CINXE.COM
<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8" content="text/html;charset=utf-8;"> <title data-react-helmet="true" property="og:title">brake | Etymology of brake by etymonline</title> <meta data-react-helmet="true" http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge,chrome=1"/><meta data-react-helmet="true" name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"/><meta data-react-helmet="true" name="apple-mobile-web-app-capable" content="yes"/><meta data-react-helmet="true" name="theme-color" content="#83001d"/><meta data-react-helmet="true" name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#83001d"/><meta data-react-helmet="true" name="msapplication-TileImage" content="/ms-icon-144x144.png"/><meta data-react-helmet="true" name="description" property="og:description" content=""instrument for crushing or pounding," from Middle Dutch braeke "flax brake," from breken… See origin and meaning of brake."/><meta data-react-helmet="true" property="og:image" content="https://www.etymonline.com/graphics/header.jpg"/><meta data-react-helmet="true" name="twitter:card" content="summary"/> <link data-react-helmet="true" rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="https://www.etymonline.com/opensearch.xml" title="Etymonline Search"/><link data-react-helmet="true" rel="chrome-webstore-item" href="https://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/giehjnnlopapngdjbjjgddpaagoimmgl"/><link data-react-helmet="true" rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="57x57" href="https://cdn.etymonline.com/projects/etymonline-main-v3/favicon/apple-icon-57x57.png"/><link data-react-helmet="true" rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="60x60" href="https://cdn.etymonline.com/projects/etymonline-main-v3/favicon/apple-icon-60x60.png"/><link data-react-helmet="true" rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="72x72" href="https://cdn.etymonline.com/projects/etymonline-main-v3/favicon/apple-icon-72x72.png"/><link data-react-helmet="true" rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="76x76" href="https://cdn.etymonline.com/projects/etymonline-main-v3/favicon/apple-icon-76x76.png"/><link data-react-helmet="true" rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="114x114" href="https://cdn.etymonline.com/projects/etymonline-main-v3/favicon/apple-icon-114x114.png"/><link data-react-helmet="true" rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="120x120" href="https://cdn.etymonline.com/projects/etymonline-main-v3/favicon/apple-icon-120x120.png"/><link data-react-helmet="true" rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="144x144" href="https://cdn.etymonline.com/projects/etymonline-main-v3/favicon/apple-icon-144x144.png"/><link data-react-helmet="true" rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="152x152" href="https://cdn.etymonline.com/projects/etymonline-main-v3/favicon/apple-icon-152x152.png"/><link data-react-helmet="true" rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="https://cdn.etymonline.com/projects/etymonline-main-v3/favicon/apple-icon-180x180.png"/><link data-react-helmet="true" rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="192x192" href="https://cdn.etymonline.com/projects/etymonline-main-v3/favicon/android-icon-192x192.png"/><link data-react-helmet="true" rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="https://cdn.etymonline.com/projects/etymonline-main-v3/favicon/favicon-32x32.png"/><link data-react-helmet="true" rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="96x96" href="https://cdn.etymonline.com/projects/etymonline-main-v3/favicon/favicon-96x96.png"/><link data-react-helmet="true" rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="https://cdn.etymonline.com/projects/etymonline-main-v3/favicon/favicon-16x16.png"/><link data-react-helmet="true" rel="manifest" href="/manifest.json"/><link data-react-helmet="true" type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdn.etymonline.com/projects/etymonline-main-v3/fontawesome/css/font-awesome.min.css"/><link data-react-helmet="true" type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdn.etymonline.com/projects/etymonline-main-v3/style.1ca52a5f895b4c08a29e26a206c2dacb.css"/><link data-react-helmet="true" rel="canonical" href="https://www.etymonline.com/word/brake"/><link data-react-helmet="true" rel="alternate" hrefLang="en" href="https://www.etymonline.com/word/brake"/><link data-react-helmet="true" rel="alternate" hrefLang="zh" href="https://www.etymonline.com/cn/word/brake"/><link data-react-helmet="true" rel="alternate" hrefLang="de" href="https://www.etymonline.com/de/word/brake"/><link data-react-helmet="true" rel="alternate" hrefLang="es" href="https://www.etymonline.com/es/word/brake"/><link data-react-helmet="true" rel="alternate" hrefLang="fr" href="https://www.etymonline.com/fr/word/brake"/><link data-react-helmet="true" rel="alternate" hrefLang="it" href="https://www.etymonline.com/it/word/brake"/><link data-react-helmet="true" rel="alternate" hrefLang="ja" href="https://www.etymonline.com/jp/word/brake"/><link data-react-helmet="true" rel="alternate" hrefLang="ko" href="https://www.etymonline.com/kr/word/brake"/><link data-react-helmet="true" rel="alternate" hrefLang="pt" href="https://www.etymonline.com/pt/word/brake"/><link data-react-helmet="true" rel="alternate" hrefLang="zh-TW" href="https://www.etymonline.com/tw/word/brake"/><link data-react-helmet="true" rel="alternate" hrefLang="x-default" href="https://www.etymonline.com/word/brake"/> <style data-react-helmet="true" type="text/css">@-webkit-keyframes slideDown{0%{-webkit-transform:translateY(0);transform:translateY(0)}100%{-webkit-transform:translateY(100%);transform:translateY(100%)}}@keyframes slideDown{0%{-webkit-transform:translateY(0);transform:translateY(0)}100%{-webkit-transform:translateY(100%);transform:translateY(100%)}}@-webkit-keyframes slideUp{0%{-webkit-transform:translateY(100%);transform:translateY(100%)}100%{-webkit-transform:translateY(0);transform:translateY(0)}}@keyframes slideUp{0%{-webkit-transform:translateY(100%);transform:translateY(100%)}100%{-webkit-transform:translateY(0);transform:translateY(0)}}</style> <script async src="https://securepubads.g.doubleclick.net/tag/js/gpt.js"></script><script>window.googletag = window.googletag || {cmd: []};</script> </head> <body> <div id="root"><div data-reactroot=""><div class="container--1mazc"><div class="header header--1Mejf header__vanila--2dqaM header--top header__sticky--1w7Bc"><div class="header__vanila__container--CElq1"><div class="ant-row"><div class="ant-col-sm-17"><div class="inner--7ZeMs" data-role="header-inner"><div class="header__logo--12Lje" data-role="header-logo"><a href="/" title="Etymology"><img class="header__logo__image--2avl2" src="https://cdn.etymonline.com/web/logo.png" alt="Etymology"/></a></div><div class="header__searchbar--3yKr5" data-role="header-searchbar"><div class="searchform"><form class="searchbar--3dK8Z searchbar" action="/search"><div role="combobox" aria-haspopup="listbox" aria-owns="react-autowhatever-1" aria-expanded="false" class="searchbar__container--2VZd7"><input type="text" value="" autoComplete="off" aria-autocomplete="list" aria-controls="react-autowhatever-1" class="searchbar__input--3L4IY" id="search-bar-text-input" placeholder="Search" name="q" required="" autoCapitalize="off" autoCorrect="off" title="Type a word to search."