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vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hellenistic_period:_religious_syncretism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Hellenistic period: religious syncretism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hellenistic_period:_religious_syncretism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roman_world:_Philo_of_Alexandria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roman_world:_Philo_of_Alexandria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Roman world: Philo of Alexandria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roman_world:_Philo_of_Alexandria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neoplatonism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neoplatonism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.3</span> <span>Neoplatonism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neoplatonism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Renaissance_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Renaissance_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Renaissance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Renaissance_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ficino_and_Pico_della_Mirandola" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ficino_and_Pico_della_Mirandola"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Ficino and Pico della Mirandola</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ficino_and_Pico_della_Mirandola-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Steuco" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Steuco"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Steuco</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Steuco-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-De_perenni_philosophia_libri_X" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#De_perenni_philosophia_libri_X"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2.1</span> <span>De perenni philosophia libri X</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-De_perenni_philosophia_libri_X-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2.2</span> <span>Influence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Popularisation_and_later_developments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Popularisation_and_later_developments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Popularisation and later developments</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Popularisation_and_later_developments-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Popularisation and later developments subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Popularisation_and_later_developments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Transcendentalism_and_Unitarian_Universalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transcendentalism_and_Unitarian_Universalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Transcendentalism and Unitarian Universalism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transcendentalism_and_Unitarian_Universalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theosophical_Society" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theosophical_Society"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Theosophical Society</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theosophical_Society-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neo-Vedanta" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neo-Vedanta"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Neo-Vedanta</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neo-Vedanta-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Traditionalist_School_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traditionalist_School_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Traditionalist School</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Traditionalist_School_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aldous_Huxley" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aldous_Huxley"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Aldous Huxley</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aldous_Huxley-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Age" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Age"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>New Age</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Age-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Academic_discussions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Academic_discussions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Academic discussions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Academic_discussions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Academic discussions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Academic_discussions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mystical_experience" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mystical_experience"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Mystical experience</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mystical_experience-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_pluralism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_pluralism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Religious pluralism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_pluralism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evidence_for_perennial_philosophy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evidence_for_perennial_philosophy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Evidence for perennial philosophy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evidence_for_perennial_philosophy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Perennial_trends_in_religions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Perennial_trends_in_religions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Perennial trends in religions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Perennial_trends_in_religions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Perennial trends in religions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Perennial_trends_in_religions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hinduism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hinduism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Hinduism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hinduism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christianity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christianity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Christianity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christianity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islam/Sufism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islam/Sufism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Islam/Sufism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islam/Sufism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Criticism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sources-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Sources subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Printed_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Printed_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Printed sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Printed_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Web-sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Web-sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Web-sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Web-sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" 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type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 29 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-29" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">29 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D8%A9_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%A9" title="فلسفة خالدة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فلسفة خالدة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filsafat_perenial" title="Filsafat perenial – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Filsafat perenial" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosofia_perenne" title="Filosofia perenne – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Filosofia perenne" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophia_perennis" title="Philosophia perennis – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Philosophia perennis" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophia_perennis" title="Philosophia perennis – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Philosophia perennis" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophia_perennis" title="Philosophia perennis – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Philosophia perennis" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosof%C3%ADa_perenne" title="Filosofía perenne – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Filosofía perenne" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86" title="خرد جاویدان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="خرد جاویدان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophie_%C3%A9ternelle" title="Philosophie éternelle – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Philosophie éternelle" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%81%EC%9B%90%EC%B2%A0%ED%95%99" title="영원철학 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="영원철학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filsafat_perenial" title="Filsafat perenial – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Filsafat perenial" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perennialismo" title="Perennialismo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Perennialismo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophia_perennis" title="Philosophia perennis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Philosophia perennis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C5%AB%C5%BE%C4%ABg%C4%81_filozofija" title="Mūžīgā filozofija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Mūžīgā filozofija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophia_perennis" title="Philosophia perennis – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Philosophia perennis" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perennialisme" title="Perennialisme – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Perennialisme" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%B8%E9%81%A0%E3%81%AE%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="永遠の哲学 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="永遠の哲学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filozofia_wieczysta" title="Filozofia wieczysta – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Filozofia wieczysta" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosofia_perene" title="Filosofia perene – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Idea that all religions share a single truth</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the school of thought in philosophy and spirituality. For the popular book on the subject by Aldous Huxley, see <a href="/wiki/The_Perennial_Philosophy" title="The Perennial Philosophy">The Perennial Philosophy</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Spirituality" title="Category:Spirituality">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:lavender;line-height:1.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Spirituality" title="Spirituality">Spirituality</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_spirituality" title="Outline of spirituality">Outline</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">Religion</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:none;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_religion" title="History of religion">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_religion" title="Timeline of religion">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Traditional</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:none;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elite_religion" title="Elite religion">Elite religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_mysticism" title="Jewish mysticism">Jewish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Merkabah_mysticism" title="Merkabah mysticism">Merkabah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasidism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hasidism">Hasidism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mysticism" title="Christian mysticism">Christian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_spirituality" title="Catholic spirituality">Catholic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_religion" title="Folk religion">Folk religion</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Modern</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:none;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_modernism" title="Buddhist modernism">Buddhist modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_religious_movement" title="New religious movement">New religious movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_spirituality" title="Secular spirituality">Secular spirituality</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Spiritual_but_not_religious" title="Spiritual but not religious">Spiritual but not religious</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syncretism" title="Syncretism">Syncretism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Spiritual experience</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:none;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lived_religion" title="Lived religion">Lived religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystical_experience" class="mw-redirect" title="Mystical experience">Mystical experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanic_feeling" title="Oceanic feeling">Oceanic feeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_experience" title="Religious experience">Religious experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_ecstasy" title="Religious ecstasy">Religious ecstasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_practice" title="Spiritual practice">Spiritual practice</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Spiritual development</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:none;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ego_death" title="Ego death">Ego death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individuation" title="Individuation">Individuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-actualization" title="Self-actualization">Self-actualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_activism" title="Spiritual activism">Spiritual activism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_development" class="mw-redirect" title="Spiritual development">Spiritual development</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:120%;background:lavender;"> Influences</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Western</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:none;"><b>General</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Divine_illumination" title="Divine illumination">Divine illumination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">Pantheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panentheism" title="Panentheism">Panentheism</a></li></ul> <p><b>Antiquity</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermeticism" title="Hermeticism">Hermeticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">Neoplatonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_esotericism" title="Western esotericism">Western esotericism</a></li></ul> <p><b>Medieval</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">Mysticism</a></li></ul> <p><b>Early modern</b> </p> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Perennial philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakob_B%C3%B6hme" title="Jakob Böhme">Jakob Böhme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Swedenborg" title="Emanuel Swedenborg">Emanuel