ADW: Caudata: INFORMATION

<!DOCTYPE html> <html xmlns:og="http://ogp.me/ns#" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <head> <title>ADW: Caudata: INFORMATION</title> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /> <link rel="canonical" href="https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Caudata/" /> <script type="text/javascript" src="//code.jquery.com/jquery-3.6.0.min.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="//code.jquery.com/jquery-migrate-3.3.2.min.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/static/js/compat.js"></script> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="https://animaldiversity.org/favicon.ico" /> <link href="//fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Gentium+Book+Basic:400,400italic,700,700italic" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" /> <link href="//fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=PT+Sans:400,700,400italic,700italic" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/static/bootstrap/css/bootstrap.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/static/css/pica.styles.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/static/css/pica.print.css" media="print" />  <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/static/colorbox/colorbox.css" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Caudata/" /> <meta content="Caudata" property="og:title" /> <meta content="website" property="og:type" /> <meta content="Animal Diversity Web" property="og:site_name" /> <meta content="https://animaldiversity.org/collections/contributors/Karen_Francl/Eurycea_bislineata2/medium.jpg" property="og:image" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" /> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@AnimalDiversity" /> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Caudata" /> <meta name="twitter:description" content="Read about Caudata on the Animal Diversity Web." /> <meta name="twitter:image:src" content="https://animaldiversity.org/collections/contributors/Karen_Francl/Eurycea_bislineata2/medium.jpg" /> <meta name="twitter:image:height" content="480" /> <meta name="twitter:image:width" content="866" /> <meta name="twitter:url" content="https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Caudata/" /> <script type="text/javascript" src="/static/js/Hyphenator.js"></script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/static/social-likes/social-likes_birman.css" /> <style> .social-likes { margin: 0; } .social-likes__widget { margin: 0; } </style>   </head> <body> <div id="outerwrap"> <div id="header" aria-role="header"> <h1> <a id="homelink" href="/">Animal Diversity Web</a> </h1> <div class="umlinks"> <div class="relative"> <a href="https://lsa.umich.edu/ummz/" id="ummzlink">University of Michigan Museum of Zoology</a> <a href="https://www.umich.edu/" id="umlink">University of Michigan</a> </div> </div> </div> <div id="wrap" class="gradient"> <div class="container-fluid"> <div class="row-fluid"> <div class="span2 sidebar left"> <ul class="nav nav-tabs nav-stacked" id="sitemap"> <li> <a href="/">Home</a> </li> <li> <a href="/about/">About Us</a> </li> <li> <a href="/animal_names/">About Animal Names</a> </li> <li> <a href="/teach/">Educational Resources</a> </li> <li> <a href="/collections/">Special Collections</a> </li> <li> <a href="/glossary/">Glossary</a> </li> <li> <a href="/accounts/Animalia/">Browse Animalia</a> </li> </ul> <h2 class="offscreen">More Information</h2> <div class="well"> <h3>Additional Information</h3> <ul class="unstyled"> <li> <a href="http://eol.org/search/?q=Caudata&search=Go">Encyclopedia of Life</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="span7_5 blahblahblah main" aria-role="main"> <h2 class="rank-unspecified">Caudata</h2> <div class="social-likes" data-counters="no"> <div class="facebook" title="Share link on Facebook">Facebook</div> <div class="twitter" title="Share link on Twitter">Twitter</div> </div> <div class="snapshots" aria-hidden="true"> <ul> <li> <a href="/accounts/Caudata/pictures/collections/contributors/Karen_Francl/Eurycea_bislineata2/"> <img