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</section> </main> </section> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <section class="col-sm-8"> <div class="highlighted"> <div class="region region-highlighted"> <div data-drupal-messages-fallback class="hidden"></div> </div> </div> <a id="main-content"></a> <div class="region region-content"> <h1 class="page-header"><span>José Joaquín Ferrer Cafranga</span> </h1> <article role="article" about="/biografias/16158/jose-joaquin-ferrer-cafranga" class="bio full clearfix"> <div class="content"> <div class="imagen-biografia"> <div class="field field--name-field-image field--type-image field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field--label sr-only">Imagen</div> <div class="field--item"> <a href="/biografias/16158/jose-joaquin-ferrer-cafranga" hreflang="und"><img src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/imagenes/biografias/16158_jose-joaquin-ferrer-cafranga.jpg" width="940" height="627" alt="José Joaquín Ferrer Cafranga" title="[Retrato de José Joaquín Ferrer y Cafranga] [Material gráfico] / Augustin delt. 1.er Peintre en miniature de la Chambre et du Cabinet du Roi N.ª à Paris ; Bovinet sculp. 1821. PIDbdh0000029398 (cc) Bibloteca Nacional de España" typeof="foaf:Image" class="img-responsive" /> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="wrapper-biografia"> <div class="field field--name-field-biografia field--type-text-long field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field--label sr-only">Biografía</div> <div class="field--item"><p lang="es-ES" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:0pt;margin-left:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-right:0pt;line-height:100%;" xml:lang="es-ES"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-weight:bold;">Ferrer y Cafranga, José Joaquín. </span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';">Pasajes de San Juan (Guipúzcoa), 27.X.1763 baut. – Bilbao (Vizcaya), 17.V.1818. Astrónomo.</span></p> <p lang="es-ES" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:0pt;margin-left:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-right:0pt;line-height:100%;" xml:lang="es-ES"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';">Hijo de Vicente de Ferrer y Echevarría, contador de la Real Armada, y de Manuela de Cafranga y Villabaso. Hechos sus primeros estudios, obtuvo por mediación de un pariente un empleo en la Real Compañía Guipuzcoana, en uno de cuyos barcos partió rumbo a Caracas, pero el navío fue apresado por los ingleses. Conducido a Inglaterra, merced a las influencias de su familia fue internado en un colegio, donde permaneció hasta 1786, adquiriendo sólidos conocimientos en Matemáticas y Astronomía y perfecto dominio del inglés. De regreso a España, su padre lo envió a Cádiz, para que de allí pasase a Perú; embarcó en 1787. En Lima adquirió una apreciable fortuna en los negocios, antes de regresar a Cádiz, donde se vinculó a una importante firma comercial.</span></p> <p lang="es-ES" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:0pt;margin-left:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-right:0pt;line-height:100%;" xml:lang="es-ES"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';">De Cádiz partió hacia Veracruz, al frente de una expedición promovida por la citada firma. Ferrer aprovechó la estancia en México para determinar la posición geográfica y la altura de los picos de Onzaba, Perote, Xalapa y Enceo. De México regresó a Cádiz, donde colaboró en los trabajos del Observatorio astronómico de San Fernando y se relacionó con oficiales de la Marina destacados en el campo de la Astronomía y de la Náutica, como Dionisio Alcalá Galiano y José de Mazarredo. En 1799, los negocios le obligaron a trasladarse a los Estados Unidos y fijó su residencia durante algunos años en la ciudad de Nueva York. Alternando los negocios con la actividad científica, Ferrer realizó durante su estancia en la citada ciudad numerosas observaciones astronómicas, determinando la posición geográfica de varios puntos de los Estados Unidos y otros lugares de la América septentrional. Entre dichas observaciones figura la relativa al eclipse de sol de 16 de junio de 1806, que siguió desde Kinderhook con un cronómetro de Arnold, un círculo de reflexión y un telescopio acromático construido por Edward Troughton; Ferrer, al tratar de la aureola visible alrededor de la Luna (la corona), llegó correctamente a la conclusión de que dicho fenómeno no podía proceder de la iluminación de una atmósfera lunar, sino que tal “atmósfera [...] debe sin duda corresponder al sol”.