/><div id="react-autowhatever-1" role="listbox"></div></div><div class="search-clear"><i class="fa fa-times-circle"></i></div><input type="submit" title="Search" value="" class="searchbar__button--3luO1"/></form></div></div></div></div><div class="ant-col-sm-6 ant-col-sm-offset-1"><div class="userInfo--3pEnp"><a class="userInfo_login--1peTS" href="/web/login?redirect_uri=%2Fword%2Fbrake" rel="nofollow">Log in</a></div></div></div></div></div><div class="main main--10rAd" data-role="content-main"><div class="ant-row-flex ant-row-flex-space-around"><div class="ant-col-xs-24 ant-col-sm-24 ant-col-md-24 ant-col-lg-17"><div data-ad-container="true" class="adContainer--6CVz1 vertical"><span class="adLabel--35hfi">Advertisement</span><div id="div-gpt-ad-pc-wd-top" style="min-width:728px;min-height:90px"></div></div><div class="word--C9UPa"><div><div class="" style="position:relative"><h1 title="Origin and meaning of brake" class="word__name--TTbAA">brake<!-- --> <!-- -->(n.1)</h1><section class="word__defination--2q7ZH"><p>mid-15c., "instrument for crushing or pounding," from Middle Dutch <span class="foreign notranslate">braeke</span> "flax brake," from <span class="foreign notranslate">breken</span> "to break" (see <a href="/word/break#etymonline_v_17079" title="Etymology, meaning and definition of break " class="crossreference notranslate">break</a> (v.)). The word was applied to many crushing implements, especially the tool for breaking up the woody part of flax to loosen the fibers. It also was applied to the ring through the nose of a draught ox. It was influenced in sense by Old French <span class="foreign notranslate">brac</span>, a form of <span class="foreign notranslate">bras</span> "an arm," thus the sense "a lever or handle," which was being used in English from late 14c., and "a bridle or curb" (early 15c.).</p> <p>One or the other sense or a convergence of all of them yielded the main modern meaning "mechanical device for arresting the motion of a wheel," which is attested by 1772.</p></section><div class="word__firstRecorded--3lZB8">also from<!-- --> <a rel="nofollow" class="word__firstRecorded_time--28qNE" href="/search?sort=a&q=from:mid-15c.">mid-15c.</a></div></div></div></div><div class="word--C9UPa"><div><div class="" style="position:relative"><div id="etymonline_v_32625" style="position:absolute;top:-100px"></div><p title="Origin and meaning of brake" class="word__name--TTbAA">brake<!-- --> <!-- -->(n.2)</p><section class="word__defination--2q7ZH"><p>kind of fern, early 14c.; see <a href="/word/bracken" title="Etymology, meaning and definition of bracken " class="crossreference notranslate">bracken</a>.</p></section><div class="word__firstRecorded--3lZB8">also from<!-- --> <a rel="nofollow" class="word__firstRecorded_time--28qNE" href="/search?sort=a&q=from:early%2014c.">early 14c.</a></div></div></div></div><div class="word--C9UPa"><div><div class="" style="position:relative"><div id="etymonline_v_32626" style="position:absolute;top:-100px"></div><p title="Origin and meaning of brake" class="word__name--TTbAA">brake<!-- --> <!-- -->(v.)</p><section class="word__defination--2q7ZH"><p>"to apply a brake to a wheel," 1868, from <a href="/word/brake#etymonline_v_15717" title="Etymology, meaning and definition of brake " class="crossreference notranslate">brake</a> (n.1). Earlier, "to beat flax" (late 14c.). Related: <span class="foreign notranslate">Braked</span>; <span class="foreign notranslate">braking</span>.</p></section><div class="word__firstRecorded--3lZB8">also from<!-- --> <a rel="nofollow" class="word__firstRecorded_time--28qNE" href="/search?sort=a&q=from:1868">1868</a></div></div></div></div><div class="word--C9UPa"><div><div class="" style="position:relative"><div id="etymonline_v_53019" style="position:absolute;top:-100px"></div><p title="Origin and meaning of brake" class="word__name--TTbAA">brake<!-- --> <!-- -->(n.3)</p><section class="word__defination--2q7ZH"><p>"thicket; place overgrown with bushes, brambles, or brushwood," mid-15c., originally "fern-brake, thicket of fern," perhaps from or related to Middle Low German <span class="foreign notranslate">brake</span> "rough or broken ground," from the root of <a href="/word/break#etymonline_v_17079" title="Etymology, meaning and definition of break " class="crossreference notranslate">break</a> (v.). Or, more likely, from Middle English <span class="foreign notranslate">brake</span> "fern" (c. 1300), from Old Norse (compare Swedish <span class="foreign notranslate">bräken</span>, Danish <span class="foreign notranslate">bregne</span>), and related to <a href="/word/bracken" title="Etymology, meaning and definition of bracken " class="crossreference notranslate">bracken</a>. In the U.S., the word was applied to cane thickets.</p></section><div class="word__firstRecorded--3lZB8">also from<!-- --> <a rel="nofollow" class="word__firstRecorded_time--28qNE" href="/search?sort=a&q=from:mid-15c.">mid-15c.</a></div></div></div></div><div class="related--32LCi"><h3 class="h3_title" title="words related to brake">Entries linking to <i>brake</i></h3><div class="related__details--2kumU"><div class="word--C9UPa word_4pc--2SZw8"><div><a class="word__name--TTbAA word_thumbnail__name--1khEg" style="margin-bottom:5px;display:block" title="Origin and meaning of bracken" href="/word/bracken#etymonline_v_15706">bracken<!-- --> <!-- -->(n.)<span class="word_thumbnail__name_icon--2RFFN"><i class="fa fa-chevron-right" style="font-size:16px"></i></span></a><div class="word__etymology_expand--1s7tE"><section class="word__defination--2q7ZH undefined"><div></div><p>"coarse fern," c. 1300, a northern England word, probably from a Scandinavian source (compare Danish <span class="foreign notranslate">bregne</span>, Swedish <span class="foreign notranslate">bräken</span> "fern"), from Proto-Germanic <span class="foreign notranslate">*brak-</span> "undergrowth, bushes," from PIE root <a href="/word/*bhreg-" title="Etymology, meaning and definition of *bhreg- " rel="nofollow" class="crossreference notranslate">*bhreg-</a> "to break" on the notion of "that which impedes motion" [Watkins].</p></section></div></div><div style="clear:both"></div></div><div class="word--C9UPa word_4pc--2SZw8"><div><a class="word__name--TTbAA word_thumbnail__name--1khEg" style="margin-bottom:5px;display:block" title="Origin and meaning of break" href="/word/break#etymonline_v_17079">break<!-- --> <!-- -->(v.)<span class="word_thumbnail__name_icon--2RFFN"><i class="fa fa-chevron-right" style="font-size:16px"></i></span></a><div class="word__etymology_expand--1s7tE"><section class="word__defination--2q7ZH undefined"><div></div><p>Old English <span class="foreign notranslate">brecan</span> "to divide solid matter violently into parts or fragments; to injure, violate (a promise, etc.), destroy, curtail; to break into, rush into; to burst forth, spring out; to subdue, tame" (class IV strong verb; past tense <span class="foreign notranslate">bræc</span>, past participle <span class="foreign notranslate">brocen</span>), from Proto-Germanic <span class="foreign notranslate">*brekanan</span> (source also of Old Frisian <span class="foreign notranslate">breka</span>, Dutch <span class="foreign notranslate">breken</span>, Old High German <span class="foreign notranslate">brehhan</span>, German <span class="foreign notranslate">brechen</span>, Gothic <span class="foreign notranslate">brikan</span>), from PIE root <a href="/word/*bhreg-" title="Etymology, meaning and definition of *bhreg- " rel="nofollow" class="crossreference notranslate">*bhreg-</a> "to break."