alt=" " src="/collections/contributors/Karen_Francl/Eurycea_bislineata2/button.jpg" border="0" /> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/accounts/Caudata/pictures/collections/contributors/Grzimek_herps/Hynobiidae/Onychodactylus_japonicus/"> <img alt=" " src="/collections/contributors/Grzimek_herps/Hynobiidae/Onychodactylus_japonicus/button.jpg" border="0" /> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/accounts/Caudata/pictures/collections/contributors/paul_kosnik/nvv2/"> <img alt=" " src="/collections/contributors/paul_kosnik/nvv2/button.jpg" border="0" /> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/accounts/Caudata/pictures/collections/contributors/Grzimek_herps/Hynobiidae/Ranodon_sibricus/"> <img alt=" " src="/collections/contributors/Grzimek_herps/Hynobiidae/Ranodon_sibricus/button.jpg" border="0" /> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/accounts/Caudata/pictures/collections/contributors/james_harding/pcd3912_077/"> <img alt=" " src="/collections/contributors/james_harding/pcd3912_077/button.jpg" border="0" /> </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="byline">By Heather Heying</div> <div class="inner-wrap"> <section class="hyphenate"> <p>Salamanders are distributed throughout most of the holarctic region, with the greatest diversity in the United States. Of ten currently recognized extant families (comprising more than 420 extant species), all but one (<a class="taxon-link rank-family" href="/accounts/Hynobiidae/">Hynobiidae</a>) are represented in North America. Five families are restricted to the temperate Western hemisphere. Representatives of the remaining four families are also found in Europe and/or Asia, and one family has radiated into tropical America (<a class="taxon-link rank-family" href="/accounts/Plethodontidae/">Plethodontidae</a>).</p> <p>Caudates are easily distinguished from other amphibians on the basis of several morphological characters, including the presence of a tail in all larvae, juveniles and adults. Limbs extend at right angles from the elongate, cylindrical body, and hindlimbs and forelimbs tend to be of approximately equal size (with some notable exceptions, such as <a class="taxon-link rank-family" href="/accounts/Sirenidae/">Sirenidae</a>, which lack hindlimbs). The otic notch and middle ear are absent, as are several skull bones, including but not limited to the postorbital, postparietal, jugal, basioccipital, and ectopterygoid. When present, aquatic larvae have true teeth on both upper and lower jaws, gill slits and external gills. Salamanders have the largest genomes of any tetrapods. Adult sizes range from less than one inch to almost six feet.</p> <p>Salamanders exhibit a wide range of life history and courtship patterns. Basal, so-called "primitive" salamanders have external fertilization (Cryptobranchoidea, and probably Sirenoidea), but the majority of extant families (Salamandroidea) have internal fertilization. Copulatory organs do not exist in any salamanders. In internally fertilizing salamanders, specialized cloacal glands in males produce spermatophores, pyramidal structures capped with sperm. Females pick the sperm cap up, and eggs are usually fertilized as they pass through the cloaca. Most salamanders deposit aquatic eggs, which hatch into aquatic larvae. Some have direct development of terrestrial eggs, and even ovovivipary and true viviparity are known in caudates. Several salamanders exhibit parental care, which usually takes the form of egg guarding by one or both parents. Salamanders run the gamut of possible developmental patterns, from complete, obligate metamorphosis, to facultative or partial metamorphosis, to obligate paedomorphosis, in which adults retain larval characters throughout their lives (all cryptobranchids, sirenids, amphiumids, and proteids are obligate paedomorphs).