</span></p> <p lang="es-ES" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:0pt;margin-left:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-right:0pt;line-height:100%;" xml:lang="es-ES"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';">Miembro desde 1801 de la American Philosophical Society, Ferrer publicó en las </span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-style:italic;">Transactions </span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';">de esta institución las citadas observaciones, alcanzando una notable reputación como astrónomo. Desde Nueva York mantuvo correspondencia con varios destacados científicos europeos, como Joseph-Jérôme Le François de Larande, Jean-Baptiste Joseph Delambre, Dominique François Jean Arago, Pierre Simon de Laplace, Friedrich Wilhelm Heinrich Alexander von Humboldt y Franz Xaver von Zach.</span></p> <p lang="es-ES" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:0pt;margin-left:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-right:0pt;line-height:100%;" xml:lang="es-ES"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';">Entre 1796 y 1807, Ferrer remitió al Depósito hidrográfico trece Memorias de sus trabajos astronómicos, manteniendo en esta misma época correspondencia con Felipe Bauzá. En 1811 envió también, desde La Habana, adonde se había trasladado, observaciones del cometa aparecido por entonces, con una memoria relativa al cálculo de la órbita elíptica de aquel astro. En 1813 viajó a Cádiz, y de allí, poco después, a Inglaterra, donde examinó los progresos experimentados por el Observatorio de Greenwich y adquirió varios instrumentos de física y astronomía para su uso particular. En 1814 pasó de Londres a París, donde se relacionó con los miembros de la Junta de Longitudes y fue hecho socio correspondiente del Instituto de Francia. A fines del citado año regresó a España y permaneció algún tiempo en Cádiz. El Gobierno español le ofreció la dirección del Observatorio de San Fernando, cargo que no quiso aceptar.</span></p> <p lang="es-ES" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:0pt;margin-left:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-right:0pt;line-height:100%;" xml:lang="es-ES"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';">En cambio, realizó un detallado informe acerca de las mejoras que podrían introducirse en el citado observatorio.</span></p> <p lang="es-ES" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:0pt;margin-left:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-right:0pt;line-height:100%;" xml:lang="es-ES"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';">Después de haber efectuado algunos estudios astronómico-geográficos en diferentes provincias de España, fijó en 1817 su residencia en Bilbao, donde permaneció hasta su muerte.</span></p> <p lang="es-ES" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:0pt;margin-left:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-right:0pt;line-height:100%;" xml:lang="es-ES"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';">En </span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-style:italic;">Connaissances des temps </span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';">para 1817, texto publicado por la Junta de Longitudes de París en 1815, figura el nombre de José Joaquín Ferrer a propósito de la determinación de las situaciones geográficas de la isla de Cuba, del canal de Bahama, de las islas de Barlovento, de la de Puerto Rico, de Ohio, en Estados Unidos, y otros lugares. En la misma obra, el redactor (François Arago) se refiere a otras memorias cuyos manuscritos le había confiado Ferrer durante una corta residencia en París; Laplace comentó en 1816 la discusión por parte de Ferrer de las observaciones del paso de Venus por delante del disco solar en 1769, fenómeno seguido por numerosos astrónomos europeos, dada su importancia para la determinación de la paralaje del Sol. El mismo autor, en una memoria incluida en </span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-style:italic;">Connaissances des temps </span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';">para 1818, dice: “El señor Ferrer, sabio astrónomo español, acaba de confirmar esta paralaje en una nueva discusión de las observaciones del paso de Venus hechas en 1769, en la cual él mismo ha rectificado las suyas propias respecto a la longitud y latitud de los lugares donde fue observado el referido paso en América. Lo perfectamente acorde de todos estos valores determinados por fenómenos tan diversos y desemejantes, es una nueva confirmación del principio de gravedad o pesantez universal.” Entre las instituciones a las que perteneció Ferrer y Cafranga figuran también la Real Academia de la Historia, la Real Sociedad Económica de Cádiz y la Real Sociedad Vascongada.