CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Spread of the Latin script - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"dc67aec0-ac4c-4503-8edd-509a09b7ff69","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Spread_of_the_Latin_script","wgTitle":"Spread of the Latin script","wgCurRevisionId":1253347814,"wgRevisionId":1253347814,"wgArticleId":54232780,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 Dutch-language sources (nl)","CS1 German-language sources (de)","CS1 Polish-language sources (pl)","CS1 uses Russian-language script (ru)","Articles with Romanian-language sources (ro)","CS1 Romanian-language sources (ro)","Webarchive template wayback links","CS1 Serbian-language sources (sr)","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use British English from June 2017","Use dmy dates from October 2019", "All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from April 2015","Articles to be expanded from April 2024","All articles to be expanded","Latin script","History of writing","Language geography"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Spread_of_the_Latin_script","wgRelevantArticleId":54232780,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":80000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[ ],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q30325481","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready", "ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Latin_alphabet_world_distribution.svg/1200px-Latin_alphabet_world_distribution.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="616"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Latin_alphabet_world_distribution.svg/800px-Latin_alphabet_world_distribution.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="411"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Latin_alphabet_world_distribution.svg/640px-Latin_alphabet_world_distribution.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="329"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Spread of the Latin script - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spread_of_the_Latin_script"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Spread_of_the_Latin_script&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spread_of_the_Latin_script"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Spread_of_the_Latin_script rootpage-Spread_of_the_Latin_script skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Spread+of+the+Latin+script" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Spread+of+the+Latin+script" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Spread+of+the+Latin+script" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Spread+of+the+Latin+script" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Protohistory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Protohistory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Protohistory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Protohistory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Antiquity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antiquity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Antiquity</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Antiquity-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Antiquity subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Antiquity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Latinisation_of_Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latinisation_of_Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Latinisation of Italy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Latinisation_of_Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Western_Mediterranean_and_Gaul" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Western_Mediterranean_and_Gaul"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Western Mediterranean and Gaul</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Western_Mediterranean_and_Gaul-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eastern_Mediterranean_and_the_Roman_legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eastern_Mediterranean_and_the_Roman_legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Eastern Mediterranean and the Roman legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eastern_Mediterranean_and_the_Roman_legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_Ages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_Ages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Middle Ages</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Middle_Ages-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Middle Ages subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Middle_Ages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Migration_Period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Migration_Period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Migration Period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Migration_Period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christianisation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christianisation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Christianisation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christianisation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_modern_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_modern_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Early modern period</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Early_modern_period-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Early modern period subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Early_modern_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Americas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Americas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Americas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Americas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>South Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Southeast_Asia_and_Pacific" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southeast_Asia_and_Pacific"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Southeast Asia and Pacific</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southeast_Asia_and_Pacific-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-19th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>19th century</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-19th_century-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle 19th century subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-19th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Galicia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Galicia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Galicia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Galicia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Romanian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Romanian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Romanian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Romanian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russian_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russian_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Russian Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russian_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vietnam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vietnam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Vietnam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vietnam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>20th century</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-20th_century-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle 20th century subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Albanian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Albanian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Albanian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Albanian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Serbo-Croatian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Serbo-Croatian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Serbo-Croatian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Serbo-Croatian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_East_and_North_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_East_and_North_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Middle East and North Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_East_and_North_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soviet_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soviet_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Soviet Union</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soviet_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-Soviet_states" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-Soviet_states"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>Post-Soviet states</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-Soviet_states-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Turkmenistan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turkmenistan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.7</span> <span>Turkmenistan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turkmenistan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>21st century</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-21st_century-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle 21st century subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kazakhstan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kazakhstan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Kazakhstan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kazakhstan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oklahoma_(United_States)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oklahoma_(United_States)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Oklahoma (United States)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oklahoma_(United_States)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Debates_and_proposals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Debates_and_proposals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Debates and proposals</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Debates_and_proposals-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Debates and proposals subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Debates_and_proposals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bulgaria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bulgaria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Bulgaria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bulgaria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kosovo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kosovo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Kosovo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kosovo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kyrgyzstan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kyrgyzstan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Kyrgyzstan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kyrgyzstan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uyghur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uyghur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Uyghur</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uyghur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_Macedonia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_Macedonia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.5</span> <span>North Macedonia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_Macedonia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Montenegro" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Montenegro"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.6</span> <span>Montenegro</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Montenegro-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Serbia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Serbia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.7</span> <span>Serbia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Serbia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tatarstan_(Russia)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tatarstan_(Russia)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.8</span> <span>Tatarstan (Russia)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tatarstan_(Russia)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ukraine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ukraine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.9</span> <span>Ukraine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ukraine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Crimean_Tatar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crimean_Tatar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.9.1</span> <span>Crimean Tatar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crimean_Tatar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Spread of the Latin script</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 4 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-4" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">4 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%A8%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="انتشار الأبجدية اللاتينية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="انتشار الأبجدية اللاتينية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B7%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%84%D9%BE%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%A7_%D8%AC%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D9%BE%DA%BE%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A4" title="لاطینی لپی دا جغرافیائی پھیلاؤ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="لاطینی لپی دا جغرافیائی پھیلاؤ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lista_de_idiomas_que_adotam_o_alfabeto_latino" title="Lista de idiomas que adotam o alfabeto latino – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Lista de idiomas que adotam o alfabeto latino" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B7%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%B7_%DA%A9%D8%A7_%D8%AC%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D9%BE%DA%BE%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A4" title="لاطینی رسم الخط کا جغرافیائی پھیلاؤ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="لاطینی رسم الخط کا جغرافیائی پھیلاؤ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q30325481#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spread_of_the_Latin_script" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Spread_of_the_Latin_script" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spread_of_the_Latin_script"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spread_of_the_Latin_script&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spread_of_the_Latin_script&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spread_of_the_Latin_script"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spread_of_the_Latin_script&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spread_of_the_Latin_script&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Spread_of_the_Latin_script" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Spread_of_the_Latin_script" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spread_of_the_Latin_script&oldid=1253347814" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spread_of_the_Latin_script&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Spread_of_the_Latin_script&id=1253347814&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSpread_of_the_Latin_script"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSpread_of_the_Latin_script"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Spread_of_the_Latin_script&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spread_of_the_Latin_script&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q30325481" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Geographic history of the Latin script</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the geographic history of the Latin script. For the typographic and orthographic history of the Latin script, see <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Latin_script" title="History of the Latin script">history of the Latin script</a>. For the history of the Latin language, see <a href="/wiki/History_of_Latin" title="History of Latin">history of Latin</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Latin_alphabet_world_distribution.