</p> <p>Despite extensive research on the evolutionary history of amphibians, phylogenetic relationships among the three orders of extant amphibians remain problematic. Of three possible histories, the only one that has not been seriously considered is an <a class="taxon-link rank-unspecified" href="/accounts/Anura/">Anura</a> (frogs and toads) - <a class="taxon-link rank-unspecified" href="/accounts/Gymnophiona/">Gymnophiona</a> (caecilians) sister relationship, with Caudata sister to that group. A salamander-caecilian clade is supported by soft anatomical characters and ribosomal DNA sequences. Osteological characters support a salamander-frog clade, and combined morphological and molecular evidence marginally support the salamander-frog sister relationship. There is no controversy as what is or is not a caudate, although some family definitions remain troubling (e.g. <a class="taxon-link rank-family" href="/accounts/Proteidae/">Proteidae</a>), and there is still considerable disagreement over the identity of suborders within Caudata.</p> <p>Fossil salamanders are known from most extant families, as well as four extinct families. The fossil record reveals salamanders beginning in the upper Jurassic of North America and Eurasia, extending through the Pleistocene. Some fossil caudates have not yet been assigned to families. While the terms Caudata and Urodela are usually used interchangeably, some authors have suggested using Urodela to describe only extant forms, while retaining Caudata as the more inclusive group including all known extant and fossil species.</p> <p>Cogger, H. G., and R. G. Zweifel, editors. 1998. Encyclopedia of Reptiles and Amphibians, 2nd edition. Academic Press, San Diego.</p> <p>Duellman, W. E., and L. Trueb. 1986. Biology of Amphibians. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, MD.</p> <p>Larson, A., D. Heyse, T. Jackman, D. Maddison, F. Moffitt, and T. Titus. 1996. Caudata: Tree of life. (Website.) <a class="reference external-link" href="http://tolweb.org/tree?group=Caudata&contgroup=Living_Amphibians">http://tolweb.org/tree?group=Caudata&contgroup=Living_Amphibians</a> </p> <p>Pough, F. H., R. M. Andrews, J. E. Cadle, M. L. Crump, A. H. Savitzky, and K. D. Wells. 1998. Herpetology. Prentice-Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.</p> <p>Zug, G. R. 1993. Herpetology: an introductory biology of amphibians and reptiles. Academic Press, San Diego.</p> </section> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="contributors">Contributors</h3> <p>Heather Heying (author). </p> </section> <section class="offscreen"> <h3 id="glossary">Glossary</h3> <div id="20020904145642"> <dl> <dt>bilateral symmetry</dt> <dd> <p>having body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror-image halves. Animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides, as well as anterior and posterior ends. Synapomorphy of the Bilateria.</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020916131519"> <dl> <dt>ectothermic</dt> <dd> <p>animals which must use heat acquired from the environment and behavioral adaptations to regulate body temperature</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145364"> <dl> <dt>metamorphosis</dt> <dd> <p>A large change in the shape or structure of an animal that happens as the animal grows. In insects, "incomplete metamorphosis" is when young animals are similar to adults and change gradually into the adult form, and "complete metamorphosis" is when there is a profound change between larval and adult forms. Butterflies have complete metamorphosis, grasshoppers have incomplete metamorphosis.</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145472"> <dl> <dt>motile</dt> <dd> <p>having the capacity to move from one place to another.</p> </dd> </dl> </div> </section> </div> </div> <div class="span2_5 right sidebar"> <div class="well" id="pocket-guide-link"> <a href="https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/adw-pocket-guide/id916179421?mt=8" target="_blank"><i class="icon-download icon-white" style="vertical-align: bottom"></i> ADW Pocket Guides on the iOS App Store! </a> <p>The Animal Diversity Web team is excited to announce ADW Pocket Guides!</p> <p> <a href="/news/5009059054038197651/">Read more...