</span></p> <p lang="en-US" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:0pt;margin-left:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-right:0pt;line-height:100%;" xml:lang="en-US"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"> </span></p> <p lang="en-US" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:0pt;margin-left:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-right:0pt;line-height:100%;" xml:lang="en-US"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';">Obras de ~: “Astronomical observations made chiefly for the purpose of determining the geographical positions of various places in the United States an other parts of North America in 1804”, págs. 158-164 y 360-361; “Memoir on the occultation of Aldebaran by the Moon, on the 21st of October 1793”, págs. 213-220 y 354-367; “Further observations on the eclipse of 16th June 1806, a determination of the longitude of Natchez an New Orleans, also an investigation of the semidiameters of the Sun and Moon”, págs. 293-299; “Observations of the Comet which appeared in September 1807, in the island of Cuba”, págs. 345, 346 y 347-350; “Calculations of the Solar Eclipse of 16th June 1806 at Havanna. Longitude of Havanna, as compared with the new tables published at Paris in 1806. Passage of Venus over the Sun’s disk, 12th Nov., 1782 and 5 Nov., 1787. Annular eclipse 3 April 1791”, págs. 351-356 y 362-363; “Astronomical Observations made at Havanna 1809”, pág. 428; con J. Garnett, “Observations on the eclipse of the Sun, 16th June 1806, made at Kinderhook in the state of New York”, págs. 264-274, en </span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-style:italic;">Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, </span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';">6 (1809); “Observations made at Havanna, from 1808 to 1812, with the resulting longitude and latitude of that city”, en </span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-style:italic;">Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical society of London (MNRASL), </span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';">1 (1827), 189-190; “Observations made in the island of Cuba: Observations of the Comet of 1807. Observations of the comet of 1813, with the determination of the elements of its orbit, together with remarks on this magnitude, and that of the comet of 1811”, en </span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-style:italic;">MNRASL, </span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';">3 (1829), págs. </span><span lang="es-ES" style="font-family:'Times New Roman';" xml:lang="es-ES">1-38; “Nota de las Observaciones y Memorias remitidas al depósito hidrográfico de Madrid desde el año 1796 hasta 1807” (ms.), en A. Alcalá Galiano, </span><span lang="es-ES" style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-style:italic;" xml:lang="es-ES">Biografía del astrónomo español don José Joaquín de Ferrer y Cafranga, </span><span lang="es-ES" style="font-family:'Times New Roman';" xml:lang="es-ES">Madrid, 1958, pág. 11 del apéndice.</span></p> <p lang="es-ES" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:0pt;margin-left:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-right:0pt;line-height:100%;" xml:lang="es-ES"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"> </span></p> <p lang="es-ES" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:0pt;margin-left:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-right:0pt;line-height:100%;" xml:lang="es-ES"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';">Fuentes y bibl.: Diócesis de Pamplona, Parroquia San Juan Bautista, Pasai Donibane (Pasaia), "Partida de bautismo de Joseph Joachin Ferrer Cafranga", en <em>6º Bautismos</em>, fol. 234; Archivo Histórico Eclesiástico de Bizkaia - </span>Bizkaiko Elizaren Histori Arkibua, F006.080 (0694/003-00), <span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';">"Registro de defunción de Joseph Joaquín Ferrer Cafranga".