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.header_title, .header_title a, .header_title a:visited, .header_title a:hover, .header_desc {color:#000000}.carousel, .carousel .item{height:400px}@media (max-width: 991px) {.carousel, .carousel .item{height:250px}}#header{max-height:198px}@media (min-width: 1200px) {.container {width:1280px}} </style> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","mainEntityOfPage":"https:\/\/adsecurity.org\/?p=1729","publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Active Directory Security"},"headline":"Mimikatz DCSync Usage, Exploitation, and Detection","datePublished":"2015-09-25T16:00:48+00:00","dateModified":"2018-05-18T00:43:12+00:00","description":"Note: I presented on this AD persistence method at DerbyCon (2015). A major feature added to Mimkatz in August 2015 is \"DCSync\" which effectively \"impersonates\" a Domain Controller and requests account password data from the targeted Domain Controller. DCSync was written by Benjamin Delpy and Vincent Le Toux. The exploit method prior to DCSync was ...","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sean Metcalf"},"image":["https:\/\/adsecurity.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/09\/Mimikatz-DCSync-UserRights-DCR-KRBTGT-Dump.jpg","https:\/\/adsecurity.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/09\/Mimikatz-DCSync-KRBTGT-PacketCapture-DSGetNCChanges02.jpg"]}</script> <style type="text/css">.recentcomments a{display:inline !important;padding:0 !important;margin:0 !important;}</style><meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Mimikatz DCSync Usage, Exploitation, and Detection" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://adsecurity.org/?p=1729" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="Active Directory Security" /> <meta property="og:description" content="Note: I presented on this AD persistence method at DerbyCon (2015). A major feature added to Mimkatz in August 2015 is "DCSync" which effectively "impersonates" a Domain Controller and requests account password data from the targeted Domain Controller. DCSync was written by Benjamin Delpy and Vincent Le Toux. The exploit method prior to DCSync was ..." /> <meta property="og:updated_time" content="2018-05-18T00:43:12+00:00" /> <meta property="article:modified_time" content="2018-05-18T00:43:12+00:00" /> <meta property="article:published_time" content="2015-09-25T16:00:48+00:00" /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://adsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/Mimikatz-DCSync-KRBTGT-PacketCapture-DSGetNCChanges02.jpg" /> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1002" /> <meta property="og:image:height" content="474" /> </head> <body class="post-template-default single single-post postid-1729 single-format-standard custom-background wp-embed-responsive layout-boxed two_col_left two-columns singular"> <div class="container boxed-wrapper"> <div id="top-bar" class="row clearfix top-bar "> <div class="col-md-12 top-bar-items"> <ul class="social-profiles"> <li class="social-profile social-profile-rss"> <a href="https://adsecurity.org/?feed=rss2" title="Subscribe to Tech, News, and Other 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class="clearfix content-main col-md-8"> <div class="post-nav post-nav-top clearfix"> <p class="previous col-sm-6"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-left"></i> <a href="https://adsecurity.org/?p=1772" rel="prev">Sneaky Active Directory Persistence #14: SID History</a></p> <p class="next-post col-sm-6"><a href="https://adsecurity.org/?p=1785" rel="next">Sneaky Active Directory Persistence #13: DSRM Persistence v2</a> <i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-right"></i></p> </div> <div id="post-1729" class="clearfix post post-1729 type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-activedirectorysecurity category-microsoft-security category-security-conference-presentationvideo category-technical-reference tag-dcerpc tag-dcsync tag-dcsyncasuser tag-dcsyncrights tag-detectdcsync tag-domaincontrollerimpersonation tag-drsuapi tag-dsgetncchanges tag-dsinternals tag-gss-api tag-impacket tag-impersonatedc tag-mimikatz tag-mimikatzdcsync tag-replicatingdirectorychanges tag-replicatingdirectorychangesall tag-replicatingdirectorychangesinfilteredset item-wrap"> <div class="entry clearfix"> <div class="post-date date alpha with-year"> <p class="default_date"> <span