</p> <p>Closely related to <a href="/word/breach#etymonline_v_17076" title="Etymology, meaning and definition of breach " class="crossreference notranslate">breach</a> (n.), <a href="/word/brake#etymonline_v_15717" title="Etymology, meaning and definition of brake " class="crossreference notranslate">brake</a> (n.1), <a href="/word/brick#etymonline_v_17102" title="Etymology, meaning and definition of brick " class="crossreference notranslate">brick</a> (n.). The old past tense <span class="foreign notranslate">brake</span> is obsolete or archaic; the past participle is <a href="/word/broken" title="Etymology, meaning and definition of broken " class="crossreference notranslate">broken</a>, but shortened form <span class="foreign notranslate">broke</span> is attested from 14c. and was "exceedingly common" [OED] 17c.-18c.</p> <p>Of bones in Old English. Formerly also of cloth, paper, etc. The meaning "escape by breaking an enclosure" is from late 14c. The intransitive sense of "be or become separated into fragments or parts under action of some force" is from late 12c. The meaning "lessen, impair" is from late 15c. That of "make a first and partial disclosure" is from early 13c. The sense of "destroy continuity or completeness" in any way is from 1741. Of coins or bills, "to convert to smaller units of currency," by 1882.</p> <p>In reference to the heart from early 13c. (intransitive); to <span class="foreign notranslate"><strong>break (someone's) heart</strong></span> is late 14c. <span class="foreign notranslate"><strong>Break bread</strong></span> "share food" (with) is from late 14c. To <span class="foreign notranslate"><strong>break ground</strong></span> is from 1670s as "to dig, plow," from 1709 in the figurative sense of "begin to execute a plan." To <span class="foreign notranslate"><strong>break the ice</strong></span> "overcome the feeling of restraint in a new acquaintanceship" is from c. 1600, in reference to the "coldness" of encounters of strangers. <span class="foreign notranslate"><strong>Break wind</strong></span> is attested from 1550s. To <span class="foreign notranslate"><strong>break (something) out</strong></span> (1890s) probably is an image from dock work, of freeing cargo before unloading it.</p> <p>The ironic theatrical good luck formula <span class="foreign notranslate"><strong>break a leg</strong></span> (by 1948, said to be from at least 1920s) has parallels in German <span class="foreign notranslate">Hals- und Beinbruch</span> "break your neck and leg," and Italian <span class="foreign notranslate">in bocca al lupo</span>. Evidence of a highly superstitious craft (see <a href="/word/Macbeth" title="Etymology, meaning and definition of Macbeth " class="crossreference notranslate">Macbeth</a>). According to Farmer & Henley, in 17c. the expression was used euphemistically, of a woman, "to have a bastard."</p></section></div></div><div style="clear:both"></div></div></div><ul class="related__container--22iKI"><a target="_self" title="Origin and meaning of air-brake" href="/word/air-brake"><li class="related__word--3Si0N">air-brake</li></a><a target="_self" title="Origin and meaning of brakeman" href="/word/brakeman"><li class="related__word--3Si0N">brakeman</li></a><a target="_self" title="Origin and meaning of canebrake" href="/word/canebrake"><li class="related__word--3Si0N">canebrake</li></a><a target="_self" title="Origin and meaning of *bhreg-" href="/word/*bhreg-"><li class="related__word--3Si0N">*bhreg-</li></a><a class="related__more--1gm0U related__word--3Si0N" href="/word/brake/related"><li>See all related words (<!-- -->6<!-- -->) <!-- -->></li></a></ul></div><div data-ad-container="true" class="adContainer--6CVz1 vertical" style="margin-top:1em"><span class="adLabel--35hfi">Advertisement</span><ins class="adsbygoogle" data-ad-client="ca-pub-7093273770345366" style="display:block;width:100%" data-ad-slot="8757723469" data-ad-format="auto" data-full-width-responsive="true"></ins></div><div class="ngram--SmXCf"><h3 class="h3_title" title="Trends of brake">Trends of <i>brake</i></h3><div class="ngram__container--NwjaG" style="height:180px"><canvas id="ngram-chart"></canvas></div><div class="ngram__footer--3-9dX">adapted from books.google.com/ngrams/. Ngrams are probably unreliable.</div></div><div class="related--32LCi"><h3 class="h3_title" title="More to Explore">More to Explore</h3><div class="related__details--2kumU"><div class="word--C9UPa word_4pc--2SZw8" style="padding:10px 20px"><div><a class="recommended-word" rel="nofollow" style="margin-bottom:5px;display:block" title="Origin and meaning of still" href="/word/still"><div class="word__name--TTbAA word_thumbnail__name--1khEg" style="font-size:18px">still<span class="word_thumbnail__name_icon--2RFFN"><i class="fa fa-chevron-right" style="font-size:16px"></i></span></div><section class="word__defination--2q7ZH undefined word__etymology_limit_line--3DeZW" style="cursor:pointer">And, behold, the LORD passed by, and a great and strong wind rent the mountains, and brake in pieces the rocks before the...</section></a></div><div style="clear:both"></div></div><div class="word--C9UPa word_4pc--2SZw8" style="padding:10px 20px"><div><a class="recommended-word" rel="nofollow" data-recommended-type="other_relation" style="margin-bottom:5px;display:block" title="Origin and meaning of post" href="/word/post"><div class="word__name--TTbAA word_thumbnail__name--1khEg" style="font-size:18px">post<span class="word_thumbnail__name_icon--2RFFN"><i class="fa fa-chevron-right" style="font-size:16px"></i></span></div><section class="word__defination--2q7ZH undefined word__etymology_limit_line--3DeZW" style="cursor:pointer">"a timber of considerable size set upright," from Old English post "pillar, doorpost," and from Old French post "post, upright beam," both from Latin postis "door, post, doorpost," in Medieval Latin "a beam, rod, pole," which is perhaps from Vulgar Latin *por- "forth," a variant </section></a></div><div style="clear:both"></div></div><div class="word--C9UPa word_4pc--2SZw8" style="padding:10px 20px"><div><a class="recommended-word" rel="nofollow" data-recommended-type="other_relation" style="margin-bottom:5px;display:block" title="Origin and meaning of spot" href="/word/spot"><div class="word__name--TTbAA word_thumbnail__name--1khEg" style="font-size:18px">spot<span class="word_thumbnail__name_icon--2RFFN"><i class="fa fa-chevron-right" style="font-size:16px"></i></span></div><section class="word__defination--2q7ZH undefined word__etymology_limit_line--3DeZW" style="cursor:pointer">c. 1200, "moral stain;" by mid-14c. as "speck, stain left by something on a surface;" probably at least in part from a variant of Old English splott "a spot, blot, patch (of land)," and partly from or related to Middle Dutch spotte "spot, speck." Other cognates are East Frisian s</section></a></div><div style="clear:both"></div></div><div class="word--C9UPa word_4pc--2SZw8" style="padding:10px 20px"><div><a