Swedenborg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietism" title="Pietism">Pietism</a></li></ul> <p><b>Modern</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendentalism" title="Transcendentalism">Transcendentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universalism" title="Universalism">Universalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Thought" title="New Thought">New Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosophy_(Boehmian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Theosophy (Boehmian)">Theosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthroposophy" title="Anthroposophy">Anthroposophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occultism" class="mw-redirect" title="Occultism">Occultism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(movement)" title="Spiritualism (movement)">Spiritualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esoteric_Christianity" title="Esoteric Christianity">Esoteric Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Age" title="New Age">New Age</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Orientalist</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:none;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_religion" title="Comparative religion">Comparative religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Advaita" title="Neo-Advaita">Neo-Advaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonduality_(spirituality)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonduality (spirituality)">Nonduality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orientalism" title="Orientalism">Orientalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosophical_Society" title="Theosophical Society">Theosophical Society</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Asian</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:none;"><b>Pre-historic</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Iranian_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Indo-Iranian religion">Proto-Indo-Iranian religion</a></li></ul> <p><b>Iran</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a></li></ul> <p><b>India</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita Vedanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha-nature" title="Buddha-nature">Buddha-nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevala_jnana" title="Kevala jnana">Kevala jnana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhyamaka" title="Madhyamaka">Madhyamaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Moksha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Vedanta" title="Neo-Vedanta">Neo-Vedanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">Tantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogachara" title="Yogachara">Yogachara</a></li></ul> <p><b>East-Asia</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Other non-Western</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:none;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">Animism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamanism" title="Shamanism">Shamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totem" title="Totem">Totemism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Psychological</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:none;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_psychology" title="Humanistic psychology">Humanistic psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindfulness" title="Mindfulness">Mindfulness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_psychology" title="Positive psychology">Positive psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-help" title="Self-help">Self-help</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-realization" title="Self-realization">Self-realization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/True_self_and_false_self" title="True self and false self">True self and false self</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:120%;background:lavender;"> Research</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Neurological</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:none;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mystical_psychosis" title="Mystical psychosis">Mystical psychosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_science_of_religion" title="Cognitive science of religion">Cognitive science of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroscience_of_religion" title="Neuroscience of religion">Neuroscience of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geschwind_syndrome" title="Geschwind syndrome">Geschwind syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology_of_religion" title="Evolutionary psychology of religion">Evolutionary psychology of religion</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist" style="border:none;padding-bottom:0.35em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Spirituality" title="Category:Spirituality">Category</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Spirituality_sidebar" title="Template:Spirituality sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Spirituality_sidebar" title="Template talk:Spirituality sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Spirituality_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Spirituality sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>perennial philosophy</b> (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">philosophia perennis</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also referred to as <b>perennialism</b> and <b>perennial wisdom</b>, is a school of thought in philosophy and <a href="/wiki/Spirituality" title="Spirituality">spirituality</a> that posits that the recurrence of common themes across <a href="/wiki/World_religions" title="World religions">world religions</a> illuminates universal truths about the nature of reality, humanity, ethics, and consciousness. Some perennialists emphasize common themes in <a href="/wiki/Religious_experience" title="Religious experience">religious experiences</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">mystical traditions</a> across time and cultures; others argue that religious traditions share a single <a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">metaphysical</a> truth or origin from which all <a href="/wiki/Western_esotericism" title="Western esotericism">esoteric</a> and <a href="/wiki/Exoteric" title="Exoteric">exoteric</a> knowledge and doctrine have developed. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ARO_Plate_2_(Title_page_alternate).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/ARO_Plate_2_%28Title_page_alternate%29.jpg/250px-ARO_Plate_2_%28Title_page_alternate%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="353" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0d/ARO_Plate_2_%28Title_page_alternate%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="336" data-file-height="475" /></a><figcaption>One of two known editions of the title page of <a href="/wiki/William_Blake" title="William Blake">William Blake's</a> <a href="/wiki/All_Religions_are_One" title="All Religions are One"><i>All Religions Are One</i></a>, published in 1795</figcaption></figure> <p>Perennialism has its roots in the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance era-interest</a> in <a href="/wiki/Neo-Platonism" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Platonism">neo-Platonism</a> and its <a href="/wiki/Theory_of_Forms" class="mw-redirect" title="Theory of Forms">idea</a> of <a href="/wiki/Neo-Platonism#The_One" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Platonism">the One</a> from which all existence emerges. <a href="/wiki/Marsilio_Ficino" title="Marsilio Ficino">Marsilio Ficino</a> (1433–1499) sought to integrate <i><a href="/wiki/Corpus_Hermeticum" title="Corpus Hermeticum">Hermeticism</a></i> with <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_philosophy" title="Hellenistic philosophy">Greek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Christian</a> thought,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlavenburgGlaudemans1994395_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlavenburgGlaudemans1994395-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> discerning a <i><a href="/wiki/Prisca_theologia" title="Prisca theologia">prisca theologia</a></i> found in all ages.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmitt1966508_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmitt1966508-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Pico_della_Mirandola" title="Giovanni Pico della Mirandola">Giovanni Pico della Mirandola</a> (1463–1494) suggested that truth could be found in many—rather than just two<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too vague attribution or weasel words. (November 2024)">which?</span></a></i>]</sup>—traditions. He proposed a harmony between the thought of Plato and Aristotle and saw aspects of the <i>prisca theologia</i> in <a href="/wiki/Averroes" title="Averroes">Averroes</a> (Ibn Rushd), the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a>, and other sources.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmitt1966513_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmitt1966513-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Agostino_Steuco" title="Agostino Steuco">Agostino Steuco</a> (1497–1548) coined the term <i>philosophia perennis</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmitt1966_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmitt1966-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Developments in the 19th and 20th centuries integrated <a href="/wiki/Eastern_religions" title="Eastern religions">Eastern religions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Universalism" title="Universalism">universalism</a>—the idea that all religions, underneath apparent differences, point to the same Truth. In the early 19th century, the <a href="/wiki/Transcendentalism" title="Transcendentalism">Transcendentalists</a> propagated the idea of a metaphysical Truth and universalism—this inspired the <a href="/wiki/Unitarianism" title="Unitarianism">Unitarians</a>, who <a href="/wiki/Proselytism" title="Proselytism">proselytized</a> among <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">Indian</a> elites. Toward the end of the 19th century, the <a href="/wiki/Theosophical_Society" title="Theosophical Society">Theosophical Society</a> further popularized universalism in the Western world and Western colonies. In the 20th century, this form of universalist perennialism was further popularized by <a href="/wiki/Aldous_Huxley" title="Aldous Huxley">Aldous Huxley</a> and his book <i><a href="/wiki/The_Perennial_Philosophy" title="The Perennial Philosophy">The Perennial Philosophy</a></i>, which was inspired by <a href="/wiki/Neo-Vedanta" title="Neo-Vedanta">Neo-Vedanta</a>. Huxley and some other perennnialists grounded their point of view in the commonalities of <a href="/wiki/Mystical_experience" class="mw-redirect" title="Mystical experience">mystical experience</a> and generally accepted <a href="/wiki/Religious_syncretism" title="Religious syncretism">religious syncretism</a>. </p><p>Also, in the 20th century, the anti-modern <a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditionalist School">Traditionalist School</a> emerged in contrast to the universalist approach to perennialism. Inspired by <a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita Vedanta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufism</a> and 20th-century works critical of modernity such as <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Gu%C3%A9non" title="René Guénon">René Guénon</a>'s <i>The Crisis of the Modern World</i>, Traditionalism emphasises a metaphysical unitary source of the major religions in their "<a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy" title="Orthodoxy">orthodox</a>" forms and rejects syncretism, <a href="/wiki/Scientism" title="Scientism">scientism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">secularism</a> as deviations from the truth contained in their concept of Tradition. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perennial_philosophy&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is no universally agreed upon definition of the term "perennial philosophy", and various thinkers have employed the term in different ways. For all perennialists, the term denotes a common wisdom at the heart of world religions, but exponents across time and place have differed on whether, or how, it can be defined. Some perennialists emphasise a sense of participation in an <a href="/wiki/Ineffability" title="Ineffability">ineffable</a> truth discovered in mystical experience, though ultimately beyond the scope of complete human understanding. Others seek a more well-developed metaphysics. </p><p>Drawing upon the same Renaissance foundations, in the 20th century the mystical universalist interpretation popularised by <a href="/wiki/Aldous_Huxley" title="Aldous Huxley">Aldous Huxley</a>, and the metaphysical approach of the Traditionalist School became particularly influential. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Renaissance">Renaissance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perennial_philosophy&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Renaissance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The idea of a perennial philosophy originated with a number of <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> theologians who took inspiration from <a href="/wiki/Neo-Platonism" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Platonism">neo-Platonism</a> and from the <a href="/wiki/Theory_of_Forms" class="mw-redirect" title="Theory of Forms">theory of Forms</a>. <a href="/wiki/Marsilio_Ficino" title="Marsilio Ficino">Marsilio Ficino</a> (1433–1499) argued that there is an underlying unity to the world, the soul or love, which has a counterpart in the <a href="/wiki/Theory_of_Forms" class="mw-redirect" title="Theory of Forms">realm of ideas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmitt1966508_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmitt1966508-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Pico_della_Mirandola" title="Giovanni Pico della Mirandola">Giovanni Pico della Mirandola</a> (1463–1494), a student of Ficino, truth could be found in many, rather than just two, traditions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmitt1966513_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmitt1966513-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Agostino_Steuco" title="Agostino Steuco">Agostino Steuco</a> (1497–1548) there is "one principle of all things, of which there has always been one and the same knowledge among all peoples."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmitt1966517_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmitt1966517-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aldous_Huxley_and_mystical_universalism">Aldous Huxley and mystical universalism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perennial_philosophy&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Aldous Huxley and mystical universalism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Aldous Huxley, author of the popular book <i><a href="/wiki/The_Perennial_Philosophy" title="The Perennial Philosophy">The Perennial Philosophy</a></i>, propagated a universalist interpretation of the world religions, inspired by Vivekananda's <a href="/wiki/Neo-Vedanta" title="Neo-Vedanta">neo-Vedanta</a> and his own use of psychedelic drugs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShipley201584_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShipley201584-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Huxley: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The Perennial Philosophy is expressed most succinctly in the Sanskrit formula, <a href="/wiki/Tat_tvam_asi" class="mw-redirect" title="Tat tvam asi">tat tvam asi</a> ('That thou art'); the Atman, or immanent eternal Self, is one with Brahman, the Absolute Principle of all existence; and the last end of every human being, is to discover the fact for himself, to find out who he really is.