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method</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: sectioning method"> <meta name="keywords" content="sectioning method"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none 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action="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search"> <div id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="sectioning method"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 18932</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: sectioning method</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">18932</span> Defect Correlation of Computed Tomography and Serial Sectioning in Additively Manufactured Ti-6Al-4V</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bryce%20R.%20Jolley">Bryce R. Jolley</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Michael%20Uchic"> Michael Uchic</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study presents initial results toward the correlative characterization of inherent defects of Ti-6Al-4V additive manufacture (AM). X-Ray Computed Tomography (CT) defect data are compared and correlated with microscopic photographs obtained via automated serial sectioning. The metal AM specimen was manufactured out of Ti-6Al-4V virgin powder to specified dimensions. A post-contour was applied during the fabrication process with a speed of 1050 mm/s, power of 260 W, and a width of 140 µm. The specimen was stress relief heat-treated at 16°F for 3 hours. Microfocus CT imaging was accomplished on the specimen within a predetermined region of the build. Microfocus CT imaging was conducted with parameters optimized for Ti-6Al-4V additive manufacture. After CT imaging, a modified RoboMet. 3D version 2 was employed for serial sectioning and optical microscopy characterization of the same predetermined region. Automated montage capture with sub-micron resolution, bright-field reflection, 12-bit monochrome optical images were performed in an automated fashion. These optical images were post-processed to produce 2D and 3D data sets. This processing included thresholding and segmentation to improve visualization of defect features. The defects observed from optical imaging were compared and correlated with the defects observed from CT imaging over the same predetermined region of the specimen. Quantitative results of area fraction and equivalent pore diameters obtained via each method are presented for this correlation. It is shown that Microfocus CT imaging does not capture all inherent defects within this Ti-6Al-4V AM sample. Best practices for this correlative effort are also presented as well as the future direction of research resultant from this current study. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=additive%20manufacture" title="additive manufacture">additive manufacture</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=automated%20serial%20sectioning" title=" automated serial sectioning"> automated serial sectioning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=computed%20tomography" title=" computed tomography"> computed tomography</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nondestructive%20evaluation" title=" nondestructive evaluation"> nondestructive evaluation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/129043/defect-correlation-of-computed-tomography-and-serial-sectioning-in-additively-manufactured-ti-6al-4v" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/129043.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">141</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">18931</span> Experimental Investigation on Residual Stresses in Welded Medium-Walled I-shaped Sections Fabricated from Q460GJ Structural Steel Plates</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Qian%20Zhu">Qian Zhu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shidong%20Nie"> Shidong Nie</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bo%20Yang"> Bo Yang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gang%20Xiong"> Gang Xiong</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Guoxin%20Dai"> Guoxin Dai </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> GJ steel is a new type of high-performance structural steel which has been increasingly adopted in practical engineering. Q460GJ structural steel has a nominal yield strength of 460 MPa, which does not decrease significantly with the increase of steel plate thickness like normal structural steel. Thus, Q460GJ structural steel is normally used in medium-walled welded sections. However, research works on the residual stress in GJ steel members are few though it is one of the vital factors that can affect the member and structural behavior. This article aims to investigate the residual stresses in welded I-shaped sections fabricated from Q460GJ structural steel plates by experimental tests. A total of four full scale welded medium-walled I-shaped sections were tested by sectioning method. Both circular curve correction method and straightening measurement method were adopted in this study to obtain the final magnitude and distribution of the longitudinal residual stresses. In addition, this paper also explores the interaction between flanges and webs. And based on the statistical evaluation of the experimental data, a multilayer residual stress model is proposed. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Q460GJ%20structural%20steel" title="Q460GJ structural steel">Q460GJ structural steel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=residual%20stresses" title=" residual stresses"> residual stresses</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sectioning%20method" title=" sectioning method"> sectioning method</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=welded%20medium-walled%20I-shaped%20sections" title=" welded medium-walled I-shaped sections"> welded medium-walled I-shaped sections</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/66348/experimental-investigation-on-residual-stresses-in-welded-medium-walled-i-shaped-sections-fabricated-from-q460gj-structural-steel-plates" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/66348.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">317</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">18930</span> Histopathological Features of Infections Caused by Fusarium equiseti (Mart.) Sacc. in Onion Plants from Kebbi State, Northern Nigeria</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Wadzani%20Dauda%20Palnam">Wadzani Dauda Palnam</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Alao%20S.%20Emmanuel%20Laykay"> Alao S. Emmanuel Laykay</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Afiniki%20Bawa%20Zarafi"> Afiniki Bawa Zarafi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Olufunmilola%20Alabi"> Olufunmilola Alabi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dora%20N.%20Iortsuun"> Dora N. Iortsuun</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Onion production is affected by several diseases including fusariosis. Study was conducted to investigate the histopathological features of different onion tissues infected with Fusarium equiseti by inoculation with soil drench, root dip and mycelia paste methods. This was carried out by fixation, dehydration, clearing, wax embedding, sectioning, staining and mounting of leaf and root sections for microscopical examination at 400x. Once infection occurred in the roots, the pathogen moved through the vascular system to colonize the whole plant. At first, it grew in the intercellular spaces of the root cortex but soon invaded the cells, followed by colonization of the cells by its hyphae and microconidia. At later stages of infection, the cortex tissue became completely disorganized and decomposed as the pathogen advance to the shoot system via the vessel elements; this may be responsible for the early wilting symptom of infected plants arising from the severe water stress due to blockage of the xylem tissues. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=onion" title="onion">onion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=histopathology" title=" histopathology"> histopathology</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=infection" title=" infection"> infection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fusaria" title=" fusaria"> fusaria</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=inoculation" title=" inoculation"> inoculation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/68354/histopathological-features-of-infections-caused-by-fusarium-equiseti-mart-sacc-in-onion-plants-from-kebbi-state-northern-nigeria" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/68354.