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class="onsite-ping" id="onsite-ping"></div></div><div class="profile-user-info DesignSystem"><div class="social-profile-container"><div class="left-panel-container"><div class="user-info-component-wrapper"><div class="user-summary-cta-container"><div class="user-summary-container"><div class="social-profile-avatar-container"><img class="profile-avatar u-positionAbsolute" alt="Muhamad Faizzudin Mohamad Zan" border="0" onerror="if (this.src != '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png') this.src = '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png';" width="200" height="200" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/33282352/11079790/16202535/s200_faizzudin.skythunder.jpg" /></div><div class="title-container"><h1 class="ds2-5-heading-sans-serif-sm">Muhamad Faizzudin Mohamad Zan</h1><div class="affiliations-container fake-truncate js-profile-affiliations"><div><a class="u-tcGrayDarker" href="https://uitsl.academia.edu/">UiTM</a>, <a class="u-tcGrayDarker" href="https://uitsl.academia.edu/Departments/Medical_laboratory_technology/Documents">Medical laboratory technology</a>, <span class="u-tcGrayDarker">Undergraduate</span></div></div></div></div><div class="sidebar-cta-container"><button class="ds2-5-button hidden profile-cta-button grow js-profile-follow-button" data-broccoli-component="user-info.follow-button" data-click-track="profile-user-info-follow-button" data-follow-user-fname="Muhamad Faizzudin" data-follow-user-id="33282352" data-follow-user-source="profile_button" data-has-google="false"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">add</span>Follow</button><button class="ds2-5-button hidden profile-cta-button grow js-profile-unfollow-button" data-broccoli-component="user-info.unfollow-button" data-click-track="profile-user-info-unfollow-button" data-unfollow-user-id="33282352"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">done</span>Following</button></div></div><div class="user-stats-container"><a><div class="stat-container js-profile-followers"><p class="label">Followers</p><p class="data">9,194</p></div></a><a><div class="stat-container js-profile-followees" data-broccoli-component="user-info.followees-count" data-click-track="profile-expand-user-info-following"><p class="label">Following</p><p class="data">2</p></div></a><a><div class="stat-container js-profile-coauthors" data-broccoli-component="user-info.coauthors-count" data-click-track="profile-expand-user-info-coauthors"><p class="label">Co-author</p><p class="data">1</p></div></a><a href="https://uitsl.academia.edu/MuhamadFaizzudinMohamadZan/Analytics"><div class="stat-container"><p class="label"><span class="js-profile-total-view-text">Public Views</span></p><p class="data"><span class="js-profile-view-count"></span></p></div></a></div><div class="user-bio-container"><div class="profile-bio fake-truncate js-profile-about" style="margin: 0px;">UiTM Chemical Engineering<br />UiTM Medical Lab Technology<br />Knowledge are meant to be shared , not to be keep alone .. :)<br />I keep my presentation, report, thesis, journal and lecture notes here~ -_- not entirely wrong/right.. #Beware<br /><div class="js-profile-less-about u-linkUnstyled u-tcGrayDarker u-textDecorationUnderline u-displayNone">less</div></div></div><div class="external-links-container"><ul class="profile-links new-profile js-UserInfo-social"><li class="profile-profiles js-social-profiles-container"><i class="fa fa-spin fa-spinner"></i></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="right-panel-container"><div class="user-content-wrapper"><div class="uploads-container" id="social-redesign-work-container"><div class="upload-header"><h2 class="ds2-5-heading-sans-serif-xs">Uploads</h2></div><div class="nav-container backbone-profile-documents-nav hidden-xs"><ul class="nav-tablist" role="tablist"><li class="nav-chip active" role="presentation"><a data-section-name="" data-toggle="tab" href="#all" role="tab">all</a></li><li class="nav-chip" role="presentation"><a class="js-profile-docs-nav-section u-textTruncate" data-click-track="profile-works-tab" data-section-name="Conference-Presentations" data-toggle="tab" href="#conferencepresentations" role="tab" title="Conference Presentations"><span>21</span> <span class="ds2-5-body-sm-bold">Conference Presentations</span></a></li><li class="nav-chip" role="presentation"><a class="js-profile-docs-nav-section u-textTruncate" data-click-track="profile-works-tab" data-section-name="Papers" data-toggle="tab" href="#papers" role="tab" title="Papers"><span>35</span> <span class="ds2-5-body-sm-bold">Papers</span></a></li></ul></div><div class="divider ds-divider-16" style="margin: 0px;"></div><div class="documents-container backbone-social-profile-documents" style="width: 100%;"><div class="u-taCenter"></div><div class="profile--tab_content_container js-tab-pane tab-pane active" id="all"><div class="profile--tab_heading_container js-section-heading" data-section="Conference Presentations" id="Conference Presentations"><h3 class="profile--tab_heading_container">Conference Presentations by Muhamad Faizzudin Mohamad Zan</h3></div><div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="83135314"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/83135314/Utilization_of_Palm_Oil_Mill_Effluent_as_Partially_Replacement_in_Production_of_Soil_Brick_Characterizations_and_Performance_Evaluation"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Utilization of Palm Oil Mill Effluent as Partially Replacement in Production of Soil Brick: Characterizations and Performance Evaluation" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/88588444/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/83135314/Utilization_of_Palm_Oil_Mill_Effluent_as_Partially_Replacement_in_Production_of_Soil_Brick_Characterizations_and_Performance_Evaluation">Utilization of Palm Oil Mill Effluent as Partially Replacement in Production of Soil Brick: Characterizations and Performance Evaluation</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The increasing amount of sludge may lead to the sludge management issues such as sludge disposal ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The increasing amount of sludge may lead to the sludge management issues such as sludge disposal and treatment. To be worst, the POME sludge need to deal with high moisture, complex constituents and characteristics. Due to the same characteristics as the clay which is the presence of silica (SiO 2) and alumina (Al 2 O 3) (Zainudin, Shuhaimi, Muhammad, & Muhammad, 2016), POME can be an alternative material used in the production of bricks, called POME brick. The bricks were produced at varying ratio of POME sludge; 0%, 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% and named as brick A, B, C, D, E respectively. It is found that the decreases of the bricks density is proportional to the increasing in the content of the POME in the bricks. The best ratio of POME sludge in the brick is up to 20% with the compression test above 12 N/mm2. The average water absorbed in the POME bricks is 2.9%. To conclude, POME sludge alone is not suitable to be used in production of brick and other additive materials need to be added to increase the performance and characteristic of the POME bricks.