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuxley1945_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuxley1945-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Huxley's approach to perennialism is grounded in ineffable mystical experience, which ego can obscure.: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The divine Ground of all existence is a spiritual Absolute, ineffable in terms of discursive thought, but (in certain circumstances) susceptible of being directly experienced and realized by the human being. This Absolute is the God-without-form of Hindu and Christian mystical phraseology. The last end of man, the ultimate reason for human existence, is unitive knowledge of the divine Ground—the knowledge that can come only to those who are prepared to “Die to self” and so make room, as it were, for God.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuxley1945_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuxley1945-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In Huxley's 1944 essay in <i>Vedanta and the West</i>, he proposes <i>The Minimum Working Hypothesis</i>, a basic outline which an individual can adopt to achieve the "Godhead": </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>That there is a Godhead or Ground, which is the unmanifested principle of all manifestation. </p><p>That the Ground is transcendent and immanent. </p><p>That it is possible for human beings to love, know and become the Ground. </p><p>That to achieve this unitive knowledge, to realize this supreme identity, is the final end and purpose of human existence. </p><p> That there is a Law or Dharma, which must be obeyed, a Tao or Way, which must be followed, if humans are to achieve their final end.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Traditionalist_School">Traditionalist School</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perennial_philosophy&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Traditionalist School"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For the Traditionalist <a href="/wiki/Seyyed_Hossein_Nasr" title="Seyyed Hossein Nasr">Seyyed Hossein Nasr</a>, the perennial philosophy is rooted in the concept of Tradition, which he defines as: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>...truths or principles of a divine origin revealed or unveiled to mankind and, in fact, a whole cosmic sector through various figures envisaged as messengers, prophets, avataras, the Logos or other transmitting agencies, along with all the ramifications and applications of these principles in different realms including law and social structure, art, symbolism, the sciences, and embracing of course Supreme Knowledge along with the means for its attainment.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKing2000203_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing2000203-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Seyyed Hossein Nasr quoted in Sallie B. King, <i>The Philosophia Perennis and the Religions of the World</i>, 2000</cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perennial_philosophy&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Neo-Platonism" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Platonism">Neo-Platonism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Agape" title="Agape">Agape</a></div> <p>The perennial philosophy originates from a blending of neo-Platonism and <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>. Neo-Platonism itself has diverse origins in the syncretic culture of the <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic period</a>, and was an influential philosophy throughout the Middle Ages. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classical_world">Classical world</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perennial_philosophy&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Classical world"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hellenistic_period:_religious_syncretism">Hellenistic period: religious syncretism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perennial_philosophy&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Hellenistic period: religious syncretism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Religious_syncretism" title="Religious syncretism">Religious syncretism</a></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic period</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Wars_of_Alexander_the_Great" title="Wars of Alexander the Great">campaigns</a> brought about exchange of cultural ideas on its path throughout most of the known world of his era. The Greek <a href="/wiki/Eleusinian_Mysteries" title="Eleusinian Mysteries">Eleusinian Mysteries</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dionysian_Mysteries" title="Dionysian Mysteries">Dionysian Mysteries</a> mixed with such influences as the <a href="/wiki/Cult_of_Isis" class="mw-redirect" title="Cult of Isis">Cult of Isis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mithraism" title="Mithraism">Mithraism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indo-Greeks" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Greeks">Hinduism</a>, along with some Persian influences. Such <a href="/wiki/Cross-cultural" title="Cross-cultural">cross-cultural</a> exchange was not new to the Greeks; the <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_god" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian god">Egyptian god</a> Osiris and the <a href="/wiki/Greek_god" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek god">Greek god</a> Dionysus had been equated as <a href="/wiki/Osiris-Dionysus" class="mw-redirect" title="Osiris-Dionysus">Osiris-Dionysus</a> by the historian Herodotus as early as the 5th century BCE (see <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Interpretatio_graeca" title="Interpretatio graeca">Interpretatio graeca</a></i></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDurantDurant1966188-192_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDurantDurant1966188-192-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcEvilley2002_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcEvilley2002-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Roman_world:_Philo_of_Alexandria">Roman world: Philo of Alexandria</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perennial_philosophy&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Roman world: Philo of Alexandria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Philo" title="Philo">Philo</a> of Alexandria (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 25 BCE</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 50 CE</span>) attempted to reconcile Greek Rationalism with the Torah, which helped pave the way for Christianity with <a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">neoplatonism</a>, and the adoption of the Old Testament with Christianity, as opposed to Gnostic roots of Christianity.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Philo translated <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> into terms of <a href="/wiki/Stoicism" title="Stoicism">Stoic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Platonism" title="Platonism">Platonic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neopythagorean" class="mw-redirect" title="Neopythagorean">neopythagorean</a> elements, and held that God is "supra rational" and can be reached only through "ecstasy." He also held that the <a href="/wiki/Oracles" class="mw-redirect" title="Oracles">oracles</a> of God supply the material of moral and religious knowledge. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Neoplatonism">Neoplatonism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perennial_philosophy&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Neoplatonism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">Neoplatonism</a></div> <p>Neoplatonism arose in the 3rd century CE and persisted until shortly after the closing of the <a href="/wiki/Platonic_Academy" title="Platonic Academy">Platonic Academy</a> in Athens in 529 CE by <a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a>. Neoplatonists were heavily influenced by <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>, but also by the Platonic tradition that thrived during the six centuries which separated the first of the neoplatonists from Plato. The work of neoplatonic philosophy involved describing the derivation of the whole of reality from a single principle, "<a href="/wiki/Neo-Platonism#The_One" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Platonism">the One</a>." It was founded by <a href="/wiki/Plotinus" title="Plotinus">Plotinus</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>web 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and has been very influential throughout history. In the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, neoplatonic ideas were integrated into the philosophical and theological works of many of the most important medieval Islamic, Christian, and Jewish thinkers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Renaissance_2">Renaissance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perennial_philosophy&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Renaissance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ficino_and_Pico_della_Mirandola">Ficino and Pico della Mirandola</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perennial_philosophy&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Ficino and Pico della Mirandola"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Marsilio_Ficino" title="Marsilio Ficino">Marsilio Ficino</a> (1433–1499) believed that <a href="/wiki/Hermes_Trismegistos" class="mw-redirect" title="Hermes Trismegistos">Hermes Trismegistos</a>, the supposed author of the <i><a href="/wiki/Corpus_Hermeticum" title="Corpus Hermeticum">Corpus Hermeticum</a></i>, was a contemporary of Moses and the teacher of <a href="/wiki/Pythagoras" title="Pythagoras">Pythagoras</a>, and the source of both Greek and Christian thought.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlavenburgGlaudemans1994395_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlavenburgGlaudemans1994395-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He argued that there is an underlying unity to the world, the soul or love, which has a counterpart in the realm of ideas. Platonic Philosophy and Christian theology both embody this truth. Ficino was influenced by a variety of philosophers including Aristotelian <a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a> and various pseudonymous and mystical writings. Ficino saw his thought as part of a long development of philosophical truth, of ancient pre-Platonic philosophers (including <a href="/wiki/Zoroaster" title="Zoroaster">Zoroaster</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hermes_Trismegistus" title="Hermes Trismegistus">Hermes Trismegistus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orpheus" title="Orpheus">Orpheus</a>, Aglaophemus and <a href="/wiki/Pythagoras" title="Pythagoras">Pythagoras</a>) who reached their peak in Plato. The <a href="/wiki/Prisca_theologia" title="Prisca theologia">Prisca theologia</a>, or venerable and ancient theology, which embodied the truth and could be found in all ages, was a vitally important idea for Ficino.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmitt1966508_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmitt1966508-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Pico_della_Mirandola" title="Giovanni Pico della Mirandola">Giovanni Pico della Mirandola</a> (1463–1494), a student of Ficino, went further than his teacher by suggesting that truth could be found in many, rather than just two, traditions. This proposed a harmony between the thought of Plato and Aristotle, and saw aspects of the <i>Prisca theologia</i> in <a href="/wiki/Averroes" title="Averroes">Averroes</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Koran" class="mw-redirect" title="Koran">Koran</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a> among other sources.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmitt1966513_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmitt1966513-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the deaths of Pico and Ficino this line of thought expanded, and included <a href="/wiki/Symphorien_Champier" title="Symphorien Champier">Symphorien Champier</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Giorgio" class="mw-redirect" title="Francesco Giorgio">Francesco Giorgio</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Steuco">Steuco</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perennial_philosophy&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Steuco"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="De_perenni_philosophia_libri_X">De perenni philosophia libri X</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perennial_philosophy&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: De perenni philosophia libri X"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term <i>perenni philosophia</i> was first used by <a href="/wiki/Agostino_Steuco" title="Agostino Steuco">Agostino Steuco</a> (1497–1548) who used it to title a treatise, <i>De perenni philosophia libri X</i>, published in 1540.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmitt1966_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmitt1966-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>De perenni philosophia</i> was the most sustained attempt at philosophical synthesis and harmony.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmitt1966515_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmitt1966515-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Steuco represents the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_humanism" title="Renaissance humanism">renaissance humanist</a> side of 16th-century Biblical scholarship and theology, although he rejected Luther and Calvin.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmitt1966516_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmitt1966516-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>De perenni philosophia</i> is a complex work which only contains the term philosophia perennis twice. It states that there is "one principle of all things, of which there has always been one and the same knowledge among all peoples."<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This single knowledge (or sapientia) is the key element in his philosophy. In that he emphasises continuity over progress, Steuco's idea of philosophy is not one conventionally associated with the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>. Indeed, he tends to believe that the truth is lost over time and is only preserved in the <a href="/wiki/Prisca_theologia" title="Prisca theologia">prisci theologica</a>. Steuco preferred Plato to Aristotle and saw greater congruence between the former and Christianity than the latter philosopher. He held that philosophy works in harmony with religion and should lead to knowledge of God, and that truth flows from a single source, more ancient than the Greeks. Steuco was strongly influenced by <a href="/wiki/Iamblichus" title="Iamblichus">Iamblichus</a>'s statement that knowledge of God is innate in all,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and also gave great importance to Hermes Trismegistus. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Influence">Influence</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perennial_philosophy&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Steuco's perennial philosophy was highly regarded by some scholars for the two centuries after its publication, then largely forgotten until it was rediscovered by Otto Willmann in the late part of the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmitt1966516_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmitt1966516-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Overall, <i>De perenni philosophia</i> was not particularly influential, and largely confined to those with a similar orientation to himself. The work was not put on the <a href="/wiki/Index_Librorum_Prohibitorum" title="Index Librorum Prohibitorum">Index</a> of works banned by the Roman Catholic Church, although his <i>Cosmopoeia</i> which expressed similar ideas was. Religious criticisms tended to the conservative view that held Christian teachings should be understood as unique, rather than seeing them as perfect expressions of truths that are found everywhere.