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">278</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">18929</span> Characterization of Porosity and Flow in Solid Oxide Fuel Cell with 3D Focused Ion Beam Serial Slicing</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Daniel%20Phifer">Daniel Phifer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Anna%20Prokhodtseva"> Anna Prokhodtseva</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> DualBeam (FIB-SEM) has long been the technology of choice to sub-sample and characterize materials at site-specific locations which are difficult or impossible to extract by conventional embedding/polishing methods. Whereas Ga based FIB provides excellent resolution and enables precise material removal, the current is usually limited and only allows the extraction of small material biopsies typically ranging from 5-70um wide. Xe Plasma FIB, by contrast, has around 38x more current and can remove more material at the same time to extract significant sized chunks (100-1000um) of materials for further analysis. This increased volume has enabled time-prohibitive investigations like large grain 3D serial sectioning and EBSD and micro-machining for micro-mechanical testing. Investigation of the pore spaces with 3D modeling can determine the relative characteristics of the materials to help design or select properties for best function. Pore spaces can be described with a tortuosity number which is calculated by modules in the 3D analysis software. Xe Plasma FIB technology provides a workflow with sufficient volume to characterize porosity when both large-volume 3D materials characterization and nanometer resolution is required to understand the system. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dual-beam" title="dual-beam">dual-beam</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=FIB-SEM" title=" FIB-SEM"> FIB-SEM</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=porosity" title=" porosity"> porosity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=SOFC" title=" SOFC"> SOFC</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=solid%20oxide%20fuel%20cell" title=" solid oxide fuel cell"> solid oxide fuel cell</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/87170/characterization-of-porosity-and-flow-in-solid-oxide-fuel-cell-with-3d-focused-ion-beam-serial-slicing" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/87170.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">207</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">18928</span> Injection of Bradykinin in Femoral Artery Elicits Cardiorespiratory Reflexes Involving Perivascular Afferents in Rat Models</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sanjeev%20K.%20Singh">Sanjeev K. Singh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Maloy%20B.%20Mandal"> Maloy B. Mandal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Revand%20R."> Revand R.</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The physiology of baroreceptors and chemoreceptors present in large blood vessels of the heart is well known in regulation of cardiorespiratory functions. Since large blood vessels and peripheral blood vessels are of same mesodermal origin, therefore, involvement of the latter in regulation of cardiorespiratory system is expected. Role of perivascular nerves in mediating cardiorespiratory alterations produced after intra-arterial injection of a nociceptive agent (bradykinin) was examined in urethane anesthetized male rats. Respiratory frequency, blood pressure, and heart rate were recorded for 30 min after the retrograde injection of bradykinin/saline in the femoral artery. In addition, paw edema was determined and water content was expressed as percentage of wet weight. Injection of bradykinin produced immediate tachypnoeic, hypotensive and bradycardiac responses of shorter latency (5-8 s) favoring the neural mechanisms involved in it. Injection of equi-volume of saline did not produce any responses and served as time matched control. Paw edema was observed in the ipsilateral hind limb. Pretreatment with diclofenac sodium significantly attenuated the bradykinin-induced responses and also blocked the paw edema. Ipsilateral femoral and sciatic nerve sectioning attenuated bradykinin-induced responses significantly indicating the origin of responses from the local vascular bed. Administration of bradykinin in the segment of an artery produced reflex cardiorespiratory changes by stimulating the perivascular nociceptors involving prostaglandins. This is a novel study exhibiting the role of peripheral blood vessels in regulation of cardiorespiratory system. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vasosensory%20reflex" title="vasosensory reflex">vasosensory reflex</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cardiorespiratory%20changes" title=" cardiorespiratory changes"> cardiorespiratory changes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nociceptive%20agent" title=" nociceptive agent"> nociceptive agent</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bradykinin" title=" bradykinin"> bradykinin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=VR1%20receptors" title=" VR1 receptors"> VR1 receptors</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/154000/injection-of-bradykinin-in-femoral-artery-elicits-cardiorespiratory-reflexes-involving-perivascular-afferents-in-rat-models" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/154000.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">148</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">18927</span> In Situ Volume Imaging of Cleared Mice Seminiferous Tubules Opens New Window to Study Spermatogenic Process in 3D</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lukas%20Ded">Lukas Ded</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Studying the tissue structure and histogenesis in the natural, 3D context is challenging but highly beneficial process. Contrary to classical approach of the physical tissue sectioning and subsequent imaging, it enables to study the relationships of individual cellular and histological structures in their native context. Recent developments in the tissue clearing approaches and microscopic volume imaging/data processing enable the application of these methods also in the areas of developmental and reproductive biology. Here, using the CLARITY tissue procedure and 3D confocal volume imaging we optimized the protocol for clearing, staining and imaging of the mice seminiferous tubules isolated from the testes without cardiac perfusion procedure. Our approach enables the high magnification and fine resolution axial imaging of the whole diameter of the seminiferous tubules with possible unlimited lateral length imaging. Hence, the large continuous pieces of the seminiferous tubule can be scanned and digitally reconstructed for the study of the single tubule seminiferous stages using nuclear dyes. Furthermore, the application of the antibodies and various molecular dyes can be used for molecular labeling of individual cellular and subcellular structures and resulting 3D images can highly increase our understanding of the spatiotemporal aspects of the seminiferous tubules development and sperm ultrastructure formation. Finally, our newly developed algorithms for 3D data processing enable the massive parallel processing of the large amount of individual cell and tissue fluorescent signatures and building the robust spermatogenic models under physiological and pathological conditions. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=CLARITY" title="CLARITY">CLARITY</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=spermatogenesis" title=" spermatogenesis"> spermatogenesis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=testis" title=" testis"> testis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tissue%20clearing" title=" tissue clearing"> tissue clearing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=volume%20imaging" title=" volume imaging"> volume imaging</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/134202/in-situ-volume-imaging-of-cleared-mice-seminiferous-tubules-opens-new-window-to-study-spermatogenic-process-in-3d" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/134202.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">136</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">18926</span> Socratic Style of Teaching: An Analysis of Dialectical Method</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Muhammad%20Jawwad">Muhammad Jawwad</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Riffat%20Iqbal"> Riffat Iqbal</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The Socratic method, also known as the dialectical method and elenctic method, has significant relevance in the contemporary educational system. It can be incorporated into modern-day educational systems theoretically as well as practically. Being interactive and dialogue-based in nature, this teaching approach is followed by critical thinking and innovation. The pragmatic value of the Dialectical Method has been discussed in this article, and the limitations of the Socratic method have also been highlighted. The interactive Method of Socrates can be used in many subjects for students of different grades. The Limitations and delimitations of the Method have also been discussed for its proper implementation. This article has attempted to elaborate and analyze the teaching method of Socrates with all its pre-suppositions and Epistemological character. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Socratic%20method" title="Socratic method">Socratic method</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dialectical%20method" title=" dialectical method"> dialectical method</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=knowledge" title=" knowledge"> knowledge</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=teaching" title=" teaching"> teaching</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=virtue" title=" virtue"> virtue</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/149127/socratic-style-of-teaching-an-analysis-of-dialectical-method" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/149127.