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Latin_alphabet_world_distribution.svg/440px-Latin_alphabet_world_distribution.svg.png" decoding="async" width="440" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Latin_alphabet_world_distribution.svg/660px-Latin_alphabet_world_distribution.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Latin_alphabet_world_distribution.svg/880px-Latin_alphabet_world_distribution.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="263" /></a><figcaption>Current distribution of the Latin script. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#008000; color:white;"> </span> Countries where the Latin script is the sole main script</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#00FF00; color:black;"> </span> Countries where Latin co-exists with other scripts</div> </figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>spread of the Latin script</b> has a long history, from its archaic beginnings in <a href="/wiki/Latium" title="Latium">Latium</a> to its rise as the dominant <a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">writing system</a> in <a href="/wiki/Modernity" title="Modernity">modernity</a>. The ancestors of Latin letters are found in the <a href="/wiki/Phoenician_alphabet" title="Phoenician alphabet">Phoenician</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Etruscan_alphabet" title="Etruscan alphabet">Etruscan alphabets</a>. As the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> expanded in <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">classical antiquity</a>, the Latin script and <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">language</a> spread along with its conquests, and remained in use in <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberia</a>, and Western Europe after the <a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Roman Empire</a>'s disappearance. During the early and high <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, the script was spread by <a href="/wiki/Christianisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianisation">Christian missionaries</a> and rulers, replacing the <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_language" title="Indigenous language">indigenous writing systems</a> of <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Europe" title="Northern Europe">Northern Europe</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a>. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Discovery" title="Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a>, the <a href="/wiki/First_wave_of_European_colonization" title="First wave of European colonization">first wave of European colonization</a> saw the adoption of Latin alphabets primarily in the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, whereas <a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">sub-Saharan Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maritime_Southeast_Asia" title="Maritime Southeast Asia">maritime Southeast Asia</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific Islands">Pacific</a> were Latinised in the period of <a href="/wiki/New_Imperialism" title="New Imperialism">New Imperialism</a>. Realizing that Latin was now the most widely used script on Earth, the <a href="/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">Bolsheviks</a> made efforts to develop and establish Latin alphabets for all languages in the lands they controlled in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Asia" title="North Asia">North</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>. However, after the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>'s first three decades, these were gradually abandoned in the 1930s in favour of <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic</a>. Some post-Soviet <a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a>-majority states decided to reintroduce the Latin script in the 1990s, following the 1928 example of <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>. In the early 21st century, non-Latin writing systems were only still prevalent in most parts of the <a href="/wiki/MENA" class="mw-redirect" title="MENA">Middle East and North Africa</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Post-Soviet_states" title="Post-Soviet states">post-Soviet states</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>, and some <a href="/wiki/Balkan" class="mw-redirect" title="Balkan">Balkan</a> countries. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Protohistory">Protohistory</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spread_of_the_Latin_script&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Protohistory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marsiliana_tablet.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Marsiliana_tablet.svg/220px-Marsiliana_tablet.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Marsiliana_tablet.svg/330px-Marsiliana_tablet.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Marsiliana_tablet.svg/440px-Marsiliana_tablet.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="20" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Marsiliana" title="Marsiliana">Marsiliana</a> tablet (c. 700 BCE), containing the earliest known Etruscan <a href="/wiki/Abecedarium" title="Abecedarium">abecedarium</a>.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Old_Italic_scripts#Origins" title="Old Italic scripts">Old Italic scripts § Origins</a></div> <p>The Latin script originated in <a href="/wiki/Archaic_period_in_classical_antiquity" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaic period in classical antiquity">archaic antiquity</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Latium" title="Latium">Latium</a> region in <a href="/wiki/Central_Italy" title="Central Italy">central Italy</a>. It is generally held that the <a href="/wiki/Latins_(Italic_tribe)" title="Latins (Italic tribe)">Latins</a>, one of many <a href="/wiki/Italic_peoples" title="Italic peoples">ancient Italic tribes</a>, adopted the western variant of the <a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek alphabet</a> in the 7th century BCE<sup id="cite_ref-Kamusella418-9_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kamusella418-9-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from <a href="/wiki/Cumae" title="Cumae">Cumae</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Greek colony</a> in <a href="/wiki/Southern_Italy" title="Southern Italy">southern Italy</a> – making the early Latin alphabet one among several <a href="/wiki/Old_Italic_scripts" title="Old Italic scripts">Old Italic scripts</a> emerging at the time. The early Latin script was heavily influenced by the then regionally dominant <a href="/wiki/Etruscan_civilization" title="Etruscan civilization">Etruscan civilization</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-Etruscans_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Etruscans-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Latins ultimately adopted 22 of the original 26 Etruscan letters,<sup id="cite_ref-Kamusella418-9_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kamusella418-9-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which derived from Western Greek as well.<sup id="cite_ref-Etruscans_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Etruscans-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is highly probable that the Latins received their alphabet via the Etruscans rather than directly from the Greek colonists.<sup id="cite_ref-Wallace_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wallace-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Antiquity">Antiquity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spread_of_the_Latin_script&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Antiquity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Latinisation_of_Italy">Latinisation of Italy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spread_of_the_Latin_script&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Latinisation of Italy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roman_conquest_of_Italy.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Roman_conquest_of_Italy.PNG/220px-Roman_conquest_of_Italy.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Roman_conquest_of_Italy.PNG/330px-Roman_conquest_of_Italy.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Roman_conquest_of_Italy.PNG/440px-Roman_conquest_of_Italy.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Roman_expansion_in_Italy" title="Roman expansion in Italy">Roman expansion in Italy</a> from 500 BC to 218 BC through the <a href="/wiki/Latin_War" title="Latin War">Latin War</a> (light red), <a href="/wiki/Samnite_Wars" title="Samnite Wars">Samnite Wars</a> (pink/orange), <a href="/wiki/Pyrrhic_War" title="Pyrrhic War">Pyrrhic War</a> (beige), and <a href="/wiki/First_Punic_War" title="First Punic War">First</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Punic_War" title="Second Punic War">Second</a> <a href="/wiki/Punic_Wars" title="Punic Wars">Punic War</a> (yellow and green). <a href="/wiki/Cisalpine_Gaul" title="Cisalpine Gaul">Cisalpine Gaul</a> (238-146 BC) and <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alpine</a> valleys (16-7 BC) were later added. The <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a> in 500 BC is marked with dark red. Roman expansion in Italy spread the Latin script</figcaption></figure> <p>Along with the Latin language, the Latin writing system first spread over the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Peninsula">Italian Peninsula</a> with the rise of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a> from the 4th to the 1st century BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-Maras_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maras-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 4th century, the Latin alphabet had been standardised by the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">city of Rome</a> and begun to dominate Latium.<sup id="cite_ref-Maras_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maras-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other local alphabets in Latium fell into disuse, particularly after the <a href="/wiki/Latin_War" title="Latin War">Latin War</a> (340–338 BCE).<sup id="cite_ref-Maras_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maras-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is evidence for a phase of <a href="/wiki/Bilingualism" class="mw-redirect" title="Bilingualism">bilingualism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Digraphia" title="Digraphia">digraphia</a> in the late 4th and 3rd centuries in <a href="/wiki/Etruria" title="Etruria">Etruria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Campania" title="Campania">Campania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Umbria" title="Umbria">Umbria</a>, and most other Central Italian regions that were conquered by the Romans<sup id="cite_ref-Maras_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maras-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (primarily during the <a href="/wiki/Samnite_Wars" title="Samnite Wars">Samnite Wars</a> of 343–290 BCE<sup id="cite_ref-Bossing_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bossing-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), or maintained frequent contact with the Romans and other Latins, who set up numerous <i><a href="/wiki/Colonia_(Roman)" title="Colonia (Roman)">coloniae</a></i> in annexed and allied territories.<sup id="cite_ref-Maras_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maras-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The participation of Italic peoples in the <a href="/wiki/Roman_army_of_the_mid-Republic" title="Roman army of the mid-Republic">Roman army</a> accelerated the Romanisation and Latinisation process.<sup id="cite_ref-Maras_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maras-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Umbria seems to have switched from its own script in the 2nd century BCE to Latin in the 1st.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the subjugation of Southern Italy in the <a href="/wiki/Pyrrhic_War" title="Pyrrhic War">Pyrrhic War</a> (280–275 BCE), <a href="/wiki/Messapic_language" title="Messapic language">Messapic</a> (using a Greek-derived alphabet) disappeared completely, and with the exception of the two <a href="/wiki/Griko_people" title="Griko people">Griko enclaves</a> that still exist in the 21st century, Latin replaced all Greek in <a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bossing_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bossing-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Livy" title="Livy">Livy</a> reports that the local government of <a href="/wiki/Cumae" title="Cumae">Cumae</a> – the Greek colony that may have originally spread its alphabet to the Latins via the Etruscans<sup id="cite_ref-Wallace_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wallace-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – made an unsolicited request in the 2nd century BCE to henceforth use Latin in public affairs.<sup id="cite_ref-Maras_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maras-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the <a href="/wiki/First_Punic_War" title="First Punic War">First Punic War</a> (264–241 BCE), the Latin script gradually took over written communication on <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a> from <a href="/wiki/Paleo-Sardinian_language" title="Paleo-Sardinian language">Paleo-Sardinian (also termed "Nuragic")</a>, on <a href="/wiki/Corsica" title="Corsica">Corsica</a> from <a href="/wiki/Paleo-Corsican_language" title="Paleo-Corsican language">Paleo-Corsican</a>, and on <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a> from Greek and the local <a href="/wiki/Sicels" title="Sicels">Sicula</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sicani" title="Sicani">Sicani</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Elymian_language" title="Elymian language">Elymian</a> languages.<sup id="cite_ref-Bossing_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bossing-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Roman conquest of <a href="/wiki/Mediolanum" title="Mediolanum">Mediolanum</a> (<a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a>) in 222 BCE commenced the Latinisation of the <a href="/wiki/Po_Valley" title="Po Valley">Po Valley</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bossing_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bossing-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Latinisation of Italy was resisted by various ethnic groups, however, most notably the <a href="/wiki/Samnites" title="Samnites">Samnites</a>, who regarded their <a href="/wiki/Oscan_language" title="Oscan language">Oscan language</a> and script as part of their identity, and employed it in clear opposition to Rome, for example in coinage during the <a href="/wiki/Social_War_(91%E2%80%9387_BC)" title="Social War (91–87 BC)">Social War (91–87 BCE)</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Maras_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maras-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Veneti" title="Adriatic Veneti">Veneti</a>, though steadfast allies of the Romans for centuries, retained their own alphabet until the end of the Roman Republic (27 BCE).<sup id="cite_ref-Maras_4-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maras-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Lomas (2004), the crucial factor in Latinising these remaining groups that resisted full integration was granting them <a href="/wiki/Roman_citizenship" title="Roman citizenship">Roman citizenship</a> (most notably by the <i><a href="/wiki/Lex_Julia" title="Lex Julia">Lex Iulia de Civitate Latinis et Sociis Danda</a></i> in 90 BCE), thereby leading them to participate in Roman–Latin society and gradually abandon their Italic, Etruscan, Celtic etc. cultural independence.<sup id="cite_ref-Maras_4-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maras-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Western_Mediterranean_and_Gaul">Western Mediterranean and Gaul</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spread_of_the_Latin_script&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Western Mediterranean and Gaul"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Codex_Bezae_-_Latin_Luke_23-47-24-1_(The_S.S._Teacher%27s_Edition-The_Holy_Bible_-_Plate_XXVI).