</a> </p> </div> <h2 class="offscreen">Search</h2> <div id="site-search"> <form action="/search" method="GET"> <label for="q" class="offscreen">Enter search text</label> <input value="" id="q" name="q" class="span12" size="15" type="text" placeholder="Search ADW" /> <button class="btn"> <i 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href="/accounts/Caudata/pictures/" id="feature-pictures"> Pictures </a> </dd> <dd class="feature-specimens"> <a name="feature-specimens" href="/accounts/Caudata/specimens/" id="feature-specimens"> Specimens </a> </dd> <dd class="feature-classification"> <a name="feature-classification" href="/accounts/Caudata/classification/#Caudata" id="feature-classification"> Classification </a> </dd> </dl> <div class="classification well"> <h3>Classification</h3> <ul class="unstyled"> <li> <span class="rank">Kingdom</span> <a href="/accounts/Animalia/" class="taxon-name rank-kingdom">Animalia</a> <span class="vernacular-name">animals</span> <div class="features"> <a href="/accounts/Animalia/" class="feature feature-information" rel="tooltip" data-original-title="Animalia: information (1)" data-delay="250" data-total="4749">Animalia: information (1)</a> <a href="/accounts/Animalia/pictures/" class="feature feature-pictures" rel="tooltip" data-original-title="Animalia: pictures (22861)" 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href="/accounts/Amphibia/pictures/" class="feature feature-pictures" rel="tooltip" data-original-title="Amphibia: pictures (648)" data-delay="250">Amphibia: pictures (648)</a> <a href="/accounts/Amphibia/specimens/" class="feature feature-specimens" rel="tooltip" data-original-title="Amphibia: specimens (13)" data-delay="250">Amphibia: specimens (13)</a> <a href="/accounts/Amphibia/sounds/" class="feature feature-sounds" rel="tooltip" data-original-title="Amphibia: sounds (20)" data-delay="250">Amphibia: sounds (20)</a> <span class="feature-off feature-maps"></span> </div> </li> <li class="active"> <span class="rank">Unspecified</span> <a href="/accounts/Caudata/" class="taxon-name rank-unspecified">Caudata</a> <span class="vernacular-name"></span> <div class="features"> <a href="/accounts/Caudata/" class="feature feature-information" rel="tooltip" data-original-title="Caudata: information (1)" data-delay="250" data-total="84">Caudata: information (1)</a> <a href="/accounts/Caudata/pictures/" class="feature feature-pictures" rel="tooltip" data-original-title="Caudata: pictures (179)" data-delay="250">Caudata: pictures (179)</a> <a href="/accounts/Caudata/specimens/" class="feature feature-specimens" rel="tooltip" data-original-title="Caudata: specimens (4)" data-delay="250">Caudata: specimens (4)</a> <span class="feature-off feature-sounds"></span> <span class="feature-off feature-maps"></span> </div> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="related navlist well"> <h3>Related Taxa</h3> <ul class="descendants classification unstyled"> <li> <span class="rank">Family</span> <a href="/accounts/Ambystomatidae/" class="taxon-name rank-family">Ambystomatidae</a> <span class="vernacular-name">Mole Salamanders</span> <div class="features"> <a href="/accounts/Ambystomatidae/" class="feature feature-information" rel="tooltip" data-original-title="Ambystomatidae: information (1)" data-delay="250" data-total="20">Ambystomatidae: information (1)</a> <a href="/accounts/Ambystomatidae/pictures/" class="feature feature-pictures" rel="tooltip" data-original-title="Ambystomatidae: pictures (46)" data-delay="250">Ambystomatidae: pictures (46)</a> <span class="feature-off feature-specimens"></span> <span class="feature-off feature-sounds"></span> <span class="feature-off feature-maps"></span> </div> </li> <li> <span class="rank">Family</span> <a href="/accounts/Amphiumidae/" class="taxon-name rank-family">Amphiumidae</a> <span class="vernacular-name">Amphiumas, Congo Eels</span> <div class="features"> <a href="/accounts/Amphiumidae/" class="feature feature-information" rel="tooltip" data-original-title="Amphiumidae: information (1)" data-delay="250" data-total="3">Amphiumidae: information (1)</a> <a href="/accounts/Amphiumidae/pictures/" class="feature feature-pictures" rel="tooltip" data-original-title="Amphiumidae: pictures (3)" data-delay="250">Amphiumidae: pictures (3)</a> <span class="feature-off feature-specimens"></span> <span class="feature-off