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">133</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">18925</span> Simulation and Performance Evaluation of Transmission Lines with Shield Wire Segmentation against Atmospheric Discharges Using ATPDraw</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Marcio%20S.%20da%20Silva">Marcio S. da Silva</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jose%20Mauricio%20de%20B.%20Bezerra"> Jose Mauricio de B. Bezerra</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Antonio%20E.%20de%20A.%20Nogueira"> Antonio E. de A. Nogueira</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper aims to make a performance analysis of shield wire transmission lines against atmospheric discharges when it is made the option of sectioning the shield wire and verify if the tolerability of the change. As a goal of this work, it was established to make complete modeling of a transmission line in the ATPDraw program with shield wire grounded in all the towers and in some towers. The methodology used to make the proposed evaluation was to choose an actual transmission line that served as a case study. From the choice of transmission line and verification of all its topology and materials, complete modeling of the line using the ATPDraw software was performed. Then several atmospheric discharges were simulated by striking the grounded shield wires in each tower. These simulations served to identify the behavior of the existing line against atmospheric discharges. After this first analysis, the same line was reconsidered with shield wire segmentation. The shielding wire segmentation technique aims to reduce induced losses in shield wires and is adopted in some transmission lines in Brazil. With the same conditions of atmospheric discharge the transmission line, this time with shield wire segmentation was again evaluated. The results obtained showed that it is possible to obtain similar performances against atmospheric discharges between a shield wired line in multiple towers and the same line with shield wire segmentation if some precautions are adopted as verification of the ground resistance of the wire segmented shield, adequacy of the maximum length of the segmented gap, evaluation of the separation length of the electrodes of the insulator spark, among others. As a conclusion, it is verified that since the correct assessment and adopted the correct criteria of adjustment a transmission line with shielded wire segmentation can perform very similar to the traditional use with multiple earths. This solution contributes in a very important way to the reduction of energy losses in transmission lines. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=atmospheric%20discharges" title="atmospheric discharges">atmospheric discharges</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ATPDraw" title=" ATPDraw"> ATPDraw</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=shield%20wire" title=" shield wire"> shield wire</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=transmission%20lines" title=" transmission lines"> transmission lines</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/103131/simulation-and-performance-evaluation-of-transmission-lines-with-shield-wire-segmentation-against-atmospheric-discharges-using-atpdraw" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/103131.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">169</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">18924</span> A New Computational Package for Using in CFD and Other Problems (Third Edition)</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohammad%20Reza%20Akhavan%20Khaleghi">Mohammad Reza Akhavan Khaleghi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper shows changes done to the Reduced Finite Element Method (RFEM) that its result will be the most powerful numerical method that has been proposed so far (some forms of this method are so powerful that they can approximate the most complex equations simply Laplace equation!). Finite Element Method (FEM) is a powerful numerical method that has been used successfully for the solution of the existing problems in various scientific and engineering fields such as its application in CFD. Many algorithms have been expressed based on FEM, but none have been used in popular CFD software. In this section, full monopoly is according to Finite Volume Method (FVM) due to better efficiency and adaptability with the physics of problems in comparison with FEM. It doesn't seem that FEM could compete with FVM unless it was fundamentally changed. This paper shows those changes and its result will be a powerful method that has much better performance in all subjects in comparison with FVM and another computational method. This method is not to compete with the finite volume method but to replace it. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reduced%20finite%20element%20method" title="reduced finite element method">reduced finite element method</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=new%20computational%20package" title=" new computational package"> new computational package</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=new%20finite%20element%20formulation" title=" new finite element formulation"> new finite element formulation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=new%20higher-order%20form" title=" new higher-order form"> new higher-order form</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=new%20isogeometric%20analysis" title=" new isogeometric analysis"> new isogeometric analysis</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/169466/a-new-computational-package-for-using-in-cfd-and-other-problems-third-edition" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/169466.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">117</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">18923</span> A Study on the Solutions of the 2-Dimensional and Forth-Order Partial Differential Equations</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=O.%20Acan">O. Acan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Y.%20Keskin"> Y. Keskin</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this study, we will carry out a comparative study between the reduced differential transform method, the adomian decomposition method, the variational iteration method and the homotopy analysis method. These methods are used in many fields of engineering. This is been achieved by handling a kind of 2-Dimensional and forth-order partial differential equations called the Kuramoto–Sivashinsky equations. Three numerical examples have also been carried out to validate and demonstrate efficiency of the four methods. Furthermost, it is shown that the reduced differential transform method has advantage over other methods. This method is very effective and simple and could be applied for nonlinear problems which used in engineering. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reduced%20differential%20transform%20method" title="reduced differential transform method">reduced differential transform method</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=adomian%20decomposition%20method" title=" adomian decomposition method"> adomian decomposition method</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=variational%20iteration%20method" title=" variational iteration method"> variational iteration method</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=homotopy%20analysis%20method" title=" homotopy analysis method"> homotopy analysis method</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/17555/a-study-on-the-solutions-of-the-2-dimensional-and-forth-order-partial-differential-equations" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/17555.