</span></p> <p lang="es-ES" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:0pt;margin-left:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-right:0pt;line-height:100%;" xml:lang="es-ES"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';">A. Alcalá Galiano, </span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-style:italic;">Biografía del astrónomo español don José Joaquín de Ferrer y Cafranga, </span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';">Madrid, Imprenta de J. Martín Alegría, 1858; A. M. Clerke, </span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-style:italic;">A popular history of Astronomy during the nineteenth century, </span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';">London, A. and Ch. Black, 1902, págs. 67 y 69, a propósito del estudio de Ferrer sobre el problema de la corona de la luna; A. Echarri, “Desarrollo de las matemáticas y la física en España durante el siglo XVIII y algunas causas de la decadencia en el siglo XIX: correcciones a algunos tópicos totalitarios”, Comunicación a la 12 Reunión Anual de Matemáticos Españoles. Universidad de Málaga, 21 a 24 de abril de 1976; V. Navarro, “José Joaquín Ferrer y Cafranga”, en J. M. López Piñero, T. F. Glick, V. Navarro Brotóns y E. Portela Marco (dirs.), </span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-style:italic;">Diccionario Histórico de la Ciencia Moderna en España, </span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';">vol. I, Barcelona, Península, 1983, págs. 345-347.</span></p> <p lang="es-ES" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:0pt;margin-left:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-right:0pt;line-height:100%;" xml:lang="es-ES"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"> </span></p> <p lang="es-ES" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:0pt;margin-left:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-right:0pt;line-height:100%;" xml:lang="es-ES"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';">Víctor Navarro Brotóns </span></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </article> </div> </section> <aside class="col-sm-4" role="complementary"> <div class="region region-sidebar-second"> <section id="block-preguntasfrecuentes" class="block block-block-content block-block-contentbb506541-4315-4ede-8b34-510511732f52 clearfix"> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field--item"><p><a href="/preguntas-frecuentes">Preguntas frecuentes</a></p> </div> </section> <section class="views-element-container block block-views block-views-blockbiografia-destacada-block-2 clearfix" id="block-views-block-biografia-destacada-block-2"> <h2 class="block-title">Biografía destacada</h2> <div class="form-group"><div class="view view-biografia-destacada view-id-biografia_destacada view-display-id-block_2 js-view-dom-id-6fd67ac1b64da50e8e80c76cff09cd247c6145f19f3bd9048ba4a8b39db1a2b6"> <div class="view-content"> <div id="views-bootstrap-biografia-destacada-block-2" class="carousel slide" data-ride="carousel" data-interval="5000" data-pause="" data-wrap="0"> <div class="carousel-inner" role="listbox"> <div class="item row active"> <div class="col-md-12"> <a href="/biografias/portal-historia-hispanica" hreflang="und"><img src="/sites/default/files/styles/large/public/imagenes/biografias/Portal-Historia-Hisp%C3%A1nica.jpg" width="480" height="320" alt="HH" title="https://historia-hispanica.rah.es/" typeof="foaf:Image" class="img-responsive" /> </a> <div class="carousel-caption"> <h3><a href="/biografias/portal-historia-hispanica" hreflang="und">Portal "Historia Hispánica"</a></h3> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> </div> </aside> </div> <div class="row content-wrapper"> <div class="region region-content-bottom"> <section id="block-dbepersonajesrelacionados" class="block block-dbe-block block-dbe-personajes-relacionados clearfix"> <div class="block-personajes-relacionados-wrapper"> <h1>Relación con otros personajes del DBE</h1> <div class="col-xs-12 block-personajes-content"> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-5 col-first"> <div class="views-element-container form-group"><div class="view view-personajes-relacionados