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Codex_Bezae_-_Latin_Luke_23-47-24-1_%28The_S.S._Teacher%27s_Edition-The_Holy_Bible_-_Plate_XXVI%29.jpg/220px-Codex_Bezae_-_Latin_Luke_23-47-24-1_%28The_S.S._Teacher%27s_Edition-The_Holy_Bible_-_Plate_XXVI%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="301" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Codex_Bezae_-_Latin_Luke_23-47-24-1_%28The_S.S._Teacher%27s_Edition-The_Holy_Bible_-_Plate_XXVI%29.jpg/330px-Codex_Bezae_-_Latin_Luke_23-47-24-1_%28The_S.S._Teacher%27s_Edition-The_Holy_Bible_-_Plate_XXVI%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Codex_Bezae_-_Latin_Luke_23-47-24-1_%28The_S.S._Teacher%27s_Edition-The_Holy_Bible_-_Plate_XXVI%29.jpg/440px-Codex_Bezae_-_Latin_Luke_23-47-24-1_%28The_S.S._Teacher%27s_Edition-The_Holy_Bible_-_Plate_XXVI%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="562" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Latin <a href="/wiki/Uncial_script" title="Uncial script">uncial</a> sample of the <a href="/wiki/Codex_Bezae" title="Codex Bezae">Codex Bezae</a> (6th century CE), a <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> copy from Gaul or Italy</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Roman_conquest_of_the_Iberian_Peninsula" title="Roman conquest of the Iberian Peninsula">Roman conquest of the Iberian Peninsula</a> (206–19 BCE) drove all <a href="/wiki/Paleohispanic_scripts" title="Paleohispanic scripts">indigenous writing systems</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_scripts" title="Iberian scripts">Iberian scripts</a> extinct.<sup id="cite_ref-Bossing_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bossing-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Likewise, <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Caesar's</a> <a href="/wiki/Gallic_Wars" title="Gallic Wars">conquest of Gaul</a> (58–50 BCE) sealed the fate of the Greek-derived alphabets used by various <a href="/wiki/Gauls" title="Gauls">Gallic tribes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Miles_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miles-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Miles (2013) 'there was a sudden and complete disappearance of Iberian and Gallo-Greek scripts by the mid first century AD.'<sup id="cite_ref-Miles_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miles-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Iberian_language" title="Iberian language">Iberian language</a> was spoken until at least the 1st century CE; the <a href="/wiki/Basque_language" title="Basque language">Basque language</a> is still spoken in the 21st century, but uses a <a href="/wiki/Basque_alphabet" title="Basque alphabet">27-letter Latin alphabet</a> for writing.<sup id="cite_ref-Bossing_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bossing-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The new <a href="/wiki/Gallo-Roman_culture" title="Gallo-Roman culture">Gallo-Roman elite</a> used the Latin script to write texts in Celtic languages, and 'Gallo-Latin inscriptions flourished alongside Latin texts'.<sup id="cite_ref-Miles_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miles-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Tours" title="Gregory of Tours">Gregory of Tours</a> (6th century CE) claimed that Gaulish was still spoken in some countrysides.<sup id="cite_ref-Bossing_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bossing-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the defeat of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Carthage" title="Ancient Carthage">Ancient Carthage</a> (<a href="/wiki/Third_Punic_War" title="Third Punic War">Third Punic War</a> 149–146 BCE), the Punic-speaking urban centres of North Africa were Latinised to an extent, while the rural areas remained <a href="/wiki/Berber_languages" title="Berber languages">Berber-speaking</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bossing_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bossing-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bilingual inscriptions emerged in the 1st century CE, and <a href="/wiki/Punic_language" title="Punic language">Punic</a> <a href="/wiki/Phoenician_alphabet" title="Phoenician alphabet">inscriptions</a> have been found on public buildings in Africa Proconsularis until the late 2nd century CE.<sup id="cite_ref-Miles_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miles-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_the_Maghreb" title="Muslim conquest of the Maghreb">Muslim conquest of the Maghreb</a> (7th–8th centuries CE) led to the eventual <a href="/wiki/Arabisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabisation">Arabisation</a> of North Africa (Arabic being a semitic language like Punic), an account by geographer <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Idrisi" title="Muhammad al-Idrisi">Muhammad al-Idrisi</a> about 'the African Latin language' spoken by most inhabitants of the Tunisian city of <a href="/wiki/Gafsa" title="Gafsa">Gafsa</a> (Latin: <i>Capsa</i>) may be evidence that the Latin script was still used there in the 12th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Bossing_5-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bossing-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There were similar events during the early period of expansion of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> (c. 27 BCE – 117 CE) in regions such as <a href="/wiki/Numidia" title="Numidia">Numidia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhaetia" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhaetia">Rhaetia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Noricum" title="Noricum">Noricum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belgica" class="mw-redirect" title="Belgica">Belgica</a>, and western <a href="/wiki/Germania" title="Germania">Germania</a>. On the other hand, the <a href="/wiki/Roman_conquest_of_Britain" title="Roman conquest of Britain">Roman conquest of Britain</a> (42–87 CE) never led to deep Latinisation of the local population;<sup id="cite_ref-Bossing_5-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bossing-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although most inscriptions found are in Latin, the tribes continued to speak <a href="/wiki/Common_Brittonic" title="Common Brittonic">Brittonic dialects</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Miles_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miles-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eastern_Mediterranean_and_the_Roman_legacy">Eastern Mediterranean and the Roman legacy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spread_of_the_Latin_script&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Eastern Mediterranean and the Roman legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Greek_East_and_Latin_West" title="Greek East and Latin West">Greek East and Latin West</a> and <a href="/wiki/Origin_of_the_Romanians" title="Origin of the Romanians">Origin of the Romanians</a></div> <p>The eastern half of the Empire, including <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(Roman_province)" title="Macedonia (Roman province)">Macedonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Minor">Asia Minor</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, continued to use <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Wars" title="Macedonian Wars">Macedonian Wars</a> (214–148 BCE) due to the superiority of Ancient Greek culture; Latin was restricted to administrative and military purposes in the Eastern Mediterranean.<sup id="cite_ref-Bossing_5-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bossing-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only in the western half was Latin widely spoken and written, and as the western <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance languages</a> evolved out of Latin, they continued to use and adapt the Latin alphabet.<sup id="cite_ref-Kamusella418-9_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kamusella418-9-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were two major exceptions to this "<a href="/wiki/Greek_East_and_Latin_West" title="Greek East and Latin West">Greek East and Latin West</a>" rule: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illyria" title="Illyria">Illyria</a>, which was annexed as the province of <a href="/wiki/Dalmatia_(Roman_province)" title="Dalmatia (Roman province)">Dalmatia</a>, fully Latinised, and after Rome's fall evolved the <a href="/wiki/Dalmatian_language" title="Dalmatian language">Dalmatian language</a> which lasted until 1898.<sup id="cite_ref-Bossing_5-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bossing-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>After <a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a> subdued the lower <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a> region in the <a href="/wiki/Trajan%27s_Dacian_Wars" title="Trajan's Dacian Wars">Dacian Wars</a> (101–106), the <a href="/wiki/Dacian_language" title="Dacian language">Dacian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thracian_language" title="Thracian language">Thracian languages</a> were abandoned in favour of Latin, out of which developed <a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">modern Romanian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bossing_5-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bossing-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Despite the loss of the Latin-speaking Western provinces in the 5th and 6th centuries, the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> maintained Latin as its legal language, under 6th-century emperor <a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a> producing the vast <a href="/wiki/Corpus_Juris_Civilis" title="Corpus Juris Civilis">Corpus Juris Civilis</a> that would have a major impact on Western European legal history from c. 1100 to 1900.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The use of Latin as the Byzantine language of administration persisted until the adoption of <a href="/wiki/Middle_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Greek">Middle Greek</a> as the sole official language by <a href="/wiki/Heraclius" title="Heraclius">Heraclius</a> in the 7th century. Scholarly Latin rapidly fell into disuse among the educated classes, although the language continued to be at least a ceremonial part of the Empire's culture for some time.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Middle_Ages">Middle Ages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spread_of_the_Latin_script&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Middle Ages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Migration_Period">Migration Period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spread_of_the_Latin_script&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Migration Period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic peoples</a> that invaded and gradually settled the Western Roman Empire between the 5th and 8th centuries originally had little written culture to speak of; apart from some <a href="/wiki/Runes" class="mw-redirect" title="Runes">runic inscriptions</a> amongst most tribes, there was no written administration or literature, and <a href="/wiki/Oral_tradition" title="Oral tradition">oral tradition</a> prevailed instead.<sup id="cite_ref-Bejczy_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bejczy-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the <a href="/wiki/Migration_Period" title="Migration Period">Migration Period</a> (c. 300–800), the Germanic elite not only adopted the Latin script and spread it further, but usually also employed the Latin language for early medieval politics and literature.<sup id="cite_ref-Bejczy_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bejczy-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A slight exception to this is <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon England">Anglo-Saxon England</a>, where apart from Latin itself, the Latin-derived <a href="/wiki/Insular_script" title="Insular script">Insular script</a> gave rise to the <a href="/wiki/Old_English_Latin_alphabet" title="Old English Latin alphabet">Old English Latin alphabet</a> that was also regularly used for writing in the <a href="/wiki/Vernacular" title="Vernacular">vernacular</a> from the 7th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Bejczy_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bejczy-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CarolingianMinuscule.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/CarolingianMinuscule.jpg/220px-CarolingianMinuscule.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/91/CarolingianMinuscule.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="310" data-file-height="148" /></a><figcaption>Example of <a href="/wiki/Carolingian_minuscule" title="Carolingian minuscule">Carolingian minuscule</a> from a 10th-century manuscript.</figcaption></figure> <p>In Western Europe, the <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Franks</a> were instrumental in spreading and developing the <a href="/wiki/Majuscule" class="mw-redirect" title="Majuscule">majuscule</a> <a href="/wiki/Uncial_script" title="Uncial script">uncial and half-uncial scripts</a> (used for Greek and Latin texts from the 4th to the 9th centuries), first into the <a href="/wiki/Merovingian_script" title="Merovingian script">Merovingian script</a> (7th–8th century), later the <a href="/wiki/Carolingian_minuscule" title="Carolingian minuscule">Carolingian minuscule</a> (9th–12th centuries). Most of this work was done on <a href="/wiki/Parchment" title="Parchment">parchment</a> <a href="/wiki/Codex" title="Codex">codices</a> (replacing the earlier <a href="/wiki/Papyrus" title="Papyrus">papyrus</a> <a href="/wiki/Scroll" title="Scroll">scrolls</a>) by Frankish <a href="/wiki/Monk" title="Monk">monks</a> in <a href="/wiki/Scriptoria" class="mw-redirect" title="Scriptoria">scriptoria</a> of <a href="/wiki/Monastery" title="Monastery">monasteries</a>, with a focus on preserving classical Greek and Latin texts as well as <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Biblical books</a> and <a href="/wiki/Patristics" title="Patristics">patristic commentaries</a> through <a href="/wiki/Copyist" title="Copyist">copying</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bejczy_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bejczy-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many Central European regions south of the <i><a href="/wiki/Limes_(Roman_Empire)" title="Limes (Roman Empire)">limes</a></i> that were never fully Latinised in Roman times, including modern <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Baden-Württemberg">Baden-Württemberg</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Rhineland" title="Rhineland">Rhineland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alsace" title="Alsace">Alsace</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alsatian_dialect" title="Alsatian dialect">Alsatian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lorraine_Franconian" title="Lorraine Franconian">Lorraine Franconian</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Swiss_German" title="Swiss German">Alemannic Switzerland</a>, all (re-)Germanised at different points in <a href="/wiki/Late_Antiquity" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Antiquity">late Antiquity</a> due to the large influx of Germanic-speaking groups from the north.<sup id="cite_ref-Bossing_5-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bossing-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While there are a few Germanic runic inscriptions from before the mid-8th century,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> all <a href="/wiki/Old_High_German" title="Old High German">Old High German</a> texts are written with the Latin alphabet. However, because it was ill-suited for representing some of the sounds of Old High German, this led to considerable variations in spelling conventions, as individual scribes and scriptoria had to develop their own solutions to these problems.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Christianisation">Christianisation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spread_of_the_Latin_script&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Christianisation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The spread of <a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western Christianity</a> during the early <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> strongly contributed to spreading the Latin script across Europe, especially in areas beyond the old Roman <i>limes</i> that barely had any written culture up to that point, such as <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_Central_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="East Central Europe">East Central Europe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Adamska_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adamska-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Western Christian missionaries associated the non-Latin scripts with <a href="/wiki/Paganism" title="Paganism">paganism</a>, and therefore insisted on their abandonment.