class="month">Sep</span> <span class="day">25</span> <span class="year">2015</span> </p> </div> <h1 class="post-title entry-title"> Mimikatz DCSync Usage, Exploitation, and Detection </h1> <ul class="post-meta entry-meta clearfix"> <li class="byline"> By <span class="author"><a href="https://adsecurity.org/?author=2" rel="author">Sean Metcalf</a></span><span class="entry-cat"> in <span class="terms"><a class="term term-category term-565" href="https://adsecurity.org/?cat=565">ActiveDirectorySecurity</a>, <a class="term term-category term-11" href="https://adsecurity.org/?cat=11">Microsoft Security</a>, <a class="term term-category term-234" href="https://adsecurity.org/?cat=234">Security Conference Presentation/Video</a>, <a class="term term-category term-2" href="https://adsecurity.org/?cat=2">Technical Reference</a></span></span> </li> </ul> <div class="entry-content clearfix"> <p><a href="https://adsecurity.org/?p=1738">Note: I presented on this AD persistence method at DerbyCon (2015).</a></p> <p>A major feature added to Mimkatz in August 2015 is “DCSync” which effectively “impersonates” a Domain Controller and requests account password data from the targeted Domain Controller. DCSync was written by Benjamin Delpy and Vincent Le Toux.</p> <p>The exploit method prior to DCSync was to run Mimikatz or Invoke-Mimikatz on a Domain Controller to get the KRBTGT password hash to create Golden Tickets. With Mimikatz’s DCSync and the appropriate rights, the attacker can pull the password hash, as well as previous password hashes, from a Domain Controller over the network without requiring interactive logon or copying off the Active Directory database file (ntds.dit).</p> <p>Special rights are required to run DCSync. Any member of Administrators, Domain Admins, or Enterprise Admins as well as Domain Controller computer accounts are able to run DCSync to pull password data. Note that Read-Only Domain Controllers are not聽 allowed to pull password data for users by default.</p> <p><a href="https://adsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/Mimikatz-DCSync-UserRights-DCR-Administrator-500-Dump2.jpg"><img fetchpriority="high" decoding="async" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1730" src="https://adsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/Mimikatz-DCSync-UserRights-DCR-Administrator-500-Dump2.jpg" alt="Mimikatz-DCSync-UserRights-DCR-Administrator-500-Dump2" width="691" height="491" srcset="https://adsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/Mimikatz-DCSync-UserRights-DCR-Administrator-500-Dump2.jpg 691w, https://adsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/Mimikatz-DCSync-UserRights-DCR-Administrator-500-Dump2-300x213.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 691px) 100vw, 691px" /></a></p> <p>The credentials section in the graphic above shows the current NTLM hashes as well as the password history. This information can be valuable to an attacker since it can provide password creation strategies for users (if cracked).</p> <p><span id="more-1729"></span></p> <p><strong>Will’s post has great information on Red Team usage of Mimikatz DCSync:</strong><br /> <a href="http://www.harmj0y.net/blog/redteaming/mimikatz-and-dcsync-and-extrasids-oh-my/">Mimikatz and DCSync and ExtraSids, Oh My</a></p> <p> </p> <h4><b>How DCSync works:</b></h4> <ol> <li>Discovers Domain Controller in the specified domain name.</li> <li>Requests the Domain Controller replicate the user credentials via <a href="https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/dd207691.aspx">GetNCChanges </a>(leveraging <a href="https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc228086.aspx">Directory Replication Service (DRS) Remote Protocol</a>)</li> </ol> <p>I have previously done some packet captures for <a href="http://blogs.metcorpconsulting.com/tech/?p=923">Domain Controller replication</a> and identified the intra-DC communication flow regarding how Domain Controllers replicate.</p> <p>The Samba Wiki describes the <a href="https://wiki.samba.org/index.php/DRSUAPI">DSGetNCChanges function</a>:</p> <p><i>“The client DC sends a DSGetNCChanges request to the server when the first one wants to get AD objects updates from the second one. The response contains a set of updates that the client has to apply to its NC replica. </i></p> <p><i>It is possible that the set of updates is too large for only one response message. In those cases, multiple DSGetNCChanges requests and responses are done. This process is called replication cycle or simply cycle.”