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="935943438e6e045c79a62613672eaac1" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":88588444,"asset_id":83135314,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/88588444/download_file?st=MTczMzA1MzUzOCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="83135314"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="83135314"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 83135314; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=83135314]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=83135314]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 83135314; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='83135314']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 83135314, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "935943438e6e045c79a62613672eaac1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=83135314]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":83135314,"title":"Utilization of Palm Oil Mill Effluent as Partially Replacement in Production of Soil Brick: Characterizations and Performance Evaluation","translated_title":"","metadata":{"doi":"10.13140/RG.2.2.27018.54720","abstract":"The increasing amount of sludge may lead to the sludge management issues such as sludge disposal and treatment. 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="41620570"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/41620570/In_Situ_Hybridization"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of In Situ Hybridization" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/61777306/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/41620570/In_Situ_Hybridization">In Situ Hybridization</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">In situ hybridization (ISH) is a powerful technique for localizing specific nucleic acid targets ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">In situ hybridization (ISH) is a powerful technique for localizing specific nucleic acid targets within fixed tissues and cells, allowing you to obtain information about gene expression and genetic loci. 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> </div><div class="profile--tab_content_container js-tab-pane tab-pane" data-section-id="6671051" id="conferencepresentations"><div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="83135314"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/83135314/Utilization_of_Palm_Oil_Mill_Effluent_as_Partially_Replacement_in_Production_of_Soil_Brick_Characterizations_and_Performance_Evaluation"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Utilization of Palm Oil Mill Effluent as Partially Replacement in Production of Soil Brick: Characterizations and Performance Evaluation" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/88588444/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/83135314/Utilization_of_Palm_Oil_Mill_Effluent_as_Partially_Replacement_in_Production_of_Soil_Brick_Characterizations_and_Performance_Evaluation">Utilization of Palm Oil Mill Effluent as Partially Replacement in Production of Soil Brick: Characterizations and Performance Evaluation</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The increasing amount of sludge may lead to the sludge management issues such as sludge disposal ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The increasing amount of sludge may lead to the sludge management issues such as sludge disposal and treatment. To be worst, the POME sludge need to deal with high moisture, complex constituents and characteristics. Due to the same characteristics as the clay which is the presence of silica (SiO 2) and alumina (Al 2 O 3) (Zainudin, Shuhaimi, Muhammad, & Muhammad, 2016), POME can be an alternative material used in the production of bricks, called POME brick. The bricks were produced at varying ratio of POME sludge; 0%, 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% and named as brick A, B, C, D, E respectively. It is found that the decreases of the bricks density is proportional to the increasing in the content of the POME in the bricks. The best ratio of POME sludge in the brick is up to 20% with the compression test above 12 N/mm2. The average water absorbed in the POME bricks is 2.9%. To conclude, POME sludge alone is not suitable to be used in production of brick and other additive materials need to be added to increase the performance and characteristic of the POME bricks.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="935943438e6e045c79a62613672eaac1" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":88588444,"asset_id":83135314,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/88588444/download_file?st=MTczMzA1MzU0MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&st=MTczMzA1MzUzOCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="83135314"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="83135314"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 83135314; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=83135314]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=83135314]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 83135314; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='83135314']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 83135314, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "935943438e6e045c79a62613672eaac1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=83135314]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":83135314,"title":"Utilization of Palm Oil Mill Effluent as Partially Replacement in Production of Soil Brick: Characterizations and Performance Evaluation","translated_title":"","metadata":{"doi":"10.13140/RG.2.2.27018.54720","abstract":"The increasing amount of sludge may lead to the sludge management issues such as sludge disposal and treatment. To be worst, the POME sludge need to deal with high moisture, complex constituents and characteristics. Due to the same characteristics as the clay which is the presence of silica (SiO 2) and alumina (Al 2 O 3) (Zainudin, Shuhaimi, Muhammad, \u0026 Muhammad, 2016), POME can be an alternative material used in the production of bricks, called POME brick. The bricks were produced at varying ratio of POME sludge; 0%, 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% and named as brick A, B, C, D, E respectively. It is found that the decreases of the bricks density is proportional to the increasing in the content of the POME in the bricks. The best ratio of POME sludge in the brick is up to 20% with the compression test above 12 N/mm2. The average water absorbed in the POME bricks is 2.9%. To conclude, POME sludge alone is not suitable to be used in production of brick and other additive materials need to be added to increase the performance and characteristic of the POME bricks."},"translated_abstract":"The increasing amount of sludge may lead to the sludge management issues such as sludge disposal and treatment. To be worst, the POME sludge need to deal with high moisture, complex constituents and characteristics. Due to the same characteristics as the clay which is the presence of silica (SiO 2) and alumina (Al 2 O 3) (Zainudin, Shuhaimi, Muhammad, \u0026 Muhammad, 2016), POME can be an alternative material used in the production of bricks, called POME brick. The bricks were produced at varying ratio of POME sludge; 0%, 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% and named as brick A, B, C, D, E respectively. It is found that the decreases of the bricks density is proportional to the increasing in the content of the POME in the bricks. The best ratio of POME sludge in the brick is up to 20% with the compression test above 12 N/mm2. The average water absorbed in the POME bricks is 2.9%. 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It is based on the complementary pairing of labelled DNA or RNA probes with normal or abnormal nucleic acid sequences in intact chromosomes, cells or tissue sections.