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">433</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">18922</span> 3D Label-Free Bioimaging of Native Tissue with Selective Plane Illumination Optical Microscopy</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jing%20Zhang">Jing Zhang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yvonne%20Reinwald"> Yvonne Reinwald</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nick%20Poulson"> Nick Poulson</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Alicia%20El%20Haj"> Alicia El Haj</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chung%20See"> Chung See</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mike%20Somekh"> Mike Somekh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Melissa%20Mather"> Melissa Mather</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Biomedical imaging of native tissue using light offers the potential to obtain excellent structural and functional information in a non-invasive manner with good temporal resolution. Image contrast can be derived from intrinsic absorption, fluorescence, or scatter, or through the use of extrinsic contrast. A major challenge in applying optical microscopy to in vivo tissue imaging is the effects of light attenuation which limits light penetration depth and achievable imaging resolution. Recently Selective Plane Illumination Microscopy (SPIM) has been used to map the 3D distribution of fluorophores dispersed in biological structures. In this approach, a focused sheet of light is used to illuminate the sample from the side to excite fluorophores within the sample of interest. Images are formed based on detection of fluorescence emission orthogonal to the illumination axis. By scanning the sample along the detection axis and acquiring a stack of images, 3D volumes can be obtained. The combination of rapid image acquisition speeds with the low photon dose to samples optical sectioning provides SPIM is an attractive approach for imaging biological samples in 3D. To date all implementations of SPIM rely on the use of fluorescence reporters be that endogenous or exogenous. This approach has the disadvantage that in the case of exogenous probes the specimens are altered from their native stage rendering them unsuitable for in vivo studies and in general fluorescence emission is weak and transient. Here we present for the first time to our knowledge a label-free implementation of SPIM that has downstream applications in the clinical setting. The experimental set up used in this work incorporates both label-free and fluorescent illumination arms in addition to a high specification camera that can be partitioned for simultaneous imaging of both fluorescent emission and scattered light from intrinsic sources of optical contrast in the sample being studied. This work first involved calibration of the imaging system and validation of the label-free method with well characterised fluorescent microbeads embedded in agarose gel. 3D constructs of mammalian cells cultured in agarose gel with varying cell concentrations were then imaged. A time course study to track cell proliferation in the 3D construct was also carried out and finally a native tissue sample was imaged. For each sample multiple images were obtained by scanning the sample along the axis of detection and 3D maps reconstructed. The results obtained validated label-free SPIM as a viable approach for imaging cells in a 3D gel construct and native tissue. This technique has the potential use in a near-patient environment that can provide results quickly and be implemented in an easy to use manner to provide more information with improved spatial resolution and depth penetration than current approaches. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bioimaging" title="bioimaging">bioimaging</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=optics" title=" optics"> optics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=selective%20plane%20illumination%20microscopy" title=" selective plane illumination microscopy"> selective plane illumination microscopy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tissue%20imaging" title=" tissue imaging"> tissue imaging</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/56468/3d-label-free-bioimaging-of-native-tissue-with-selective-plane-illumination-optical-microscopy" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/56468.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">247</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">18921</span> Elvis Improved Method for Solving Simultaneous Equations in Two Variables with Some Applications</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Elvis%20Adam%20Alhassan">Elvis Adam Alhassan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kaiyu%20Tian"> Kaiyu Tian</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Akos%20Konadu"> Akos Konadu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ernest%20Zamanah"> Ernest Zamanah</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Michael%20Jackson%20Adjabui"> Michael Jackson Adjabui</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ibrahim%20Justice%20Musah"> Ibrahim Justice Musah</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Esther%20Agyeiwaa%20Owusu"> Esther Agyeiwaa Owusu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Emmanuel%20K.%20A.%20Agyeman"> Emmanuel K. A. Agyeman</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this paper, how to solve simultaneous equations using the Elvis improved method is shown. The Elvis improved method says; to make one variable in the first equation the subject; make the same variable in the second equation the subject; equate the results and simplify to obtain the value of the unknown variable; put the value of the variable found into one equation from the first or second steps and simplify for the remaining unknown variable. The difference between our Elvis improved method and the substitution method is that: with Elvis improved method, the same variable is made the subject in both equations, and the two resulting equations equated, unlike the substitution method where one variable is made the subject of only one equation and substituted into the other equation. After describing the Elvis improved method, findings from 100 secondary students and the views of 5 secondary tutors to demonstrate the effectiveness of the method are presented. The study's purpose is proved by hypothetical examples. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=simultaneous%20equations" title="simultaneous equations">simultaneous equations</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=substitution%20method" title=" substitution method"> substitution method</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=elimination%20method" title=" elimination method"> elimination method</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=graphical%20method" title=" graphical method"> graphical method</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Elvis%20improved%20method" title=" Elvis improved method"> Elvis improved method</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/165246/elvis-improved-method-for-solving-simultaneous-equations-in-two-variables-with-some-applications" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/165246.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">136</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">18920</span> Different Methods of Fe3O4 Nano Particles Synthesis</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Arezoo%20Hakimi">Arezoo Hakimi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Afshin%20Farahbakhsh"> Afshin Farahbakhsh</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Herein, we comparison synthesized Fe3O4 using, hydrothermal method, Mechanochemical processes and solvent thermal method. The Hydrothermal Technique has been the most popular one, gathering interest from scientists and technologists of different disciplines, particularly in the last fifteen years. In the hydrothermal method Fe3O4 microspheres, in which many nearly monodisperse spherical particles with diameters of about 400nm, in the mechanochemical method regular morphology indicates that the particles are well crystallized and in the solvent thermal method Fe3O4 nanoparticles have good properties of uniform size and good dispersion. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fe3O4%20nanoparticles" title="Fe3O4 nanoparticles">Fe3O4 nanoparticles</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hydrothermal%20method" title=" hydrothermal method"> hydrothermal method</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mechanochemical%20processes" title=" mechanochemical processes"> mechanochemical processes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=solvent%20thermal%20method" title=" solvent thermal method"> solvent thermal method</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/46580/different-methods-of-fe3o4-nano-particles-synthesis" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/46580.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">351</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">18919</span> A Comparison of Smoothing Spline Method and Penalized Spline Regression Method Based on Nonparametric Regression Model</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Autcha%20Araveeporn">Autcha Araveeporn</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper presents a study about a nonparametric regression model consisting of a smoothing spline method and a penalized spline regression method. We also compare the techniques used for estimation and prediction of nonparametric regression model. We tried both methods with crude oil prices in dollars per barrel and the Stock Exchange of Thailand (SET) index. According to the results, it is concluded that smoothing spline method performs better than that of penalized spline regression method. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nonparametric%20regression%20model" title="nonparametric regression model">nonparametric regression model</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=penalized%20spline%20regression%20method" title=" penalized spline regression method"> penalized spline regression method</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=smoothing%20spline%20method" title=" smoothing spline method"> smoothing spline method</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Stock%20Exchange%20of%20Thailand%20%28SET%29" title=" Stock Exchange of Thailand (SET)"> Stock Exchange of Thailand (SET)</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/2974/a-comparison-of-smoothing-spline-method-and-penalized-spline-regression-method-based-on-nonparametric-regression-model" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/2974.