</i></p> <p><i>“When a DC receives a DSReplicaSync Request, then for each DC that it replicates from (stored in RepsFrom data structure) it performs a replication聽cycle where it behaves like a client and makes DSGetNCChanges requests to that DC. So it gets up-to-date AD objects from each of the DC’s which it replicates from.”</i></p> <p>From MSDN:</p> <blockquote> <div id="mainSection"> <div id="mainBody"> <div id="collapseableSection" class="section"> <p>The IDL_DRSGetNCChanges method replicates <a href="https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc228090.aspx#gt_b242435b-73cc-4c4e-95f0-b2a2ff680493">updates</a> from an <a href="https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc228090.aspx#gt_325d116f-cdbe-4dbd-b7e6-769ba75bf210">NC replica</a> on the server.</p> <div> <pre>聽ULONG IDL_DRSGetNCChanges( 聽 [in, ref] DRS_HANDLE hDrs, 聽 [in] DWORD dwInVersion, 聽 [in, ref, switch_is(dwInVersion)] 聽 DRS_MSG_GETCHGREQ* pmsgIn, 聽 [out, ref] DWORD* pdwOutVersion, 聽 [out, ref, switch_is(*pdwOutVersion)] 聽 DRS_MSG_GETCHGREPLY* pmsgOut 聽); </pre> </div> <p><strong>hDrs: </strong>The <a href="https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc228090.aspx#gt_8a7f6700-8311-45bc-af10-82e10accd331">RPC</a> context handle returned by the <a href="https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc228292.aspx">IDL_DRSBind</a> method.</p> <p><strong>dwInVersion: </strong>Version of the request message.</p> <p><strong>pmsgIn: </strong>A pointer to the request message.</p> <p><strong>pdwOutVersion: </strong>A pointer to the version of the response message.</p> <p><strong>pmsgOut: </strong>A pointer to the response message.</p> <p><strong>Return Values: </strong>0 if successful, otherwise a <a href="https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc228090.aspx#gt_459db7bd-5066-44e3-89c1-f0e4806b7a1b">Windows error code</a>.</p> <p><strong>Exceptions Thrown</strong>: This method might throw the following exceptions beyond those thrown by the underlying RPC protocol (as specified in <a href="https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc243560.aspx">[MS-RPCE]</a>): ERROR_INVALID_HANDLE, ERROR_DS_DRS_EXTENSIONS_CHANGED, ERROR_DS_DIFFERENT_REPL_EPOCHS, and聽 ERROR_INVALID_PARAMETER.</p> </div> </div> </div> </blockquote> <p> </p> <h4><b><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Delegating Rights to Pull Account data:</span></b></h4> <p>It is possible to use a regular domain user account to run DCSync. The combination of the following three rights need to be delegated at the domain level in order for the user account to successfully retrieve the password data with DCSync:</p> <ul> <li>Replicating Directory Changes (<a href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/previous-versions/windows/it-pro/windows-server-2003/cc772673(v=ws.10)">DS-Replication-Get-Changes</a>)<br /> <em>Extended right needed to replicate only those changes from a given NC that are also replicated to the Global Catalog (which excludes secret domain data). This constraint is only meaningful for Domain NCs.</em></li> <li>Replicating Directory Changes All (<a href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/previous-versions/windows/it-pro/windows-server-2003/cc772673(v=ws.10)">DS-Replication-Get-Changes-All</a>)<br /> <em>Control access right that allows the replication of all data in a given replication NC, including secret domain data.</em></li> <li><em>Replicating Directory Changes In Filtered Set (rare, only required in some environments)</em></li> </ul> <p><a href="https://adsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/Mimikatz-DCSync-UserRights-DCR-DomainPermissionsConfig.jpg"><img decoding="async" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1731" src="https://adsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/Mimikatz-DCSync-UserRights-DCR-DomainPermissionsConfig.jpg" alt="Mimikatz-DCSync-UserRights-DCR-DomainPermissionsConfig" width="401" height="376" srcset="https://adsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/Mimikatz-DCSync-UserRights-DCR-DomainPermissionsConfig.jpg 401w, https://adsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/Mimikatz-DCSync-UserRights-DCR-DomainPermissionsConfig-300x281.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 401px) 100vw, 401px" /></a></p> <p><em>Note that members of the Administrators and Domain Controller groups have these rights by default.