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="18e5e25760da8e6ff0c6c1d6102f175d" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":61777306,"asset_id":41620570,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/61777306/download_file?st=MTczMzA1MzU0MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&st=MTczMzA1MzUzOCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="41620570"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="41620570"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 41620570; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=41620570]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=41620570]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 41620570; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='41620570']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 41620570, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "18e5e25760da8e6ff0c6c1d6102f175d" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=41620570]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":41620570,"title":"In Situ Hybridization","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"In situ hybridization (ISH) is a powerful technique for localizing specific nucleic acid targets within fixed tissues and cells, allowing you to obtain information about gene expression and genetic loci. 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> </div><div class="profile--tab_content_container js-tab-pane tab-pane" data-section-id="6671229" id="papers"><div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="81949184"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/81949184/Wallnote_An_Evolution_in_Learning_Product"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Wallnote – An Evolution in Learning Product" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/87814725/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/81949184/Wallnote_An_Evolution_in_Learning_Product">Wallnote – An Evolution in Learning Product</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Innovation Insights (Series 1)</span><span>, 2020</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">There are many times when you need to have a notepad and a pen with you. This is especially true ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">There are many times when you need to have a notepad and a pen with you. This is especially true if you work outdoors and often finding yourself wanting to do some revision or to put things down for later reference. This is where a wallet with notepads called Wallnote come in practical. Of course, you could have a notebook separate from your wallet but ending up with more items in your pockets than needed. It will also make it difficult for you to write down the note. The aim of this project is to provide a better convenience to individual to bring their note easily, provide a revolutionized learning skill for students to have their revision as well as <br />increase knowledge among individuals. Having everything together in a same unit makes everything easy to manage, with notes and <br />wallet joins as one item. Wallnote has a lot commercialize potential as it comes with unique design which makes it looks stylish and <br />elegant, suitable for any age and gender. It also has a space for holding a pen as well as bills and cards just like a classic wallet. They range from very classic designs of bifold and trifold to very new and unique ones. Featuring an affordable price, Wallnote is a great choice for everyone. Since it come with simple design, it is easy to handle and carry to anywhere in anytime under any conditions. This product able to introduce a different educational tool by integrating a wallet with notes that be a staring platform for a modern and exciting educational environment.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="d4f08ea115c50a445f8c8bb98449c222" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":87814725,"asset_id":81949184,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/87814725/download_file?st=MTczMzA1MzU0MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="81949184"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="81949184"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 81949184; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=81949184]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=81949184]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 81949184; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='81949184']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 81949184, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "d4f08ea115c50a445f8c8bb98449c222" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=81949184]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":81949184,"title":"Wallnote – An Evolution in Learning Product","translated_title":"","metadata":{"issue":"1","abstract":"There are many times when you need to have a notepad and a pen with you. 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They range from very classic designs of bifold and trifold to very new and unique ones. Featuring an affordable price, Wallnote is a great choice for everyone. Since it come with simple design, it is easy to handle and carry to anywhere in anytime under any conditions. This product able to introduce a different educational tool by integrating a wallet with notes that be a staring platform for a modern and exciting educational environment.","page_numbers":"137-141","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2020,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Innovation Insights (Series 1)"},"translated_abstract":"There are many times when you need to have a notepad and a pen with you. This is especially true if you work outdoors and often finding yourself wanting to do some revision or to put things down for later reference. This is where a wallet with notepads called Wallnote come in practical. 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="44136777"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/44136777/Preparation_Suspension_of_Sensitized_Cells_Coomb_Control_Cells_"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Preparation Suspension of Sensitized Cells (Coomb Control Cells)" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/64489276/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/44136777/Preparation_Suspension_of_Sensitized_Cells_Coomb_Control_Cells_">Preparation Suspension of Sensitized Cells (Coomb Control Cells)</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Contamination with least amount of human globulins may cause inactivation of antiglobulin reagent...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Contamination with least amount of human globulins may cause inactivation of antiglobulin reagents and therefore may result in false negative results in antiglobulin tests. Coombs Control cells sensitized with human IgG antibodies are agglutinated by fully active antiglobulin serums containing anti-IgG. When anti-human globulin reagent is added to these sensitized cells, the incomplete Anti-D (IgG) antibodies are agglutinated by the anti-human IgG component. 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Coombs Control cells sensitized with human IgG antibodies are agglutinated by fully active antiglobulin serums containing anti-IgG. When anti-human globulin reagent is added to these sensitized cells, the incomplete Anti-D (IgG) antibodies are agglutinated by the anti-human IgG component. The agglutination reaction validates the serological activity of the anti-human globulin reagent. ","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2019,"errors":{}}},"translated_abstract":"Contamination with least amount of human globulins may cause inactivation of antiglobulin reagents and therefore may result in false negative results in antiglobulin tests. Coombs Control cells sensitized with human IgG antibodies are agglutinated by fully active antiglobulin serums containing anti-IgG. When anti-human globulin reagent is added to these sensitized cells, the incomplete Anti-D (IgG) antibodies are agglutinated by the anti-human IgG component. 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The antiglobulin test is a method of demonstrating the presence of antibody or complement bound to red blood cell (RBC) membranes by the use of anti-human globulin to form a visible agglutination reaction. 