<sup id="cite_ref-Kamusella418-9_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kamusella418-9-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The European peoples who were gradually converted to Latin Christianity and carved their own alphabets out of it spoke <a href="/wiki/Insular_Celtic_languages" title="Insular Celtic languages">Celtic languages</a> (displacing the <a href="/wiki/Ogham" title="Ogham">Ogham</a> alphabet since the 5th century),<sup id="cite_ref-Kamusella418-9_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kamusella418-9-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic languages</a> (displacing the earlier <a href="/wiki/Runes" class="mw-redirect" title="Runes">runic alphabets 'fuþark'</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_runes" title="Anglo-Saxon runes">'fuþorc'</a> since the 8th century),<sup id="cite_ref-Kamusella418-9_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kamusella418-9-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Baltic_languages" title="Baltic languages">Baltic languages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic languages</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Estonian_language" title="Estonian language">Estonian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic languages</a>. The Carolingian minuscule was extensively used in the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> from 800 to 1200. The <a href="/wiki/Blackletter" title="Blackletter">blackletter or Gothic script</a> evolved from it in the 12th and 13th centuries, and was commonplace in Germany as <i><a href="/wiki/Fraktur" title="Fraktur">Fraktur</a></i> from the 16th up to the 20th centuries. In the rest of Latin Christendom, the Gothic script was restricted to the Church, and disappeared centuries earlier.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Latin script was introduced to Scandinavia in the 9th century, first in Denmark.<sup id="cite_ref-Kamusella418-9_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kamusella418-9-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It reached Norway during the <a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Scandinavia#Norway" title="Christianization of Scandinavia">11th-century Christianisation</a>, but in two different forms: the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon">Anglo-Saxon</a> <a href="/wiki/Insular_script" title="Insular script">Insular script</a> in Western Norway and the Carolingian minuscule in Eastern Norway.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scandinavia went through a phase of digraphia between Latin letters and Norse runes before abandoning the latter, with some individuals being proficient in both during this transition.<sup id="cite_ref-Adamska_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adamska-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was not until the early 14th century that the Scandinavian vernaculars developed into fully-fledged written languages, and literature became more dominant than oral culture.<sup id="cite_ref-Adamska_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adamska-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The spread of the Latin and <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyrillic">Cyrillic</a> scripts in Eastern Europe was closely connected to the competing missionary efforts of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> in <a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Rome</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a> in <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Adamska_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adamska-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In areas where both were proselytising to pagan Europeans, such as the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Grand Duchy of Lithuania</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Croatia" title="Duchy of Croatia">Croatian Duchy</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Serbia_(early_medieval)" title="Principality of Serbia (early medieval)">Principality of Serbia</a>, mixtures of languages, scripts and alphabets emerged, and the lines between Latin Catholic (<i>Latinitas</i>) and Cyrillic Orthodox literacy (<i>Slavia Orthodoxa</i>) were blurred.<sup id="cite_ref-Adamska_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adamska-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The administrative literacy of Lithuania, for example, was gradually Latinised after it united with the <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_the_Kingdom_of_Poland" title="Crown of the Kingdom of Poland">Polish Crown</a> in the late 14th century, but the realm retained the <a href="/wiki/Ruthenian_language" title="Ruthenian language">Ruthenian language</a> and Cyrillic script for pragmatic literature, and some local books of terrestrial tribunals used Latin and Cyrillic on the same page.<sup id="cite_ref-Adamska_14-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adamska-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Generally speaking, the Latin script came into use for writing the <a href="/wiki/West_Slavic_languages" title="West Slavic languages">West Slavic languages</a> and several <a href="/wiki/South_Slavic_languages" title="South Slavic languages">South Slavic languages</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Slovene_language" title="Slovene language">Slovene</a> and <a href="/wiki/Croatian_language" title="Croatian language">Croatian</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as the people who spoke them adopted <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholicism</a>. The speakers of <a href="/wiki/East_Slavic_languages" title="East Slavic languages">East Slavic languages</a> generally adopted <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic</a> along with <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Orthodox Christianity</a>. Modern <a href="/wiki/Serbian_language" title="Serbian language">Serbian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_language" title="Bosnian language">Bosnian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_language" title="Montenegrin language">Montenegrin</a> have come to use both scripts, whilst the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_South_Slavic" title="Eastern South Slavic">Eastern South Slavic</a> <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_language" title="Macedonian language">Macedonian</a> languages have maintained Cyrillic only. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_modern_period">Early modern period</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spread_of_the_Latin_script&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Early modern period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As late as 1500, the Latin script was limited primarily to the languages spoken in <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western</a>, South Western, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Europe" title="Northern Europe">Northern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central Europe</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox">Orthodox Christian</a> Slavs of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Southeastern Europe">Southeastern Europe</a> mostly used <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic</a>, and Greek speakers around the eastern Mediterranean used the Greek alphabet. The <a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic script</a> was widespread in the Islamic world, among both <a href="/wiki/Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab">Arabs</a> and non-Arab nations like the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Indonesia" title="Ethnic groups in Indonesia">Indonesians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malays_(ethnic_group)" title="Malays (ethnic group)">Malays</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic peoples</a>, as well as amongst <a href="/wiki/Arab_Christians" title="Arab Christians">Arab Christians</a>. Most of the rest of Asia used a variety of <a href="/wiki/Brahmic_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmic family">Brahmic alphabets</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese script">Chinese script</a>. </p><p>Since the 15th and especially 16th centuries, European colonisation has spread the Latin script around the world, to the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a>, and parts of <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a> (until about 1880 mostly limited to the coastal areas) and the Pacific, along with the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>, <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a> languages. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Americas">Americas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spread_of_the_Latin_script&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Americas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In an effort to Christianise and 'civilise' the <a href="/wiki/Mayans" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayans">Mayans</a>, the Roman Catholic bishop <a href="/wiki/Diego_de_Landa" title="Diego de Landa">Diego de Landa</a> of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Yucatán">Yucatán</a> ordered the burning of most <a href="/wiki/Maya_codices" title="Maya codices">Maya codices</a> in July 1562, and with it the near destruction of the <a href="/wiki/Maya_script" title="Maya script">Mayan hieroglyphic script</a>. He then rewrote the history of the Mayans in Spanish, and the Mayan language was romanised, leading to an enormous loss in culture.<sup id="cite_ref-Andresen_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Andresen-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Latin letters served as an inspiration for the forms of the <a href="/wiki/Cherokee_syllabary" title="Cherokee syllabary">Cherokee syllabary</a> developed by <a href="/wiki/Sequoyah" title="Sequoyah">Sequoyah</a> in the late 1810s and early 1820s; however, Latin influence is mainly skin deep with Sequoyah having freely created new syllabograms.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_Asia">South Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spread_of_the_Latin_script&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: South Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Indian_English" title="Indian English">Indian English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistani_English" title="Pakistani English">Pakistani English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_English" title="Bangladeshi English">Bangladeshi English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nepalese_English" title="Nepalese English">Nepalese English</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_English" title="Sri Lankan English">Sri Lankan English</a></div> <p>The only South Asian language that has widely adopted the Latin script is <a href="/wiki/Konkani_language" title="Konkani language">Konkani</a> (in the 16th century), spoken on the <a href="/wiki/Konkan" title="Konkan">midwestern Indian coast</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Baums_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baums-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Attempts to introduce Latin alphabets instead of Brahmi-derived scripts for other Indian languages have so far been unsuccessful.<sup id="cite_ref-Baums_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baums-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, <a href="/wiki/Presidencies_and_provinces_of_British_India" title="Presidencies and provinces of British India">British colonialism</a> introduced the widespread use of the Latin-lettered <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English language</a> in the subcontinent, which has retained and even expanded its prominence in the post-<a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">independence</a> era in both India and Pakistan. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Southeast_Asia_and_Pacific">Southeast Asia and Pacific</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spread_of_the_Latin_script&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Southeast Asia and Pacific"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Latin script was introduced for many <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian languages</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Indonesia" title="Languages of Indonesia">languages of Indonesia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Philippines" title="Languages of the Philippines">Philippines</a>, replacing earlier Arabic and indigenous Brahmic alphabets. The Latin script fits the phonology of Austronesian languages very well, which helped speed up its adoption, as well as helping it to mostly displace the Arabic-based <a href="/wiki/Jawi_script" title="Jawi script">Jawi script</a> in Muslim countries, especially <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>. (This is in contrast to other languages in mainland Asia, where Latin script is a much poorer fit and would require heavy use of diacritics, as with <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a>, which actually did adopt Latin script.) </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Formosa" title="Dutch Formosa">Dutch rule on Formosa</a> (1624–1662), the island currently known as <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Siraya_language" title="Siraya language">Siraya language</a> was given a <a href="/wiki/Sinckan_Manuscripts" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinckan Manuscripts">Sinckan Latin alphabet</a> by the Dutch, which lasted until the 19th century. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="19th_century">19th century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spread_of_the_Latin_script&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: 19th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Africa">Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spread_of_the_Latin_script&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Scramble_for_Africa" title="Scramble for Africa">Scramble for Africa</a> (1881–1914), meaning the rapid occupation, colonisation and annexation of inland Africa by European powers, went hand in hand with the spread of literacy amongst native Africans, as the Latin script was introduced where there were other writing systems or none. Until the early 19th century, the <a href="/wiki/Berbers" title="Berbers">Berber peoples</a> in North Africa had two systems: originally <a href="/wiki/Tifinagh" title="Tifinagh">Tifinagh</a>, and, following the spread of Islam, the <a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic script</a> as well.<sup id="cite_ref-choice_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-choice-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> French colonists, particularly missionaries and army linguists, developed a <a href="/wiki/Berber_Latin_alphabet" title="Berber Latin alphabet">Berber Latin alphabet</a> to make communication easier, especially for the <a href="/wiki/Kabyle_people" title="Kabyle people">Kabyle people</a> in <a href="/wiki/French_Algeria" title="French Algeria">French Algeria</a>. Since no great body of Berber literature existed, and the colonisers greatly helped improve literacy rates, the romanisation received much support, more so after Algerian independence (1962) when the French-educated Kabyle intelligentsia began to stimulate the transition and especially since the establishment of a standard transcription for Kabylie in 1970. Similar French attempts to Latinise the Arabic language met much more resistance, were unsuccessful and eventually abandoned.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Galicia">Galicia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spread_of_the_Latin_script&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Galicia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ueber_den_Vorschlag,_das_Ruthenische_mit_lateinischen_Schriftzeichen_zu_schreiben.