feature-sounds"></span> <span class="feature-off feature-maps"></span> </div> </li> <li> <span class="rank">Family</span> <a href="/accounts/Cryptobranchidae/" class="taxon-name rank-family">Cryptobranchidae</a> <span class="vernacular-name">Giant Salamanders, Hellbenders</span> <div class="features"> <a href="/accounts/Cryptobranchidae/" class="feature feature-information" rel="tooltip" data-original-title="Cryptobranchidae: information (1)" data-delay="250" data-total="4">Cryptobranchidae: information (1)</a> <a href="/accounts/Cryptobranchidae/pictures/" class="feature feature-pictures" rel="tooltip" data-original-title="Cryptobranchidae: pictures (5)" data-delay="250">Cryptobranchidae: pictures (5)</a> <span class="feature-off feature-specimens"></span> <span class="feature-off feature-sounds"></span> <span class="feature-off feature-maps"></span> </div> </li> <li> <span class="rank">Family</span> <a href="/accounts/Hynobiidae/" class="taxon-name rank-family">Hynobiidae</a> <span class="vernacular-name">Asiatic Salamanders</span> <div class="features"> <a href="/accounts/Hynobiidae/" class="feature feature-information" rel="tooltip" data-original-title="Hynobiidae: information (1)" data-delay="250" data-total="1">Hynobiidae: information (1)</a> <a href="/accounts/Hynobiidae/pictures/" class="feature feature-pictures" rel="tooltip" data-original-title="Hynobiidae: pictures (7)" data-delay="250">Hynobiidae: pictures (7)</a> <span class="feature-off feature-specimens"></span> <span class="feature-off feature-sounds"></span> <span class="feature-off feature-maps"></span> </div> </li> <li> <span class="rank">Family</span> <a href="/accounts/Plethodontidae/" class="taxon-name rank-family">Plethodontidae</a> <span class="vernacular-name">Lungless Salamanders</span> <div class="features"> <a href="/accounts/Plethodontidae/" class="feature feature-information" rel="tooltip" data-original-title="Plethodontidae: information (1)" data-delay="250" data-total="36">Plethodontidae: information (1)</a> <a href="/accounts/Plethodontidae/pictures/" class="feature feature-pictures" rel="tooltip" data-original-title="Plethodontidae: pictures (74)" data-delay="250">Plethodontidae: pictures (74)</a> <span class="feature-off feature-specimens"></span> <span class="feature-off feature-sounds"></span> <span class="feature-off feature-maps"></span> </div> </li> <li> <span class="rank">Family</span> <a href="/accounts/Proteidae/" class="taxon-name rank-family">Proteidae</a> <span class="vernacular-name">Olms, Waterdogs, Mudpuppies</span> <div class="features"> <a href="/accounts/Proteidae/" class="feature feature-information" rel="tooltip" data-original-title="Proteidae: information (1)" data-delay="250" data-total="5">Proteidae: information (1)</a> <a href="/accounts/Proteidae/pictures/" class="feature feature-pictures" rel="tooltip" data-original-title="Proteidae: pictures (5)" data-delay="250">Proteidae: pictures (5)</a> <span class="feature-off feature-specimens"></span> <span class="feature-off feature-sounds"></span> <span class="feature-off feature-maps"></span> </div> </li> <li> <span class="rank">Family</span> <a href="/accounts/Rhyacotritonidae/" class="taxon-name rank-family">Rhyacotritonidae</a> <span class="vernacular-name">Torrent Salamanders</span> <div class="features"> <a href="/accounts/Rhyacotritonidae/" class="feature feature-information" rel="tooltip" data-original-title="Rhyacotritonidae: information (1)" data-delay="250" data-total="3">Rhyacotritonidae: information (1)</a> <a href="/accounts/Rhyacotritonidae/pictures/" class="feature feature-pictures" rel="tooltip" data-original-title="Rhyacotritonidae: pictures (2)" data-delay="250">Rhyacotritonidae: pictures (2)</a> <span class="feature-off feature-specimens"></span> <span class="feature-off feature-sounds"></span> <span class="feature-off feature-maps"></span> </div> </li> <li> <span class="rank">Family</span> <a href="/accounts/Salamandridae/" class="taxon-name rank-family">Salamandridae</a> <span class="vernacular-name">Newts, Salamanders</span> <div class="features"> <a href="/accounts/Salamandridae/" class="feature