view-id-personajes_relacionados view-display-id-block_2 js-view-dom-id-3193c25a61e0720af06f2288ac00d67b99eed5a302f03379269014d5f006e4ee"> <div class="view-header"> <h2>Biografías que citan a este personaje</h2> </div> <div class="view-content"> <div class="views-row"><div class="views-field views-field-field-image"><div class="field-content"> <a href="/biografias/13505/juan-tomas-joaquin-maria-ferrer-cafranga" hreflang="und"><img width="33" height="33" src="/sites/default/files/default_images/personaje-azul.svg" alt="DBE" title="DBE" typeof="foaf:Image" class="img-responsive" /> </a> </div></div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/biografias/13505/juan-tomas-joaquin-maria-ferrer-cafranga" hreflang="und">Juan Tomás Joaquín María Ferrer Cafranga</a></span></div></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-2"> <div class="views-element-container form-group"><div class="view view-personaje view-id-personaje view-display-id-block_1 js-view-dom-id-fb217e31586ae26646426559d399ae63a3be7b869361908c0ecd212411835f00"> <div class="view-content"> <div class="views-row"><div class="views-field views-field-field-image"><div class="field-content"> <a href="/biografias/16158/jose-joaquin-ferrer-cafranga" hreflang="und"><img src="/sites/default/files/styles/personaje/public/imagenes/biografias/16158_jose-joaquin-ferrer-cafranga.jpg" width="100" height="100" alt="José Joaquín Ferrer Cafranga" title="[Retrato de José Joaquín Ferrer y Cafranga] [Material gráfico] / Augustin delt. 1.er Peintre en miniature de la Chambre et du Cabinet du Roi N.ª à Paris ; Bovinet sculp. 1821. PIDbdh0000029398 (cc) Bibloteca Nacional de España" typeof="foaf:Image" class="img-responsive" /> </a> </div></div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/biografias/16158/jose-joaquin-ferrer-cafranga" hreflang="und">José Joaquín Ferrer Cafranga</a></span></div></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-5 col-last"> <div class="views-element-container form-group"><div class="view view-personajes-relacionados view-id-personajes_relacionados view-display-id-block_1 js-view-dom-id-463f5849a2095c4d492fecd8da05561bf83d5f33218b4ec8b3ad7bd8125261f4"> <div class="view-header"> <h2>Personajes citados en esta biografía</h2> </div> <div class="view-content"> <div class="views-row"><div class="views-field views-field-field-image"><div class="field-content"> <a href="/biografias/6053/dionisio-alcala-galiano-y-alcala-galiano" hreflang="und"><img src="/sites/default/files/styles/thumb/public/imagenes/biografias/dionisio-alcala-galiano-y-alcala-galiano.jpg" width="33" height="33" alt="Dionisio Alcalá-Galiano y Alcalá-Galiano" title="Retrato del brigadier de la Real Arada Dionisio Alcalá Galiano . Retrato - https://www.europeana.eu/portal/record/2022704/lod_oai_bibliotecavirtualdefensa_es_40961_ent1.html. http://hispana.mcu.es/lod/oai:bibliotecavirtualdefensa.es:40961#ent2. Biblioteca Virtual del Ministerio de Defensa - http://bibliotecavirtualdefensa.es/BVMDefensa/i18n/consulta/registro.cmd?id=40961. CC0 - http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/" typeof="foaf:Image" class="img-responsive" /> </a> </div></div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/biografias/6053/dionisio-alcala-galiano-y-alcala-galiano" hreflang="und">Dionisio Alcalá-Galiano y Alcalá-Galiano</a></span></div></div> <div class="views-row"><div class="views-field views-field-field-image"><div class="field-content"> <a href="/biografias/8167/felipe-bauza-y-canas" hreflang="und"><img src="/sites/default/files/styles/thumb/public/imagenes/biografias/felipe-bauza-y-canas_0.jpg" width="33" height="33" alt="Felipe Bauzá y Cañas" title="Retrato de Felipe Bauzá y Cañas (1764-1834), capitán de navío de la Real Armada. Retrato militar - https://www.europeana.eu/portal/record/2022704/lod_oai_bibliotecavirtualdefensa_es_41138_ent1.html. http://hispana.mcu.es/lod/oai:bibliotecavirtualdefensa.es:41138#ent2. Biblioteca Virtual del Ministerio de Defensa - http://bibliotecavirtualdefensa.es/BVMDefensa/i18n/consulta/registro.cmd?id=41138. CC0 - http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/" typeof="foaf:Image" class="img-responsive" /> </a> </div></div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/biografias/8167/felipe-bauza-y-canas" hreflang="und">Felipe Bauzá y Cañas</a></span></div></div> <div class="views-row"><div class="views-field views-field-field-image"><div