</em></p> <p><a href="https://adsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/DCSync-ADDomain-DefaultRights.png"><img decoding="async" class="alignnone wp-image-2876" src="https://adsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/DCSync-ADDomain-DefaultRights.png" alt="DCSync-ADDomain-DefaultRights" width="394" height="298" srcset="https://adsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/DCSync-ADDomain-DefaultRights.png 637w, https://adsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/DCSync-ADDomain-DefaultRights-300x227.png 300w" sizes="(max-width: 394px) 100vw, 394px" /></a></p> <h4><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><strong>Pulling Password Data Using DCSync</strong></span></h4> <p>Once the account is delegated the ability to replicate objects, the account can run Mimikatz DCSync:</p> <blockquote><p>mimikatz “lsadump::dcsync /domain:rd.adsecurity.org /user:krbtgt”</p></blockquote> <p> </p> <p><a href="https://adsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/Mimikatz-DCSync-UserRights-DCR-KRBTGT-Dump.jpg"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1926" src="https://adsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/Mimikatz-DCSync-UserRights-DCR-KRBTGT-Dump.jpg" alt="Mimikatz-DCSync-UserRights-DCR-KRBTGT-Dump" width="690" height="501" srcset="https://adsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/Mimikatz-DCSync-UserRights-DCR-KRBTGT-Dump.jpg 690w, https://adsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/Mimikatz-DCSync-UserRights-DCR-KRBTGT-Dump-300x218.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 690px) 100vw, 690px" /></a><br /> Targeting an admin account with DCSync can also provide the account’s password history (in hash format). Since there are LMHashes listed it may be possible to crack these and gain insight into the password strategy the admin uses. This may provide the attacker to guess the next password the admin uses if access is lost.</p> <blockquote><p>mimikatz “lsadump::dcsync /domain:rd.adsecurity.org /user:Administrator”</p></blockquote> <p><a href="https://adsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/Mimikatz-DCSync-UserRights-DCR-Administrator-500-Dump2-021.jpg"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1927" src="https://adsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/Mimikatz-DCSync-UserRights-DCR-Administrator-500-Dump2-021.jpg" alt="Mimikatz-DCSync-UserRights-DCR-Administrator-500-Dump2-02" width="691" height="491" srcset="https://adsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/Mimikatz-DCSync-UserRights-DCR-Administrator-500-Dump2-021.jpg 691w, https://adsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/Mimikatz-DCSync-UserRights-DCR-Administrator-500-Dump2-021-300x213.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 691px) 100vw, 691px" /></a></p> <p> </p> <h4><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><b>Detecting DCSync usage</b></span></h4> <p>While there may be event activity that could be used to identify DCSync usage, the best detection method is through network monitoring.</p> <p><strong>Step 1: Identify all Domain Controller IP addresses and add to “Replication Allow List”.</strong></p> <p><span style="text-decoration: underline;">PowerShell Active Directory module cmdlet:</span></p> <blockquote><p>Get-ADDomainController -filter * | select IPv4Address</p></blockquote> <p><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><br /> PowerShell:</span></p> <blockquote><p>[System.DirectoryServices.ActiveDirectory.Domain]::GetCurrentDomain().DomainControllers | select IPAddress</p></blockquote> <p><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><br /> Nslookup (if DC runs DNS):</span></p> <blockquote><p>nslookup<br /> Set type=all<br /> _ldap._tcp.dc._msdcs.DOMAIN.COM</p></blockquote> <p> </p> <p><strong>Step 2: Configure IDS to trigger if DsGetNCChange request originates an IP not on the “Replication Allow List” (list of DC IPs).</strong></p> <p><a href="https://adsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/Mimikatz-DCSync-KRBTGT-PacketCapture-DSGetNCChanges.jpg"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1733" src="https://adsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/Mimikatz-DCSync-KRBTGT-PacketCapture-DSGetNCChanges.jpg" alt="Mimikatz-DCSync-KRBTGT-PacketCapture-DSGetNCChanges" width="1011" height="383" srcset="https://adsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/Mimikatz-DCSync-KRBTGT-PacketCapture-DSGetNCChanges.jpg 1011w, https://adsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/Mimikatz-DCSync-KRBTGT-PacketCapture-DSGetNCChanges-300x114.