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">439</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">18918</span> Influence of Optimization Method on Parameters Identification of Hyperelastic Models</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bale%20Baidi%20Blaise">Bale Baidi Blaise</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gilles%20Marckmann"> Gilles Marckmann</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Liman%20%20Kaoye"> Liman Kaoye</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Talaka%20Dya"> Talaka Dya</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Moustapha%20Bachirou"> Moustapha Bachirou</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gambo%20Betchewe"> Gambo Betchewe</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tibi%20Beda"> Tibi Beda</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This work highlights the capabilities of particles swarm optimization (PSO) method to identify parameters of hyperelastic models. The study compares this method with Genetic Algorithm (GA) method, Least Squares (LS) method, Pattern Search Algorithm (PSA) method, Beda-Chevalier (BC) method and the Levenberg-Marquardt (LM) method. Four classic hyperelastic models are used to test the diﬀerent methods through parameters identification. Then, the study compares the ability of these models to reproduce experimental Treloar data in simple tension, biaxial tension and pure shear. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=particle%20swarm%20optimization" title="particle swarm optimization">particle swarm optimization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=identification" title=" identification"> identification</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hyperelastic" title=" hyperelastic"> hyperelastic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=model" title=" model"> model</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/138255/influence-of-optimization-method-on-parameters-identification-of-hyperelastic-models" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/138255.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">171</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">18917</span> Comparing the Gap Formation around Composite Restorations in Three Regions of Tooth Using Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT)</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rima%20Zakzouk">Rima Zakzouk</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yasushi%20Shimada"> Yasushi Shimada</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yuan%20Zhou"> Yuan Zhou</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yasunori%20Sumi"> Yasunori Sumi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Junji%20Tagami"> Junji Tagami</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Background and Purpose: Swept source optical coherence tomography (OCT) is an interferometric imaging technique that has been recently used in cariology. In spite of progress made in adhesive dentistry, the composite restoration has been failing due to secondary caries which occur due to environmental factors in oral cavities. Therefore, a precise assessment to effective marginal sealing of restoration is highly required. The aim of this study was evaluating gap formation at composite/cavity walls interface with or without phosphoric acid etching using SS-OCT. Materials and Methods: Round tapered cavities (2×2 mm) were prepared in three locations, mid-coronal, cervical, and root of bovine incisors teeth in two groups (SE and PA Groups). While self-etching adhesive (Clearfil SE Bond) was applied for the both groups, Group PA had been already pretreated with phosphoric acid etching (K-Etchant gel). Subsequently, both groups were restored by Estelite Flow Quick Flowable Composite Resin. Following 5000 thermal cycles, three cross-sectionals were obtained from each cavity using OCT at 1310-nm wavelength at 0°, 60°, 120° degrees. Scanning was repeated after two months to monitor the gap progress. Then the average percentage of gap length was calculated using image analysis software, and the difference of mean between both groups was statistically analyzed by t-test. Subsequently, the results were confirmed by sectioning and observing representative specimens under Confocal Laser Scanning Microscope (CLSM). Results: The results showed that pretreatment with phosphoric acid etching, Group PA, led to significantly bigger gaps in mid-coronal and cervical compared to SE group, while in the root cavity no significant difference was observed between both groups. On the other hand, the gaps formed in root’s cavities were significantly bigger than those in mid-coronal and cervical within the same group. This study investigated the effect of phosphoric acid on gap length progress on the composite restorations. In conclusions, phosphoric acid etching treatment did not reduce the gap formation even in different regions of the tooth. Significance: The cervical region of tooth was more exposing to gap formation than mid-coronal region, especially when we added pre-etching treatment. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=image%20analysis" title="image analysis">image analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=optical%20coherence%20tomography" title=" optical coherence tomography"> optical coherence tomography</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=phosphoric%20acid%20etching" title=" phosphoric acid etching"> phosphoric acid etching</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=self-etch%20adhesives" title=" self-etch adhesives"> self-etch adhesives</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/61117/comparing-the-gap-formation-around-composite-restorations-in-three-regions-of-tooth-using-optical-coherence-tomography-oct" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/61117.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">221</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">18916</span> Mathematical Reconstruction of an Object Image Using X-Ray Interferometric Fourier Holography Method</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20K.%20Balyan">M. K. Balyan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The main principles of X-ray Fourier interferometric holography method are discussed. The object image is reconstructed by the mathematical method of Fourier transformation. The three methods are presented – method of approximation, iteration method and step by step method. As an example the complex amplitude transmission coefficient reconstruction of a beryllium wire is considered. The results reconstructed by three presented methods are compared. The best results are obtained by means of step by step method. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dynamical%20diffraction" title="dynamical diffraction">dynamical diffraction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hologram" title=" hologram"> hologram</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=object%20image" title=" object image"> object image</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=X-ray%20holography" title=" X-ray holography"> X-ray holography</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/56283/mathematical-reconstruction-of-an-object-image-using-x-ray-interferometric-fourier-holography-method" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/56283.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">394</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">18915</span> Modified Approximation Methods for Finding an Optimal Solution for the Transportation Problem</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=N.%20Guruprasad">N. Guruprasad</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper presents a modification of approximation method for transportation problems. The initial basic feasible solution can be computed using either Russel's or Vogel's approximation methods. Russell’s approximation method provides another excellent criterion that is still quick to implement on a computer (not manually) In most cases Russel's method yields a better initial solution, though it takes longer than Vogel's method (finding the next entering variable in Russel's method is in O(n1*n2), and in O(n1+n2) for Vogel's method). However, Russel's method normally has a lesser total running time because less pivots are required to reach the optimum for all but small problem sizes (n1+n2=~20). With this motivation behind we have incorporated a variation of the same – what we have proposed it has TMC (Total Modified Cost) to obtain fast and efficient solutions. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=computation" title="computation">computation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=efficiency" title=" efficiency"> efficiency</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=modified%20cost" title=" modified cost"> modified cost</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Russell%E2%80%99s%20approximation%20method" title=" Russell’s approximation method"> Russell’s approximation method</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=transportation" title=" transportation"> transportation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Vogel%E2%80%99s%20approximation%20method" title=" Vogel’s approximation method"> Vogel’s approximation method</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/19162/modified-approximation-methods-for-finding-an-optimal-solution-for-the-transportation-problem" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/19162.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">547</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">18914</span> Steepest Descent Method with New Step Sizes</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bib%20Paruhum%20Silalahi">Bib Paruhum Silalahi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Djihad%20Wungguli"> Djihad Wungguli</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sugi%20Guritman"> Sugi Guritman</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Steepest descent method is a simple gradient method for optimization. This method has a slow convergence in heading to the optimal solution, which occurs because of the zigzag form of the steps. Barzilai and Borwein modified this algorithm so that it performs well for problems with large dimensions. Barzilai and Borwein method results have sparked a lot of research on the method of steepest descent, including alternate minimization gradient method and Yuan method. Inspired by previous works, we modified the step size of the steepest descent method. We then compare the modification results against the Barzilai and Borwein method, alternate minimization gradient method and Yuan method for quadratic function cases in terms of the iterations number and the running time. The average results indicate that the steepest descent method with the new step sizes provide good results for small dimensions and able to compete with the results of Barzilai and Borwein method and the alternate minimization gradient method for large dimensions. The new step sizes have faster convergence compared to the other methods, especially for cases with large dimensions. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=steepest%20descent" title="steepest descent">steepest descent</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=line%20search" title=" line search"> line search</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=iteration" title=" iteration"> iteration</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=running%20time" title=" running time"> running time</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=unconstrained%20optimization" title=" unconstrained optimization"> unconstrained optimization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=convergence" title=" convergence"> convergence</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/29734/steepest-descent-method-with-new-step-sizes" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/29734.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">540</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">18913</span> Calculating Stress Intensity Factor of Cracked Axis by Using a Meshless Method</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Shahrooi">S. Shahrooi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Talavari"> A. Talavari</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Numeral study on the crack and discontinuity using element-free methods has been widely spread in recent years. In this study, for stress intensity factor calculation of the cracked axis under torsional loading has been used from a new element-free method as MLPG method. Region range is discretized by some dispersed nodal points. From method of moving least square (MLS) utilized to create the functions using these nodal points. Then, results of meshless method and finite element method (FEM) were compared. The results is shown which the element-free method was of good accuracy. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=stress%20intensity%20factor" title="stress intensity factor">stress intensity factor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=crack" title=" crack"> crack</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=torsional%20loading" title=" torsional loading"> torsional loading</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=meshless%20method" title=" meshless method "> meshless method </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/18554/calculating-stress-intensity-factor-of-cracked-axis-by-using-a-meshless-method" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/18554.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">565</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">18912</span> An Efficient Approach to Optimize the Cost and Profit of a Tea Garden by Using Branch and Bound Method</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abu%20Hashan%20Md%20Mashud">Abu Hashan Md Mashud</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Sharif%20Uddin"> M. Sharif Uddin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aminur%20Rahman%20Khan"> Aminur Rahman Khan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this paper, we formulate a new problem as a linear programming and Integer Programming problem and maximize profit within the limited budget and limited resources based on the construction of a tea garden problem. It describes a new idea about how to optimize profit and focuses on the practical aspects of modeling and the challenges of providing a solution to a complex real life problem. Finally, a comparative study is carried out among Graphical method, Simplex method and Branch and bound method. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=integer%20programming" title="integer programming">integer programming</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tea%20garden" title=" tea garden"> tea garden</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=graphical%20method" title=" graphical method"> graphical method</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=simplex%20method" title=" simplex method"> simplex method</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=branch%20and%20bound%20method" title=" branch and bound method"> branch and bound method</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/2584/an-efficient-approach-to-optimize-the-cost-and-profit-of-a-tea-garden-by-using-branch-and-bound-method" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/2584.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">623</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">18911</span> Sewer Culvert Installation Method to Accommodate Underground Construction in an Urban Area with Narrow Streets</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Osamu%20Igawa">Osamu Igawa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hiroshi%20Kouchiwa"> Hiroshi Kouchiwa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yuji%20Ito"> Yuji Ito</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In recent years, a reconstruction project for sewer pipelines has been progressing in Japan with the aim of renewing old sewer culverts. However, it is difficult to secure a sufficient base area for shafts in an urban area because many streets are narrow with a complex layout. As a result, construction in such urban areas is generally very demanding. In urban areas, there is a strong requirement for a safe, reliable and economical construction method that does not disturb the public’s daily life and urban activities. With this in mind, we developed a new construction method called the 'shield switching type micro-tunneling method' which integrates the micro-tunneling method and shield method. In this method, pipeline is constructed first for sections that are gently curved or straight using the economical micro-tunneling method, and then the method is switched to the shield method for sections with a sharp curve or a series of curves without establishing an intermediate shaft. This paper provides the information, features and construction examples of this newly developed method. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=micro-tunneling%20method" title="micro-tunneling method">micro-tunneling method</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=secondary%20lining%20applied%20RC%20segment" title=" secondary lining applied RC segment"> secondary lining applied RC segment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sharp%20curve" title=" sharp curve"> sharp curve</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=shield%20method" title=" shield method"> shield method</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=switching%20type" title=" switching type"> switching type</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/4418/sewer-culvert-installation-method-to-accommodate-underground-construction-in-an-urban-area-with-narrow-streets" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/4418.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">403</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">18910</span> Direct Transient Stability Assessment of Stressed Power Systems</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=E.%20Popov">E. Popov</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=N.%20Yorino"> N. Yorino</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Y.