class="field-content"> <a href="/biografias/16469/alexander-von-humboldt" hreflang="und"><img width="33" height="33" src="/sites/default/files/default_images/personaje-azul.svg" alt="DBE" title="DBE" typeof="foaf:Image" class="img-responsive" /> </a> </div></div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/biografias/16469/alexander-von-humboldt" hreflang="und">Alexander von Humboldt</a></span></div></div> <div class="views-row"><div class="views-field views-field-field-image"><div class="field-content"> <a href="/biografias/12442/jose-domingo-de-mazarredo-salazar-de-munatones-y-gortazar" hreflang="und"><img src="/sites/default/files/styles/thumb/public/imagenes/biografias/jose-domingo-de-mazarredo-salazar-de-munatones-y-gortazar.jpg" width="33" height="33" alt="José Domingo de Mazarredo-Salazar de Muñatones y Gortázar" title="Retrato del teniente general de la Armada José Mazarredo y Salazar (1745-1812). Pintura - https://www.europeana.eu/portal/record/2022704/lod_oai_bibliotecavirtualdefensa_es_41059_ent1.html. http://hispana.mcu.es/lod/oai:bibliotecavirtualdefensa.es:41059#ent2. Biblioteca Virtual del Ministerio de Defensa - http://bibliotecavirtualdefensa.es/BVMDefensa/i18n/consulta/registro.cmd?id=41059. CC0 - http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/" typeof="foaf:Image" class="img-responsive" /> </a> </div></div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/biografias/12442/jose-domingo-de-mazarredo-salazar-de-munatones-y-gortazar" hreflang="und">José Domingo de Mazarredo-Salazar de Muñatones y Gortázar</a></span></div></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section id="block-dbepersonajessimilares" class="block block-dbe-block block-dbe-personajes-similares clearfix"> <div class="block-personajes-similares-wrapper"> <h1>Personajes similares</h1> <div class="personajes-similares-select-wrapper"> <select id="personajes-similares-select" class="form-select required form-control"> <option value="1" selected="selected">Mismo ámbito disciplinar / Misma época</option> <option value="2">Mismo ámbito geográfico de nacimiento / Misma época</option> <option value="3">Mismo ámbito geográfico de muerte / Misma época</option> </select> </div> <div class="col-xs-12 block-personajes-content"> <div class="col-xs-12 content-similares content-similares-1 active"> <div class="views-element-container form-group"><div class="view view-personajes-similares view-id-personajes_similares view-display-id-block_1 js-view-dom-id-774774cce52c5043e00971fd892f92ccf4da95d07a1fb80553691c5ba79ee85f"> <div class="view-filters form-group"> <form class="views-exposed-form bef-exposed-form" data-bef-auto-submit-full-form="" data-drupal-selector="views-exposed-form-personajes-similares-block-1" action="/biografias/16158/jose-joaquin-ferrer-cafranga" method="get" id="views-exposed-form-personajes-similares-block-1" accept-charset="UTF-8"> <div class="form--inline form-inline clearfix"> <div class="form-item js-form-item form-type-select js-form-type-select form-item-ambito js-form-item-ambito form-no-label form-group"> <div class="select-wrapper"><select data-drupal-selector="edit-ambito" class="form-select required form-control" id="edit-ambito" name="ambito" required="required" aria-required="true"><option value="547" selected="selected">Astrónomo</option><option value="259">Comerciante</option><option value="139">Empresario, ria</option><option value="204">Geógrafo, fa</option><option value="168">Marino</option></select></div> </div> <div data-drupal-selector="edit-actions" class="form-actions form-group js-form-wrapper form-wrapper" id="edit-actions"><button data-bef-auto-submit-click="" class="js-hide button js-form-submit form-submit btn-info btn" data-drupal-selector="edit-submit-personajes-similares" type="submit" id="edit-submit-personajes-similares" value="Apply" name="">Apply</button></div> </div> </form> </div> <div class="view-content"> <div class="views-row"><div class="views-field views-field-field-image"><div class="field-content"> <a href="/biografias/6053/dionisio-alcala-galiano-y-alcala-galiano" hreflang="und"><img src="/sites/default/files/styles/thumb/public/imagenes/biografias/dionisio-alcala-galiano-y-alcala-galiano.jpg" width="33" height="33" alt="Dionisio Alcalá-Galiano y Alcalá-Galiano" title="Retrato del brigadier de la Real Arada Dionisio Alcalá Galiano . 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