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 1011px) 100vw, 1011px" /></a></p> <p><a href="https://adsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/Mimikatz-DCSync-KRBTGT-PacketCapture-DSGetNCChanges02.jpg"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1732" src="https://adsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/Mimikatz-DCSync-KRBTGT-PacketCapture-DSGetNCChanges02.jpg" alt="Mimikatz-DCSync-KRBTGT-PacketCapture-DSGetNCChanges02" width="1002" height="474" srcset="https://adsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/Mimikatz-DCSync-KRBTGT-PacketCapture-DSGetNCChanges02.jpg 1002w, https://adsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/Mimikatz-DCSync-KRBTGT-PacketCapture-DSGetNCChanges02-300x142.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 1002px) 100vw, 1002px" /></a></p> <p>There are other tools that perform this same process so it’s better to focus on detecting the method instead of specific artifacts.</p> <p>Other tools that leverage GetNCChanges</p> <ul> <li>Impacket: <a href="https://github.com/CoreSecurity/impacket">https://github.com/CoreSecurity/impacket</a></li> <li>DSInternals: <a href="https://www.dsinternals.com/en/retrieving-active-directory-passwords-remotely/">https://www.dsinternals.com/en/retrieving-active-directory-passwords-remotely/</a></li> </ul> <p>Note that Full Control rights at the domain provides these rights as well, so limit who has domain-level admin rights.</p> <p> </p> <h4><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><b>References:</b></span></h4> <ul> <li><a href="https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/dd207691.aspx">MSDN GetNCChanges</a></li> <li><a href="https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/kb/303972">How to grant the “Replicating Directory Changes” permission for the Microsoft Metadirectory Services ADMA service account </a></li> <li><a href="https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/Hh296982.aspx">Grant Active Directory Domain Services permissions for profile synchronization in SharePoint Server 2013</a></li> <li><a href="http://support.microsoft.com/kb/891995">How to poll for object attribute changes in Active Directory on Windows 2000 and Windows Server 2003聽 </a></li> <li><a href="https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms677626%28v=vs.85%29.aspx">Polling for Changes Using the DirSync Control </a></li> <li><a href="http://www.harmj0y.net/blog/redteaming/mimikatz-and-dcsync-and-extrasids-oh-my/">Mimikatz and DCSync and ExtraSids, Oh My</a></li> </ul> <p> </p> <div class="tptn_counter" id="tptn_counter_1729">(Visited 196,370 times, 38 visits today)</div> </div> <ul class="entry-footer"> <li class="post-tags col-sm-8"><i class="fa fa-tags" title="Tags"></i> <span class="terms"><a class="term term-tagpost_tag term-612" href="https://adsecurity.org/?tag=dcerpc">DCE/RPC</a>, <a class="term term-tagpost_tag term-598" href="https://adsecurity.org/?tag=dcsync">DCSync</a>, <a class="term term-tagpost_tag term-605" href="https://adsecurity.org/?tag=dcsyncasuser">DCSyncAsUser</a>, <a class="term term-tagpost_tag term-604" href="https://adsecurity.org/?tag=dcsyncrights">DCSyncRights</a>, <a class="term term-tagpost_tag term-603" href="https://adsecurity.org/?tag=detectdcsync">DetectDCSync</a>, <a class="term term-tagpost_tag term-610" href="https://adsecurity.org/?tag=domaincontrollerimpersonation">DomainControllerImpersonation</a>, <a class="term term-tagpost_tag term-609" href="https://adsecurity.org/?tag=drsuapi">DRSUAPI</a>, <a class="term term-tagpost_tag term-600" href="https://adsecurity.org/?tag=dsgetncchanges">DSGetNCChanges</a>, <a class="term term-tagpost_tag term-602" href="https://adsecurity.org/?tag=dsinternals">DSInternals</a>, <a class="term term-tagpost_tag term-613" href="https://adsecurity.org/?tag=gss-api">GSS-API</a>, <a class="term term-tagpost_tag term-601" href="https://adsecurity.org/?tag=impacket">Impacket</a>, <a class="term term-tagpost_tag term-611" href="https://adsecurity.org/?tag=impersonatedc">ImpersonateDC</a>, <a class="term term-tagpost_tag term-207" href="https://adsecurity.org/?tag=mimikatz">mimikatz</a>, <a class="term