class="recommended-word" rel="nofollow" data-recommended-type="other_relation" style="margin-bottom:5px;display:block" title="Origin and meaning of stop" href="/word/stop"><div class="word__name--TTbAA word_thumbnail__name--1khEg" style="font-size:18px">stop<span class="word_thumbnail__name_icon--2RFFN"><i class="fa fa-chevron-right" style="font-size:16px"></i></span></div><section class="word__defination--2q7ZH undefined word__etymology_limit_line--3DeZW" style="cursor:pointer">Middle English stoppen, "obstruct (a passage) with a physical barrier; close up by filling, stuffing, or plugging," from Old English -stoppian (in forstoppian "to stop up, stifle"), a general West Germanic word, cognate with Old Saxon stuppon, West Frisian stopje, Middle Low Germ</section></a></div><div style="clear:both"></div></div><div class="word--C9UPa word_4pc--2SZw8" style="padding:10px 20px"><div><a class="recommended-word" rel="nofollow" data-recommended-type="other_relation" style="margin-bottom:5px;display:block" title="Origin and meaning of constraint" href="/word/constraint"><div class="word__name--TTbAA word_thumbnail__name--1khEg" style="font-size:18px">constraint<span class="word_thumbnail__name_icon--2RFFN"><i class="fa fa-chevron-right" style="font-size:16px"></i></span></div><section class="word__defination--2q7ZH undefined word__etymology_limit_line--3DeZW" style="cursor:pointer">late 14c., constreinte, "distress, oppression," a sense now obsolete, from Old French constreinte "binding, constraint, compulsion" (Modern French contrainte), fem. noun from constreint, past participle of constreindre, from Vulgar Latin *constrinctus, from Latin constrictus, pas</section></a></div><div style="clear:both"></div></div><div class="word--C9UPa word_4pc--2SZw8" style="padding:10px 20px"><div><a class="recommended-word" rel="nofollow" data-recommended-type="other_relation" style="margin-bottom:5px;display:block" title="Origin and meaning of disk" href="/word/disk"><div class="word__name--TTbAA word_thumbnail__name--1khEg" style="font-size:18px">disk<span class="word_thumbnail__name_icon--2RFFN"><i class="fa fa-chevron-right" style="font-size:16px"></i></span></div><section class="word__defination--2q7ZH undefined word__etymology_limit_line--3DeZW" style="cursor:pointer">1660s, "round, approximately flat surface," from Latin discus "quoit, discus, disk," from Greek diskos "disk, quoit, platter," related to dikein "to throw" (see discus). The American English preferred spelling; also see disc. From 1803 as "thin, circular plate;" sense of "phonogr</section></a></div><div style="clear:both"></div></div><div class="word--C9UPa word_4pc--2SZw8" style="padding:10px 20px"><div><a class="recommended-word" rel="nofollow" data-recommended-type="other_relation" style="margin-bottom:5px;display:block" title="Origin and meaning of skid" href="/word/skid"><div class="word__name--TTbAA word_thumbnail__name--1khEg" style="font-size:18px">skid<span class="word_thumbnail__name_icon--2RFFN"><i class="fa fa-chevron-right" style="font-size:16px"></i></span></div><section class="word__defination--2q7ZH undefined word__etymology_limit_line--3DeZW" style="cursor:pointer">c. 1600, "beam, log, or plank on which something rests," especially on which something heavy can be rolled from place to place (1782), of uncertain origin, probably from a Scandinavian source akin to Old Norse skið "stick of wood" (see ski (n.)). As "a sliding along" from 1890; s</section></a></div><div style="clear:both"></div></div><div class="word--C9UPa word_4pc--2SZw8" style="padding:10px 20px"><div><a class="recommended-word" rel="nofollow" data-recommended-type="other_relation" style="margin-bottom:5px;display:block" title="Origin and meaning of restraint" href="/word/restraint"><div class="word__name--TTbAA word_thumbnail__name--1khEg" style="font-size:18px">restraint<span class="word_thumbnail__name_icon--2RFFN"><i class="fa fa-chevron-right" style="font-size:16px"></i></span></div><section class="word__defination--2q7ZH undefined word__etymology_limit_line--3DeZW" style="cursor:pointer">"action of holding back (action or motion); that which restrains, a check, hindrance," early 15c., restreinte, from Old French restreinte, noun use of fem. past participle of restraindre (see restrain). Specifically in reference to refractory prisoners or dangerous lunatics by 18</section></a></div><div style="clear:both"></div></div><div class="word--C9UPa word_4pc--2SZw8" style="padding:10px 20px"><div><a class="recommended-word" rel="nofollow" data-recommended-type="other_relation" style="margin-bottom:5px;display:block" title="Origin and meaning of brush" href="/word/brush"><div class="word__name--TTbAA word_thumbnail__name--1khEg" style="font-size:18px">brush<span class="word_thumbnail__name_icon--2RFFN"><i class="fa fa-chevron-right" style="font-size:16px"></i></span></div><section class="word__defination--2q7ZH undefined word__etymology_limit_line--3DeZW" style="cursor:pointer">"instrument consisting of flexible material (bristles, hair, etc.) attached to a handle or stock," late 14c., "dust-sweeper, a brush for sweeping," from Old French broisse, broce "a brush" (13c., Modern French brosse), perhaps from Vulgar Latin *bruscia "a bunch of new shoots" (u</section></a></div><div style="clear:both"></div></div><div class="word--C9UPa word_4pc--2SZw8" style="padding:10px 20px"><div><a class="recommended-word" rel="nofollow" data-recommended-type="other_relation" style="margin-bottom:5px;display:block" title="Origin and meaning of shrub" href="/word/shrub"><div class="word__name--TTbAA word_thumbnail__name--1khEg" style="font-size:18px">shrub<span class="word_thumbnail__name_icon--2RFFN"><i class="fa fa-chevron-right" style="font-size:16px"></i></span></div><section class="word__defination--2q7ZH undefined word__etymology_limit_line--3DeZW" style="cursor:pointer">"low-growing bush, a woody plant with stems branched from or near the ground," Middle English shrubbe, from Old English scrybb "brushwood, shrubbery," a rare and late word (but preserved also, perhaps, in Shrewsbury), possibly from a Scandinavian source (compare dialectal Danish </section></a></div><div style="clear:both"></div></div></div></div><div class="share-tool socialShare--223YS"><h3 title="Share brake to social networks" class="socialShare__title--34iP2">Share <i>brake</i></h3><div class="cite--1qJ-_ share-cite">‘<!-- -->cite<!-- -->’</div><a title="Share on Facebook" href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Fword%2Fbrake" data-social-target="Facebook" target="blank" rel="nofollow" class="fa share socialShare__icon--3FJac socialShare__icon__facebook--2fm3U fa-facebook"></a><a title="Share on Twitter" href="https://twitter.com/share?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Fword%2Fbrake&text=brake%20%7C%20Etymology%20of%20brake%20by%20etymonline" data-social-target="Twitter" target="blank" rel="nofollow" class="fa share socialShare__icon--3FJac socialShare__icon__twitter--1iFxf fa-twitter"></a><a title="Share on Reddit" href="https://www.reddit.com/submit?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Fword%2Fbrake&title=brake%20%7C%20Etymology%20of%20brake%20by%20etymonline" data-social-target="Reddit" target="blank" rel="nofollow" class="fa share socialShare__icon--3FJac socialShare__icon__reddit--30bBu fa-reddit"></a><a title="Share on Email" href="mailto:?subject=brake%20%7C%20Etymology%20of%20brake%20by%20etymonline&body=%22instrument%20for%20crushing%20or%20pounding%2C%22%20from%20Middle%20Dutch%20braeke%20%22flax%20brake%2C%22%20from%20breken%E2%80%A6%20See%20origin%20and%20meaning%20of%20brake.