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Agglutination occurs if an antigen is ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Blood grouping test is done on the basis of agglutination. Agglutination occurs if an antigen is mixed with its corresponding antibody which is called isoagglutinin. Our immune system learns to ignore your own normal antigens, but when it recognizes that a foreign antigen has entered the body, it releases antibodies, which attach to the foreign entity and mark it so other parts of the immune system can remove and destroy it. There are several important other blood group systems besides ABO grouping system. For example, Duffy blood group system and MNSs blood group systems. 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Agglutination occurs if an antigen is mixed with its corresponding antibody which is called isoagglutinin. Our immune system learns to ignore your own normal antigens, but when it recognizes that a foreign antigen has entered the body, it releases antibodies, which attach to the foreign entity and mark it so other parts of the immune system can remove and destroy it. There are several important other blood group systems besides ABO grouping system. For example, Duffy blood group system and MNSs blood group systems. This blood grouping use the same agglutination principle to detect the presence of antigen on the surface of red blood cell. ","ai_title_tag":"Understanding Blood Group Systems and Agglutination Principles","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2019,"errors":{}}},"translated_abstract":"Blood grouping test is done on the basis of agglutination. Agglutination occurs if an antigen is mixed with its corresponding antibody which is called isoagglutinin. 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Normal human red blood cells, possessin...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Rh (D) typing is based on the principle of agglutination. Normal human red blood cells, possessing antigens, will clump in the presence of antibody directed toward the antigens. Agglutination of patient or control red blood cells with anti-D serum and no agglutination with the control reagent is a positive test result, which indicates the presence of the D antigen on the red blood cells. Absence of agglutination is a negative test result, which indicates the D antigen is not demonstrable.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="2f783ad7069e46e3043ca8c6c6707724" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":64489240,"asset_id":44136745,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/64489240/download_file?st=MTczMzA1MzU0MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="44136745"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="44136745"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 44136745; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=44136745]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=44136745]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 44136745; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='44136745']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 44136745, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "2f783ad7069e46e3043ca8c6c6707724" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=44136745]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":44136745,"title":"Weak D/Du and Rhesus: Genotype \u0026 Phenotype","translated_title":"","metadata":{"doi":"10.1038/sj.jp.7211897,","abstract":"Rh (D) typing is based on the principle of agglutination. Normal human red blood cells, possessing antigens, will clump in the presence of antibody directed toward the antigens. Agglutination of patient or control red blood cells with anti-D serum and no agglutination with the control reagent is a positive test result, which indicates the presence of the D antigen on the red blood cells. Absence of agglutination is a negative test result, which indicates the D antigen is not demonstrable. ","ai_title_tag":"Understanding Weak D/Du and Rhesus Genotyping Results","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2019,"errors":{}}},"translated_abstract":"Rh (D) typing is based on the principle of agglutination. Normal human red blood cells, possessing antigens, will clump in the presence of antibody directed toward the antigens. Agglutination of patient or control red blood cells with anti-D serum and no agglutination with the control reagent is a positive test result, which indicates the presence of the D antigen on the red blood cells. Absence of agglutination is a negative test result, which indicates the D antigen is not demonstrable. 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A p...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Blood type tests categorize your blood according to the major human blood group (ABO) system. A person's ABO type depends upon the presence or absence of two genes which are the A and B genes. These genes determine part of the configuration of the red blood cell surface. Possible ABO blood groups include O, A, B, or AB. Not everyone has the same blood group. People who have matching blood groups are said to be 'compatible'. This means they could give or receive each other's blood if necessary. Our immune system learns to ignore your own normal antigens, but when it recognizes that a foreign antigen has entered the body, it releases antibodies, which attach to the foreign entity and mark it so other parts of the immune system can remove and destroy it. In the case of blood cells, if your immune system recognizes that foreign blood cells have been introduced into your body via a transfusion, it will mount an immune response using antibodies against the foreign cells.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="813d43de53112c51e16029ba810cb9f8" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":64489227,"asset_id":44136734,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/64489227/download_file?st=MTczMzA1MzU0MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="44136734"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="44136734"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 44136734; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=44136734]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=44136734]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 44136734; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='44136734']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 44136734, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "813d43de53112c51e16029ba810cb9f8" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=44136734]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":44136734,"title":"ABO And Rh Grouping","translated_title":"","metadata":{"doi":"10.3181/00379727-4311151.","abstract":"Blood type tests categorize your blood according to the major human blood group (ABO) system. A person's ABO type depends upon the presence or absence of two genes which are the A and B genes. These genes determine part of the configuration of the red blood cell surface. Possible ABO blood groups include O, A, B, or AB. Not everyone has the same blood group. People who have matching blood groups are said to be 'compatible'. This means they could give or receive each other's blood if necessary. Our immune system learns to ignore your own normal antigens, but when it recognizes that a foreign antigen has entered the body, it releases antibodies, which attach to the foreign entity and mark it so other parts of the immune system can remove and destroy it. In the case of blood cells, if your immune system recognizes that foreign blood cells have been introduced into your body via a transfusion, it will mount an immune response using antibodies against the foreign cells."