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Ueber_den_Vorschlag%2C_das_Ruthenische_mit_lateinischen_Schriftzeichen_zu_schreiben.png/200px-Ueber_den_Vorschlag%2C_das_Ruthenische_mit_lateinischen_Schriftzeichen_zu_schreiben.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Ueber_den_Vorschlag%2C_das_Ruthenische_mit_lateinischen_Schriftzeichen_zu_schreiben.png/300px-Ueber_den_Vorschlag%2C_das_Ruthenische_mit_lateinischen_Schriftzeichen_zu_schreiben.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Ueber_den_Vorschlag%2C_das_Ruthenische_mit_lateinischen_Schriftzeichen_zu_schreiben.png/400px-Ueber_den_Vorschlag%2C_das_Ruthenische_mit_lateinischen_Schriftzeichen_zu_schreiben.png 2x" data-file-width="710" data-file-height="993" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Josef_Jire%C4%8Dek" title="Josef Jireček">Jireček's</a> "Proposal to Write Ruthenian With Latin Letters", published in 1859 in <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Alphabetical_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Alphabetical War">Alphabetical War</a></div> <p>From the 1830s to the 1880s, <a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Ukrainians</a> in <a href="/wiki/Galicia_(Eastern_Europe)" title="Galicia (Eastern Europe)">Galicia</a> (then divided between the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian Empire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>) were engaged in a linguistics controversy known as the <a href="/wiki/Alphabetical_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Alphabetical War">Alphabetical War</a>. They discussed whether the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian language</a> (then known as "Ruthenian") was best written in the Latin script (based on the Czech model) against perceived Russification, or in the Cyrillic script against perceived Polonisation. In the end, Cyrillic prevailed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Romanian">Romanian</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spread_of_the_Latin_script&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Romanian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Modern_Romanian" title="Modern Romanian">Modern Romanian</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Church_Slavonic_in_Romania" title="Church Slavonic in Romania">Church Slavonic in Romania</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spread_of_the_Latin_script&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>People speaking <a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a> gradually adopted the Latin alphabet in the 19th century, following centuries of usage of the <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Cyrillic_alphabet" title="Romanian Cyrillic alphabet">Romanian Cyrillic alphabet</a>. They did so under the influence of <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalism</a>. Some of the earliest to do so were scholars from the late-18th-century <a href="/wiki/Transylvanian_School" title="Transylvanian School">Transylvanian School</a>, who modified the Hungarian Latin alphabet for writing Romanian. The linguist <a href="/wiki/Ion_Heliade_R%C4%83dulescu" title="Ion Heliade Rădulescu">Ion Heliade Rădulescu</a> first proposed a simplified version of Cyrillic in 1829, but in 1838, he introduced a mixed alphabet containing 19 Cyrillic and 10 Latin letters, and an [i] and [o] that could be both. This 'transitional orthography' was widely used until the official adoption of a completely Latin Romanian alphabet in <a href="/wiki/Wallachia" title="Wallachia">Wallachia</a> (1860) and <a href="/wiki/Moldavia" title="Moldavia">Moldavia</a> (1863), that were gradually united since 1859 to become the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania">Kingdom of Romania</a> in 1881. Romanian intellectuals in <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Hungary</a> (part of <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a>), mainly in <a href="/wiki/Transylvania" title="Transylvania">Transylvania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Banat" title="Banat">Banat</a>, and scholars in Wallachia-Moldavia agreed to cleanse the language from all non-Latin elements (Greek, Magyar, Slavic, and Ottoman), and to emulate French wherever needed.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russian_Empire">Russian Empire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spread_of_the_Latin_script&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Russian Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:283px;max-width:283px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:142px;max-width:142px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Auksa_altorius_latin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Auksa_altorius_latin.jpg/140px-Auksa_altorius_latin.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Auksa_altorius_latin.jpg/210px-Auksa_altorius_latin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Auksa_altorius_latin.jpg/280px-Auksa_altorius_latin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="519" data-file-height="819" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:137px;max-width:137px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Auksa_altorius_cirillics.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Auksa_altorius_cirillics.jpg/135px-Auksa_altorius_cirillics.jpg" decoding="async" width="135" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Auksa_altorius_cirillics.jpg/203px-Auksa_altorius_cirillics.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Auksa_altorius_cirillics.jpg/270px-Auksa_altorius_cirillics.jpg 2x" data-file-width="428" data-file-height="696" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">The <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_press_ban" title="Lithuanian press ban">Lithuanian press ban</a> in action: two issues of the same popular prayer book. The Latin left one was illegal, the right Cyrillic one was legal and paid for by the government.</div></div></div></div> <p>Russian and Polish are both Slavic languages and have many similarities, thus from the 1840s on, Russia considered introducing the Cyrillic script for spelling the <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish language</a>, with the first school books printed in the 1860s.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The idea was quickly abandoned due to Polish being completely substituted by Russian in education as part of <a href="/wiki/Russification" title="Russification">Russification</a> process.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The initially successfully enacted <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_press_ban" title="Lithuanian press ban">Lithuanian press ban</a> (1865–1904) outlawed the use of Latin script, whilst encouraging writing Lithuanian texts in Cyrillic. Resistance grew as time went on: <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_book_smugglers" title="Lithuanian book smugglers">Lithuanian books were smuggled</a> into the country, mainly from <a href="/wiki/Lithuania_Minor" title="Lithuania Minor">Lithuania Minor</a> in <a href="/wiki/East_Prussia" title="East Prussia">East Prussia</a>. Although the Russian authorities tried to seize them, they could not stop the rapid increase in forbidden titles from crossing the border. The Lithuanian ban, lifted in 1904, is widely felt to have stimulated the Lithuanian national movement and embracing the Latin script, rather than discouraging it.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vietnam">Vietnam</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spread_of_the_Latin_script&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Vietnam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Romanization" title="Romanization">romanization</a> of <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a> was codified in the 17th century by the French <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Jesuit</a> missionary <a href="/wiki/Alexandre_de_Rhodes" title="Alexandre de Rhodes">Alexandre de Rhodes</a> (1591–1660), based on works of the early 16th-century <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_discoveries" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese discoveries">Portuguese missionaries</a> Gaspar do Amaral and António Barbosa.<sup id="cite_ref-Andresen_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Andresen-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_alphabet" title="Vietnamese alphabet">Vietnamese alphabet</a> (<i>chữ quốc ngữ</i> or "national script") was gradually expanded from its initial domain in Christian writing to become more popular among the general public, which had previously used <a href="/wiki/Chu_nom" class="mw-redirect" title="Chu nom">Chinese-based characters</a>. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/French_Indochina" title="French Indochina">French protectorate</a> (1883–1945), colonial rulers made an effort to educate all Vietnamese, and a simpler writing system was found more expedient for teaching and communication with the general population. It was not until the beginning of the 20th century that the romanized script came to predominate written communication.<sup id="cite_ref-Andresen_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Andresen-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To further the process, Vietnamese written with the alphabet was made obligatory for all public documents in 1910 by issue of a decree by the French Résident Supérieur of the <a href="/wiki/Tonkin_(French_protectorate)" title="Tonkin (French protectorate)">protectorate of Tonkin</a> in northern Vietnam. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="20th_century">20th century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spread_of_the_Latin_script&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Albanian">Albanian</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spread_of_the_Latin_script&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Albanian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Albanian_alphabet" title="Albanian alphabet">Albanian alphabet</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a> had used a <a href="/wiki/Albanian_alphabet" title="Albanian alphabet">variety of writing systems</a> since its first attestation in the 12th century, especially Latin (in the north), Greek (in the south), Ottoman and Arabic (favoured by many Muslims). There were attempts at standardisation throughout the 19th century, from 1879 led by the <a href="/wiki/Society_for_the_Publication_of_Albanian_Writings" class="mw-redirect" title="Society for the Publication of Albanian Writings">Society for the Publication of Albanian Writings</a>, culminating in the 1908 <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Manastir" title="Congress of Manastir">Congress of Manastir</a> when a single Latin script, Bashkimi, was chosen for the whole language. Although the newly adopted Albanian Latin alphabet symbolised a break with Ottoman rule, some Islamist Kosovo Albanians objected strongly against it, preferring to maintain the Arabic script that was found in the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a>, which they held sacred. However, nationalists maintained that the Latin alphabet was 'above religion' and therefore also acceptable to non-Islamic and secular Albanians; and they won the argument.<sup id="cite_ref-Kostovicova_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kostovicova-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="China">China</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spread_of_the_Latin_script&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">People's Republic of China</a> in 1949, <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a> initially considered Latinizing written Chinese, but during his first official visit to the Soviet Union in that year <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>, who stopped the Latinizing of all languages in the Soviet Union in 1930, convinced Mao to maintain the existing Chinese writing system. Instead <a href="/wiki/Zhou_Youguang" title="Zhou Youguang">Zhou Youguang</a> created the <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a> system and <a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Chinese characters were simplified</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a remnant of the romanization era, for official writing of the <a href="/wiki/Zhuang_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhuang language">Zhuang language</a> the Latin alphabet was chosen over some form of standardised centuries-old <a href="/wiki/Sawndip" title="Sawndip">Sawndip</a> script based on Chinese characters. The practical consequences of this are limited though, since most Zhuang speakers still use Sawndip. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Uyghur_language" title="Uyghur language">Uyghur language</a> in China used a Latin-derived alphabet created upon Pinyin spelling conventions, but it was abolished in 1982 and the Arabic script was restored. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Serbo-Croatian">Serbo-Croatian</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spread_of_the_Latin_script&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Serbo-Croatian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Latinalphabet_Former_Yugoslavia_2008.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Latinalphabet_Former_Yugoslavia_2008.png/350px-Latinalphabet_Former_Yugoslavia_2008.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Latinalphabet_Former_Yugoslavia_2008.png/525px-Latinalphabet_Former_Yugoslavia_2008.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Latinalphabet_Former_Yugoslavia_2008.png/700px-Latinalphabet_Former_Yugoslavia_2008.png 2x" data-file-width="1887" data-file-height="1192" /></a><figcaption>A map showing the expansion of the use of Latin script in areas of former <a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a>, primarily amongst Croatians and Slovenes (<a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholics</a>), <a href="/wiki/Bosniaks" title="Bosniaks">Bosniaks</a> (Bosnian <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslims</a>) and Kosovars (Albanian Muslims). <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyrillic">Cyrillic</a> texts are dominant in areas primarily inhabited by Serbs, Montenegrins, and Macedonians (<a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox">Eastern Orthodox</a> Christians). This cultural boundary has existed since the dichotomy of the <a href="/wiki/Greek_East_and_Latin_West" title="Greek East and Latin West">Greek East and Latin West</a>.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Gaj%27s_Latin_alphabet" title="Gaj's Latin alphabet">Gaj's Latin alphabet</a></div> <p>Croatian linguist <a href="/wiki/Ljudevit_Gaj" title="Ljudevit Gaj">Ljudevit Gaj</a> devised a uniform Latin alphabet for Croatian in 1835, while in 1818, Serbian linguist <a href="/wiki/Vuk_Karad%C5%BEi%C4%87" title="Vuk Karadžić">Vuk Karadžić</a> had developed a <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Cyrillic_alphabet" title="Serbian Cyrillic alphabet">Serbian Cyrillic alphabet</a>. In the first half of the 19th century, the <a href="/wiki/Illyrian_movement" title="Illyrian movement">Illyrian movement</a> to unite all Southern Slavs (Yugoslavs) culturally, and perhaps also politically, was quite strong, and efforts were made to create a unified literary language that would set the standard for all Yugoslav dialects. The <a href="/wiki/Vienna_Literary_Agreement" title="Vienna Literary Agreement">Vienna Literary Agreement</a> (March 1850) between writers from Croatia, Serbia and one from Slovenia was the most significant attempt, where some basic rules were agreed upon. In the 1860s, Vuk's orthography gained acceptance in Serbia, while a <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Academy_of_Sciences_and_Arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Yugoslav Academy of Sciences and Arts">Yugoslav Academy of Sciences and Arts</a> was founded in 1866 in <a href="/wiki/Zagreb" title="Zagreb">Zagreb</a> and the first 'Serbo-Croatian' grammar book by <a href="/wiki/Pero_Budmani" title="Pero Budmani">Pero Budmani</a> was published in Croatia in 1867. In 1913, <a href="/wiki/Jovan_Skerli%C4%87" title="Jovan Skerlić">Jovan Skerlić</a> proposed a compromise for a single writing system and dialect to create true language unity.