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href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/M12_GMC" title="M12 GMC – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="M12 GMC" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/M12_GMC" title="M12 GMC – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="M12 GMC" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/M12_Gun_Motor_Carriage" title="M12 Gun Motor Carriage – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="M12 Gun Motor Carriage" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/M12_(semovente)" title="M12 (semovente) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="M12 (semovente)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/M12_(artillerie)" title="M12 (artillerie) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="M12 (artillerie)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/M12_155mm%E8%87%AA%E8%B5%B0%E5%8A%A0%E8%BE%B2%E7%A0%B2" title="M12 155mm自走加農砲 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="M12 155mm自走加農砲" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/M12_GMC" title="M12 GMC – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="M12 GMC" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/M12_GMC" title="M12 GMC – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="M12 GMC" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/M12_(%D0%A1%D0%90%D0%A3)" title="M12 (САУ) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="M12 (САУ)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/M12_(%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%99%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0)" title="M12 (артиљерија) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="M12 (артиљерија)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/M12_Gun_Motor_Carriage" title="M12 Gun Motor Carriage – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="M12 Gun Motor Carriage" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/M12_(kunda%C4%9F%C4%B1_motorlu_ob%C3%BCs)" title="M12 (kundağı motorlu obüs) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="M12 (kundağı motorlu obüs)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C12_(%D0%A1%D0%90%D0%A3)" title="М12 (САУ) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="М12 (САУ)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%C3%A1o_t%E1%BB%B1_h%C3%A0nh_M12" title="Pháo tự hành M12 – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Pháo tự hành M12" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/M12%E8%87%AA%E8%B5%B0%E7%A0%B2" title="M12自走砲 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="M12自走砲" 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22M12+Gun+Motor+Carriage%22">"M12 Gun Motor Carriage"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22M12+Gun+Motor+Carriage%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22M12+Gun+Motor+Carriage%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22M12+Gun+Motor+Carriage%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22M12+Gun+Motor+Carriage%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22M12+Gun+Motor+Carriage%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2014</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Self-propelled artillery gun</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above hproduct" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;"><span class="fn org"> 155 mm gun motor carriage M12 </span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:155mm-GMC-M12-France-1944.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/155mm-GMC-M12-France-1944.jpg/300px-155mm-GMC-M12-France-1944.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/155mm-GMC-M12-France-1944.jpg/450px-155mm-GMC-M12-France-1944.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/155mm-GMC-M12-France-1944.jpg/600px-155mm-GMC-M12-France-1944.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1239" data-file-height="958" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">M12 firing across the Moselle River in France, 1944.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Self-propelled_gun" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-propelled gun">Self-propelled artillery gun</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Place of origin</th><td class="infobox-data">United States</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Service history</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">In service</th><td class="infobox-data">1942–1945</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Used by</th><td class="infobox-data">United States</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Production history</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Designed</th><td class="infobox-data">1942</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Manufacturer</th><td class="infobox-data">Pressed Steel Car Company</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Produced</th><td class="infobox-data">September 1942 – March 1943</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em"><abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> built</th><td class="infobox-data">100</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Variants</th><td class="infobox-data">M30 cargo carrier</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Specifications</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Mass</th><td class="infobox-data">59,000 pounds (27 metric tons)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Length</th><td class="infobox-data">22 ft 1 in (6.73 m) hull, spade retracted <br /> 22 ft 2.5 in (6.769 m) including gun</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Width</th><td class="infobox-data">8 ft 9 in (2.67 m) without sand shields</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Height</th><td