},"translated_abstract":"Blood type tests categorize your blood according to the major human blood group (ABO) system. A person's ABO type depends upon the presence or absence of two genes which are the A and B genes. These genes determine part of the configuration of the red blood cell surface. Possible ABO blood groups include O, A, B, or AB. Not everyone has the same blood group. People who have matching blood groups are said to be 'compatible'. This means they could give or receive each other's blood if necessary. Our immune system learns to ignore your own normal antigens, but when it recognizes that a foreign antigen has entered the body, it releases antibodies, which attach to the foreign entity and mark it so other parts of the immune system can remove and destroy it. In the case of blood cells, if your immune system recognizes that foreign blood cells have been introduced into your body via a transfusion, it will mount an immune response using antibodies against the foreign cells.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/44136734/ABO_And_Rh_Grouping","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2020-09-21T21:19:35.757-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":33282352,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":64489227,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/64489227/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Practical 4.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/64489227/download_file?st=MTczMzA1MzU0MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"ABO_And_Rh_Grouping.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/64489227/Practical_4-libre.pdf?1600748876=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DABO_And_Rh_Grouping.pdf\u0026Expires=1733057140\u0026Signature=L6gbQ-8gf4esLscWcAY~92WiDnKkeQuoztffoh3dq1ahrfJxe4dV63~sOsaammPhhtHUebUMPb~7zFSILx8CTGWu2~O9Fzg0LWxKXXlTMh0tucaZCocPwyPzeVdKlcFiQrGQVtoW4hYNL3UsH9STAReUsLQGVi1864~q8ddfDCv5YzT2xuftMowxtT~bIinS4Dpu7CI8DvsP4ZjOPhugHTHb7I25hYkJHU6S-ZT6-Jm9Ey4~CYdM88iizI2VR7xYXjxP4YXp~XwgdSrSZWmxi3v2C0GbfHE4jKGg~-IEUfnjQG6CFk-XU9aPgXIPOn9kc1ZkKDOWzyEPAOWJF3AYcA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"ABO_And_Rh_Grouping","translated_slug":"","page_count":12,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":33282352,"first_name":"Muhamad Faizzudin","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Mohamad Zan","page_name":"MuhamadFaizzudinMohamadZan","domain_name":"uitsl","created_at":"2015-07-23T07:10:35.579-07:00","display_name":"Muhamad Faizzudin Mohamad Zan","url":"https://uitsl.academia.edu/MuhamadFaizzudinMohamadZan"},"attachments":[{"id":64489227,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/64489227/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Practical 4.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/64489227/download_file?st=MTczMzA1MzU0MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"ABO_And_Rh_Grouping.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/64489227/Practical_4-libre.pdf?1600748876=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DABO_And_Rh_Grouping.pdf\u0026Expires=1733057140\u0026Signature=L6gbQ-8gf4esLscWcAY~92WiDnKkeQuoztffoh3dq1ahrfJxe4dV63~sOsaammPhhtHUebUMPb~7zFSILx8CTGWu2~O9Fzg0LWxKXXlTMh0tucaZCocPwyPzeVdKlcFiQrGQVtoW4hYNL3UsH9STAReUsLQGVi1864~q8ddfDCv5YzT2xuftMowxtT~bIinS4Dpu7CI8DvsP4ZjOPhugHTHb7I25hYkJHU6S-ZT6-Jm9Ey4~CYdM88iizI2VR7xYXjxP4YXp~XwgdSrSZWmxi3v2C0GbfHE4jKGg~-IEUfnjQG6CFk-XU9aPgXIPOn9kc1ZkKDOWzyEPAOWJF3AYcA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1290,"name":"Immunology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immunology"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="44136720"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/44136720/Antibodies_Titrations"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Antibodies Titrations" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/64489211/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/44136720/Antibodies_Titrations">Antibodies Titrations</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Dilution is the process of decreasing the concentration of a solute in a solution, usually simply...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Dilution is the process of decreasing the concentration of a solute in a solution, usually simply by mixing with more solvent like adding more water to a solution. To dilute a solution means to add more solvent without the addition of more solute. A serial dilution is any dilution where the concentration decreases by the same quantity in each successive step. The antibody titer is a test that detects the presence and measures the amount of antibodies within a person's blood. It determination of the concentration of a specific antibody in the patient's serum or to determine the strength of antigen expression on different red cell samples. The amount and diversity of antibodies correlates to the strength of the body's immune response. A titer may be used to prove disease. The immune system produces antibodies to mark invading foreign substances for destruction or to neutralize them before they can cause a disease or problem to body system.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="e1af4bb8bd838aef89a1ff91bd9a2139" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":64489211,"asset_id":44136720,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/64489211/download_file?st=MTczMzA1MzU0MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="44136720"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="44136720"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 44136720; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=44136720]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=44136720]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 44136720; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='44136720']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 44136720, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "e1af4bb8bd838aef89a1ff91bd9a2139" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=44136720]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":44136720,"title":"Antibodies Titrations","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Dilution is the process of decreasing the concentration of a solute in a solution, usually simply by mixing with more solvent like adding more water to a solution. To dilute a solution means to add more solvent without the addition of more solute. A serial dilution is any dilution where the concentration decreases by the same quantity in each successive step. The antibody titer is a test that detects the presence and measures the amount of antibodies within a person's blood. It determination of the concentration of a specific antibody in the patient's serum or to determine the strength of antigen expression on different red cell samples. The amount and diversity of antibodies correlates to the strength of the body's immune response. A titer may be used to prove disease. The immune system produces antibodies to mark invading foreign substances for destruction or to neutralize them before they can cause a disease or problem to body system."},"translated_abstract":"Dilution is the process of decreasing the concentration of a solute in a solution, usually simply by mixing with more solvent like adding more water to a solution. 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A red cell suspension is a common reagent used for many procedures. Red cell suspensions provide the appropriate serum to cell ratio to allow for grading and interpretation of tests results. The ratio of serum to cells markedly affects the sensitivity of agglutination tests. A proper ratio of plasma to red cells is important for accuracy in antigen-antibody reactions; too heavy a concentration of cells might result in a weak or false negative reaction.