cite_ref-yt-1-181_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yt-1-181-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>26 February 1365<sup id="cite_ref-hy-1-396_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hy-1-396-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><small>before</small> 8 July 1365<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sagaing_Kingdom&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Burmese_monarchs#Sagaing_(1315–1364)" title="List of Burmese monarchs">List of kings of Sagaing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_monarchs%27_family_tree#Sagaing_(1315–1364)" class="mw-redirect" title="Burmese monarchs' family tree">Kings family tree</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sagaing_Kingdom&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Earlier chronicles, <i><a href="/wiki/Zatadawbon_Yazawin" title="Zatadawbon Yazawin">Zatadawbon Yazawin</a></i> (Zata 1960: 71) and <i><a href="/wiki/Maha_Yazawin" title="Maha Yazawin">Maha Yazawin</a></i> (Maha Yazawin Vol. 1 2006: 262) say that Saw Yun revolted in 684 ME (29 March 1322 to 28 March 1323). <i>Maha Yazawin</i> continues to say that Saw Yun completed the brick wall a year later in 685 ME (29 March 1323 to 28 March 1324). Later chronicles <i><a href="/wiki/Yazawin_Thit" title="Yazawin Thit">Yazawin Thit</a></i> (Yazawin Thit Vol. 1 2012: 161) and <i><a href="/wiki/Hmannan_Yazawin" title="Hmannan Yazawin">Hmannan Yazawin</a></i> (Hmannan Vol. 1 2003: 375) say that he left Pinya on 12th waxing of 3rd month of 677 ME (15 May 1315) and revolted. A contemporary inscription (Yazawin Thit Vol. 1 2012: 161, fn-3) says he founded Sagaing on 4th waxing of Late Tagu 677 ME (26 March 1316).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See (Lieberman 2003: 26) for the political map <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1340.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(Aung-Thwin and Aung-Thwin 2012: 95): In the late Pagan period, the Mu valley had three major canals, totaling about 145 km, 86 auxiliary canals, 46 weirs, 31 reservoirs, and 73 sluices, altogether numbering about 232 irrigation works.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Derived from Uzana I's succession. Per (Than Tun 1959: 123, 127), Uzana I came to power in late 686 ME. 687 ME began on 29 March 1325.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(Taw, Forchhammer 1899: 8; Yazawin Thit Vol. 1 2012: 182, footnote 2): Per the inscription dedicated at the Shwezigon Pagoda by King Thado Minbya himself on 8 July 1365 (Tuesday, 5th waxing of Waso 727 ME), he was already of king of Ava.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sagaing_Kingdom&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-tt-1964-137-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tt-1964-137_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Than Tun 1964: 137</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hy-1-370-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hy-1-370_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hmannan Vol. 1 2003: 370</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-atat-109-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-atat-109_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-atat-109_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Aung-Thwin and Aung-Thwin 2012: 109</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vbl-120-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-vbl-120_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lieberman 2003: 120</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-atat-94-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-atat-94_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aung-Thwin and Aung-Thwin 2012: 94</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vbl-121-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-vbl-121_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-vbl-121_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lieberman 2003: 121</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hy-1-370-371-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hy-1-370-371_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hmannan Vol. 1 2003: 370–371</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hy-1-374-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hy-1-374_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hy-1-374_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hmannan Vol. 1 2003: 374</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-geh-79-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-geh-79_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-geh-79_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Harvey 1925: 79</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mha-77-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mha-77_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mha-77_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mha-77_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mha-77_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mha-77_11-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Htin Aung 1967: 77</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-yt-1-161-3-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-yt-1-161-3_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-yt-1-161-3_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Yazawin Thit Vol. 1 2012: 161, fn-3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hy-1-373-376-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hy-1-373-376_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hmannan Vol. 1 2003: 373–376</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-yt-1-160-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-yt-1-160_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yazawin Thit Vol. 1 2012: 160, fn#1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hy-1-372-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hy-1-372_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hmannan Vol. 1 2003: 372</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mha-78-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mha-78_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Htin Aung 1967: 78</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hy-1-388-389-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hy-1-388-389_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hy-1-388-389_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hmannan Vol. 1 2003: 388–389</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hy-1-378-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hy-1-378_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hmannan Vol. 1 2003: 378</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hy-1-383-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hy-1-383_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hmannan Vol. 1 2003: 383</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tt-127-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tt-127_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tt-127_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tt-127_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Than Tun 1959: 127</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hy-1-389-390-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hy-1-389-390_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hmannan Vol. 1 2003: 