%0Afrom%20https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Fword%2Fbrake%20Find%20out%20more%20at%20etymonline.com" data-social-target="Email" target="blank" rel="nofollow" class="fa share socialShare__icon--3FJac socialShare__icon__email--3hVBm fa-email"></a><div class="cite__content--3ghsO cite-content"><div class="cite__content_title--3ABWh">Page URL:</div><textarea class="cite__content_textarea--3zgJO cite-textarea" readonly="">https://www.etymonline.com/word/brake</textarea><div class="cite__content_title--3ABWh">HTML Link:</div><textarea class="cite__content_textarea--3zgJO cite-textarea" readonly=""><a href="https://www.etymonline.com/word/brake">Etymology of brake by etymonline</a></textarea><div class="cite__content_title--3ABWh">APA style:</div><textarea class="cite__content_textarea--3zgJO cite-textarea" readonly="">Harper, D. (n.d.). Etymology of brake. Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved $(datetime), from https://www.etymonline.com/word/brake</textarea><div class="cite__content_title--3ABWh">Chicago style:</div><textarea class="cite__content_textarea--3zgJO cite-textarea" readonly="">Harper Douglas, “Etymology of brake,” Online Etymology Dictionary, accessed $(datetime), https://www.etymonline.com/word/brake.</textarea><div class="cite__content_title--3ABWh">MLA style:</div><textarea class="cite__content_textarea--3zgJO cite-textarea" readonly="">Harper, Douglas. “Etymology of brake.” Online Etymology Dictionary, https://www.etymonline.com/word/brake. Accessed $(datetimeMla).</textarea><div class="cite__content_title--3ABWh">IEEE style:</div><textarea class="cite__content_textarea--3zgJO cite-textarea" readonly="">D. Harper. “Etymology of brake.” Online Etymology Dictionary. https://www.etymonline.com/word/brake (accessed $(datetime)).</textarea></div></div><p class="wordDetail__date--3r7r8">updated on October 23, 2022</p><div data-ad-container="true" class="adContainer--6CVz1 vertical" style="margin-top:1em"><span class="adLabel--35hfi">Advertisement</span><ins class="adsbygoogle" data-ad-client="ca-pub-7093273770345366" style="display:block;width:100%" data-ad-slot="7656336158" data-ad-format="auto" data-full-width-responsive="true"></ins></div></div><div class="ant-col-xs-24 ant-col-sm-24 ant-col-md-24 ant-col-lg-6"><div data-ad-container="true" class="adContainer--6CVz1 removeAdsContainer--3mV2b horizontal"><a href="/premium?utm_source=remove_ads"><div class="removeAdsBtn--2W3KN">Remove ads ></div></a><span class="adLabel--35hfi">Advertisement</span><div id="div-gpt-ad-pc-wd-right" style="min-width:300px;min-height:250px"></div></div><div class="trending__normal--2eWJF"><h3 class="h3_title">Trending words</h3><ul><li class="trending__normal__word--1Qvnq"><a rel="nofollow" title="Origin and meaning of turkey" href="/word/turkey">1<!-- -->. <!-- -->turkey</a></li><li class="trending__normal__word--1Qvnq"><a rel="nofollow" title="Origin and meaning of pecan" href="/word/pecan">2<!-- -->. <!-- -->pecan</a></li><li class="trending__normal__word--1Qvnq"><a rel="nofollow" title="Origin and meaning of demure" href="/word/demure">3<!-- -->. <!-- -->demure</a></li><li class="trending__normal__word--1Qvnq"><a rel="nofollow" title="Origin and meaning of eucharist" href="/word/eucharist">4<!-- -->. <!-- -->eucharist</a></li><li class="trending__normal__word--1Qvnq"><a rel="nofollow" title="Origin and meaning of bolt" href="/word/bolt">5<!-- -->. <!-- -->bolt</a></li><li class="trending__normal__word--1Qvnq"><a rel="nofollow" title="Origin and meaning of pie" href="/word/pie">6<!-- -->. <!-- -->pie</a></li><li class="trending__normal__word--1Qvnq"><a rel="nofollow" title="Origin and meaning of pedagogy" href="/word/pedagogy">7<!-- -->. <!-- -->pedagogy</a></li><li class="trending__normal__word--1Qvnq"><a rel="nofollow" title="Origin and meaning of hippopotamus" href="/word/hippopotamus">8<!-- -->. <!-- -->hippopotamus</a></li><li class="trending__normal__word--1Qvnq"><a rel="nofollow" title="Origin and meaning of tube" href="/word/tube">9<!-- -->. <!-- -->tube</a></li><li class="trending__normal__word--1Qvnq"><a rel="nofollow" title="Origin and meaning of pagan" href="/word/pagan">10<!-- -->. <!-- -->pagan</a></li></ul></div><div class="alphabetical--2oTZG"><h3 title="words in alphabetical order" class="h3_title">Dictionary entries near <i>brake</i></h3><a title="Origin and meaning of brainwash" target="" rel="nofollow" href="/word/brainwash"><p class="alphabetical__word--3UeP2">brainwash</p></a><a title="Origin and meaning of brainwashing" target="" rel="nofollow" href="/word/brainwashing"><p class="alphabetical__word--3UeP2">brainwashing</p></a><a title="Origin and meaning of brain-wave" target="" rel="nofollow" href="/word/brain-wave"><p class="alphabetical__word--3UeP2">brain-wave</p></a><a title="Origin and meaning of brainy" target="" rel="nofollow" href="/word/brainy"><p class="alphabetical__word--3UeP2">brainy</p></a><a title="Origin and meaning of braise" target="" rel="nofollow" href="/word/braise"><p class="alphabetical__word--3UeP2">braise</p></a><p class="alphabetical__word--3UeP2 alphabetical__active--FCYcm">brake</p><a title="Origin and meaning of brakeman" target="" rel="nofollow" href="/word/brakeman"><p class="alphabetical__word--3UeP2">brakeman</p></a><a title="Origin and meaning of bramble" target="" rel="nofollow" href="/word/bramble"><p class="alphabetical__word--3UeP2">bramble</p></a><a title="Origin and meaning of bran" target="" rel="nofollow" href="/word/bran"><p class="alphabetical__word--3UeP2">bran</p></a><a title="Origin and meaning of branch" target="" rel="nofollow" href="/word/branch"><p class="alphabetical__word--3UeP2">branch</p></a><a title="Origin and meaning of branchial" target="" rel="nofollow" href="/word/branchial"><p class="alphabetical__word--3UeP2">branchial</p></a></div></div></div></div><div class="alphabet--3sMXd"><ul class="alphabet__inner--2NEtM"><li class="alphabet__node--huwT8" title="Prefix, suffix and words starting with the letter A"><a rel="nofollow" href="/search?q=a">A</a></li><li class="alphabet__node--huwT8" title="Prefix, suffix and words starting with the letter B"><a rel="nofollow" href="/search?q=b">B</a></li><li class="alphabet__node--huwT8" title="Prefix, suffix and words starting with the letter C"><a rel="nofollow" href="/search?q=c">C</a></li><li class="alphabet__node--huwT8" title="Prefix, suffix and words starting with the letter D"><a rel="nofollow" href="/search?q=d">D</a></li><li class="alphabet__node--huwT8" title="Prefix, suffix and words starting with the letter E"><a rel="nofollow" href="/search?q=e">E</a></li><li class="alphabet__node--huwT8" title="Prefix, suffix and words starting with the letter F"><a rel="nofollow" href="/search?q=f">F</a></li><li class="alphabet__node--huwT8" title="Prefix, suffix and words starting with the letter G"><a rel="nofollow" href="/search?q=g">G</a></li><li class="alphabet__node--huwT8" title="Prefix, suffix and words starting with the letter H"><a rel="nofollow" href="/search?q=h">H</a></li><li class="alphabet__node--huwT8" title="Prefix, suffix and words starting with the