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="9104962d4bc90289450b4604db84133f" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":64489147,"asset_id":44136674,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/64489147/download_file?st=MTczMzA1MzU0MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="44136674"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="44136674"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 44136674; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=44136674]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=44136674]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 44136674; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='44136674']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 44136674, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "9104962d4bc90289450b4604db84133f" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=44136674]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":44136674,"title":"Preparation of Red Cells Suspension","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"The establishment of blood banks has greatly increased the use of blood transfusions, not only in the most urgent cases of hemorrhage and shock and for the more severe and resistant cases of chronic anemia but also as a means of shortening the convalescence of patients suffering from anemias of less severity, many of whom would probably recover ultimately without resort to such treatment. A red cell suspension is a common reagent used for many procedures. Red cell suspensions provide the appropriate serum to cell ratio to allow for grading and interpretation of tests results. The ratio of serum to cells markedly affects the sensitivity of agglutination tests. A proper ratio of plasma to red cells is important for accuracy in antigen-antibody reactions; too heavy a concentration of cells might result in a weak or false negative reaction. "},"translated_abstract":"The establishment of blood banks has greatly increased the use of blood transfusions, not only in the most urgent cases of hemorrhage and shock and for the more severe and resistant cases of chronic anemia but also as a means of shortening the convalescence of patients suffering from anemias of less severity, many of whom would probably recover ultimately without resort to such treatment. A red cell suspension is a common reagent used for many procedures. Red cell suspensions provide the appropriate serum to cell ratio to allow for grading and interpretation of tests results. The ratio of serum to cells markedly affects the sensitivity of agglutination tests. A proper ratio of plasma to red cells is important for accuracy in antigen-antibody reactions; too heavy a concentration of cells might result in a weak or false negative reaction. 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It is a chain of reactions that produce NADH and FADH₂ which can be used by the oxidative phosphorylation pathway to generate ATP. Defect of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle enzymes have been known for more than two decades to cause many disorder. In the last decade, a few cases in carcinogenesis has been documented for mutation in three different type of TCA cycle enzymes such as succinate dehydrogenase and fumarate hydratase.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="667656c025035c0bc2a9117d30705367" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":61777400,"asset_id":41620663,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/61777400/download_file?st=MTczMzA1MzU0MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="41620663"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="41620663"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 41620663; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=41620663]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=41620663]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 41620663; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='41620663']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 41620663, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "667656c025035c0bc2a9117d30705367" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=41620663]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":41620663,"title":"Review: Summary Clinical Implication on Defect of The Tricarboxylic Acid (TCA)","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"The tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle is a central route for oxidative phosphorylation in cells and fulfills their bioenergetics, biosynthetic and redox balance requirements (Anderson et al, 2018). 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The major difference being ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) is very similar to traditional PCR. The major difference being that with qPCR the amount of PCR product is measured after each round of amplification while with traditional PCR, the amount of PCR product is measured only at the end point of amplification. The concept of qPCR is simple: amplification products are measured as they are produced using a fluorescent label. During amplification, a fluorescent dye binds, either directly or indirectly via a labelled hybridizing probe, to the accumulating DNA molecules, and fluorescence values are recorded during each cycle of the amplification process. The fluorescence signal is directly proportional to DNA concentration over a broad range, and the linear correlation between PCR product and fluorescence intensity is used to calculate the amount of template present at the beginning of the reaction.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="46b79d72bbfdaf3228615b3500719475" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":61777260,"asset_id":41620518,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/61777260/download_file?st=MTczMzA1MzU0MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="41620518"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="41620518"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 41620518; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=41620518]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=41620518]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 41620518; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='41620518']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 41620518, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "46b79d72bbfdaf3228615b3500719475" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=41620518]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":41620518,"title":"MLT423 - Lab Report (qPCR)","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) is very similar to traditional PCR. The major difference being that with qPCR the amount of PCR product is measured after each round of amplification while with traditional PCR, the amount of PCR product is measured only at the end point of amplification. The concept of qPCR is simple: amplification products are measured as they are produced using a fluorescent label. During amplification, a fluorescent dye binds, either directly or indirectly via a labelled hybridizing probe, to the accumulating DNA molecules, and fluorescence values are recorded during each cycle of the amplification process. The fluorescence signal is directly proportional to DNA concentration over a broad range, and the linear correlation between PCR product and fluorescence intensity is used to calculate the amount of template present at the beginning of the reaction. ","ai_title_tag":"Real-time qPCR: Principles and Measurement of DNA Amplification"},"translated_abstract":"Real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) is very similar to traditional PCR. 