class="infobox-data">9 ft 5.5 in (2.883 m) over <a href="/wiki/Gun_shield" title="Gun shield">gun shield</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Crew</th><td class="infobox-data">6 (Commander, driver, 4 gun crew) with remaining gun crew in M30</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><hr /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em"><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_armour" title="Vehicle armour">Armor</a></th><td class="infobox-data">0.5–2 inches (13–51 mm)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em"><div style="line-height:1.25em">Main<br />armament</div></th><td class="infobox-data">155 mm (6.1 in) M1917, M1918, or M1918M1 gun in Mount M4<br /> 10 rounds</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Engine</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Wright_R-975" class="mw-redirect" title="Wright R-975">Wright R975 C1</a><br />350 horsepower (260 kW) at 2,400 rpm</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Power/weight</th><td class="infobox-data">13.06 hp/metric ton</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Suspension</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Vertical_volute_spring_suspension" title="Vertical volute spring suspension">Vertical volute spring suspension</a> (VVSS)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em"><div style="line-height:1.25em">Operational<br />range</div></th><td class="infobox-data">140 miles (230 km)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="Maximum speed of vehicle or missile">Maximum speed </span></th><td class="infobox-data">Road: 21–24 miles per hour (34–39 km/h)</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>155 mm gun motor carriage M12</b> was a U.S. <a href="/wiki/Self-propelled_gun" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-propelled gun">self-propelled gun</a> developed during the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">Second World War</a>. It mounted a 155 mm gun derived from the French <a href="/wiki/Canon_de_155_mm_GPF" title="Canon de 155 mm GPF">Canon de 155 mm GPF</a> field gun. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development">Development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=M12_Gun_Motor_Carriage&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The idea for the M12 was first proposed in 1941 and the pilot - T6 GMC - built and tested in early 1942. The <a href="/wiki/Army_Ground_Forces" title="Army Ground Forces">Army Ground Forces</a> initially rejected the design as unnecessary, but after the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Artillery_Board&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Artillery Board (page does not exist)">Artillery Board</a> supported the <a href="/wiki/Ordnance_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordnance Department">Ordnance Department</a> in asking for 50 units, 100 were authorized and built by March 1943. These vehicles were at first used for training.<sup id="cite_ref-CandEp144_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CandEp144-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=M12_Gun_Motor_Carriage&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The M12 was built on the chassis of the <a href="/wiki/M3_Grant" class="mw-redirect" title="M3 Grant">M3 Grant </a> tank. The engine was moved forward to the center of the vehicle to allow room for the gun mount, and most vehicles used later M4-style bogies with trailing return rollers.<sup id="cite_ref-CandEp144_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CandEp144-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The armored compartment at the front was occupied by the driver and commander. The gun crew were located in an open-topped area at the back of the vehicle. It mounted a 155 mm gun M1917, M1917A1 or M1918 M1, depending upon availability, a weapon derived from the nearly identical French <a href="/wiki/Canon_de_155_mm_GPF" title="Canon de 155 mm GPF">155 mm GPF</a> gun of World War I vintage. The main armament had a traverse of 14° and elevation limits of +30° to -5°.<sup id="cite_ref-CandEp145_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CandEp145-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Limited storage space meant that only 10 155 mm projectiles and propellant charges could be carried on the vehicle. </p><p>An earth spade (similar to a bulldozer blade) at the rear was employed to absorb recoil. This layout (large gun mounted in an open mount at the rear, with a spade) was the pattern adopted for many years by other pieces of heavy self-propelled artillery. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Production">Production</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=M12_Gun_Motor_Carriage&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Production"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Only 100 vehicles were built: 60 in 1942 and a further 40 in 1943. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Production of M12<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;"> <th>Month </th> <th>M12 </th></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;"> <td>September 1942 </td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;"> <td>October 1942 </td> <td>37 </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;"> <td>November 1942 </td> <td>12 </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;"> <td>December 1942 </td> <td>10 </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;"> <td>January 1943 </td> <td>16 </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;"> <td>February 1943 </td> <td>19 </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;"> <td>March 1943 </td> <td>5 </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;"> <th>Total </th> <th>100 </th></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="M30_cargo_carrier">M30 cargo carrier</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=M12_Gun_Motor_Carriage&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: M30 cargo carrier"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:T14_cargo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/T14_cargo.jpg/220px-T14_cargo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/T14_cargo.jpg/330px-T14_cargo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/T14_cargo.jpg/440px-T14_cargo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2510" data-file-height="1471" /></a><figcaption>T14/M30 cargo carrier</figcaption></figure> <p>Given the limited ammunition carried in the M12, a support vehicle based on the same chassis was produced as the <b>cargo carrier M30</b> to transport the rest of the gun crew, battery stores, and ammunition. Identical to the M12 except for the gun and <a href="/wiki/Gun_carriage#Modern_gun_carriages" title="Gun carriage">recoil spade</a>, it could carry 40 rounds of 155 mm ammunition, and was armed with a .50-caliber (12.7 mm) <a href="/wiki/M2_Browning_machine_gun" class="mw-redirect" title="M2 Browning machine gun">M2 Browning machine gun</a><sup id="cite_ref-CandEp144_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CandEp144-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in a ring mount for self-defense. In operational conditions, the M12 and M30 would serve in pairs.<sup id="cite_ref-CandEp144_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CandEp144-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Use">Use</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=M12_Gun_Motor_Carriage&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During 1943, the vehicles were used for training or put into storage. From February to May 1944, before the invasion of France, 74 M12s were overhauled in preparation for combat operations overseas.<sup id="cite_ref-CandEp144_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CandEp144-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were assigned to six armored field artillery battalions (the 258th, 557th, 558th, 987th, 989th, and 991st) and employed successfully throughout the campaign in <a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_II)#1944–1945" title="Western Front (World War II)">North-West Europe</a>. </p><p>Although designed primarily for <a href="/wiki/Indirect_fire" title="Indirect fire">indirect fire</a>, during assaults on heavy fortifications, the M12s were sometimes employed in a direct-fire role, such as in the Allied assault on the <a href="/wiki/Siegfried_Line" title="Siegfried Line">Siegfried Line</a>, where the M12 earned its nickname "Doorknocker" thanks to the 155mm cannon's ability to fire armour piercing rounds through seven feet of concrete at ranges up to 2,000 yards (1,830 meters).<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The vehicle was also dubbed "King Kong" by American operators due to the raw power of its gun.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1945, the M12 was complemented in Europe by the <a href="/wiki/M40_gun_motor_carriage" class="mw-redirect" title="M40 gun motor carriage">M40 gun motor carriage</a>, designed on a late-war M4A3 Sherman chassis with the <a href="/wiki/155_mm_gun_M1" title="155 mm gun M1">155 mm gun M1</a> the successor to the 155mm M1918. Postwar, the M12 was retired from service and replaced by the M40. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Surviving_vehicle">Surviving vehicle</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=M12_Gun_Motor_Carriage&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Surviving vehicle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Army_Artillery_Museum_M12.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/US_Army_Artillery_Museum_M12.jpg/220px-US_Army_Artillery_Museum_M12.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/US_Army_Artillery_Museum_M12.jpg/330px-US_Army_Artillery_Museum_M12.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/US_Army_Artillery_Museum_M12.jpg/440px-US_Army_Artillery_Museum_M12.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>"Adolph's Assassin" on display at the U.S. Army Artillery Museum, Fort Sill, Oklahoma</figcaption></figure> <p>The sole surviving M12 GMC is displayed at the <a href="/wiki/Fort_Sill" title="Fort Sill">Fort Sill</a> museum in <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It had previously been stored at the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Ordnance_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Army Ordnance Museum">United States Army Ordnance Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Aberdeen,_Maryland" title="Aberdeen, Maryland">Aberdeen, Maryland</a>, United States, before being transferred to Fort Sill in November 2010. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=M12_Gun_Motor_Carriage&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_%22M%22_series_military_vehicles" class="mw-redirect" title="List of "M" series military vehicles">List of "M" series military vehicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G-numbers" class="mw-redirect" title="G-numbers">G-numbers</a> (G158)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=M12_Gun_Motor_Carriage&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=M12_Gun_Motor_Carriage&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-CandEp144-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CandEp144_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CandEp144_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CandEp144_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CandEp144_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CandEp144_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Chamberlain & Ellis <i>British and American Tanks of World War II</i> p144</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CandEp145-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CandEp145_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chamberlain, P. & C. Ellis (1969) <i>British and American Tanks of World War II</i>, Arms and Armour Press, London, p. 145</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Official Munitions Production of the United States, by Months, July 1, 1940 – August 31, 1945</i> (War Production Board and Civilian Production Administration, 1 May 1947) p. 231</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The same epithet was given by German troops to their <a href="/wiki/3.7_cm_Pak_36" title="3.7 cm Pak 36">3.7 cm Pak 36s</a> due to its <i>in</i>ability to penetrate heavily armored vehicles</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100831024309/http://sill-www.army.mil/FAMuseum/">"U.S. Army Field Artillery Museum | Home"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sill-www.army.mil/famuseum/">the original</a> on 31 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=U.S.+Army+Field+Artillery+Museum+%7C+Home&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsill-www.army.mil%2Ffamuseum%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM12+Gun+Motor+Carriage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=M12_Gun_Motor_Carriage&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Leland Ness (2002) <i>Janes World War II Tanks and Fighting Vehicles</i>, Harper Collins, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-00-711228-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-00-711228-9">0-00-711228-9</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation sign cs1"><i>U.S. Army Artillery Museum</i> (Plaque inside museum). <a href="/wiki/Fort_Sill" title="Fort Sill">Fort Sill</a>: United States Army. 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=U.S.+Army+Artillery+Museum&rft.place=Fort+Sill&rft.pub=United+States+Army&rft.date=2014&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM12+Gun+Motor+Carriage" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=M12_Gun_Motor_Carriage&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wwiivehicles.com/usa/self-propelled-guns/m12.asp">World War II vehicles</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://afvdb.50megs.com/usa/155mmgmcm12.html">M12</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://afvdb.50megs.com/usa/cargocarrierm30.html">M30 at AFV database</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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title="Medium tank">Medium</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M2_medium_tank" title="M2 medium tank">M2 medium tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M3_Lee" title="M3 Lee">M3 Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M4_Sherman" title="M4 Sherman">M4 Sherman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Heavy_tank" title="Heavy tank">Heavy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M26_Pershing" title="M26 Pershing">M26 Pershing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Self-propelled_artillery" title="Self-propelled artillery">Self-propelled <br />artillery</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/T19_howitzer_motor_carriage" class="mw-redirect" title="T19 howitzer motor carriage">T19 howitzer motor carriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T30_howitzer_motor_carriage" class="mw-redirect" title="T30 howitzer motor carriage">T30 howitzer motor carriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T34_Calliope" title="T34 Calliope">T34 rocket launcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M2_half-track_car#Self-propelled_guns" title="M2 half-track car">M4 mortar carrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M3_gun_motor_carriage" class="mw-redirect" title="M3 gun motor carriage">M3 gun motor carriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M7_Priest" title="M7 Priest">M7 howitzer motor carriage</a> (Priest)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M8_howitzer_motor_carriage" class="mw-redirect" title="M8 howitzer motor carriage">M8 howitzer motor carriage</a> (Scott)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M12_gun_motor_carriage" class="mw-redirect" title="M12 gun motor carriage">M12 gun motor carriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M21_mortar_motor_carriage" class="mw-redirect" title="M21 mortar motor carriage">M21 mortar motor carriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M40_gun_motor_carriage" class="mw-redirect" title="M40 gun motor carriage">M40 gun motor carriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M43_howitzer_motor_carriage" class="mw-redirect" title="M43 howitzer motor carriage">M43 howitzer motor carriage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Tank_destroyer" title="Tank destroyer">Tank destroyers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/T48_gun_motor_carriage" class="mw-redirect" title="T48 gun motor carriage">T48 gun motor carriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M3_gun_motor_carriage" class="mw-redirect" title="M3 gun motor carriage">M3 gun motor carriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M6_gun_motor_carriage" title="M6 gun motor carriage">M6 gun motor carriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M10_tank_destroyer" title="M10 tank destroyer">M10 3-inch gun motor carriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M18_Hellcat" title="M18 Hellcat">M18 gun motor carriage</a> (Hellcat)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M36_tank_destroyer" title="M36 tank destroyer">M36 gun motor