letter I"><a rel="nofollow" href="/search?q=i">I</a></li><li class="alphabet__node--huwT8" title="Prefix, suffix and words starting with the letter J"><a rel="nofollow" href="/search?q=j">J</a></li><li class="alphabet__node--huwT8" title="Prefix, suffix and words starting with the letter K"><a rel="nofollow" href="/search?q=k">K</a></li><li class="alphabet__node--huwT8" title="Prefix, suffix and words starting with the letter L"><a rel="nofollow" href="/search?q=l">L</a></li><li class="alphabet__node--huwT8" title="Prefix, suffix and words starting with the letter M"><a rel="nofollow" href="/search?q=m">M</a></li><li class="alphabet__node--huwT8" title="Prefix, suffix and words starting with the letter N"><a rel="nofollow" href="/search?q=n">N</a></li><li class="alphabet__node--huwT8" title="Prefix, suffix and words starting with the letter O"><a rel="nofollow" href="/search?q=o">O</a></li><li class="alphabet__node--huwT8" title="Prefix, suffix and words starting with the letter P"><a rel="nofollow" href="/search?q=p">P</a></li><li class="alphabet__node--huwT8" title="Prefix, suffix and words starting with the letter Q"><a rel="nofollow" href="/search?q=q">Q</a></li><li class="alphabet__node--huwT8" title="Prefix, suffix and words starting with the letter R"><a rel="nofollow" href="/search?q=r">R</a></li><li class="alphabet__node--huwT8" title="Prefix, suffix and words starting with the letter S"><a rel="nofollow" href="/search?q=s">S</a></li><li class="alphabet__node--huwT8" title="Prefix, suffix and words starting with the letter T"><a rel="nofollow" href="/search?q=t">T</a></li><li class="alphabet__node--huwT8" title="Prefix, suffix and words starting with the letter U"><a rel="nofollow" href="/search?q=u">U</a></li><li class="alphabet__node--huwT8" title="Prefix, suffix and words starting with the letter V"><a rel="nofollow" href="/search?q=v">V</a></li><li class="alphabet__node--huwT8" title="Prefix, suffix and words starting with the letter W"><a rel="nofollow" href="/search?q=w">W</a></li><li class="alphabet__node--huwT8" title="Prefix, suffix and words starting with the letter X"><a rel="nofollow" href="/search?q=x">X</a></li><li class="alphabet__node--huwT8" title="Prefix, suffix and words starting with the letter Y"><a rel="nofollow" href="/search?q=y">Y</a></li><li class="alphabet__node--huwT8" title="Prefix, suffix and words starting with the letter Z"><a rel="nofollow" href="/search?q=z">Z</a></li></ul></div><div class="footer--zLQrv"><div class="footer__info--3VNMU"><div class="footer__info_inner--1aVeV"><div><p class="footer__info_title--3LoBd">LINKS</p><a rel="" href="https://forum.etymonline.com" class="footer__info_node--3T-ZQ">Forum</a><a rel="nofollow" href="/columns/post/sources" class="footer__info_node--3T-ZQ">Full List of Sources</a><a rel="nofollow" href="/columns/post/links" class="footer__info_node--3T-ZQ">Links</a></div><div><p class="footer__info_title--3LoBd">PRODUCTS</p><a rel="nofollow" href="https://apps.apple.com/app/apple-store/id813629612?pt=33423801&ct=etymonline_footer&mt=8" class="footer__info_node--3T-ZQ">iOS App</a><a rel="nofollow" href="https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.etymonline.app&referrer=utm_source%3Detymonline_webfooter" class="footer__info_node--3T-ZQ">Android App</a><a rel="nofollow" href="https://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/etymonline/giehjnnlopapngdjbjjgddpaagoimmgl?utm_source=link_footer" class="footer__info_node--3T-ZQ">Chrome Extension</a></div><div><p class="footer__info_title--3LoBd">ABOUT</p><a rel="nofollow" href="/columns/post/bio" class="footer__info_node--3T-ZQ">Who Did This</a><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.etymonline.com/columns/post/abbr" class="footer__info_node--3T-ZQ">Introduction and Explanation</a><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.facebook.com/etymonline?utm_source=etymonline_footer&utm_medium=link_exchange" class="footer__info_node--3T-ZQ">Follow on Facebook</a></div><div><p class="footer__info_title--3LoBd">SUPPORT</p><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.paypal.com/cgi-bin/webscr?cmd=_donations&business=byronic106@yahoo.com&lc=US&item_name=Donation+to +Help+Keep+Etymonline+Free+and+Open&no_note=0&cn=&curency_code=USD&bn=PP-DonationsBF:btn_donateCC_LG.gif:NonHosted" class="footer__info_node--3T-ZQ">Donate with PayPal</a><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.redbubble.com/people/godgifu/shop?artistUserName=godgifu&collections=1692216&utm_source=etymonline_footer" class="footer__info_node--3T-ZQ">Ye Olde Swag Shoppe</a><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.patreon.com/etymonline?utm_source=etymonline.com&utm_campaign=footer_link&utm_medium=website" class="footer__info_node--3T-ZQ">Support on Patreon</a></div></div></div><div class="footer__link--1RSEJ footer__link_padding--1oYre"><div class="footer__link_inner--KP2Wz"><div><a href="mailto:etymonline@protonmail.com" title="Douglas Harper" rel="nofollow">© 2001-2024<!-- --> <!-- -->Douglas Harper</a><span style="color:#888"> | </span><a href="https://www.etymonline.com/legal/terms" title="Terms of Service" rel="nofollow">Terms of Service</a><span style="color:#888"> | </span><a href="https://www.etymonline.com/legal/privacy" title="Privacy Policy" rel="nofollow">Privacy Policy</a></div><div style="position:relative"><span id="language-change" class="footer__language_label--1E9_x">English (English)<!-- --> <svg width="10" height="12" viewBox="0 0 10 12" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M5 0L0 5H10L5 0ZM0 7L5 12L10 7H0Z" fill="#858585"></path></svg></span><ul id="language-selector" class="footer__language--H9nbK"><li class="footer__language_item--1nkwO" style="display:none"><a href="/word/brake">English (English)</a></li><li class="footer__language_item--1nkwO"><a href="/cn/word/brake">简体中文 (Chinese)</a></li><li class="footer__language_item--1nkwO"><a href="/de/word/brake">Deutsch (German)</a></li><li class="footer__language_item--1nkwO"><a href="/es/word/brake">Español (Spanish)</a></li><li class="footer__language_item--1nkwO"><a href="/fr/word/brake">Français (French)</a></li><li class="footer__language_item--1nkwO"><a href="/it/word/brake">Italiano (Italian)</a></li><li class="footer__language_item--1nkwO"><a href="/jp/word/brake">日本語 (Japanese)</a></li><li class="footer__language_item--1nkwO"><a href="/kr/word/brake">한국어 (Korean)</a></li><li class="footer__language_item--1nkwO"><a href="/pt/word/brake">Português (Portuguese)</a></li><li class="footer__language_item--1nkwO"><a href="/tw/word/brake">繁體中文 (Chinese)</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div><div class="backtop"><div class="backtop-content"><i class="fa fa-arrow-up"></i></div></div></div></div></div> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-YGHSRMYRTV"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-YGHSRMYRTV', { 'custom_map': {'dimension1': 'UserRole'} }); gtag('event', 'user_role_set', {'UserRole': 'guest'}); </script> <script data-react-helmet="true" src="https://cdn.etymonline.com/projects/etymonline-main-v3/jquery-3.2.1.min.js"></script><script data-react-helmet="true" src="https://cdn.etymonline.com/projects/etymonline-main-v3/remove-ads-iconfont.js?t=10"></script><script data-react-helmet="true" src="https://cdn.etymonline.com/projects/etymonline-main-v3/plugins.2ad87a733ad1b7fbd7d2.js" async="true"></script><script