term-tagpost_tag term-599" href="https://adsecurity.org/?tag=mimikatzdcsync">MimikatzDCSync</a>, <a class="term term-tagpost_tag term-606" href="https://adsecurity.org/?tag=replicatingdirectorychanges">ReplicatingDirectoryChanges</a>, <a class="term term-tagpost_tag term-607" href="https://adsecurity.org/?tag=replicatingdirectorychangesall">ReplicatingDirectoryChangesALL</a>, <a class="term term-tagpost_tag term-608" href="https://adsecurity.org/?tag=replicatingdirectorychangesinfilteredset">ReplicatingDirectoryChangesInFilteredSet</a></span></li> <li class="addthis col-sm-8"><div class="add-this"></div></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="entry-author"> <div class="row"> <div class="author-avatar col-sm-3"> <a href="https://adsecurity.org/?author=2" rel="author"> <img alt='' src='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/1f3ad5e878e5d0e6096c5a33718a04d0?s=200&d=mm&r=g' srcset='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/1f3ad5e878e5d0e6096c5a33718a04d0?s=400&d=mm&r=g 2x' class='avatar avatar-200 photo' height='200' width='200' loading='lazy' decoding='async'/> </a> </div> <div class="author-bio col-sm-9"> <h3 class="section-title-sm">Sean Metcalf</h3> <p>I improve security for enterprises around the world working for TrimarcSecurity.com<br /> Read the About page (top left) for information about me. :)<br /> https://adsecurity.org/?page_id=8</p> <ul class="author-social"> <li><a href="mailto:sean@adsecurity.org"><i class="fa fa-envelope-o"></i></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="sidebar1" class="sidebar sidebar-right widget-area col-md-4"> <div id="recent-posts-4" class="sidebar-wrap widget_recent_entries"> <h3>Recent Posts</h3> <ul> <li> <a href="https://adsecurity.org/?p=4436">BSides Dublin – The Current State of Microsoft Identity Security: Common Security Issues and Misconfigurations – Sean Metcalf</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://adsecurity.org/?p=4434">DEFCON 2017: Transcript – Hacking the Cloud</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://adsecurity.org/?p=4432">Detecting the Elusive: Active Directory Threat Hunting</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://adsecurity.org/?p=4430">Detecting Kerberoasting Activity</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://adsecurity.org/?p=4428">Detecting Password Spraying with Security Event Auditing</a> </li> </ul> </div><div id="text-3" class="sidebar-wrap widget_text"><h3>Trimarc Active Directory Security Services</h3> <div class="textwidget">Have concerns about your Active Directory environment? Trimarc helps enterprises improve their security posture. <p> <a href="http://trimarcsecurity.com/security-services">Find out how...</a> TrimarcSecurity.com</div> </div><div id="widget_tptn_pop-4" class="sidebar-wrap tptn_posts_list_widget"><h3>Popular Posts</h3><div class="tptn_posts tptn_posts_widget tptn_posts_widget4"><ul><li><span class="tptn_after_thumb"><a href="https://adsecurity.org/?p=478" class="tptn_link"><span class="tptn_title">PowerShell Encoding & Decoding (Base64)</span></a></span></li><li><span class="tptn_after_thumb"><a href="https://adsecurity.org/?p=2362" class="tptn_link"><span class="tptn_title">Attack Methods for Gaining Domain Admin Rights in…</span></a></span></li><li><span class="tptn_after_thumb"><a href="https://adsecurity.org/?p=483" class="tptn_link"><span class="tptn_title">Kerberos & KRBTGT: Active Directory’s…</span></a></span></li><li><span class="tptn_after_thumb"><a href="https://adsecurity.org/?p=2288" class="tptn_link"><span 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tag-link-position-11" style="font-size: 15.216494845361pt;" aria-label="DomainController (18 items)">DomainController</a> <a href="https://adsecurity.org/?tag=goldenticket" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-303 tag-link-position-12" style="font-size: 11.175257731959pt;" aria-label="GoldenTicket (9 items)">GoldenTicket</a> <a href="https://adsecurity.org/?tag=grouppolicy" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-196 tag-link-position-13" style="font-size: 8pt;" aria-label="GroupPolicy (5 items)">GroupPolicy</a> <a href="https://adsecurity.org/?tag=hyperv" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-3 tag-link-position-14" style="font-size: 8pt;" aria-label="HyperV (5 items)">HyperV</a> <a href="https://adsecurity.org/?tag=invoke-mimikatz" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-336 