%20Zoka"> Y. Zoka</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Y.%20Sasaki"> Y. Sasaki</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=H.%20Sugihara"> H. Sugihara</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper discusses the performance of critical trajectory method (CTrj) for power system transient stability analysis under various loading settings and heavy fault condition. The method obtains Controlling Unstable Equilibrium Point (CUEP) which is essential for estimation of power system stability margins. The CUEP is computed by applying the CTrjto the boundary controlling unstable equilibrium point (BCU) method. The Proposed method computes a trajectory on the stability boundary that starts from the exit point and reaches CUEP under certain assumptions. The robustness and effectiveness of the method are demonstrated via six power system models and five loading conditions. As benchmark is used conventional simulation method whereas the performance is compared with and BCU Shadowing method. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=power%20system" title="power system">power system</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=transient%20stability" title=" transient stability"> transient stability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=critical%20trajectory%20method" title=" critical trajectory method"> critical trajectory method</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=energy%20function%20method" title=" energy function method"> energy function method</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/9481/direct-transient-stability-assessment-of-stressed-power-systems" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/9481.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">386</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">18909</span> Constant Order Predictor Corrector Method for the Solution of Modeled Problems of First Order IVPs of ODEs</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20A.%20James">A. A. James</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20O.%20Adesanya"> A. O. Adesanya</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20R.%20Odekunle"> M. R. Odekunle</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=D.%20G.%20Yakubu"> D. G. Yakubu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper examines the development of one step, five hybrid point method for the solution of first order initial value problems. We adopted the method of collocation and interpolation of power series approximate solution to generate a continuous linear multistep method. The continuous linear multistep method was evaluated at selected grid points to give the discrete linear multistep method. The method was implemented using a constant order predictor of order seven over an overlapping interval. The basic properties of the derived corrector was investigated and found to be zero stable, consistent and convergent. The region of absolute stability was also investigated. The method was tested on some numerical experiments and found to compete favorably with the existing methods. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=interpolation" title="interpolation">interpolation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=approximate%20solution" title=" approximate solution"> approximate solution</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=collocation" title=" collocation"> collocation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=differential%20system" title=" differential system"> differential system</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=half%20step" title=" half step"> half step</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=converges" title=" converges"> converges</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=block%20method" title=" block method"> block method</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=efficiency" title=" efficiency"> efficiency</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/1645/constant-order-predictor-corrector-method-for-the-solution-of-modeled-problems-of-first-order-ivps-of-odes" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/1645.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">337</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">18908</span> Development of 3D Particle Method for Calculating Large Deformation of Soils </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sung-Sik%20Park">Sung-Sik Park</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Han%20Chang"> Han Chang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kyung-Hun%20Chae"> Kyung-Hun Chae</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sae-Byeok%20Lee"> Sae-Byeok Lee</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this study, a three-dimensional (3D) Particle method without using grid was developed for analyzing large deformation of soils instead of using ordinary finite element method (FEM) or finite difference method (FDM). In the 3D Particle method, the governing equations were discretized by various particle interaction models corresponding to differential operators such as gradient, divergence, and Laplacian. The Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion was incorporated into the 3D Particle method to determine soil failure. The yielding and hardening behavior of soil before failure was also considered by varying viscosity of soil. First of all, an unconfined compression test was carried out and the large deformation following soil yielding or failure was simulated by the developed 3D Particle method. The results were also compared with those of a commercial FEM software PLAXIS 3D. The developed 3D Particle method was able to simulate the 3D large deformation of soils due to soil yielding and calculate the variation of normal and shear stresses following clay deformation. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=particle%20method" title="particle method">particle method</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=large%20deformation" title=" large deformation"> large deformation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=soil%20column" title=" soil column"> soil column</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=confined%20compressive%20stress" title=" confined compressive stress"> confined compressive stress</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/17371/development-of-3d-particle-method-for-calculating-large-deformation-of-soils" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/17371.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">572</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">18907</span> The Implementation of Secton Method for Finding the Root of Interpolation Function</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nur%20Rokhman">Nur Rokhman</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> A mathematical function gives relationship between the variables composing the function. Interpolation can be viewed as a process of finding mathematical function which goes through some specified points. There are many interpolation methods, namely: Lagrange method, Newton method, Spline method etc. For some specific condition, such as, big amount of interpolation points, the interpolation function can not be written explicitly. This such function consist of computational steps. The solution of equations involving the interpolation function is a problem of solution of non linear equation. Newton method will not work on the interpolation function, for the derivative of the interpolation function cannot be written explicitly. This paper shows the use of Secton method to determine the numerical solution of the function involving the interpolation function. The experiment shows the fact that Secton method works better than Newton method in finding the root of Lagrange interpolation function. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Secton%20method" title="Secton method">Secton method</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=interpolation" title=" interpolation"> interpolation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=non%20linear%20function" title=" non linear function"> non linear function</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=numerical%20solution" title=" numerical solution"> numerical solution</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/1837/the-implementation-of-secton-method-for-finding-the-root-of-interpolation-function" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/1837.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">379</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">18906</span> Ductility Spectrum Method for the Design and Verification of Structures </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=B.%20Chikh">B. Chikh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=L.%20Moussa"> L. Moussa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=H.%20Bechtoula"> H. Bechtoula</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Y.