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="41620240"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/41620240/MLT423_Lab_Report_Leptospirosis_"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of MLT423 - Lab Report (Leptospirosis)" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/61776904/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/41620240/MLT423_Lab_Report_Leptospirosis_">MLT423 - Lab Report (Leptospirosis)</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">In 2009, World Health Organization (WHO) established Leptospirosis Burden Epidemiology Reference ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">In 2009, World Health Organization (WHO) established Leptospirosis Burden Epidemiology Reference Group (LERG) to review the latest disease epidemiological data of leptospirosis. In 2011, LERG estimated that the global annual incidence of leptospirosis is 5 to 14 cases per 100,000 population.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="c0eea21f0b631b53f821ba3ca28c9d89" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":61776904,"asset_id":41620240,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/61776904/download_file?st=MTczMzA1MzU0MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="41620240"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="41620240"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 41620240; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=41620240]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=41620240]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 41620240; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='41620240']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 41620240, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "c0eea21f0b631b53f821ba3ca28c9d89" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=41620240]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":41620240,"title":"MLT423 - Lab Report (Leptospirosis)","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"In 2009, World Health Organization (WHO) established Leptospirosis Burden Epidemiology Reference Group (LERG) to review the latest disease epidemiological data of leptospirosis. 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Bacterial physiology differs from one species to the other. 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Hence, fifty respondents from different faculties were chosen randomly to assist in this survey. This study employed descriptive analysis, inferential analysis methods and presented results in frequency and percentage. It was found that the learning style used among the respondents is visual, auditory, kinaesthetic, visual kinaesthetic, auditory kinaesthetic and visual auditory kinaesthetic. The study also figured out that most of the respondents who scored above 3.50 in their CGPA use auditory kinaesthetic learning style while the respondents who scored 3.49 to 2.50 use kinaesthetic learning style. Plus, this study also found that most of the respondents were able to convey ideas visually which is one of their advantages in learning. It can be concluded that different students have a different learning style. 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Head size is an important measurement to monitor a child’s brain growth. The severity of microcephaly ranges from mild to severe. 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Bacteria are grow...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The study of microorganisms requires being able to grow them in the laboratory. Bacteria are grown in culture media, which provides the nutrients, necessary for the organisms of interest. The culture media is solution consisting of all nutrients necessary for the growth such as water, sources of carbon, nitrogen, sulphur, phosphorus and certain minerals. Microorganisms can be grown in liquid, solid or semisolid medium. Liquid medium is a medium such as broth and is used for the growth of large numbers of microorganisms and for physiological or biochemical studies. Semisolid medium is a medium that contains a solidifying substance such as agar. 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Smear is small volume (a loopful) of specimen-containing medium that is spread (smeared) onto a microscope slide. The normal saline is use during the smear preparation if necessary. If smears too thick will cause the trouble on seeing individual cells and if too thin may cause difficulty in finding the organisms. Besides stir the drop of medium too much as you spread it on the slide-will disrupt cell arrangements. The purpose of making a smear is to fix the bacteria onto the slide and to prevent the sample from being lost during a staining procedure. Preparing the smear requires attention to a number of details that help prevent contamination of the culture and ensure safety to the preparer. Each step in this procedure has an important reason and each should be followed carefully as a prerequisite to successful work.. A smear is made by spreading a bacterial suspension on a clean slide and letting it air dry. The dry smear is heated on a hot plate or passed through a flame several times to heat fix it. Heat fixing denatures bacterial enzymes, preventing them from digesting cell parts, which causes the cell to break, a process called autolysis. The heat also enhances the adherence of bacterial cells to the slide. The aseptic technique needs to be follow when preparing the bacterial smear.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="c2b21e7887b4059887594b4113f4fae4" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":59300069,"asset_id":39173092,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/59300069/download_file?st=MTczMzA1MzU0MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="39173092"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="39173092"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 39173092; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=39173092]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=39173092]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 39173092; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='39173092']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 39173092, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "c2b21e7887b4059887594b4113f4fae4" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=39173092]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":39173092,"title":"MLT 415 -Lab Report (Smear and Gram Stain on Unknown Organisms)","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"The gram staining technique involves making a smear of bacteria on a slide and then adding the stain. Smear is small volume (a loopful) of specimen-containing medium that is spread (smeared) onto a microscope slide. The normal saline is use during the smear preparation if necessary. If smears too thick will cause the trouble on seeing individual cells and if too thin may cause difficulty in finding the organisms. Besides stir the drop of medium too much as you spread it on the slide-will disrupt cell arrangements. The purpose of making a smear is to fix the bacteria onto the slide and to prevent the sample from being lost during a staining procedure. Preparing the smear requires attention to a number of details that help prevent contamination of the culture and ensure safety to the preparer. Each step in this procedure has an important reason and each should be followed carefully as a prerequisite to successful work.. A smear is made by spreading a bacterial suspension on a clean slide and letting it air dry. The dry smear is heated on a hot plate or passed through a flame several times to heat fix it. Heat fixing denatures bacterial enzymes, preventing them from digesting cell parts, which causes the cell to break, a process called autolysis. The heat also enhances the adherence of bacterial cells to the slide. The aseptic technique needs to be follow