tag-link-position-15" style="font-size: 10.453608247423pt;" aria-label="Invoke-Mimikatz (8 items)">Invoke-Mimikatz</a> <a href="https://adsecurity.org/?tag=kb3011780" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-337 tag-link-position-16" style="font-size: 9.7319587628866pt;" aria-label="KB3011780 (7 items)">KB3011780</a> <a href="https://adsecurity.org/?tag=kdc" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-80 tag-link-position-17" style="font-size: 8pt;" aria-label="KDC (5 items)">KDC</a> <a href="https://adsecurity.org/?tag=kerberos" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-81 tag-link-position-18" style="font-size: 15.216494845361pt;" aria-label="Kerberos (18 items)">Kerberos</a> <a href="https://adsecurity.org/?tag=kerberoshacking" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-298 tag-link-position-19" style="font-size: 11.752577319588pt;" aria-label="KerberosHacking (10 items)">KerberosHacking</a> <a href="https://adsecurity.org/?tag=krbtgt" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-394 tag-link-position-20" style="font-size: 9.7319587628866pt;" aria-label="KRBTGT (7 items)">KRBTGT</a> <a href="https://adsecurity.org/?tag=laps" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-631 tag-link-position-21" style="font-size: 9.0103092783505pt;" aria-label="LAPS (6 items)">LAPS</a> <a href="https://adsecurity.org/?tag=lsass" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-71 tag-link-position-22" style="font-size: 11.175257731959pt;" aria-label="LSASS (9 items)">LSASS</a> <a href="https://adsecurity.org/?tag=mcm" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-6 tag-link-position-23" style="font-size: 14.061855670103pt;" aria-label="MCM (15 items)">MCM</a> <a href="https://adsecurity.org/?tag=microsoftemet" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-58 tag-link-position-24" style="font-size: 11.175257731959pt;" aria-label="MicrosoftEMET (9 items)">MicrosoftEMET</a> <a href="https://adsecurity.org/?tag=microsoftwindows" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-102 tag-link-position-25" style="font-size: 9.7319587628866pt;" aria-label="MicrosoftWindows (7 items)">MicrosoftWindows</a> <a href="https://adsecurity.org/?tag=mimikatz" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-207 tag-link-position-26" style="font-size: 18.103092783505pt;" aria-label="mimikatz (29 items)">mimikatz</a> <a href="https://adsecurity.org/?tag=ms14068" 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class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-69 tag-link-position-32" style="font-size: 8pt;" aria-label="PowerShellv5 (5 items)">PowerShellv5</a> <a href="https://adsecurity.org/?tag=powersploit" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-232 tag-link-position-33" style="font-size: 10.453608247423pt;" aria-label="PowerSploit (8 items)">PowerSploit</a> <a href="https://adsecurity.org/?tag=presentation" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-422 tag-link-position-34" style="font-size: 9.7319587628866pt;" aria-label="Presentation (7 items)">Presentation</a> <a href="https://adsecurity.org/?tag=security" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-576 tag-link-position-35" style="font-size: 8pt;" aria-label="Security (5 items)">Security</a> <a href="https://adsecurity.org/?tag=silverticket" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-304 tag-link-position-36" style="font-size: 11.175257731959pt;" aria-label="SilverTicket (9 items)">SilverTicket</a> <a href="https://adsecurity.org/?tag=sneakyadpersistence" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-596 tag-link-position-37" style="font-size: 9.0103092783505pt;" aria-label="SneakyADPersistence (6 items)">SneakyADPersistence</a> <a href="https://adsecurity.org/?tag=spn" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-294 tag-link-position-38" style="font-size: 9.0103092783505pt;" aria-label="SPN (6 items)">SPN</a> <a href="https://adsecurity.org/?tag=tgs" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-528 tag-link-position-39" style="font-size: 9.0103092783505pt;" aria-label="TGS (6 items)">TGS</a> <a href="https://adsecurity.org/?tag=tgt" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-529 tag-link-position-40" style="font-size: 9.0103092783505pt;" aria-label="TGT (6 items)">TGT</a> <a href="https://adsecurity.org/?tag=windows7" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-117 