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, political unity was realised in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Kingdom of Yugoslavia</a>, but an agreement on scriptural unity for its population was never reached. The post-war <a href="/wiki/Titoist" class="mw-redirect" title="Titoist">Titoist</a> <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia</a> made another attempt at achieving linguistic unity, but the 1954 <a href="/wiki/Novi_Sad_Agreement" title="Novi Sad Agreement">Novi Sad Agreement</a> only managed to get equality of Latin and Cyrillic, and an obligation for all citizens to learn both alphabets. With the return of ethnic nationalism in the 1980s, the two again became heavily associated with particular variants of the Serbo-Croatian language and thus with national identities. Exacerbated by the <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Wars" title="Yugoslav Wars">Yugoslav Wars</a> that led to the disintegration of Yugoslavia in the 1990s, nationalists on all sides resumed insisting Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian and Montenegrin were distinct languages in their own right, undermining the project of Serbo-Croatian linguistic unity. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_language" title="Bosnian language">Bosnian language</a> was originally primarily expressed in the Cyrillic-type <i><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Cyrillic" title="Bosnian Cyrillic">Bosančica</a></i> since the 11th century (originally alongside the older <i><a href="/wiki/Glagolitic_script" title="Glagolitic script">Glagoljica</a></i>), but it was gradually driven extinct in the 18th century after the Ottoman introduction of the <a href="/wiki/Perso-Arabic_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Perso-Arabic script">Perso-Arabic script</a>-type <i><a href="/wiki/Arebica" title="Arebica">Arebica</a></i> (15th–20th century).<sup id="cite_ref-Čuvalo_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Čuvalo-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eventually, most Bosnians adopted the Croatian-derived <i><a href="/wiki/Gaj%27s_Latin_alphabet" title="Gaj's Latin alphabet">Latinica</a></i> or Latin script –originally introduced by the Catholic <a href="/wiki/Franciscans" title="Franciscans">Franciscans</a><sup id="cite_ref-Čuvalo_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Čuvalo-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>– in the course of the 20th century, standardised in the 1990s. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_East_and_North_Africa">Middle East and North Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spread_of_the_Latin_script&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Middle East and North Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Berber_Latin_alphabet" title="Berber Latin alphabet">Berber Latin alphabet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_alphabets" title="Kurdish alphabets">Kurdish alphabets</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Latin_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish Latin alphabet">Turkish Latin alphabet</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ataturk-September_20,_1928.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Ataturk-September_20%2C_1928.jpg/220px-Ataturk-September_20%2C_1928.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="320" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Ataturk-September_20%2C_1928.jpg/330px-Ataturk-September_20%2C_1928.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Ataturk-September_20%2C_1928.jpg/440px-Ataturk-September_20%2C_1928.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1162" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Mustafa Kemal Atatürk</a> introduced the Latin script in Turkey in 1928.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1928, as part of <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Mustafa Kemal Atatürk</a>'s reforms, the new <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Republic of Turkey</a> adopted the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Latin_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish Latin alphabet">Turkish Latin alphabet</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish language</a>, replacing a modified Arabic script.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1930s and 1940s, the majority of <a href="/wiki/Kurds" title="Kurds">Kurds</a> replaced the Arabic script with two Latin alphabets. Although the only official Kurdish government, the <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Regional_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdistan Regional Government">Kurdistan Regional Government</a> in northern <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, uses an Arabic script for public documents, the Latin Kurdish alphabet remains widely used throughout the region by the majority of <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_language" title="Kurdish language">Kurdish</a> speakers, especially in Turkey and Syria. </p><p>During the late 20th century <a href="/wiki/Decolonisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Decolonisation">decolonisation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pan-Arabism" title="Pan-Arabism">Pan-Arabism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arab_nationalism" title="Arab nationalism">Arab nationalism</a> expressed themselves in anti-Western tendencies, including hostility towards the Latin script. It was banned in some places such as Libya after <a href="/wiki/Moammar_Gaddafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Moammar Gaddafi">Moammar Gaddafi</a>'s <a href="/wiki/1969_Libyan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" class="mw-redirect" title="1969 Libyan coup d'état">1969 coup</a>, in favour of exclusive Arabic script. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soviet_Union">Soviet Union</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spread_of_the_Latin_script&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Soviet Union"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Latinisation_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Latinisation in the Soviet Union">Latinisation in the Soviet Union</a></div> <p>Since at least 1700, Russian intellectuals have sought to Latinise the <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian language</a> in their desire for close relations with the West.<sup id="cite_ref-Andresen110_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Andresen110-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">Bolsheviks</a> had four goals: to break with <a href="/wiki/Tsarism" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsarism">Tsarism</a>, to spread <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a> to the whole world, to isolate the Muslim inhabitants of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> from the Arabic-Islamic world and religion, and eradicate <a href="/wiki/Illiteracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Illiteracy">illiteracy</a> through simplification.<sup id="cite_ref-Andresen110_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Andresen110-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They concluded the Latin alphabet was the right tool to do so, and after seizing power during the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a> of 1917, they made plans to realise these ideals.<sup id="cite_ref-Andresen110_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Andresen110-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although progress was slow at first, in 1926 the Turkic-majority republics of the Soviet Union adopted the Latin script, giving a major boost to reformers in neighbouring Turkey.<sup id="cite_ref-Zürcher-188_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zürcher-188-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Mustafa Kemal Atatürk</a> adopted the new <a href="/wiki/Turkish_alphabet" title="Turkish alphabet">Turkish Latin alphabet</a> in 1928, this in turn encouraged the Soviet leaders to proceed.<sup id="cite_ref-Andresen110_31-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Andresen110-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The commission to romanise the Russian alphabet completed its work in mid-January 1930. But on 25 January 1930, General Secretary <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> ordered the stop of the romanisation of Russian.<sup id="cite_ref-Andresen110_31-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Andresen110-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Latinisation of non-Slavic languages within the USSR continued until the late 1930s, however. Most of the <a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a>-speaking peoples of the Soviet Union, including <a href="/wiki/Tatars" title="Tatars">Tatars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bashkirs" title="Bashkirs">Bashkirs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azerbaijani or Azeri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kazakhs" title="Kazakhs">Kazakh</a> (1929–40<sup id="cite_ref-Welle_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Welle-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_people" title="Kyrgyz people">Kyrgyz</a> and others, used the Latin-based <a href="/wiki/Uniform_Turkic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Uniform Turkic alphabet">Uniform Turkic alphabet</a> in the 1930s; but, in the 1940s, all were replaced by Cyrillic. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-Soviet_states">Post-Soviet states</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spread_of_the_Latin_script&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Post-Soviet states"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Russian conquest of <a href="/wiki/Transcaucasia" class="mw-redirect" title="Transcaucasia">Transcaucasia</a> in the 19th century split the Azerbaijani language community across two states, the other being <a href="/wiki/Qajar_dynasty" title="Qajar dynasty">Iran</a>. The Soviet Union promoted development of the language, but set it back considerably with two successive script changes<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – from the <a href="/wiki/Persian_alphabet" title="Persian alphabet">Persian</a> to Latin and then to the <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic script</a> – while Iranian Azerbaijanis continued to use the Persian as they always had. Despite the wide use of Azerbaijani in the <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic">Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic</a>, it did not become the official language of Azerbaijan until 1956.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After achieving independence from the Soviet Union 1991, the new Republic of Azerbaijan decided to switch back to the Latin script. </p><p>Two other newly independent Turkic-speaking republics, <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a>, as well as Romanian-speaking <a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a> on 31 August 1989,<sup id="cite_ref-lang_matei_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lang_matei-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-lang_law_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lang_law-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> officially adopted Latin alphabets for their languages. In 1995, Uzbekistan ordered the <a href="/wiki/Uzbek_alphabet" title="Uzbek alphabet">Uzbek alphabet</a> changed from a <a href="/wiki/Russian_alphabet" title="Russian alphabet">Russian</a>-based Cyrillic script to a modified Latin alphabet, and in 1997, Uzbek became the sole language of state administration.<sup id="cite_ref-Dollerup_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dollerup-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the government's implementation of the transition to Latin has been rather slow, suffered several setbacks and as of 2017 has not yet been completed.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2021, the country expressed its ambition to complete the transition process by 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian</a>-speaking <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a>, and the breakaway region of <a href="/wiki/Transnistria" title="Transnistria">Transnistria</a> kept the Cyrillic alphabet, chiefly due to their close ties with Russia. <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>, however, is planning to start a transition process to the Latin alphabet in 2023. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spread_of_the_Latin_script&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Turkmenistan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Turkmen_alphabet" title="Turkmen alphabet">Turkmen alphabet</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Turkmen_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic">Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic</a> employed a Latin alphabet from 1928 to 1940, when it was decreed that all languages in the Soviet Union be written in Cyrillic. After gaining independence in 1991, Turkmenistan was amongst several ex-Soviet states seeking to reintroduce the Latin script. Although totalitarian dictator <a href="/wiki/Saparmurat_Niyazov" title="Saparmurat Niyazov">Saparmurat Niyazov</a>, ruling Turkmenistan from 1985 to his death in 2006, announced a decree on 12 April 1993 that formalised a new Turkmen Latin alphabet, the <i>de facto</i> implementation has been slow and incomplete. The original 1993 alphabet had 30 letters, but missed several sounds and did not fit the Turkmen language, so several amendments were made in 1996. The first book in Latin script was printed in 1995, but Turkmen language and literature manuals were not available until 1999; Cyrillic manuals had been banned before Latin ones were available. Although by 2011 the younger generations were well-versed in the Turkmen Latin alphabet through the education system, adults, including teachers, were not given any official training programme and were expected to learn it by themselves without state support.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="21st_century">21st century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spread_of_the_Latin_script&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: 21st century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spread_of_the_Latin_script&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Kazakhstan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kazakh_alphabets#Latin_script" title="Kazakh alphabets">Kazakh alphabets § Latin script</a></div> <p>Unlike its Turkic neighbours, Kazakhstan did not immediately move towards Latinisation after obtaining statehood in 1991. This was motivated by pragmatic reasons: the government was wary to alienate the country's large Russian-speaking minority (who wrote Russian in Cyrillic), and due to the economic crisis in the early 1990s, a transition was considered fiscally unfeasible at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-Bartlett_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bartlett-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was not until 2017 that Latin became the official script for the <a href="/wiki/Kazakh_language" title="Kazakh language">Kazakh language</a> in Kazakhstan, replacing Cyrillic. </p><p>In 2006, President <a href="/wiki/Nursultan_Nazarbayev" title="Nursultan Nazarbayev">Nursultan Nazarbayev</a> requested the Ministry of Education and Science to examine the experiences of Turkey, Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan, which had all switched to Latin script in the 20th century. The ministry reported in the summer of 2007 that a six-step plan, based primarily on the Uzbekistan model, should be implemented over a 12-to-15-year period at the cost of about $300 million. Aside from integrating Kazakhstan into the global economy, officials have argued it would help the development of a Kazakh national identity separate from Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-Bartlett_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bartlett-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2007, Nazarbayev said the transformation of the Kazakh alphabet from Cyrillic to Latin should not be rushed, as he noted: "For 70 years, the Kazakhstanis read and wrote in Cyrillic. More than 100 nationalities live in our state. Thus we need stability and peace. We should be in no hurry in the issue of alphabet transformation".<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2015, the <a href="/wiki/Kazakh_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Kazakh government">Kazakh government</a> announced that the Latin script would replace Cyrillic as the writing system for the <a href="/wiki/Kazakh_language" title="Kazakh language">Kazakh language</a> by 2025.