data-react-helmet="true" type="text/javascript"> 'use strict';var extensionBait=document.querySelector('.extensionHint'),isChrome=navigator.userAgent.indexOf('Chrome')>-1,bannerExtension=document.querySelector('.bait'),hintClose=document.querySelector('.hint-closer');!extensionBait||!isChrome||bannerExtension||window.localStorage.getItem('etymonline-extension-installed')||window.localStorage.getItem('extension_banner_clicked')||setTimeout(function(){extensionBait.style.marginTop=0},1e3),hintClose&&hintClose.addEventListener('click',function(){extensionBait.style.marginTop='-64px',window.localStorage.setItem('extension_banner_clicked',!0)}),extensionBait&&extensionBait.addEventListener('click',function(){}); </script><script data-react-helmet="true" type="application/ld+json"> [{ "@context": "https://schema.org", "@type": "WebSite", "@id": "https://www.etymonline.com#website", "url": "https://www.etymonline.com", "name": "Etymonline", "alternateName": "Online Etymology Dictionary", "potentialAction": { "@type": "SearchAction", "target": "https://www.etymonline.com/search?q={search_term_string}&utm_campaign=sd&utm_medium=serp&utm_source=ds_search", "query-input": "required name=search_term_string" } }, { "@context": "https://schema.org", "@type": "WebPage", "name": "brake | Etymology of brake by etymonline", "url": "https://www.etymonline.com/word/brake", "description": "instrument for crushing or pounding, from Middle Dutch braeke flax brake, from breken… See origin and meaning of brake.", "inLanguage": "en", "isPartOf": { "@id": "https://www.etymonline.com#website" } }, { "@context": "https://schema.org", "@type": ["DefinedTermSet", "Book"], "@id": "https://www.etymonline.com", "name": "Dictionary and etymology by etymonline", "description": "An online etymology dictionary providing the origin and history of English words" }, { "@context": "https://schema.org", "@type": "DefinedTerm", "@id": "https://www.etymonline.com/word/brake", "name": "brake", "inDefinedTermSet": "https://www.etymonline.com" }] </script><script data-react-helmet="true" >"serviceWorker"in navigator&&navigator.serviceWorker.getRegistrations().then(function(e){for(let r of e)r.unregister()});</script><script data-react-helmet="true" >googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.defineSlot('/21669543020/pc_wd_right', [300, 250], 'div-gpt-ad-pc-wd-right').setTargeting("refresh", 'true').addService(googletag.pubads()); googletag.defineSlot('/21669543020/pc_wd_top', [728, 90], 'div-gpt-ad-pc-wd-top').setTargeting("refresh", 'true').addService(googletag.pubads()); var SECONDS_TO_WAIT_AFTER_VIEWABILITY = 105; // Object to keep track of the number of refreshes per slot var slotRefreshes = {}; googletag.pubads().addEventListener('impressionViewable', function(event) { var slot = event.slot; // Initialize the count for this slot if it's the first time if (!slotRefreshes[slot.getSlotElementId()]) { slotRefreshes[slot.getSlotElementId()] = 0; } if (slot.getTargeting("refresh").indexOf("true") > -1) { const refreshTime = Math.floor(Math.random() * 15) + SECONDS_TO_WAIT_AFTER_VIEWABILITY; // Only refresh the slot if it has been refreshed less than 3 times if (slotRefreshes[slot.getSlotElementId()] < 3) { setTimeout(function() { console.log("reload", slot.getSlotElementId()); apstag.fetchBids({ slots: [{ slotID: slot.getSlotElementId(), slotName: slot.getAdUnitPath(), sizes: slot.getSizes().map(function(size) { return [size.getWidth(), size.getHeight()]; }) }], timeout: 2e3 }, function(bids) { googletag.cmd.push(function() { apstag.setDisplayBids(); googletag.pubads().refresh([slot]); }); }); // Increment the refresh count for this slot slotRefreshes[slot.getSlotElementId()]++; }, refreshTime * 1000); } } }); googletag.pubads().disableInitialLoad(); googletag.pubads().enableSingleRequest(); googletag.enableServices(); }); </script><script data-react-helmet="true" >!function(a9,a,p,s,t,A,g){if(a[a9])return;function q(c,r){a[a9]._Q.push([c,r])}a[a9]={init:function(){q("i",arguments)},fetchBids:function(){q("f",arguments)},setDisplayBids:function(){},targetingKeys:function(){return[]},_Q:[]};A=p.createElement(s);A.async=!0;A.src=t;g=p.getElementsByTagName(s)[0];g.parentNode.insertBefore(A,g)}("apstag",window,document,"script","//c.amazon-adsystem.com/aax2/apstag.js"); apstag.init({ pubID: '7013ff7d-a08e-4dca-9729-1643e28c88b5', adServer: 'googletag' }); // Fetch bids from APS apstag.fetchBids({ slots: [{ slotID: 'div-gpt-ad-pc-wd-right', slotName: '/21669543020/pc_wd_right', sizes: [[300, 250]] }, { slotID: 'div-gpt-ad-pc-wd-top', slotName: '/21669543020/pc_wd_top', sizes: [[728, 90]] }], timeout: 2e3 }, function(bids) { // Set apstag targeting on googletag, then display the slots googletag.cmd.push(function(){ apstag.setDisplayBids(); googletag.pubads().refresh(); }); googletag.cmd.push(function(){ googletag.display('div-gpt-ad-pc-wd-right'); googletag.display('div-gpt-ad-pc-wd-top'); }); }); </script><script data-react-helmet="true" type="text/javascript"> $('section').click(function(e) { if(e.target.className === 'crossreference' && e.target.nodeName === 'SPAN') { location.href = window.location.origin + '/word/' + e.target.innerText } }) $('a[data-more]').hover( function() { $(this).find('.fa-chevron-right').animate({ opacity: 1 }, 100); }, function() { $(this).find('.fa-chevron-right').animate({ opacity: 0 }, 100); }) $('.word-relation-see-more').click(function(e) { $(this).css('display', 'none'); $(this).prev().css({'max-height': '100%'}); }) </script><script data-react-helmet="true" > function generateChart() { const startYear = 1800; const data = [{"label":"brake (n.)","data":[0.0000030126413548714483,0.0000032215510600508424,0.0000033767563612248826,0.0000034747880060119013,0.0000035255485575665564,0.000003557482947750638,0.0000035542843761504628,0.000003568255078789662,0.000003678832975613962,0.0000037200455759981803,0.0000036002187243866502,0.0000036225918544611583,0.000003581352984838304,0.0000035025004611573726,0.000003535432703453504,0.000003469148199049717,0.0000033125639068506036,0.0000031895809418832264,0.0000030669522857351696,0.0000030276152453249474,0.0000030587655601266304,0.0000030699892249685946,0.00000314612496670937,0.00000307625564346381,0.0000030768709924207843,0.0000033565240149376524,0.0000033310562230326466,0.0000033251480090257245,0.0000033250243783792637,0.0000032427198372412627,0.0000031733069742282774,0.0000031705625133326976,0.0000031935552821475235,0.000003146355250767859,0.0000031278345128763854,0.000003109744723891102,0.000003112173620441657,0.0000030814571042962293,0.0000030949770007282497,0.000003064244568425541,0.000002832800782925915,0.000002825534935861166,0.0000028484989798016613,0.000002902959355803129,0.000002927256658343443,0.000002911258964862403,0.000002913387925218558,0.000002929015742362632,0.0000029478200758603636,0.0000029822718564294823,0.0000030351649608443645,0.0000030749220059078652,0.000003073264042541268,0.0000030921140175147838,0.000003142291840655768,0.0000031295951581948126,0.000003185543149205235,0.00000320737079467411,0.000003209784836144536,0.000003245846028221422,0.000003336963406278907,0.000003434003671524503,0.0000034773152189397175,0.0000035690444898743103,0.0000036593743213112854,0.00000375957115466008,0.00000383495519902984,0.000004062713302725266