feature-information" rel="tooltip" data-original-title="Salamandridae: information (1)" data-delay="250" data-total="9">Salamandridae: information (1)</a> <a href="/accounts/Salamandridae/pictures/" class="feature feature-pictures" rel="tooltip" data-original-title="Salamandridae: pictures (28)" data-delay="250">Salamandridae: pictures (28)</a> <a href="/accounts/Salamandridae/specimens/" class="feature feature-specimens" rel="tooltip" data-original-title="Salamandridae: specimens (1)" data-delay="250">Salamandridae: specimens (1)</a> <span class="feature-off feature-sounds"></span> <span class="feature-off feature-maps"></span> </div> </li> <li> <span class="rank">Species</span> <a href="/accounts/Siren_intermedia/" class="taxon-name rank-species">Siren intermedia</a> <span class="vernacular-name">Lesser Siren</span> <div class="features"> <a href="/accounts/Siren_intermedia/" class="feature feature-information" rel="tooltip" data-original-title="Siren intermedia: information (1)" data-delay="250" data-total="1">Siren intermedia: information (1)</a> <a href="/accounts/Siren_intermedia/pictures/" class="feature feature-pictures" rel="tooltip" data-original-title="Siren intermedia: pictures (3)" data-delay="250">Siren intermedia: pictures (3)</a> <span class="feature-off feature-specimens"></span> <span class="feature-off feature-sounds"></span> <span class="feature-off feature-maps"></span> </div> </li> <li> <span class="rank">Species</span> <a href="/accounts/Siren_lacertina/" class="taxon-name rank-species">Siren lacertina</a> <span class="vernacular-name"></span> <div class="features"> <a href="/accounts/Siren_lacertina/" class="feature feature-information" rel="tooltip" data-original-title="Siren lacertina: information (1)" data-delay="250" data-total="1">Siren lacertina: information (1)</a> <a href="/accounts/Siren_lacertina/pictures/" class="feature feature-pictures" rel="tooltip" data-original-title="Siren lacertina: pictures (1)" data-delay="250">Siren lacertina: pictures (1)</a> <span class="feature-off feature-specimens"></span> <span class="feature-off feature-sounds"></span> <span class="feature-off feature-maps"></span> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="footer" aria-role="contentinfo"> <div class="inner-footer"> <div class="page-citation"> <p class="content">To cite this page: Heying, H. 2003. "Caudata" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed November 29, 2024 at https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Caudata/</p> </div> <div class="disclaimer"> <p class="content"><strong>Disclaimer:</strong> The Animal Diversity Web is an educational resource <strong>written largely by and for college students</strong>. ADW doesn't cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. Though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. While ADW staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control. </p> </div> <div class="footer-links"> <ul class="unstyled"> <li><a href="https://www.umich.edu/">U-M Gateway</a> | <a href="https://lsa.umich.edu/ummz/">U-M Museum of Zoology</a></li> <li> <a href="https://lsa.umich.edu/eeb/">U-M Ecology and Evolutionary Biology</a> </li> <li> 漏 2020 Regents of the University of Michigan </li> <li><a href="/feedback/error_form/">Report Error</a> / <a href="/feedback/comment_form/">Comment</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="thanks-links"> <p>This material is based upon work supported by the <a href="https://nsf.gov">National Science Foundation</a> Grants DRL 0089283, DRL 0628151, DUE 0633095, DRL 0918590, and DUE 1122742. Additional support has come from the Marisla Foundation, UM College of Literature, Science, and the Arts, Museum of Zoology, and Information and Technology Services. </p> <p> The ADW Team gratefully acknowledges their support. </p> </div> </div> </div> <script></script> </div> <script src="/static/js/jquery.colorbox.js"></script> <script src="/static/js/pica.information.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> var gaJsHost = (("https:" == document.location.protocol) ? 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ADW: Caudata: INFORMATION