%20Mehani"> Y. Mehani</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Zerzour"> A. Zerzour </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study presents a new method, applicable to evaluation and design of structures has been developed and illustrated by comparison with the capacity spectrum method (CSM, ATC-40). This method uses inelastic spectra and gives peak responses consistent with those obtained when using the nonlinear time history analysis. Hereafter, the seismic demands assessment method is called in this paper DSM, Ductility Spectrum Method. It is used to estimate the seismic deformation of Single-Degree-Of-Freedom (SDOF) systems based on DDRS, Ductility Demand Response Spectrum, developed by the author. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=seismic%20demand" title="seismic demand">seismic demand</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=capacity" title=" capacity"> capacity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=inelastic%20spectra" title=" inelastic spectra"> inelastic spectra</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=design%20and%20structure" title=" design and structure"> design and structure</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/1850/ductility-spectrum-method-for-the-design-and-verification-of-structures" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/1850.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">395</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">18905</span> Top-Down Construction Method in Concrete Structures: Advantages and Disadvantages of This Construction Method</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hadi%20Rouhi%20Belvirdi">Hadi Rouhi Belvirdi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The construction of underground structures using the traditional method, which begins with excavation and the implementation of the foundation of the underground structure, continues with the construction of the main structure from the ground up, and concludes with the completion of the final ceiling, is known as the Bottom-Up Method. In contrast to this method, there is an advanced technique called the Top-Down Method, which has practically replaced the traditional construction method in large projects in industrialized countries in recent years. Unlike the traditional approach, this method starts with the construction of surrounding walls, columns, and the final ceiling and is completed with the excavation and construction of the foundation of the underground structure. Some of the most significant advantages of this method include the elimination or minimization of formwork surfaces, the removal of temporary bracing during excavation, the creation of some traffic facilities during the construction of the structure, and the possibility of using it in limited and high-traffic urban spaces. Despite these numerous advantages, unfortunately, there is still insufficient awareness of this method in our country, to the extent that it can be confidently stated that most stakeholders in the construction industry are unaware of the existence of such a construction method. However, it can be utilized as a very important execution option alongside other conventional methods in the construction of underground structures. Therefore, due to the extensive practical capabilities of this method, this article aims to present a methodology for constructing underground structures based on the aforementioned advanced method to the scientific community of the country, examine the advantages and limitations of this method and their impacts on time and costs, and discuss its application in urban spaces. Finally, some underground structures executed in the Ahvaz urban rail, which are being implemented using this advanced method to the best of our best knowledge, will be introduced. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=top-down%20method" title="top-down method">top-down method</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bottom-up%20method" title=" bottom-up method"> bottom-up method</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=underground%20structure" title=" underground structure"> underground structure</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=construction%20method" title=" construction method"> construction method</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/191086/top-down-construction-method-in-concrete-structures-advantages-and-disadvantages-of-this-construction-method" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/191086.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">12</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">18904</span> Stating Best Commercialization Method: An Unanswered Question from Scholars and Practitioners</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Saheed%20A.%20Gbadegeshin">Saheed A. Gbadegeshin</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Commercialization method is a means to make inventions available at the market for final consumption. It is described as an important tool for keeping business enterprises sustainable and improving national economic growth. Thus, there are several scholarly publications on it, either presenting or testing different methods for commercialization. However, young entrepreneurs, technologists and scientists would like to know the best method to commercialize their innovations. Then, this question arises: What is the best commercialization method? To answer the question, a systematic literature review was conducted, and practitioners were interviewed. The literary results revealed that there are many methods but new methods are needed to improve commercialization especially during these times of economic crisis and political uncertainty. Similarly, the empirical results showed there are several methods, but the best method is the one that reduces costs, reduces the risks associated with uncertainty, and improves customer participation and acceptability. Therefore, it was concluded that new commercialization method is essential for today's high technologies and a method was presented. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=commercialization%20method" title="commercialization method">commercialization method</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=technology" title=" technology"> technology</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=knowledge" title=" knowledge"> knowledge</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=intellectual%20property" title=" intellectual property"> intellectual property</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=innovation" title=" innovation"> innovation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=invention" title=" invention"> invention</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/64646/stating-best-commercialization-method-an-unanswered-question-from-scholars-and-practitioners" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/64646.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">342</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">18903</span> Critical Comparison of Two Teaching Methods: The Grammar Translation Method and the Communicative Teaching Method</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aicha%20Zohbie">Aicha Zohbie</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The purpose of this paper is to critically compare two teaching methods: the communicative method and the grammar-translation method. The paper presents the importance of language awareness as an approach to teaching and learning language and some challenges that language teachers face. In addition, the paper strives to determine whether the adoption of communicative teaching methods or the grammar teaching method would be more effective to teach a language. A variety of features are considered for comparing the two methods: the purpose of each method, techniques used, teachers’ and students’ roles, the use of L1, the skills that are emphasized, the correction of students’ errors, and the students’ assessments. Finally, the paper includes suggestions and recommendations for implementing an approach that best meets the students’ needs in a classroom. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=language%20teaching%20methods" title="language teaching methods">language teaching methods</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=language%20awareness" title=" language awareness"> language awareness</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=communicative%20method%20grammar%20translation%20method" title=" communicative method grammar translation method"> communicative method grammar translation method</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=advantages%20and%20disadvantages" title=" advantages and disadvantages"> advantages and disadvantages</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/150192/critical-comparison-of-two-teaching-methods-the-grammar-translation-method-and-the-communicative-teaching-method" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/150192.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">151</span> </span> </div> </div> <ul class="pagination"> <li class="page-item disabled"><span class="page-link">&lsaquo;</span></li> <li class="page-item active"><span class="page-link">1</span></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sectioning%20method&page=2">2</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sectioning%20method&page=3">3</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" 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