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2017, Nazarbayev said that "by the end of 2017, after consultation with academics and representatives of the public, a single standard for the new <a href="/wiki/Kazakh_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Kazakh alphabet">Kazakh alphabet</a> and script should be developed." Education specialists were to be trained to teach the new alphabet and provide textbooks beginning in 2018. The romanisation policy is intended to modernise Kazakhstan and increase international cooperation.<sup id="cite_ref-Welle_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Welle-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 19 February 2018, president Nazarbayev signed an amendment to the decree of 26 October 2017 No. 569 "On translating the Kazakh alphabet from Cyrillic alphabet to the Latin script."<sup id="cite_ref-decree2_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-decree2-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The amended alphabet uses "Sh" and "Ch" for the Kazakh sounds "Ш" and "Ч" and eliminates the use of apostrophes.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spread_of_the_Latin_script&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In October 2019, the organization National Representational Organization for Inuit in <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> (ITK) announced that they will introduce a unified writing system for the <a href="/wiki/Inuit_languages" title="Inuit languages">Inuit languages</a> in the country. The writing system is based on the Latin alphabet and is modeled after the one used in the <a href="/wiki/Greenlandic_language" title="Greenlandic language">Greenlandic language</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oklahoma_(United_States)"><span id="Oklahoma_.28United_States.29"></span>Oklahoma (United States)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spread_of_the_Latin_script&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Oklahoma (United States)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From 2006, a new <a href="/wiki/Osage_script" title="Osage script">writing system</a> was developed for the Native American <a href="/wiki/Osage_language" title="Osage language">Osage language</a>, challenging the dominance of the Latin script for writing that language. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Debates_and_proposals">Debates and proposals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spread_of_the_Latin_script&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Debates and proposals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alphabets_in_Europe_V2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Alphabets_in_Europe_V2.svg/220px-Alphabets_in_Europe_V2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Alphabets_in_Europe_V2.svg/330px-Alphabets_in_Europe_V2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Alphabets_in_Europe_V2.svg/440px-Alphabets_in_Europe_V2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="789" data-file-height="633" /></a><figcaption> <table style="width:100%; vertical-align:top; border:1px solid #ABD5F5; background-color:#F1F5FC; margin-top:2px;"> <tbody><tr> <td><div style="text-align:center">Scripts in Europe in the 2010s.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#000080; color:white;"> </span> Latin </div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FF0000; color:black;"> </span> Cyrillic </div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#800080; color:white;"> </span> Latin & Cyrillic </div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#008000; color:white;"> </span> Greek </div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#008080; color:white;"> </span> Greek & Latin </div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#B5D71D; color:black;"> </span> Georgian </div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFCC00; color:black;"> </span> Armenian </div> </td></tr></tbody></table></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spread_of_the_Latin_script&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Bulgaria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Bulgarian" title="Romanization of Bulgarian">Romanization of Bulgarian</a></div> <p>In 2001, Austrian slavistics professor Otto Kronsteiner recommended that Bulgaria adopt the Latin script in order to facilitate the country's accession to the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>. This caused such a scandal that the <a href="/wiki/Veliko_Tarnovo_University" title="Veliko Tarnovo University">Veliko Tarnovo University</a> revoked the honorary degree it had previously awarded him (for supporting the <a href="/wiki/Political_views_on_the_Macedonian_language" title="Political views on the Macedonian language">Bulgarian viewpoint on</a> the <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_language" title="Macedonian language">Macedonian language</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Detrez_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Detrez-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For many <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgarians</a>, the Cyrillic alphabet has become an important component of their national identity, and great pride is taken in having introduced Cyrillic into the EU in 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-Detrez_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Detrez-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EUCyrillic_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EUCyrillic-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, in digital communication using computers and writing <a href="/wiki/Email" title="Email">emails</a> and <a href="/wiki/SMS" title="SMS">SMS</a>, the Latin script has been proposed to replace the Cyrillic. A Bulgarian Latin alphabet, the so-called <i>shlyokavitsa</i>, is already often employed for convenience for emails and SMS messages. Ciphers are used to denote Bulgarian sounds that cannot be represented with a single Latin character (for example, a "<a href="/wiki/4" title="4">4</a>" represents a "<a href="/wiki/%D0%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="Ч">ч</a>" because they look alike and the Bulgarian word for the cardinal number four, чѐтири <i>čѐtiri</i>, starts with a "ч").<sup id="cite_ref-Detrez_49-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Detrez-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kosovo">Kosovo</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spread_of_the_Latin_script&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Kosovo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Minority_languages_of_Kosovo" title="Minority languages of Kosovo">Minority languages of Kosovo</a></div> <p>Despite initial resistance from Islamist Kosovo Albanians (who favoured the Arabic script) against the 1908 <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Manastir" title="Congress of Manastir">Congress of Manastir</a>'s resolution to adopt the Latin script to write the Albanian language in, <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Albanians" title="Kosovo Albanians">Kosovo Albanians</a> came to accept the Albanian Latin alphabet over the course of the early 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Kostovicova_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kostovicova-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Literacy" title="Literacy">Literacy</a> amongst Kosovo Albanians increased from 26% in 1948 to 96.6% (men) and 87.5% (women) in 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Serbs" title="Kosovo Serbs">Kosovo Serbs</a> have followed the practice of Cyrillic/Latin digraphia in the Republic of Serbia and continued to use both alphabets after the <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_War" title="Kosovo War">Kosovo War</a> (1998–9) and the <a href="/wiki/2008_Kosovo_declaration_of_independence" title="2008 Kosovo declaration of independence">2008 Kosovo declaration of independence</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hajdari_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hajdari-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Article 2 of the 2006 Law on the Use of Languages states that “Albanian and Serbian and their alphabets are official languages of Kosovo and have equal status in Kosovo institutions,” but fails to specify which alphabets these are, as neither Latin nor Cyrillic is mentioned.<sup id="cite_ref-Hajdari_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hajdari-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This has often led the (ethnic Albanian-dominated) Kosovo authorities to exclusively use the <a href="/wiki/Gaj%27s_Latin_alphabet" title="Gaj's Latin alphabet">Serbo-Croatian Latin alphabet</a> in its communication with the Serb minority, as it does with the country's other five officially recognised minorities, especially the <a href="/wiki/Bosniaks" title="Bosniaks">Bosniaks</a> <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_language" title="Bosnian language">whose language</a> is very similar to Serbian, but always written in Latin.<sup id="cite_ref-Hajdari_52-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hajdari-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Kosovo Serbs may use either or both alphabets in everyday life, some claim they have the right to demand the authorities to communicate with them in their preferred alphabet, and accuse the government of violating the law.<sup id="cite_ref-Hajdari_52-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hajdari-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The present attitudes of the Kosovar authorities have raised concerns over the Latinisation of the Kosovo Serbs against their will, while the government maintains it respects the legal rights of minorities.<sup id="cite_ref-Hajdari_52-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hajdari-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spread_of_the_Latin_script&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Kyrgyzstan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_alphabets" title="Kyrgyz alphabets">Kyrgyz alphabets</a></div> <p>Adopting the Latin script for the <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_language" title="Kyrgyz language">Kyrgyz language</a> has been the subject of discussions in <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a> since attaining independence in the 1990s. However, unlike in the other Turkic-dominated former Soviet republics in Central Asia, the issue did not become prominent until its great neighbour Kazakhstan in September 2015 and April 2017 confirmed its previous announcements to Latinise the closely related <a href="/wiki/Kazakh_language" title="Kazakh language">Kazakh language</a>. Before then, the largely Russian-speaking elite of the country saw no reason to, nor did it seek to endanger its good-standing political and economic relations with the Russian Federation. Amongst others, deputy Kanybek Imanaliyev advocated a shift to Latin for 'the development of contemporary technology, communication, education and science.' On the other hand, due to financial constraints, he proposed to postpone the transition to the 2030s or even 2040s. Because Russia is still a very important financial supporter of Kyrgyzstan, other experts agreed it would be unwise for Bishkek to make a move that would culturally alienate Moscow. President <a href="/wiki/Almazbek_Atambayev" title="Almazbek Atambayev">Almazbek Atambayev</a> stated in October 2017 that the country would not Latinise any time soon.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2019, the then-Minister of Education and Science <a href="/wiki/Kanybek_Isakov" title="Kanybek Isakov">Kanybek Isakov</a> expressed support for a switch to the Latin alphabet, which restarted a public debate about the benefits and drawbacks of such a change.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Uyghur">Uyghur</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spread_of_the_Latin_script&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Uyghur"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In western <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, an auxiliary alphabet based on the Latin script<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was developed in 2006 for the <a href="/wiki/Uyghur_language" title="Uyghur language">Uyghur language</a>, spoken mainly by the <a href="/wiki/Uyghur_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Uyghur people">Uyghur people</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_Macedonia">North Macedonia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spread_of_the_Latin_script&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: North Macedonia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_North_Macedonia" title="Languages of North Macedonia">Languages of North Macedonia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Macedonian" title="Romanization of Macedonian">Romanization of Macedonian</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_language" title="Macedonian language">Macedonian language</a> in <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_alphabet" title="Macedonian alphabet">its Cyrillic alphabet</a> has been the official language of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Macedonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Macedonia">Republic of Macedonia</a> throughout the country and in its foreign relations since 1991. However, since the <a href="/wiki/2001_insurgency_in_the_Republic_of_Macedonia" class="mw-redirect" title="2001 insurgency in the Republic of Macedonia">2001 Albanian insurgency</a> was ended by the <a href="/wiki/Ohrid_Agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Ohrid Agreement">Ohrid Agreement</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Macedonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of Macedonia">Constitution of Macedonia</a> has been amended (Amendment V) to mandate the co-official use of the six minority languages and their respective alphabets in municipalities in which more than 20% of an ethnic minority resides. The six minority languages – Albanian, Turkish, Romani, Serbian, Bosnian and Aromanian – are (with the exception of Serbian) always officially written in Latin script in the municipalities where their speakers constitute a significant minority or even majority.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, Macedonian is occasionally written in Latin, especially in advertising.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Montenegro">Montenegro</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spread_of_the_Latin_script&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Montenegro"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Controversy_over_ethnic_and_linguistic_identity_in_Montenegro" title="Controversy over ethnic and linguistic identity in Montenegro">Controversy over ethnic and linguistic identity in Montenegro</a> and <a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_alphabet" title="Montenegrin alphabet">Montenegrin alphabet</a></div> <p>There is ongoing discussion in <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a> about how to label the <a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_language" title="Montenegrin language">majority language of Montenegro</a>, which is <a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_standard_Bosnian,_Croatian,_Montenegrin_and_Serbian" title="Comparison of standard Bosnian, Croatian, Montenegrin and Serbian">mutually intelligible with the other standardised versions</a> of <a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian" title="Serbo-Croatian">Serbo-Croatian</a>: <a href="/wiki/Serbian_language" title="Serbian language">Serbian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croatian_language" title="Croatian language">Croatian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_language" title="Bosnian language">Bosnian</a>. These debates focus on the perceived linguistic differences between Montenegrin and related variants, but also on national and political identification. Montenegro practices <a href="/wiki/Digraphia" title="Digraphia">digraphia</a>: there are two official <a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_alphabet" title="Montenegrin alphabet">Montenegrin alphabets</a>, one Latin and one Cyrillic. In electoral campaigns after 2000, especially the <a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_independence_referendum,_2006" class="mw-redirect" title="Montenegrin independence referendum, 2006">2006 independence referendum</a>, Latin has come to symbolise closeness to Western countries, including Montenegro's historical ties to <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venice</a>, and independence from Serbia; on the other hand, Cyrillic is taken to signify unity with Serbia and closeness to the East.