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmitt1966527_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmitt1966527-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More generally, this philosophical <a href="/wiki/Syncretism" title="Syncretism">syncretism</a> was set out at the expense of some of the doctrines included within it, and it is possible that Steuco's critical faculties were not up to the task he had set himself. Further, placing so much confidence in the prisca theologia, turned out to be a shortcoming as many of the texts used in this school of thought later turned out to be bogus<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag is ambiguous, and needs clarification. (July 2021)">ambiguous</span></a></i>]</sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmitt1966524_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmitt1966524-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the following two centuries the most favourable responses were largely Protestant and often in England. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Leibniz" class="mw-redirect" title="Gottfried Leibniz">Gottfried Leibniz</a> later picked up on Steuco's term. The German philosopher stands in the tradition of this concordistic philosophy; his <a href="/wiki/Pre-established_harmony" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-established harmony">philosophy of harmony</a> especially had affinity with Steuco's ideas. Leibniz knew about Steuco's work by 1687, but thought that <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">De la vérité de la religion chrétienne</i></span> by <a href="/wiki/Huguenots" title="Huguenots">Huguenot</a> philosopher <a href="/wiki/Phillippe_du_Plessis-Mornay" class="mw-redirect" title="Phillippe du Plessis-Mornay">Phillippe du Plessis-Mornay</a> expressed the same truth better. Steuco's influence can be found throughout Leibniz's works, but the German was the first philosopher to refer to the perennial philosophy without mentioning the Italian.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmitt1966530-531_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmitt1966530-531-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Popularisation_and_later_developments">Popularisation and later developments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perennial_philosophy&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Popularisation and later developments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transcendentalism_and_Unitarian_Universalism">Transcendentalism and Unitarian Universalism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perennial_philosophy&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Transcendentalism and Unitarian Universalism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Transcendentalism" title="Transcendentalism">Transcendentalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Universalism" title="Universalism">Universalism</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Ralph Waldo Emerson</a> (1803–1882) was a pioneer of the idea of spirituality as a distinct field.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was one of the major figures in <a href="/wiki/Transcendentalism" title="Transcendentalism">Transcendentalism</a>, which was rooted in English and German <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Biblical_criticism" title="Biblical criticism">Biblical criticism</a> of <a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Herder</a> and <a href="/wiki/Schleiermacher" class="mw-redirect" title="Schleiermacher">Schleiermacher</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Skepticism" title="Skepticism">skepticism</a> of <a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Stanford_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stanford-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>web 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Transcendentalists emphasised an intuitive, experiential approach of religion.<sup id="cite_ref-Lewis_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lewis-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>web 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following Schleiermacher,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharf1995_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharf1995-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an individual's intuition of truth was taken as the criterion for truth.<sup id="cite_ref-Lewis_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lewis-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>web 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Transcendentalists were largely inspired by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Thomas Carlyle</a> (1795–1881), whose <i><a href="/wiki/Critical_and_Miscellaneous_Essays" title="Critical and Miscellaneous Essays">Critical and Miscellaneous Essays</a></i> popularised German Romanticism in English and whose <i><a href="/wiki/Sartor_Resartus" title="Sartor Resartus">Sartor Resartus</a></i> (1833–34) was a pioneer work of Western perennialism.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They also read and were influenced by Hindu texts, the first translations of which appeared in the late 18th and early 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Lewis_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lewis-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>web 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They also endorsed <a href="/wiki/Universalism" title="Universalism">universalist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Unitarianism" title="Unitarianism">Unitarian</a> ideas, leading in the 20th century to <a href="/wiki/Unitarian_Universalism" title="Unitarian Universalism">Unitarian Universalism</a>. <a href="/wiki/Universalism" title="Universalism">Universalism</a> holds the idea that there must be truth in other religions as well, since a loving God would redeem all living beings, not just Christians.<sup id="cite_ref-Lewis_24-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lewis-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>web 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Andrews_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Andrews-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>web 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theosophical_Society">Theosophical Society</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perennial_philosophy&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Theosophical Society"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Theosophical_Society" title="Theosophical Society">Theosophical Society</a></div> <p>By the end of the 19th century, the idea of a perennial philosophy was popularized by leaders of the Theosophical Society such as <a href="/wiki/H._P._Blavatsky" class="mw-redirect" title="H. P. Blavatsky">H. P. Blavatsky</a> and <a href="/wiki/Annie_Besant" title="Annie Besant">Annie Besant</a>, under the name of "Wisdom-Religion" or "Ancient Wisdom".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlavatsky7_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlavatsky7-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Theosophical Society took an active interest in Asian religions, subsequently not only bringing those religions under the attention of a western audience but also influencing Hinduism and Buddhism in Sri Lanka and Japan. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neo-Vedanta">Neo-Vedanta</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perennial_philosophy&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Neo-Vedanta"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita Vedanta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neo-Vedanta" title="Neo-Vedanta">Neo-Vedanta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_the_West" title="Hinduism in the West">Hinduism in the West</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Neo-Advaita" title="Neo-Advaita">Neo-Advaita</a></div> <p>Many perennialist thinkers (including Armstrong, <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Heard" title="Gerald Heard">Gerald Heard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aldous_Huxley" title="Aldous Huxley">Aldous Huxley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Huston_Smith" title="Huston Smith">Huston Smith</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Campbell" title="Joseph Campbell">Joseph Campbell</a>) are influenced by Hindu mystics <a href="/wiki/Ramakrishna" title="Ramakrishna">Ramakrishna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Swami Vivekananda</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEProthero2010166_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEProthero2010166-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who themselves have taken over western notions of universalism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKing2002_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing2002-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They regarded Hinduism to be a token of this perennial philosophy. This notion has influenced thinkers who have proposed versions of the perennial philosophy in the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKing2002_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing2002-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The unity of all religions was a central impulse among Hindu reformers in the 19th century, who in turn influenced many 20th-century perennial philosophy-type thinkers. Key figures in this reforming movement included two Bengali Brahmins. <a href="/wiki/Ram_Mohan_Roy" class="mw-redirect" title="Ram Mohan Roy">Ram Mohan Roy</a>, a philosopher and the founder of the modernising <a href="/wiki/Brahmo_Samaj" title="Brahmo Samaj">Brahmo Samaj</a> religious organisation, reasoned that the divine was beyond description and thus that no religion could claim a monopoly in their understanding of it. </p><p>The mystic <a href="/wiki/Ramakrishna" title="Ramakrishna">Ramakrishna</a>'s spiritual ecstasies included experiencing his identity with <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Christ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Mohammed</a> and his own <a href="/wiki/Kali" title="Kali">Hindu deity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ramakrishna's most famous disciple, <a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Swami Vivekananda</a>, travelled to the United States in the 1890s where he formed the <a href="/wiki/Vedanta_Society" title="Vedanta Society">Vedanta Society</a>. </p><p>Roy, Ramakrishna and Vivekananda were all influenced by the Hindu school of <a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita Vedanta</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEProthero2010165–6_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEProthero2010165–6-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which they saw as the exemplification of a Universalist Hindu religiosity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKing2002_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing2002-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Traditionalist_School_2">Traditionalist School</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perennial_philosophy&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Traditionalist School"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditionalist School">Traditionalist School</a></div> <p>The Traditionalist School is a group of 20th- and 21st-century thinkers concerned with what they consider to be the demise of traditional forms of knowledge, both aesthetic and spiritual, within Western society. The early proponents of this school are <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Gu%C3%A9non" title="René Guénon">René Guénon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ananda_Coomaraswamy" title="Ananda Coomaraswamy">Ananda Coomaraswamy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frithjof_Schuon" title="Frithjof Schuon">Frithjof Schuon</a>. Other important thinkers in this tradition include <a href="/wiki/Titus_Burckhardt" title="Titus Burckhardt">Titus Burckhardt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martin_Lings" title="Martin Lings">Martin Lings</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seyyed_Hossein_Nasr" title="Seyyed Hossein Nasr">Seyyed Hossein Nasr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Louis_Michon" title="Jean-Louis Michon">Jean-Louis Michon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marco_Pallis" title="Marco Pallis">Marco Pallis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Huston_Smith" title="Huston Smith">Huston Smith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Borella" title="Jean Borella">Jean Borella</a>, and <a href="/wiki/El%C3%A9mire_Zolla" title="Elémire Zolla">Elémire Zolla</a>. According to the Traditionalist School, orthodox religions are based on a singular metaphysical origin. According to the Traditionalist School, the "philosophia perennis" designates a worldview that is opposed to the <a href="/wiki/Scientism" title="Scientism">scientism</a> of modern <a href="/wiki/Secular" class="mw-redirect" title="Secular">secular</a> societies and which promotes the rediscovery of the wisdom traditions of the pre-secular <a href="/wiki/Developed_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Developed world">developed world</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> This view is exemplified by <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Gu%C3%A9non" title="René Guénon">René Guénon</a> in his 1945 book <i><a href="/wiki/The_Reign_of_Quantity_and_the_Signs_of_the_Times" title="The Reign of Quantity and the Signs of the Times">The Reign of Quantity and the Signs of the Times</a></i>, one of the founding works of the Traditionalist School. </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Frithjof_Schuon" title="Frithjof Schuon">Frithjof Schuon</a>: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>It has been said more than once that total Truth is inscribed in an eternal script in the very substance of our spirit; what the different Revelations do is to "crystallize" and "actualize", in different degrees according to the case, a nucleus of certitudes which not only abides forever in the divine Omniscience, but also sleeps by refraction in the "naturally supernatural" kernel of the individual, as well as in that of each ethnic or historical collectivity or of the human species as a whole.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The Traditionalist School continues this metaphysical orientation. According to this school, the perennial philosophy is "absolute Truth and infinite Presence".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELingsMinnaar2007xii_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELingsMinnaar2007xii-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Absolute Truth is "the perennial wisdom (<i>sophia perennis</i>) that stands as the transcendent source of all the intrinsically orthodox religions of humankind."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELingsMinnaar2007xii_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELingsMinnaar2007xii-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Infinite Presence is "the perennial religion (<i>religio perennis</i>) that lives within the heart of all intrinsically orthodox religions."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELingsMinnaar2007xii_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELingsMinnaar2007xii-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Traditionalist School discerns a transcendent and an immanent dimension, namely the discernment of the Real or <a href="/wiki/Absolute_(philosophy)" title="Absolute (philosophy)">Absolute</a>, c.q. that which is permanent; and the intentional "mystical concentration on the Real".