when preparing the bacterial smear.","ai_title_tag":"Gram Staining Technique for Bacterial Smear Preparation"},"translated_abstract":"The gram staining technique involves making a smear of bacteria on a slide and then adding the stain. Smear is small volume (a loopful) of specimen-containing medium that is spread (smeared) onto a microscope slide. The normal saline is use during the smear preparation if necessary. If smears too thick will cause the trouble on seeing individual cells and if too thin may cause difficulty in finding the organisms. Besides stir the drop of medium too much as you spread it on the slide-will disrupt cell arrangements. The purpose of making a smear is to fix the bacteria onto the slide and to prevent the sample from being lost during a staining procedure. Preparing the smear requires attention to a number of details that help prevent contamination of the culture and ensure safety to the preparer. Each step in this procedure has an important reason and each should be followed carefully as a prerequisite to successful work.. A smear is made by spreading a bacterial suspension on a clean slide and letting it air dry. The dry smear is heated on a hot plate or passed through a flame several times to heat fix it. Heat fixing denatures bacterial enzymes, preventing them from digesting cell parts, which causes the cell to break, a process called autolysis. The heat also enhances the adherence of bacterial cells to the slide. The aseptic technique needs to be follow when preparing the bacterial smear.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/39173092/MLT_415_Lab_Report_Smear_and_Gram_Stain_on_Unknown_Organisms_","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2019-05-18T02:28:37.672-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":33282352,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":59300069,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/59300069/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"6th_Lab_Report_Smear_and_Gram_Stain_on_Unknown_Organisms20190518-120663-krnzhr.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/59300069/download_file?st=MTczMzA1MzU0MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"MLT_415_Lab_Report_Smear_and_Gram_Stain.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/59300069/6th_Lab_Report_Smear_and_Gram_Stain_on_Unknown_Organisms20190518-120663-krnzhr-libre.pdf?1558172243=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DMLT_415_Lab_Report_Smear_and_Gram_Stain.pdf\u0026Expires=1733057140\u0026Signature=g9coct2lvheL0zlktGWVagcNBTjl3jOjUtqUTNwUSKzNL3VfJMQDl-ziR6dw2fJBpRsIxVYd5baVSSxs6IOj7278sAjz2uDBl7MTVwTTBRcbuVSaFmJqcbKq4GdqH4hXLuhezq1PL012WgIZBFVjVaPGKGhEmOypiPDT64wGQTG6f0hhe923Ovjem3EP4yReVUjwUgRXCuQG2Qt6D0RFl7n5KP6yqnb9e5LuRDbz4gHWw3cMWd~6mP01ug2cv0Xb~I3YpHSakkaYJKbDYCIg4ADl1xU2Ab4SJpFJirP58Tf~rkxSKmgD5vccLRsIVMNF1dmBmac5hDFJYEeC6thbGA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"MLT_415_Lab_Report_Smear_and_Gram_Stain_on_Unknown_Organisms_","translated_slug":"","page_count":12,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":33282352,"first_name":"Muhamad Faizzudin","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Mohamad Zan","page_name":"MuhamadFaizzudinMohamadZan","domain_name":"uitsl","created_at":"2015-07-23T07:10:35.579-07:00","display_name":"Muhamad Faizzudin Mohamad Zan","url":"https://uitsl.academia.edu/MuhamadFaizzudinMohamadZan"},"attachments":[{"id":59300069,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/59300069/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"6th_Lab_Report_Smear_and_Gram_Stain_on_Unknown_Organisms20190518-120663-krnzhr.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/59300069/download_file?st=MTczMzA1MzU0MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"MLT_415_Lab_Report_Smear_and_Gram_Stain.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/59300069/6th_Lab_Report_Smear_and_Gram_Stain_on_Unknown_Organisms20190518-120663-krnzhr-libre.pdf?1558172243=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DMLT_415_Lab_Report_Smear_and_Gram_Stain.pdf\u0026Expires=1733057141\u0026Signature=O6OiBOgHup7Y09tbwwexXbLVssb-e0cGPHDbTQxo6nAlT6-AtHrsDUXFRa~6vAVaNLUV4Rt8mmoN7gH-78~ovjO1nxKZs92XWy8H064r5z74biPttrD-AxcShle6mw4hMCZloPz1ISP000OYYRLiAlCP5b64GO43lVBCJMh8UZrtJvLU-A3nLZmq-xrC4WfTz8V5gocNYpbCcU7jX5gwwsFZX5piSldhyLhdJVUd3MIBpc39DmtX4a8a0ct~LqVGmUvTXplg9QTz2-MyU9TTIX9gxQ2ok5enx9g5Oi9tLZ2kIBGoghIcjSjw4oOBqIS-KlKNa2WHdkJMQugDYVBRXg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="39173091"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/39173091/MLT_415_Lab_Report_Spore_and_Capsul_Stain_"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of MLT 415 -Lab Report (Spore & Capsul Stain)" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/59300071/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/39173091/MLT_415_Lab_Report_Spore_and_Capsul_Stain_">MLT 415 -Lab Report (Spore & Capsul Stain)</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated"> Bacterial spores are so well known for their resistance to high temperature, radiation, desiccat...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Bacterial spores are so well known for their resistance to high temperature, radiation, desiccation and chemical disinfectant. It was thought for many years that sporulation occurred when the cell was "confronted" with a "sporulate or perish" situation-threatened by starvation or by toxic environmental requirements for sporulation to be not different from those required for vegetative growth. During unfavourable conditions (especially when carbon and nitrogen become unavailable) endospores can form within different areas of the vegetative cell. They can be central, sub-terminal, or terminal. Central endospores are located within the middle of the vegetative cell. Terminal endospores are located at the end of the vegetative cell. Sub-terminal endospores are located between the middle and the end of the cell. Although bacteria sporulate under some unknown conditions but it has an important role in the survival of those organisms which can produce them. Spore formation in primarily limited to two genera, Bacillus and Clostridium. First, the DNA replicates and a cytoplasmic membrane septum forms at one end of the cell. A second layer of cytoplasmic membrane then forms around one of the DNA molecules to form a fore spore. Both of these membrane layers then synthesize peptidoglycan in the space between them to form the first protective coat, the cortex. Calcium dipocolinate is also incorporated into the forming endospore. A spore coat</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="27eacd10488b7f7d21697a017e90a8cf" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":59300071,"asset_id":39173091,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/59300071/download_file?st=MTczMzA1MzU0MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="39173091"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="39173091"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 39173091; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=39173091]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=39173091]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 39173091; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='39173091']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 39173091, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "27eacd10488b7f7d21697a017e90a8cf" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=39173091]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":39173091,"title":"MLT 415 -Lab Report (Spore \u0026 Capsul Stain)","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":" Bacterial spores are so well known for their resistance to high temperature, radiation, desiccation and chemical disinfectant. 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