,0.000004191367073265913,0.000004360115963208955,0.000004638608682701791,0.00000498089073820059,0.000005381731155769861,0.000005705233252228936,0.000005964170910980708,0.000006257706445467193,0.000006475866606100075,0.00000684773097721821,0.000007172667210397776,0.000007477562697507286,0.000007875180593449234,0.000008289415109175025,0.000008561499998904765,0.000008946176997900086,0.000009244053459648665,0.000009548144801859355,0.000009850849073700374,0.00000995856386604525,0.000010304491024726303,0.000010703478922854022,0.000011122628711746074,0.000011477575814448452,0.000011709278866571065,0.00001212222820565027,0.000012686690570262727,0.000013203285379859154,0.000013526198987771446,0.000014014667552449585,0.000014533406344222992,0.000015105132054789768,0.000015497855444361144,0.000015849602459638844,0.00001630306808995859,0.000016664450413372833,0.000017009702545086233,0.000017210143960255662,0.000017492977531219366,0.00001785370805009734,0.000018002146559107737,0.00001798389506196448,0.000017750920233083888,0.000017558358376845717,0.000017179401099080374,0.00001676249794400064,0.00001628639541498463,0.00001595519843249349,0.000015577133429663565,0.000015290686193717798,0.000014846368685539346,0.000014296744423821412,0.000013864410842264382,0.00001339692183440396,0.000012845862329413649,0.000012304098587871219,0.000011819638287609753,0.00001151305350504117,0.000011317657117615454,0.000011153820378240197,0.000010986902210182354,0.00001083747580802689,0.000010617468554604177,0.000010439033030706923,0.000010160217849867573,0.000010066940618950564,0.000010001205312922442,0.000009902538537668686,0.00000992844185626988,0.000010026651580119506,0.000010130788238408665,0.000010172595951492743,0.00001010216650077685,0.000010004988447083936,0.000009948163885079946,0.000009937510670473178,0.000009982652894298857,0.000010026184584906635,0.000010023019846509366,0.00001009909392450936,0.000010070104326587171,0.000010117397202217641,0.000010131407240502691,0.000010062423522564737,0.0000099439548648661,0.000009731654669546212,0.000009553635087892569,0.000009413341831532308,0.00000931947621817623,0.000009200912275749336,0.000009024662570785343,0.000008836764300212962,0.000008597674544337981,0.000008361317759408848,0.000008091426570899784,0.00000782487504693563,0.000007592376065683008,0.0000073957785389211494,0.000007165576334955404,0.000006974520268461978,0.0000068854912569804584,0.000006779824282906096,0.000006728552155739938,0.000006681941825566658,0.000006574182346715437,0.000006492213105957489,0.000006428813412640011,0.000006389749766337142,0.0000064048683877141835,0.000006363568930585946,0.00000632386536381091,0.000006243206674601727,0.000006206294347066432,0.00000617818125950483,0.0000061105952833410505,0.0000060056098239632165,0.000005991256148263346,0.000005874380743383275,0.000005757553420456437,0.000005697550295735709,0.00000560587419992468,0.000005497044609607353,0.000005417208346140493,0.0000053509453816028936,0.000005277190666674869,0.000005445572545189255,0.0000053985543975917,0.000005283070974352692,0.000005182892497638628,0.000005046325774552921,0.000004976955612316184,0.000004826668585640922,0.000004726692714029923,0.000004645534560647017,0.000004577280227143395,0.0000045765068231654975,0.0000045483187629239785,0.000004523956704360899,0.000004454002949690524,0.000004463087285936732,0.000004212948836842164,0.000004156279252735354,0.000004128525082099562,0.000004125263876630924,0.0000041118733861367215,0.000004117660409974633,0.000004137557075759664,0.000004173458629945041,0.000004220520622766344,0.00000425193188675621,0.000004206798520398378,0.000004179830398243212]}]; const datasets = data.map(dataset => { return { label: dataset.label, data: dataset.data.map((value, index) => { return { x: startYear + index, y: value * 1e6 }; }), fill: false, tension: 0.1, pointRadius: 1, pointHitRadius: 3, }; }); const ctx = document.getElementById('ngram-chart').getContext('2d'); const chart=new Chart(ctx,{type:"line",data:{datasets:datasets},options:{maintainAspectRatio:false,responsive:true,interaction:{mode:"index",intersect:false},scales:{x:{type:"linear",title:{display:false},ticks:{autoSkip:true,maxTicksLimit:20,callback:function(value){return value.toString().replace(/,/g,"")}},min:1800,max:2019},y:{type:"linear",title:{display:true,text:"Frequency (per million)"}}},plugins:{tooltip:{mode:"index",callbacks:{title:function(context){const firstPoint=context[0];return firstPoint.parsed.x.toString().replace(/,/g,"")}}},legend:{display: datasets.length > 1,labels:{color:"#83001d",font:{size:14,weight:"bold"}},onHover:function(event,legendItem,legend){event.native.target.style.cursor="pointer"},onLeave:function(event,legendItem,legend){event.native.target.style.cursor="default"}}}},plugins:[{beforeDatasetsDraw:(chart)=>{if(chart.tooltip?._active?.length){let x=chart.tooltip._active[0].element.x;let yAxis=chart.scales.y;let ctx=chart.ctx;ctx.save();ctx.beginPath();ctx.moveTo(x,yAxis.top);ctx.lineTo(x,yAxis.bottom);ctx.lineWidth=1;ctx.strokeStyle="#9b9b9b";ctx.stroke();ctx.restore()}}}]}); } </script><script data-react-helmet="true" src="https://cdn.etymonline.com/projects/etymonline-main-v3/chart.js" onLoad="generateChart()" async="true"></script><script data-react-helmet="true" > $('.share-cite').click(function(e) { $(this).toggleClass('cite-checked'); const checked = $(this).hasClass('cite-checked'); if (checked) { $('.cite-content').slideDown() } else { $('.cite-content').slideUp() } }) function selectText(element) { if (document.selection) { var range = document.body.createTextRange(); range.moveToElementText(element); range.select(); } else if (window.getSelection) { var range = document.createRange(); range.selectNodeContents(element); window.getSelection().removeAllRanges(); window.getSelection().addRange(range); } } $('.cite-textarea').click(function () { selectText($(this)[0]) }); $(document).ready(function () { const monthNames = ["January", "February", "March", "April", "May", "June", "July", "August", "September", "October", "November", "December"]; const d = new Date(), month = monthNames[d.getMonth()], day = '' + d.getDate(), year = d.getFullYear(); $(".cite-textarea").each(function (i, e) { const newText = $(this).text() .replace('$(datetime)', month + " " + day + "," + " " + year) .replace('$(datetimeMla)', day + " " + month + "," + " " + year) $(this).text(newText) }); setTimeout(() => {const hash='#'+(window.location.hash.substring(1)||'_');const offset = $(hash).offset();if (offset) $([document.documentElement, document.body]).animate({scrollTop: offset.top}, 300);}, 500); }); </script><script data-react-helmet="true" type="text/javascript">'use strict';function addADJS(){var b=document.createElement('script');b.src='//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-7093273770345366',b.async=!0,document.body.appendChild(b)}var script=document.createElement('script');document.querySelectorAll('.adsbygoogle').forEach(function(){script.text+='(adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});'});addADJS();document.body.appendChild(script);</script><script data-react-helmet="true" > $(window).on('scroll', function() { if($(this).scrollTop() > 300) { $('.backtop').show('fast') } else { $('.backtop').hide('fast') } }) $('.backtop').click(function() { $('body,html').animate({ scrollTop: 0 }, 500) }) </script> </body> </html>