389−390</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hy-1-390-391-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hy-1-390-391_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hmannan Vol. 1 2003: 390−391</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hy-1-391-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hy-1-391_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hmannan Vol. 1 2003: 391</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-zy-44-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-zy-44_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-zy-44_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Zata 1960: 44</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hy-1-380-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hy-1-380_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hmannan Vol. 1 2003: 380</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hy-1-403-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hy-1-403_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hmannan Vol. 1 2003: 403</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hy-1-384-385-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hy-1-384-385_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hy-1-384-385_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hy-1-384-385_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hy-1-384-385_27-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hy-1-384-385_27-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hmannan Vol. 1 2003: 384–385</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tt-1964-278-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tt-1964-278_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tt-1964-278_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Than Tun 1964: 278</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tt-1959-129-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tt-1959-129_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tt-1959-129_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Than Tun 1959: 129</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tt-124-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tt-124_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tt-124_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Than Tun 1959: 124</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hy-1-392-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hy-1-392_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hmannan Vol. 1 2003: 392</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hy-1-394-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hy-1-394_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hy-1-394_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hmannan Vol. 1 2003: 394</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hy-1-394-395-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hy-1-394-395_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hmannan Vol. 1 2003: 394–395</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hy-1-396-398-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hy-1-396-398_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hmannan Vol. 1 2003: 396, 398</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tt-1959-128-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tt-1959-128_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Than Tun 1959: 128</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hy-1-400-401-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hy-1-400-401_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hmannan Vol. 1 2003: 400–401</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-geh-81-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-geh-81_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harvey 1925: 81</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vbl-35-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-vbl-35_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lieberman 2003: 35</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mat-1985-99-101-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mat-1985-99-101_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aung-Thwin 1985: 99–101</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-app-60-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-app-60_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Phayre 1967: 60</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-atat-95-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-atat-95_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aung-Thwin and Aung-Thwin 2012: 95</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tt-1959-131-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tt-1959-131_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tt-1959-131_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Than Tun 1959: 131</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-zy-43-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-zy-43_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-zy-43_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-zy-43_45-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Zata 1960: 43</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-yt-1-172-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-yt-1-172_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yazawin Thit Vol. 1 2012: 172</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hy-1-389-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hy-1-389_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hy-1-389_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hmannan Vol. 1 2003: 389</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-my-1-262-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-my-1-262_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-my-1-262_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Maha Yazawin Vol. 1 2006: 262</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-yt-1-161-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-yt-1-161_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yazawin Thit Vol. 1 2012: 161</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hy-1-375-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hy-1-375_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hmannan Vol. 1 2003: 375</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-yt-1-173-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-yt-1-173_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yazawin Thit Vol. 1 2012: 173</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-my-1-275-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-my-1-275_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-my-1-275_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-my-1-275_53-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Maha Yazawin Vol. 1 2006: 275</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-yt-1-170-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-yt-1-170_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yazawin Thit Vol. 1 2012: 170</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hy-1-393-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hy-1-393_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hmannan Vol. 1 2003: 393</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-yt-1-177-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-yt-1-177_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yazawin Thit Vol. 1 2012: 177</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-yt-1-181-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-yt-1-181_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yazawin Thit Vol. 1 2012: 181</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hy-1-396-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hy-1-396_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hmannan Vol. 1 2003: 396</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sagaing_Kingdom&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAung-Thwin1985" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Aung-Thwin" title="Michael Aung-Thwin">Aung-Thwin, Michael</a> (1985). <i>Pagan: The Origins of Modern Burma</i>. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8248-0960-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8248-0960-2"><bdi>0-8248-0960-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pagan%3A+The+Origins+of+Modern+Burma&rft.place=Honolulu&rft.pub=University+of+Hawai%27i+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=0-8248-0960-2&rft.aulast=Aung-Thwin&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASagaing+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAung-ThwinMaitrii_Aung-Thwin2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Aung-Thwin" title="Michael Aung-Thwin">Aung-Thwin, Michael A.</a>; Maitrii Aung-Thwin (2012). <i>A History of Myanmar Since Ancient Times</i> (illustrated ed.). Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86189-901-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86189-901-9"><bdi>978-1-86189-901-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Myanmar+Since+Ancient+Times&rft.place=Honolulu&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=University+of+Hawai%27i+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-86189-901-9&rft.aulast=Aung-Thwin&rft.aufirst=Michael+A.&rft.au=Maitrii+Aung-Thwin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASagaing+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarvey1925" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/G.E._Harvey" title="G.E. Harvey">Harvey, G. E.</a> (1925). <i>History of Burma: From the Earliest Times to 10 March 1824</i>. London: Frank Cass & Co. Ltd.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Burma%3A+From+the+Earliest+Times+to+10+March+1824&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Frank+Cass+%26+Co.+Ltd&rft.date=1925&rft.aulast=Harvey&rft.aufirst=G.+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASagaing+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHtin_Aung1967" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Htin_Aung" title="Htin Aung">Htin Aung, Maung</a> (1967). <i>A History of Burma</i>. 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Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-80496-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-80496-7"><bdi>978-0-521-80496-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Strange+Parallels%3A+Southeast+Asia+in+Global+Context%2C+c.+800%E2%80%931830%2C+volume+1%2C+Integration+on+the+Mainland&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-521-80496-7&rft.aulast=Lieberman&rft.aufirst=Victor+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASagaing+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaha_Sithu2012" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Twinthin_Taikwun_Maha_Sithu" title="Twinthin Taikwun Maha Sithu">Maha Sithu</a> (2012) [1798]. 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"History of Burma: A.D. 1300–1400". <i>Journal of Burma Research Society</i>. <b>XLII</b> (II).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Burma+Research+Society&rft.atitle=History+of+Burma%3A+A.D.+1300%E2%80%931400&rft.volume=XLII&rft.issue=II&rft.date=1959-12&rft.au=Than+Tun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASagaing+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThan_Tun1964" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Than_Tun" title="Than Tun">Than Tun</a> (1964). <i>Studies in Burmese History</i> (in Burmese). Vol. 1. Yangon: Maha Dagon.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studies+in+Burmese+History&rft.place=Yangon&rft.pub=Maha+Dagon&rft.date=1964&rft.au=Than+Tun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASagaing+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 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style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="Myanmar_is_also_known_as_Burma">Myanmar is also known as <b>Burma</b></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Myanmar" title="History of Myanmar">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Myanmar" title="Prehistory of Myanmar">Prehistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyu_city-states" title="Pyu city-states">Pyu city-states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaton_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Thaton Kingdom">Thaton Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagan_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagan Kingdom">Pagan Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myinsaing_Kingdom" title="Myinsaing Kingdom">Myinsaing Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinya_Kingdom" title="Pinya Kingdom">Pinya Kingdom</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sagaing Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ava" title="Kingdom of Ava">Kingdom of Ava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prome_Kingdom" title="Prome Kingdom">Prome Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanthawaddy_Kingdom" title="Hanthawaddy Kingdom">Hanthawaddy Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mrauk_U" title="Kingdom of Mrauk U">Kingdom of Mrauk U</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toungoo_dynasty" title="Toungoo dynasty">Toungoo dynasty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Toungoo_Empire" title="First Toungoo Empire">First Toungoo Empire</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restored_Hanthawaddy_Kingdom" title="Restored Hanthawaddy Kingdom">Restored Hanthawaddy Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konbaung_dynasty" title="Konbaung dynasty">Konbaung dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shan_States" title="Shan States">Shan States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karenni_States" title="Karenni States">Karenni States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_rule_in_Burma" title="British rule in Burma">British rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Burma" title="Japanese occupation of Burma">Japanese occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Burma_(1948%E2%80%931962)" title="Union of Burma (1948–1962)">Union of Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_the_Union_of_Burma" title="Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma">Socialist Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8888_Uprising" title="8888 Uprising">8888 Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Peace_and_Development_Council" title="State Peace and Development Council">State Peace and Development Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saffron_Revolution" title="Saffron Revolution">2007 protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011%E2%80%932015_Myanmar_political_reforms" title="2011–2015 Myanmar political reforms">2011–2015 political reforms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Myanmar_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2021 Myanmar coup d'état">2021 coup</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar_protests_(2021%E2%80%93present)" title="Myanmar