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELingsMinnaar2007xiii_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELingsMinnaar2007xiii-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Soares de Azevedo, the perennialist philosophy states that the universal truth is the same within each of the world's orthodox religious traditions, and is the foundation of their religious knowledge and doctrine. Each world religion is an interpretation of this universal truth, adapted to cater for the psychological, intellectual, and social needs of a given culture of a given period of history. This perennial truth has been rediscovered in each epoch by <a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">mystics</a> of all kinds who have revived already existing religions, when they had fallen into empty platitudes and hollow ceremonialism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoares_de_Azevedo2005_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoares_de_Azevedo2005-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (February 2017)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Shipley further notes that the Traditionalist School is oriented on orthodox traditions, and rejects modern syncretism and universalism, which together create new religions from older religions and compromise the standing traditions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShipley201584_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShipley201584-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aldous_Huxley">Aldous Huxley</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perennial_philosophy&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Aldous Huxley"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/The_Perennial_Philosophy" title="The Perennial Philosophy">The Perennial Philosophy</a></div> <p>The term was popularized in the mid-twentieth century by <a href="/wiki/Aldous_Huxley" title="Aldous Huxley">Aldous Huxley</a>, who was profoundly influenced by <a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Vivekananda's</a> <a href="/wiki/Neo-Vedanta" title="Neo-Vedanta">Neo-Vedanta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Universalism" title="Universalism">Universalism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoy2003_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoy2003-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his 1945 book <i><a href="/wiki/The_Perennial_Philosophy" title="The Perennial Philosophy">The Perennial Philosophy</a></i> he defined the perennial philosophy as: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>... the <a href="/wiki/Metaphysic" class="mw-redirect" title="Metaphysic">metaphysic</a> that recognizes a divine Reality substantial to the world of things and lives and minds; the <a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">psychology</a> that finds in the soul something similar to, or even identical to, divine Reality; the <a href="/wiki/Ethic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethic">ethic</a> that places man's final end in the knowledge of the <a href="/wiki/Immanence" title="Immanence">immanent</a> and <a href="/wiki/Transcendence_(religion)" title="Transcendence (religion)">transcendent</a> <a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel#Absolute_spirit" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Ground of all being</a>; the thing is immemorial and universal. Rudiments of the perennial philosophy may be found among the traditional lore of primitive peoples in every region of the world, and in its fully developed forms it has a place in every one of the higher religions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuxley1945vii_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuxley1945vii-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In contrast to the Traditionalist school, Huxley emphasized <a href="/wiki/Mystical_experience" class="mw-redirect" title="Mystical experience">mystical experience</a> over metaphysics: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The Buddha declined to make any statement in regard to the ultimate divine Reality. All he would talk about was Nirvana, which is the name of the <a href="/wiki/Phenomenology_of_religion" title="Phenomenology of religion">experience that comes to</a> the totally selfless and one-pointed [...] Maintaining, in this matter, the attitude of a strict operationalist, the Buddha would speak only of the spiritual experience, not of the metaphysical entity presumed by the theologians of other religions, as also of later Buddhism, to be the object and (since in contemplation the knower, the known and the knowledge are all one) at the same time the subject and substance of that experience.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuxley1945_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuxley1945-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>According to Aldous Huxley, in order to apprehend the divine reality, one must choose to fulfill certain conditions: "making themselves loving, pure in heart and poor in spirit."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuxley19452_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuxley19452-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Huxley argues that very few people can achieve this state. Those who have fulfilled these conditions, grasped the universal truth and interpreted it have generally been given the name of saint, prophet, sage or enlightened one.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuxley19453_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuxley19453-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Huxley argues that those who have, "modified their merely human mode of being," and have thus been able to comprehend "more than merely human kind and amount of knowledge" have also achieved this enlightened state.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuxley19456_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuxley19456-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Age">New Age</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perennial_philosophy&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: New Age"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/New_Age" title="New Age">New Age</a></div> <p>The idea of a perennial philosophy is influential in the New Age, a loosely defined <a href="/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">Western</a> <a href="/wiki/Spirituality" title="Spirituality">spiritual</a> movement that developed in the second half of the 20th century. Its central precepts have been described as "drawing on both Eastern and Western spiritual and <a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">metaphysical</a> traditions and infusing them with influences from <a href="/wiki/Self-help" title="Self-help">self-help</a> and motivational <a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">psychology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Holistic_health" class="mw-redirect" title="Holistic health">holistic health</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parapsychology" title="Parapsychology">parapsychology</a>, consciousness research and <a href="/wiki/Quantum_physics" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantum physics">quantum physics</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrury200412_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrury200412-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term <i>New Age</i> refers to the coming <a href="/wiki/Astrological_age" title="Astrological age">astrological</a> <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Aquarius" title="Age of Aquarius">Age of Aquarius</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-JGMelton_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JGMelton-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>web 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The New Age aims to create "a spirituality without borders or confining dogmas" that is inclusive and <a href="/wiki/Religious_pluralism" title="Religious pluralism">pluralistic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrury20048_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrury20048-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It holds to "a holistic worldview",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrury200411_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrury200411-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> emphasising that the <a href="/wiki/Dialectical_monism" title="Dialectical monism">Mind, Body and Spirit</a> are interrelated<sup id="cite_ref-JGMelton_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JGMelton-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>web 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that there is a form of <a href="/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">monism</a> and unity throughout the universe.<sup id="cite_ref-Langone_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Langone-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It attempts to create "a worldview that includes both science and spirituality"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrury200410_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrury200410-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and embraces a number of forms of <a href="/wiki/Mainstream_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Mainstream science">mainstream science</a> as well as other forms of science that are considered <a href="/wiki/Fringe_science" title="Fringe science">fringe</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Academic_discussions">Academic discussions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perennial_philosophy&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Academic discussions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mystical_experience">Mystical experience</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perennial_philosophy&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Mystical experience"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mystical_experience" class="mw-redirect" title="Mystical experience">Mystical experience</a></div> <p>The idea of a perennial philosophy, sometimes called perennialism, is a key area of debate in the academic discussion of mystical experience. Huston Smith notes that the Traditionalist School's vision of a perennial philosophy is not based on mystical experiences, but on metaphysical intuitions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1987554_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1987554-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The discussion of mystical experience has shifted the emphasis in the perennial philosophy from these metaphysical intuitions to religious experience<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1987554_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1987554-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the notion of <a href="/wiki/Nondualism_(spirituality)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nondualism (spirituality)">nonduality</a> or <a href="/wiki/Altered_state_of_consciousness" title="Altered state of consciousness">altered state of consciousness</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/William_James" title="William James">William James</a> popularized the use of the term "religious experience" in his 1902 book <i><a href="/wiki/The_Varieties_of_Religious_Experience" title="The Varieties of Religious Experience">The Varieties of Religious Experience</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHori199947_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHori199947-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has also influenced the understanding of mysticism as a distinctive experience which supplies knowledge.<sup id="cite_ref-StanfordMysticism_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StanfordMysticism-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>web 6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Writers such as <a href="/wiki/Walter_Terence_Stace" title="Walter Terence Stace">W.T. Stace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Huston_Smith" title="Huston Smith">Huston Smith</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Robert_K.C._Forman" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert K.C. Forman">Robert Forman</a> argue that there are core similarities to mystical experience across religions, cultures and eras.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For Stace the universality of this core experience is a necessary, although not sufficient, condition for one to be able to trust the cognitive content of any religious experience.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEProthero20106_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEProthero20106-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag needs to be fact-checked with the cited source(s). (February 2017)">verification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Wayne_Proudfoot" title="Wayne Proudfoot">Wayne Proudfoot</a> traces the roots of the notion of "religious experience" further back to the German theologian <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schleiermacher" title="Friedrich Schleiermacher">Friedrich Schleiermacher</a> (1768–1834), who argued that religion is based on a feeling of the infinite. The notion of "religious experience" was used by Schleiermacher to defend religion against the growing scientific and secular critique. It was adopted by many scholars of religion, of which William James was the most influential.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharf2000271_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharf2000271-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Critics point out that the emphasis on "experience" favours the atomic individual, instead of the community. It also fails to distinguish between episodic experience, and mysticism as a process, embedded in a total religious matrix of liturgy, scripture, worship, virtues, theology, rituals and practices.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParsons20114-5_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParsons20114-5-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Richard King also points to disjunction between "mystical experience" and social justice:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKing200221_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing200221-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The privatisation of mysticism—that is, the increasing tendency to locate the mystical in the psychological realm of personal experiences—serves to exclude it from political issues such as <a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">social justice</a>. Mysticism thus comes to be seen as a personal matter of cultivating inner states of tranquility and equanimity, which, rather than serving to transform the world, reconcile the individual to the status quo by alleviating anxiety and stress.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKing200221_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing200221-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religious_pluralism">Religious pluralism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perennial_philosophy&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Religious pluralism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religious_pluralism" title="Religious pluralism">Religious pluralism</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Religious_pluralism" title="Religious pluralism">Religious pluralism</a> holds that various world religions are limited by their distinctive historical and cultural contexts and thus there is no single, true religion. There are only many equally valid religions. Each religion is a direct result of humanity's attempt to grasp and understand the incomprehensible divine reality. Therefore, each religion has an authentic but ultimately inadequate perception of divine reality, producing a partial understanding of the universal truth, which requires syncretism to achieve a complete understanding as well as a path towards salvation or spiritual enlightenment.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although perennial philosophy also holds that there is no single true religion, it differs when discussing divine reality. Perennial philosophy states that a divine reality can be understood and that its existence is what allows the universal truth to be understood.