carriage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Armored carriers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M2_half-track_car" title="M2 half-track car">M2 half-track car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M3_half-track" title="M3 half-track">M3 half-track</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M5_half-track" title="M5 half-track">M5 half-track</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M9_half-track" title="M9 half-track">M9 half-track</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M39_armored_utility_vehicle" title="M39 armored utility vehicle">M39 armored utility vehicle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Amphibious_vehicle" title="Amphibious vehicle">Amphibious vehicles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Landing_Vehicle_Tracked" title="Landing Vehicle Tracked">Landing Vehicle Tracked</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Armored_car_(military)" title="Armored car (military)">Armored cars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M3_scout_car" title="M3 scout car">M3 scout car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M8_Greyhound" title="M8 Greyhound">M8 light armored car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M8_Greyhound#Variants" title="M8 Greyhound">M20 armored utility car</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Self-propelled_anti-aircraft_weapon" title="Self-propelled anti-aircraft weapon">Self-propelled <br />anti-aircraft guns</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M13_multiple_gun_motor_carriage" class="mw-redirect" title="M13 multiple gun motor carriage">M13/M14 multiple gun motor carriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M15_half-track" title="M15 half-track">M15 combination gun motor carriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M16_multiple_gun_motor_carriage" class="mw-redirect" title="M16 multiple gun motor carriage">M16/M17 multiple gun motor carriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M19_multiple_gun_motor_carriage" class="mw-redirect" title="M19 multiple gun motor carriage">M19 multiple gun motor carriage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Experimental and <br />short production <br />run vehicles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Tanks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M6_heavy_tank" title="M6 heavy tank">M6 heavy tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medium_tank_M7" class="mw-redirect" title="Medium tank M7">Light tank T7/medium tank M7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T14_heavy_tank" title="T14 heavy tank">T14 heavy tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T20_medium_tank" title="T20 medium tank">T20 medium tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T25_medium_tank" title="T25 medium tank">T25 medium tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T28_super-heavy_tank" title="T28 super-heavy tank">T28 super-heavy tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T29_heavy_tank" title="T29 heavy tank">T29 heavy tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T30_heavy_tank" title="T30 heavy tank">T30 heavy tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T32_heavy_tank" title="T32 heavy tank">T32 heavy tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T34_heavy_tank" title="T34 heavy tank">T34 heavy tank</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Self-propelled <br />artillery</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>T24/<a href="/wiki/T40/M9_tank_destroyer" title="T40/M9 tank destroyer">T40/M9 tank destroyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T18_howitzer_motor_carriage" class="mw-redirect" title="T18 howitzer motor carriage">T18 howitzer motor carriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M3_half-track#Anti-aircraft_variants" title="M3 half-track">T54/T59 gun motor carriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T55E1_motor_carriage" class="mw-redirect" title="T55E1 motor carriage">T55E1 motor carriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8-inch_howitzer_motor_carriage_T84" class="mw-redirect" title="8-inch howitzer motor carriage T84">8-inch howitzer motor carriage T84</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T92_howitzer_motor_carriage" class="mw-redirect" title="T92 howitzer motor carriage">T92/T93 gun motor carriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M18_Hellcat#Variants" title="M18 Hellcat">T88 gun motor carriage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Armoured cars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/T17_Deerhound" title="T17 Deerhound">T17 Deerhound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T18_Boarhound" title="T18 Boarhound">T18 Boarhound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T27_armored_car" title="T27 armored car">T27 armored car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M38_Wolfhound" title="M38 Wolfhound">M38 Wolfhound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S1_scout_car" title="S1 scout car">S1 scout car</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Lend-Lease" title="Lend-Lease">Lend-Lease</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Carrier#United_States_variants" title="Universal Carrier">T16 universal carrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T17E1_Staghound" title="T17E1 Staghound">T17E1 Staghound</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div><a href="/wiki/American_armored_fighting_vehicle_production_during_World_War_II" title="American armored fighting vehicle production during World War II">American armored fighting vehicle production during World War II</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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