protests (2021–present)">Protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar_civil_war_(2021%E2%80%93present)" title="Myanmar civil war (2021–present)">Civil war</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Myanmar" title="Geography of Myanmar">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_Myanmar" title="Template:Borders of Myanmar">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Myanmar" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Myanmar">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Myanmar" title="Climate of Myanmar">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_Myanmar" title="Deforestation in Myanmar">Deforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ecoregions_in_Myanmar" title="List of ecoregions in Myanmar">Ecoregions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Islands_of_Myanmar" title="Category:Islands of Myanmar">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lakes_of_Myanmar" title="Category:Lakes of Myanmar">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Myanmar" title="List of mountains in Myanmar">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_Myanmar" title="List of protected areas of Myanmar">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Myanmar" title="List of rivers of Myanmar">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Myanmar" title="Wildlife of Myanmar">Wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Myanmar" title="List of earthquakes in Myanmar">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Myanmar" title="List of volcanoes in Myanmar">Volcanoes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Myanmar" title="Politics of Myanmar">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Myanmar" title="Administrative divisions of Myanmar">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Myanmar" title="Constitution of Myanmar">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Myanmar" title="Corruption in Myanmar">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Myanmar" title="Elections in Myanmar">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Myanmar" title="Foreign relations of Myanmar">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Myanmar" title="Human rights in Myanmar">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Myanmar" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Myanmar">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights_in_Myanmar" title="Women's rights in Myanmar">Women's rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar_conflict" title="Myanmar conflict">Conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar_Police_Force" title="Myanmar Police Force">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatmadaw" title="Tatmadaw">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_rule_in_Myanmar" title="Military rule in Myanmar">military rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commander-in-Chief_of_Defence_Services" title="Commander-in-Chief of Defence Services">commander-in-chief</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyidaungsu_Hluttaw" title="Pyidaungsu Hluttaw">Parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_Administration_Council" title="State Administration Council">State Administration Council</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Myanmar" title="List of political parties in Myanmar">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Myanmar" title="President of Myanmar">President</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Myanmar" title="List of presidents of Myanmar">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Myanmar" title="Prime Minister of Myanmar">Prime Minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Myanmar" title="List of prime ministers of Myanmar">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Myanmar" title="Economy of Myanmar">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Myanmar" title="Agriculture in Myanmar">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Myanmar" title="Central Bank of Myanmar">Central bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opium_production_in_Myanmar" title="Opium production in Myanmar">Opium production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Myanmar" title="Telecommunications in Myanmar">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar_kyat" title="Myanmar kyat">Myanmar kyat (currency)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Myanmar" title="Tourism in Myanmar">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Myanmar" title="Transport in Myanmar">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar_units_of_measurement" title="Myanmar units of measurement">Units of measurement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Myanmar" title="Category:Society of Myanmar">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Myanmar" title="Crime in Myanmar">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Myanmar" title="Demographics of Myanmar">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Myanmar" title="Education in Myanmar">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Myanmar" title="Environmental issues in Myanmar">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_groups_in_Myanmar" title="List of ethnic groups in Myanmar">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Myanmar" title="Health in Myanmar">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Myanmar" title="Human trafficking in Myanmar">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Myanmar" title="Languages of Myanmar">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Myanmar" title="Religion in Myanmar">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Myanmar" title="Women in Myanmar">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Myanmar" title="Prostitution in Myanmar">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_Myanmar" title="Sex trafficking in Myanmar">Sex trafficking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Myanmar" title="Culture of 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title="Burmese dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_Myanmar" title="Names of Myanmar">Etymology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_festivals" class="mw-redirect" title="Burmese festivals">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Myanmar" title="Flag of Myanmar">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythical_creatures_in_Burmese_folklore" title="Mythical creatures in Burmese folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_literature" title="Burmese literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Myanmar" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Myanmar">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Myanmar" title="Music of Myanmar">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Myanmar" title="National symbols of Myanmar">National symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Myanmar" title="Public holidays in Myanmar">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tattooing_in_Myanmar" title="Tattooing in Myanmar">Tattooing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Auspicious_Rites" title="Twelve Auspicious Rites">Twelve Auspicious Rites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Weddings_in_Myanmar" title="Weddings in Myanmar">Weddings</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Myanmar" title="Category:Myanmar">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span 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