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each religion provides its own interpretation of the universal truth, based on its historical and cultural context, potentially providing everything required to observe the divine reality and achieve a state in which one will be able to confirm the universal truth and achieve salvation or spiritual enlightenment.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Evidence_for_perennial_philosophy">Evidence for perennial philosophy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perennial_philosophy&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Evidence for perennial philosophy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_archeology" class="mw-redirect" title="Cognitive archeology">Cognitive archeology</a> such as analysis of cave paintings and other pre-historic art and customs suggests that a form of perennial philosophy or <a href="/wiki/Shamanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Shamanic">Shamanic</a> metaphysics may stretch back to the birth of <a href="/wiki/Behavioral_modernity" title="Behavioral modernity">behavioral modernity</a>, all around the world. Similar beliefs are found in present-day "stone age" cultures such as <a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_Australians" title="Aboriginal Australians">Aboriginal Australians</a>. Perennial philosophy postulates the existence of a spirit or concept world alongside the day-to-day world, and interactions between these worlds during dreaming and ritual, or on special days or at special places. It has been argued that perennial philosophy formed the basis for <a href="/wiki/Platonism" title="Platonism">Platonism</a>, with Plato articulating, rather than creating, much older widespread beliefs.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuxley1945_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuxley1945-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Perennial_trends_in_religions">Perennial trends in religions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perennial_philosophy&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Perennial trends in religions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Perennialists often ground their position in what they call a "common core" of religious wisdom which is found across traditions. They argue that since many of these themes developed independent of contact between the cultures concerned, they are likely to point to deeper truths from anthropological, phenomenological and/or metaphysical perspectives. Perennialists generally make a distinction between the <a href="/wiki/Exoteric" title="Exoteric">exoteric</a> and <a href="/wiki/Esoteric" class="mw-redirect" title="Esoteric">esoteric</a> dimensions of the various religions, arguing that the exoteric doctrinal differences are cultural in nature, but that the <a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">mystical traditions</a> of these religious use the language of these doctrines and cultural forms to express identical or similar things. The perennialist rabbi <a href="/wiki/Rami_Shapiro" class="mw-redirect" title="Rami Shapiro">Rami Shapiro</a> expresses it from a Jewish perspective in this way: </p> <blockquote> <p>Religions are like languages: no language is true or false; all languages are of human origin; each language reflects and shapes the civilization that speaks it; there are things you can say in one language that you cannot say or say as well in another; and the more languages you speak, the more nuanced your understanding of life becomes. Yet it is silence that reveals the ultimate Truth: </p><p>אֵ֥ין ע֖וד מִלְבַדֽו/ein od milvado </p><p>There is nothing other than God (Deut 4:35).<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <p>What follows is a summary of some of the perennialist currents which have emerged in various religions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hinduism">Hinduism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perennial_philosophy&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Hinduism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></div> <p>Famous Hindu mystic <a href="/wiki/Ramakrishna" title="Ramakrishna">Sri Ramakrishna</a> stated that God can be realized through many different means and therefore all religions are true because each religion is nothing but different means towards the ultimate goal.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Christianity">Christianity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perennial_philosophy&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Christianity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Alexandria" title="Clement of Alexandria">Clement of Alexandria</a>, who had both knowledge and admiration for Greek philosophy, thought that Greek wisdom did not contradict Christianity because it shared its source with it. According to him, philosophy is not secular knowledge but sacred knowledge derived from the reason revealed in Christ.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islam/Sufism"><span id="Islam.2FSufism"></span>Islam/Sufism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perennial_philosophy&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Islam/Sufism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufism</a></div> <p>In general, Muslims have shown a tendency towards <a href="/wiki/Religious_exclusivism" title="Religious exclusivism">religious exclusivism</a>, as in other Abrahamic religions. However, there have been some exceptions to this in history. <a href="/wiki/Al-Hallaj" title="Al-Hallaj">Hallaj</a> was one of the leading Sufis with perennial perspective. Hallaj said the following about a co-religionist who insulted a Jew: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>You should know that Judaism, Christianity and other religions are just various names and different names; but the purpose in all of them is the same, they are not different. I thought a lot about what religions are. As a result, I saw that religions are various branches of a root. From a person, from his habits Do not demand that he choose a religion that restricts him and separates him from his ties. He will search for the reason for existence and the meaning of supreme purposes in the way he understands best.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Sufi <a href="/wiki/Inayat_Khan" title="Inayat Khan">Inayat Khan</a> who lived in the 20th century, explained Sufism to the masses with its universal aspect and stated that it repeated the same common message with the mystical branches of other religions, and frequently made references to different religious/mystical traditions in her speeches and writings.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perennial_philosophy&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Criticism of perennialism has come from academic and traditional religious circles. Academic critiques include the contention that perennialists make ontological claims about Divinity, God(s), and supernatural powers that cannot be verified in practice; and that they take an ahistorical or transhistorical view, overemphasizing similarities and downplaying differences between religions. Craig Martin argues that perennialism involves empirical claims, but that they circumvent those issues and make unfalsifiable claims that resemble the <a href="/wiki/No_true_Scotsman" title="No true Scotsman">No true Scotsman</a> fallacy.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Religious criticism has emerged from within various traditions, including Christianity, Islam, and Hinduism.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tom_Facchine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tom Facchine (page does not exist)">Tom Facchine</a> argues that by prioritizing mystical experience over revelation and sacred texts, perennialists neglect, ignore, or reinterpret the truth claims found in the religious traditions they are engaged with, or that they interpret or distort the words of some religious historical figures to confirm their own views.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gary Stogsdill argues that perennialism can have negative social consequences, perceiving it as <a href="/wiki/Anthropocentrism" title="Anthropocentrism">anthropocentric</a> and <a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">individualistic</a>, and arguing that concepts such as "enlightenment" can be abused by unethical gurus and teachers.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some thinkers of the Traditionalist School have been criticised for their influence on <a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics" title="Far-right politics">far-right politics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Julius_Evola" title="Julius Evola">Julius Evola</a>, in particular, was active in Italian fascist politics during his lifetime and counted <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a> among his admirers.<sup id="cite_ref-HorowitzMussolini_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HorowitzMussolini-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> References to Evola are widespread in the <a href="/wiki/Alt-right" title="Alt-right">alt-right</a> movement.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeitzman2021_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeitzman2021-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Steve_Bannon" title="Steve Bannon">Steve Bannon</a> has called him an influence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERose202141_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERose202141-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Paul Furlong argues that "Evola's initial writings in the inter-war period were from an ideological position close to the Fascist regime in Italy, though not identical to it". Over his active years, Furlong writes, he "synthesized" spiritual bearings of writers like Guénon with his political concerns of the "European authoritarian Right." Evola tried to develop a tradition different from that of Guénon and thus attempted to develop a "strategy of active revolt as a counterpart to the spiritual withdrawal favoured by Guénon". Evola, as Furlong puts it, wanted to have political influence both in Fascist and Nazi regimes, something which he failed to achieve.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Renaud Fabbri, a Traditionalist scholar, argues that "certain figures such as <a href="/wiki/Mircea_Eliade" title="Mircea Eliade">Mircea Eliade</a> (1907–1986), <a href="/wiki/Henry_Corbin" title="Henry Corbin">Henry Corbin</a> (1903–1978) and Julius Evola (1898–1974) cannot be considered as members of the Perennialist school, despite the fact that they have been influenced at some levels by Perennialism and may have used some of their ideas to support their own views."<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/World_Wisdom" title="World Wisdom">World Wisdom</a>, a major publisher of Traditionalist literature, does not print or sell the works of these authors.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perennial_philosophy&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Swedenborg" title="Emanuel Swedenborg">Emanuel Swedenborg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Blake" title="William Blake">William Blake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helena_Blavatsky" title="Helena Blavatsky">Helena Blavatsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Agu%C3%A9li" title="Ivan Aguéli">Ivan Aguéli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurobindo_Ghose" class="mw-redirect" title="Aurobindo Ghose">Aurobindo Ghose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramakrishna_Paramahamsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramakrishna Paramahamsa">Ramakrishna Paramahamsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Bailey" title="Alice Bailey">Alice Bailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Besant" title="Annie Besant">Annie Besant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titus_Burckhardt" title="Titus Burckhardt">Titus Burckhardt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suheil_Bushrui" title="Suheil Bushrui">Suheil Bushrui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Corbin" title="Henry Corbin">Henry Corbin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Creme" title="Benjamin Creme">Benjamin Creme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Evola" title="Julius Evola">Julius Evola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._N._Findlay" title="J. N. Findlay">J. N. Findlay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Gu%C3%A9non" title="René Guénon">René Guénon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angus_Macnab" title="Angus Macnab">Angus Macnab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Louis_Michon" title="Jean-Louis Michon">Jean-Louis Michon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hossein_Nasr" class="mw-redirect" title="Hossein Nasr">Hossein Nasr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Otto" title="Rudolf Otto">Rudolf Otto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitall_Perry" title="Whitall Perry">Whitall Perry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Raine" title="Kathleen Raine">Kathleen Raine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_pluralism" title="Religious pluralism">Religious pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helena_Roerich" title="Helena Roerich">Helena Roerich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frithjof_Schuon" title="Frithjof Schuon">Frithjof Schuon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huston_Smith" title="Huston Smith">Huston Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Stein" title="Edith Stein">Edith Stein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Stoddart" title="William Stoddart">William Stoddart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syncretism" title="Syncretism">Syncretism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Teachings_of_the_Mystics" title="The Teachings of the Mystics">The Teachings of the Mystics</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditionalist School">Traditionalist School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendentalism" title="Transcendentalism">Transcendentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilbur_Marshall_Urban" title="Wilbur Marshall Urban">Wilbur Marshall Urban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisdom_tradition" class="mw-redirect" title="Wisdom tradition">Wisdom tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._C._Zaehner" class="mw-redirect" title="R. C. Zaehner">R. C. Zaehner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El%C3%A9mire_Zolla" title="Elémire Zolla">Elémire Zolla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_perennialism" title="Educational perennialism">Educational perennialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urreligion" title="Urreligion">Urreligion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosophy" title="Theosophy">Theosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esotericism" class="mw-redirect" title="Esotericism">Esotericism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermeticism" title="Hermeticism">Hermeticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Rule" title="Golden Rule">Golden Rule</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perennial_philosophy&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> more fully, <i>philosophia perennis et universalis</i> (perennial and universal philosophy); sometimes rendered <i>sophia perennis</i> (perennial wisdom) or <i>religio perennis</i> (perennial religion)</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perennial_philosophy&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESlavenburgGlaudemans1994395-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlavenburgGlaudemans1994395_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlavenburgGlaudemans1994395_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSlavenburgGlaudemans1994">Slavenburg & Glaudemans 1994</a>, p. 395.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmitt1966508-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmitt1966508_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmitt1966508_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmitt1966508_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchmitt1966">Schmitt 1966</a>, p. 508.