tag-link-position-41" style="font-size: 8pt;" aria-label="Windows7 (5 items)">Windows7</a> <a href="https://adsecurity.org/?tag=windows10" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-494 tag-link-position-42" style="font-size: 10.453608247423pt;" aria-label="Windows10 (8 items)">Windows10</a> <a href="https://adsecurity.org/?tag=windowsserver2008r2" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-46 tag-link-position-43" style="font-size: 9.0103092783505pt;" aria-label="WindowsServer2008R2 (6 items)">WindowsServer2008R2</a> <a href="https://adsecurity.org/?tag=windowsserver2012" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-47 tag-link-position-44" style="font-size: 11.175257731959pt;" aria-label="WindowsServer2012 (9 items)">WindowsServer2012</a> <a href="https://adsecurity.org/?tag=windowsserver2012r2" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-54 tag-link-position-45" style="font-size: 9.7319587628866pt;" aria-label="WindowsServer2012R2 (7 items)">WindowsServer2012R2</a></div> </div><div id="search-2" class="sidebar-wrap widget_search"><form class="searchform" method="get" action="https://adsecurity.org"> <div class="input-group"> <div class="form-group live-search-input"> <label for="s" class="screen-reader-text">Search for:</label> <input type="text" id="s" name="s" class="form-control" placeholder="Search"> </div> <span class="input-group-btn"> <button class="btn btn-default" type="submit"><i class="fa fa-search"></i></button> </span> </div> </form></div> <div id="recent-posts-2" class="sidebar-wrap widget_recent_entries"> <h3>Recent Posts</h3> <ul> <li> <a href="https://adsecurity.org/?p=4436">BSides Dublin – The Current State of Microsoft Identity Security: Common Security Issues and Misconfigurations – Sean Metcalf</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://adsecurity.org/?p=4434">DEFCON 2017: Transcript – Hacking the Cloud</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://adsecurity.org/?p=4432">Detecting the Elusive: Active Directory Threat Hunting</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://adsecurity.org/?p=4430">Detecting Kerberoasting Activity</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://adsecurity.org/?p=4428">Detecting Password Spraying with Security Event Auditing</a> </li> </ul> </div><div id="recent-comments-2" class="sidebar-wrap widget_recent_comments"><h3>Recent Comments</h3><ul id="recentcomments"><li class="recentcomments"><span class="comment-author-link">Derek</span> on <a href="https://adsecurity.org/?p=3592#comment-13603">Attacking Read-Only Domain Controllers (RODCs) to Own Active Directory</a></li><li class="recentcomments"><span class="comment-author-link"><a href="https://ADSecurity.org" class="url" rel="ugc">Sean Metcalf</a></span> on <a href="https://adsecurity.org/?p=3782#comment-13545">Securing Microsoft Active Directory Federation Server (ADFS)</a></li><li class="recentcomments"><span class="comment-author-link">Brad</span> on <a href="https://adsecurity.org/?p=3782#comment-13544">Securing Microsoft Active Directory Federation Server (ADFS)</a></li><li class="recentcomments"><span class="comment-author-link">Joonas</span> on <a href="https://adsecurity.org/?p=3719#comment-13229">Gathering AD Data with the Active Directory PowerShell Module</a></li><li class="recentcomments"><span class="comment-author-link"><a href="https://ADSecurity.org" class="url" rel="ugc">Sean Metcalf</a></span> on <a href="https://adsecurity.org/?p=3719#comment-13215">Gathering AD Data with the Active Directory PowerShell Module</a></li></ul></div><div id="archives-2" class="sidebar-wrap widget_archive"><h3>Archives</h3> <ul> <li><a href='https://adsecurity.org/?m=202406'>June 2024</a></li> <li><a href='https://adsecurity.org/?m=202405'>May 2024</a></li> <li><a href='https://adsecurity.org/?m=202005'>May 2020</a></li> <li><a href='https://adsecurity.org/?m=202001'>January 2020</a></li> <li><a href='https://adsecurity.org/?m=201908'>August 2019</a></li> <li><a href='https://adsecurity.org/?m=201903'>March 2019</a></li> <li><a href='https://adsecurity.org/?m=201902'>February 2019</a></li> <li><a href='https://adsecurity.org/?m=201810'>October 2018</a></li> <li><a href='https://adsecurity.org/?m=201808'>August 2018</a></li> <li><a href='https://adsecurity.org/?m=201805'>May 2018</a></li> <li><a href='https://adsecurity.org/?m=201801'>January 2018</a></li> <li><a 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