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmitt1966513-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmitt1966513_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmitt1966513_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmitt1966513_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchmitt1966">Schmitt 1966</a>, p. 513.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmitt1966-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmitt1966_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmitt1966_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchmitt1966">Schmitt 1966</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmitt1966517-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmitt1966517_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchmitt1966">Schmitt 1966</a>, p. 517.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShipley201584-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShipley201584_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShipley201584_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShipley2015">Shipley 2015</a>, p. 84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuxley1945-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuxley1945_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuxley1945_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuxley1945_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuxley1945_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHuxley1945">Huxley 1945</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHuxley1944" class="citation magazine cs1">Huxley, Aldous (March–April 1944). "<i>Minimum Working Hypothesis</i>". <i>Vedanta and the West</i>. Hollywood. p. 38.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vedanta+and+the+West&rft.atitle=Minimum+Working+Hypothesis&rft.pages=38&rft.date=1944-03%2F1944-04&rft.aulast=Huxley&rft.aufirst=Aldous&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerennial+philosophy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing2000203-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKing2000203_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKing2000">King 2000</a>, p. 203.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFKing2000 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDurantDurant1966188-192-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDurantDurant1966188-192_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDurantDurant1966">Durant & Durant 1966</a>, p. 188-192.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFDurantDurant1966 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcEvilley2002-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcEvilley2002_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcEvilley2002">McEvilley 2002</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCahil2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cahill" title="Thomas Cahill">Cahil, Thomas</a> (2006). <i>Mysteries of the Middle Ages</i>. New York: Anchor Books. pp. 13–18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-385-49556-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-385-49556-1"><bdi>978-0-385-49556-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mysteries+of+the+Middle+Ages&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=13-18&rft.pub=Anchor+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-385-49556-1&rft.aulast=Cahil&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerennial+philosophy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmitt1966515-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmitt1966515_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchmitt1966">Schmitt 1966</a>, p. 515.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmitt1966516-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmitt1966516_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmitt1966516_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchmitt1966">Schmitt 1966</a>, p. 516.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>De perenni philosophia Bk 1</i>, Ch 1; folio 1 in Schmitt (1966) P.517</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Jamblichi De mysteriis liber</i>, ed. Gustavus Parthey (Berlin), I, 3; 7-10</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmitt1966527-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmitt1966527_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchmitt1966">Schmitt 1966</a>, p. 527.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmitt1966524-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmitt1966524_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchmitt1966">Schmitt 1966</a>, p. 524.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmitt1966530-531-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmitt1966530-531_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchmitt1966">Schmitt 1966</a>, p. 530-531.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schmidt, Leigh Eric. <i>Restless Souls : The Making of American Spirituality</i>. San Francisco: Harper, 2005. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-054566-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-054566-6">0-06-054566-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESharf1995-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharf1995_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSharf1995">Sharf 1995</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarding1999" class="citation journal cs1">Harding, Mildred D. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=8635270&site=eds-live&scope=site">"Thomas Carlyle's Sartor Resartus: The Secret Doctrine in a Western Mode"</a>. <i>Journal of Religion & Psychical Research</i>. <b>22</b> (1): 16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Religion+%26+Psychical+Research&rft.atitle=Thomas+Carlyle%27s+Sartor+Resartus%3A+The+Secret+Doctrine+in+a+Western+Mode&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=16&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Harding&rft.aufirst=Mildred+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsearch.ebscohost.com%2Flogin.aspx%3Fdirect%3Dtrue%26db%3Da9h%26AN%3D8635270%26site%3Deds-live%26scope%3Dsite&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerennial+philosophy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlavatsky7-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlavatsky7_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlavatsky">Blavatsky</a>, p. 7.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFBlavatsky (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEProthero2010166-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEProthero2010166_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFProthero2010">Prothero 2010</a>, p. 166.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing2002-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKing2002_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKing2002_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKing2002_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKing2002">King 2002</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.celextel.org/sri-ramakrishna/gospel-of-sri-ramakrishna/3/">Gospel of Sri Ramakrishna</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEProthero2010165–6-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEProthero2010165–6_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFProthero2010">Prothero 2010</a>, pp. 165–6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Essential Writings of Frithjof Schuon</i>, Suhayl Academy, Lahore, 2001, p.67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELingsMinnaar2007xii-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELingsMinnaar2007xii_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELingsMinnaar2007xii_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELingsMinnaar2007xii_34-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLingsMinnaar2007">Lings & Minnaar 2007</a>, p. xii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELingsMinnaar2007xiii-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELingsMinnaar2007xiii_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLingsMinnaar2007">Lings & Minnaar 2007</a>, p. xiii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESoares_de_Azevedo2005-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoares_de_Azevedo2005_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSoares_de_Azevedo2005">Soares de Azevedo 2005</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoy2003-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoy2003_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoy2003">Roy 2003</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuxley1945vii-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuxley1945vii_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHuxley1945">Huxley 1945</a>, p. vii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuxley19452-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuxley19452_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHuxley1945">Huxley 1945</a>, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuxley19453-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuxley19453_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHuxley1945">Huxley 1945</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuxley19456-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuxley19456_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHuxley1945">Huxley 1945</a>, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrury200412-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrury200412_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDrury2004">Drury 2004</a>, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrury20048-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrury20048_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDrury2004">Drury 2004</a>, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrury200411-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrury200411_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDrury2004">Drury 2004</a>, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Langone-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Langone_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael D. Langone, Ph.D. Cult Observer, 1993, Volume 10, No. 1. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csj.org/rg/rgessays/rgessay_newage.htm">What Is "New Age"?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160508052726/http://www.csj.org/rg/rgessays/rgessay_newage.htm">Archived</a> 2016-05-08 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, retrieved 2006-07</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrury200410-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrury200410_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDrury2004">Drury 2004</a>, p. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1987554-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1987554_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1987554_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith1987">Smith 1987</a>, p. 554.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHori199947-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHori199947_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHori1999">Hori 1999</a>, p. 47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wildman, Wesley J. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+Statesman&rft.atitle=The+rise+of+the+traditionalists%3A+how+a+mystical+doctrine+is+reshaping+the+right&rft.date=2020-10-08&rft.aulast=Teitelbaum&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newstatesman.com%2Fideas%2F2020%2F10%2Frise-traditionalists-how-mystical-doctrine-reshaping-right&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerennial+philosophy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HorowitzMussolini-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HorowitzMussolini_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorowitz2017" class="citation news cs1">Horowitz, Jason (11 February 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bostonglobe.com/news/politics/2017/02/11/thinker-loved-fascists-like-mussolini-stephen-bannon-reading-list/N9apaC5W69YdyjwnhRHGWL/story.html">"Thinker loved by fascists like Mussolini is on Stephen Bannon's reading list"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Boston_Globe" title="The Boston Globe">The Boston Globe</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Boston+Globe&rft.atitle=Thinker+loved+by+fascists+like+Mussolini+is+on+Stephen+Bannon%27s+reading+list&rft.date=2017-02-11&rft.aulast=Horowitz&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bostonglobe.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2F2017%2F02%2F11%2Fthinker-loved-fascists-like-mussolini-stephen-bannon-reading-list%2FN9apaC5W69YdyjwnhRHGWL%2Fstory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerennial+philosophy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeitzman2021-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeitzman2021_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWeitzman2021">Weitzman 2021</a>.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFWeitzman2021 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMomigliano2017" class="citation web cs1">Momigliano, Anna (2017-02-21). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2017/02/julius-evola-alt-right/517326/">"The Alt-Right's Intellectual Darling Hated Christianity"</a>. <i>The Atlantic</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-09-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=The+Alt-Right%27s+Intellectual+Darling+Hated+Christianity&rft.date=2017-02-21&rft.aulast=Momigliano&rft.aufirst=Anna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Finternational%2Farchive%2F2017%2F02%2Fjulius-evola-alt-right%2F517326%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerennial+philosophy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERose202141-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERose202141_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRose2021">Rose 2021</a>, p. 41.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFRose2021 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Furlong, Paul: Authoritarian Conservatism After The War Julius Evola and Europe, 2003</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFabbri" class="citation web cs1">Fabbri, Renaud. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.religioperennis.org/documents/Fabbri/Perennialism.pdf">"Introduction to the Perennialist School"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>ReligioPerennis.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ReligioPerennis.org&rft.atitle=Introduction+to+the+Perennialist+School&rft.aulast=Fabbri&rft.aufirst=Renaud&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.religioperennis.org%2Fdocuments%2FFabbri%2FPerennialism.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerennial+philosophy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldwisdom.com/public/authors/default.aspx?Display=Authors">"Authors"</a>. <i>World Wisdom</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Wisdom&rft.atitle=Authors&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldwisdom.com%2Fpublic%2Fauthors%2Fdefault.aspx%3FDisplay%3DAuthors&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerennial+philosophy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perennial_philosophy&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Printed_sources">Printed sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perennial_philosophy&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Printed sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSoares_de_Azevedo2005" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Mateus_Soares_de_Azevedo" title="Mateus Soares de Azevedo">Soares de Azevedo, Mateus</a> (2005), <i>Ye Shall Know the Truth: Christianity and the Perennial Philosophy</i>, World Wisdom, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-941532-69-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-941532-69-0"><bdi>0-941532-69-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ye+Shall+Know+the+Truth%3A+Christianity+and+the+Perennial+Philosophy&rft.pub=World+Wisdom&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-941532-69-0&rft.aulast=Soares+de+Azevedo&rft.aufirst=Mateus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerennial+philosophy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlavatsky1889" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Helena_Blavatsky" title="Helena Blavatsky">Blavatsky, Helena Petrovna</a> (1889). <i>The Key to Theosophy</i>. Mumbai, India: Theosophy Company (published 1997).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Key+to+Theosophy&rft.place=Mumbai%2C+India&rft.pub=Theosophy+Company&rft.date=1889&rft.aulast=Blavatsky&rft.aufirst=Helena+Petrovna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerennial+philosophy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrury2004" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Nevill_Drury" title="Nevill Drury">Drury, Nevill</a> (2004), <i>The New Age: Searching for the Spiritual Self</i>, London, England, UK: Thames and Hudson, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-500-28516-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-500-28516-0"><bdi>0-500-28516-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Age%3A+Searching+for+the+Spiritual+Self&rft.place=London%2C+England%2C+UK&rft.pub=Thames+and+Hudson&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-500-28516-0&rft.aulast=Drury&rft.aufirst=Nevill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerennial+philosophy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDurant1966" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Will_Durant" title="Will Durant">Durant, Will</a> (1966). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Story_of_Civilization" title="The Story of Civilization">The Story of Civilization</a>. Volume 2: The Life of Greece</i>. Simon & Schuster.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Story+of+Civilization.+Volume+2%3A+The+Life+of+Greece&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Durant&rft.aufirst=Will&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerennial+philosophy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHori1999" class="citation cs2">Hori, Victor Sogen (1999), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thezensite.com/ZenEssays/HistoricalZen/translating_zen_phrasebook.pdf"><i>Translating the Zen Phrase Book. In: Nanzan Bulletin 23 (1999)</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Translating+the+Zen+Phrase+Book.+In%3A+Nanzan+Bulletin+23+%281999%29&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Hori&rft.aufirst=Victor+Sogen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thezensite.com%2FZenEssays%2FHistoricalZen%2Ftranslating_zen_phrasebook.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerennial+philosophy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuxley1945" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Aldous_Huxley" title="Aldous Huxley">Huxley, Aldous</a> (1945), <i><a href="/wiki/The_Perennial_Philosophy" title="The Perennial Philosophy">The Perennial Philosophy</a></i> (1st ed.), New York: Harper & Brothers</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Perennial+Philosophy&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Brothers&rft.date=1945&rft.aulast=Huxley&rft.aufirst=Aldous&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerennial+philosophy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKing2002" class="citation cs2">King, Richard (2002), <i>Orientalism and Religion: Post-Colonial Theory, India and "The Mystic East"</i>, Routledge</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Orientalism+and+Religion%3A+Post-Colonial+Theory%2C+India+and+%22The+Mystic+East%22&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerennial+philosophy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLingsMinnaar2007" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Lings" title="Martin Lings">Lings, Martin</a>; Minnaar, Clinton (2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IjRj-6-8a3IC"><i>The Underlying Religion: An Introduction to the Perennial Philosophy</i></a>, World Wisdom, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781933316437" title="Special:BookSources/9781933316437"><bdi>9781933316437</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Underlying+Religion%3A+An+Introduction+to+the+Perennial+Philosophy&rft.pub=World+Wisdom&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9781933316437&rft.aulast=Lings&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft.au=Minnaar%2C+Clinton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIjRj-6-8a3IC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerennial+philosophy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcEvilley2002" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_McEvilley" title="Thomas McEvilley">McEvilley, Thomas</a> (2002), <i>The Shape of Ancient Thought</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Shape+of+Ancient+Thought&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=McEvilley&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerennial+philosophy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParsons2011" class="citation cs2">Parsons, William B. (2011), <i>Teaching Mysticism</i>, Oxford University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Teaching+Mysticism&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Parsons&rft.aufirst=William+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerennial+philosophy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFProthero2010" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Prothero" title="Stephen Prothero">Prothero, Stephen</a> (2010), <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/godisnotoneeight0000prot"><i>God is Not One: The Eight Rival Religions That Run the World--and Why Their Differences Matter</i></a></span>, HarperOne, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-157127-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-157127-5"><bdi>978-0-06-157127-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=God+is+Not+One%3A+The+Eight+Rival+Religions+That+Run+the+World--and+Why+Their+Differences+Matter&rft.pub=HarperOne&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-06-157127-5&rft.aulast=Prothero&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgodisnotoneeight0000prot&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerennial+philosophy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoy2003" class="citation cs2">Roy, Sumita (2003), <i>Aldous Huxley And Indian Thought</i>, Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aldous+Huxley+And+Indian+Thought&rft.pub=Sterling+Publishers+Pvt.+Ltd&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Roy&rft.aufirst=Sumita&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerennial+philosophy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmitt1966" class="citation cs2">Schmitt, Charles (1966), "Perennial Philosophy: From Agostino Steuco to Leibniz", <i>Journal of the History of Ideas</i>, <b>27</b> (1): 505–532), <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2708338">10.2307/2708338</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2708338">2708338</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+History+of+Ideas&rft.atitle=Perennial+Philosophy%3A+From+Agostino+Steuco+to+Leibniz&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=505-532%29&rft.date=1966&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2708338&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2708338%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Schmitt&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerennial+philosophy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharf1995" class="citation journal cs1">Sharf, Robert H. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3270219">"Buddhist Modernism and the Rhetoric of Meditative Experience"</a>. <i>Numen</i>. <b>42</b> (3): 228–283. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1568527952598549">10.1163/1568527952598549</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027.42%2F43810">2027.42/43810</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0029-5973">0029-5973</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3270219">3270219</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Numen&rft.atitle=Buddhist+Modernism+and+the+Rhetoric+of+Meditative+Experience&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=228-283&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027.42%2F43810&rft.issn=0029-5973&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3270219%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F1568527952598549&rft.aulast=Sharf&rft.aufirst=Robert+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3270219&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerennial+philosophy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharf2000" class="citation cs2">Sharf, Robert H. (2000), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130513104227/http://buddhiststudies.berkeley.edu/people/faculty/sharf/documents/Sharf1998,%20Religious%20Experience.pdf">"The Rhetoric of Experience and the Study of Religion"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>Journal of Consciousness Studies</i>, <b>7</b> (11–12): 267–87, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://buddhiststudies.berkeley.edu/people/faculty/sharf/documents/Sharf1998,%20Religious%20Experience.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2013-05-13<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-05-04</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Consciousness+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Rhetoric+of+Experience+and+the+Study+of+Religion&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=11%E2%80%9312&rft.pages=267-87&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Sharf&rft.aufirst=Robert+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbuddhiststudies.berkeley.edu%2Fpeople%2Ffaculty%2Fsharf%2Fdocuments%2FSharf1998%2C%2520Religious%2520Experience.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerennial+philosophy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShipley2015" class="citation cs2">Shipley, Morgan (2015), <i>Psychedelic Mysticism: Transforming Consciousness, Religious Experiences, and Voluntary Peasants in Postwar America</i>, Lexington Books</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Psychedelic+Mysticism%3A+Transforming+Consciousness%2C+Religious+Experiences%2C+and+Voluntary+Peasants+in+Postwar+America&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Shipley&rft.aufirst=Morgan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerennial+philosophy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSlavenburgGlaudemans1994" class="citation cs2">Slavenburg; Glaudemans (1994), <i>Nag Hammadi Geschriften I</i>, Ankh-Hermes</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nag+Hammadi+Geschriften+I&rft.pub=Ankh-Hermes&rft.date=1994&rft.au=Slavenburg&rft.au=Glaudemans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerennial+philosophy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1987" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Huston_Smith" title="Huston Smith">Smith, Huston</a> (1987), "Is There a Perennial Philosophy?", <i>Journal of the American Academy of Religion</i>, <b>55</b> (3): 553–566, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjaarel%2FLV.3.553">10.1093/jaarel/LV.3.553</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1464070">1464070</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Academy+of+Religion&rft.atitle=Is+There+a+Perennial+Philosophy%3F&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=553-566&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjaarel%2FLV.3.553&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1464070%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Huston&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerennial+philosophy" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Web-sources">Web-sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perennial_philosophy&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Web-sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iep.utm.edu/neoplato/"><i>IEP</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stanford-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stanford_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/transcendentalism/">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, <i>Transcendentalism</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lewis-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lewis_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lewis_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lewis_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lewis_24-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131209161406/http://transcendentalists.com/what.htm">"Jone John Lewis, <i>What is Transcendentalism?</i>"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.transcendentalists.com/what.htm">the original</a> on 2013-12-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-05-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jone+John+Lewis%2C+What+is+Transcendentalism%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.transcendentalists.com%2Fwhat.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerennial+philosophy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Andrews-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Andrews_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.uua.org/re/other/andrews.html">Barry Andrews, <i>THE ROOTS OF UNITARIAN UNIVERSALIST SPIRITUALITY IN NEW ENGLAND TRANSCENDENTALISM </i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130921054734/http://archive.uua.org/re/other/andrews.html">Archived</a> 2013-09-21 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JGMelton-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JGMelton_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JGMelton_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Melton, J. Gordon – Director Institute for the Study of American Religion. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060614001357/http://religiousmovements.lib.virginia.edu/nrms/newage.html">New Age Transformed</a>, retrieved 2006-06</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-StanfordMysticism-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-StanfordMysticism_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/mysticism/">Gellman, Jerome, "Mysticism", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2011 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.)</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perennial_philosophy&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Aldous Huxley, The Perennial Philosophy, Harper Perennial Modern Classics (January 1, 2009) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0061724947" title="Special:BookSources/978-0061724947">978-0061724947</a></li> <li>Frithjof Schuon, Transcendent Unity of Religions (Quest Book) Paperback – January 1, 1984 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0835605878" title="Special:BookSources/978-0835605878">978-0835605878</a></li> <li>William W. Quinn, junior. <i>The Only Tradition</i>, in <i>S.U.N.Y. Series in Western Esoteric Traditions</i>. Albany, N.Y.: State University of New York Press, 1997. xix, 384 p. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7914-3214-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7914-3214-9">0-7914-3214-9</a> pbk</li> <li>Samuel Bendeck Sotillos (ed.), <i>Psychology and the Perennial Philosophy</i> in <i>Studies in Comparative Religion</i> (Bloomington, IN: World Wisdom Books, 2013). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-936597-20-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-936597-20-8">978-1-936597-20-8</a></li> <li>Zachary Markwith, "Muslim Intellectuals and the Perennial Philosophy in the Twentieth Century", <i>Sophia Perennis</i> Vol. 1, N° 1 (Tehran: Iranian Institute of Philosophy, 2009).</li> <li>Inayat Khan, The Unity of Religious Ideals, Sufi Order Publications, 1979.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perennial_philosophy&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 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