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In general, proponents of calling the language "Montenegrin" – including the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Socialists_of_Montenegro" title="Democratic Party of Socialists of Montenegro">DPS</a>-led governments (1990–2020) – tend to favour the Latin script, whereas supporters of "Serbian" prefer Cyrillic.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June 2016, an incident in which top students in primary and secondary schools for the first time since World War II received their "Luca" diplomas – named after <a href="/wiki/Petar_II_Petrovi%C4%87-Njego%C5%A1" title="Petar II Petrović-Njegoš">Njegoš</a>'s poem – printed in the Latin alphabet, sparked political controversy. The opposition <a href="/wiki/Socialist_People%27s_Party_of_Montenegro" title="Socialist People's Party of Montenegro">Socialist People's Party</a> (SNP) accused Education Minister <a href="/wiki/Predrag_Bo%C5%A1kovi%C4%87" title="Predrag Bošković">Predrag Bošković</a> of "persecuting Cyrillic" and discriminating against pupils who use this script. The SNP was unsuccessful in forcing the minister to resign.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The annual June reception of Latin-printed pupil's diplomas in schools continued to cause pro-Serbian organisations including new small opposition party <a href="/wiki/True_Montenegro" title="True Montenegro">True Montenegro</a> to claim Cyrillic users were being 'discriminated' against, while Education Minister Damir Šehović stated that schools are obliged to issue Cyrillic diplomas, but only at the request of pupils’ parents.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Serbia">Serbia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spread_of_the_Latin_script&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Serbia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Serbian" title="Romanization of Serbian">Romanization of Serbian</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:George_Washington_Street_sign_Belgrade.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/George_Washington_Street_sign_Belgrade.JPG/220px-George_Washington_Street_sign_Belgrade.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/George_Washington_Street_sign_Belgrade.JPG/330px-George_Washington_Street_sign_Belgrade.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/George_Washington_Street_sign_Belgrade.JPG/440px-George_Washington_Street_sign_Belgrade.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Digraphia" title="Digraphia">Digraphic</a> 'George Washington Street' sign in <a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a> (2014)</figcaption></figure> <p>Under the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Serbia" title="Constitution of Serbia">Constitution of Serbia</a> of 2006, Cyrillic script is the only one in official use.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nonetheless, the Latin script is widely used. In May 2017, Minister of Culture and Information <a href="/wiki/Vladan_Vukosavljevi%C4%87_(politician)" title="Vladan Vukosavljević (politician)">Vladan Vukosavljević</a> proposed several measures to better support the Cyrillic script, which was "in danger of falling into disuse". He said there wasn't any kind of conspiracy going on against the Cyrillic alphabet, but rather that the spirit of the times, historical circumstances and the decades-long process of globalisation had gradually made Latin the world's dominant script. "Especially young people in Serbia are now mostly turning to Latin characters because of the media, the Internet and the logos of world <a href="/wiki/Brand" title="Brand">brands</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In August 2018, the Ministry of Culture proposed a law to that effect, obliging government institutions to use Cyrillic under the threat of <a href="/wiki/Fine_(penalty)" title="Fine (penalty)">fines</a>, and setting up a Council for the Serbian Language to implement this suggested language policy. The ministry claimed that indifference towards which script to use was not “a culturally responsible position”, and complained that some people had come to “use the Latin script as a symbol of [their] openness and <a href="/wiki/Europeanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Europeanism">European affiliation</a>”, arguing that Cyrillic was also one of the <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_European_Union#Writing_systems" title="Languages of the European Union">European Union's official writing systems</a><sup id="cite_ref-EUCyrillic_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EUCyrillic-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that "the EU is a <a href="/wiki/Motto_of_the_European_Union" title="Motto of the European Union">community of peoples with their peculiarities</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tatarstan_(Russia)"><span id="Tatarstan_.28Russia.29"></span>Tatarstan (Russia)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spread_of_the_Latin_script&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Tatarstan (Russia)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Tatar_alphabet" title="Tatar alphabet">Tatar alphabet</a></div> <p>In 1999, the Russian <a href="/wiki/Tatarstan" title="Tatarstan">Republic of Tatarstan</a> proposed to convert the Turkic <a href="/wiki/Tatar_language" title="Tatar language">Tatar language</a> to Latin script in order to bring it into the modern world of the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a>. There was opposition from both inside and outside Tatarstan, with Tatars arguing it would threaten their national identity and to sever their ties to the past. The Russian <a href="/wiki/State_Duma" title="State Duma">State Duma</a> rejected the proposal. President <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> said that a Tatar move from Cyrillic to Latin would 'threaten the unity of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Federation">Russian Federation</a>'. In 2002, Putin enacted a law that made Cyrillic the default script for all languages in all autonomous republics of Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-Andresen110_31-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Andresen110-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adoption of a different script is possible, but requires a separate law. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ukraine">Ukraine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spread_of_the_Latin_script&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Ukraine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ukrainian" title="Romanization of Ukrainian">Romanization of Ukrainian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Latin_alphabet" title="Ukrainian Latin alphabet">Ukrainian Latin alphabet</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%92%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%96_%D0%9B%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_(%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/%D0%92%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%96_%D0%9B%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%28%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F%29.jpg/300px-%D0%92%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%96_%D0%9B%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%28%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/%D0%92%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%96_%D0%9B%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%28%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F%29.jpg/450px-%D0%92%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%96_%D0%9B%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%28%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/%D0%92%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%96_%D0%9B%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%28%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F%29.jpg/600px-%D0%92%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%96_%D0%9B%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%28%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3256" data-file-height="2184" /></a><figcaption>Examples of <a href="/wiki/Lviv" title="Lviv">Lviv</a> street plates written in Cyrillic and governmental standard of <a href="/wiki/Romanisation_of_Ukrainian" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanisation of Ukrainian">latinisation</a> (2012). The upper plate-type above is found in the city centre and the lower one elsewhere.</figcaption></figure> <p>Ideas about Latinisation of the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian language</a> can be traced as far back as the 17th century, when Ukrainian lands in the <a href="/wiki/Polish-Lithuanian_Commonwealth" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth</a> were under the influence of <a href="/wiki/Polonisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Polonisation">Polonisation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 19th century, the so-called <a href="/wiki/Alphabet_War" title="Alphabet War">Alphabet War</a> occurred amongst linguists in Galicia, during which pro-Polish <a href="/wiki/Ukrainophilia" title="Ukrainophilia">Ukrainophile</a> scholars argued for Latinisation of Ukrainian (then called "<a href="/wiki/Ruthenian_language" title="Ruthenian language">Ruthenian</a>"), while anti-Polish <a href="/wiki/Galician_Russophilia" title="Galician Russophilia">Galician Russophiles (or Moscophiles)</a> sought closer cultural attachment to the Russian language and favoured the continued use of Cyrillic.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPolishchuk2020111_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolishchuk2020111-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1920s and 1930s, Ukrainian was also part of the <a href="/wiki/Latinisation_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Latinisation in the Soviet Union">Latinisation in the Soviet Union</a>, although this early internationalist Bolshevik policy would be reversed by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPolishchuk2020111_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolishchuk2020111-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2014, the city of <a href="/wiki/Lviv" title="Lviv">Lviv</a> in Western Ukraine began promoting transition to the Latin script.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPolishchuk2020111_66-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolishchuk2020111-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2017, Kyiv-based journalist Stanislav Rechinsky reinvigorated the topic of Latinisation under the slogan "The more we differ from Russia - the better".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPolishchuk2020111_66-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolishchuk2020111-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In March 2018, Foreign Minister of Ukraine <a href="/wiki/Pavlo_Klimkin" title="Pavlo Klimkin">Pavlo Klimkin</a> called for a discussion on the introduction of the Latin alphabet in parallel usage with the traditional Cyrillic one in Ukraine. He did so in response to the suggestion of Polish historian Ziemowit Szczerek. Ukraine's parliamentary committee on science and education responded, with first deputy chair Oleksandr Spivakovsky saying that today in Ukraine there are other, more important issues to work on than a transition to the Latin script. Similarly, philology professor Oleksandr Ponomariv was skeptical whether a full transition to Latin would benefit Ukraine, but did not rule out the parallel use of two alphabets. He pointed to the fact that the <a href="/wiki/Serbian_language" title="Serbian language">Serbian language</a> is also expressed in both a Cyrillic and a Latin alphabet.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ukrainian philologist Oleksandr Polishchuk (2020) said that in the long term, it would be desirable 'to withdraw the Ukrainian language from the Kremlin's cultural space. However, now is not the best time for this.'<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPolishchuk2020113_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolishchuk2020113-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He pointed to the rapid growth of Ukrainian-language books published in the 2010s, and that a switch to Latin would threaten this nascent and still vulnerable book market, as it 'may take decades for people to get used to the new alphabet.'<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPolishchuk2020113_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolishchuk2020113-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2021, <a href="/wiki/Oleksiy_Danilov" title="Oleksiy Danilov">Oleksiy Danilov</a>, the Ukrainian Secretary of the <a href="/wiki/National_Security_and_Defense_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="National Security and Defense Council">National Security and Defense Council</a>, also called for the country to switch to the Latin alphabet.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> I.I. Міnkovska (2019) stated: "Currently, in the world there are more than 20 Ukrainian-Latin alphabet transliteration standards that are used to a greater or lesser extent", "but none of them is approved at the Ukrainian official level." She argued that the government-used "Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine 2010" standard "does not meet the basic principles of transliteration in the best way", and other systems had other flaws.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 1 April 2022, in the aftermath of the ongoing <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian war with Ukraine</a>, the "Cyrillic-Latin transliteration and Latin-Cyrillic retransliteration of Ukrainian texts. Writing rules" (<a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%A1%D0%A2%D0%A3_9112:2021" class="extiw" title="uk:ДСТУ 9112:2021">SSOU 9112:2021</a>) was approved as <a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%96_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D0%B8" class="extiw" title="uk:Державні стандарти України">State Standard of Ukraine</a>. The standard is based on modified <a href="/wiki/ISO_9:1995" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 9:1995">ISO 9:1995</a> standard and was developed by the Technical Committee 144 "Information and Documentation" of the <a href="/wiki/State_Scientific_and_Technical_Library_of_Ukraine" title="State Scientific and Technical Library of Ukraine">State Scientific and Technical Library of Ukraine</a>. According to the <a href="/wiki/State_Scientific_and_Technical_Library_of_Ukraine" title="State Scientific and Technical Library of Ukraine">SSTL</a>, it could be used in future cooperation between the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>, in which "Ukrainian will soon, along with other European languages, take its rightful place in multilingual natural language processing scenarios, including machine translation."<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Crimean_Tatar">Crimean Tatar</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spread_of_the_Latin_script&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Crimean Tatar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In September 2021, the Ukrainian Cabinet of Ministers announced that it intends to approve a new alphabet of the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatar_language" title="Crimean Tatar language">Crimean Tatar language</a> which would be based on the Latin script.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spread_of_the_Latin_script&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latinisation_of_names" title="Latinisation of names">Latinisation of names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metrication" title="Metrication">Metrication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization" title="Romanization">Romanization</a>, conversion of a text in Latin (or Roman) letters</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spread_of_the_Latin_script&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Kamusella418-9-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kamusella418-9_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kamusella418-9_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kamusella418-9_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kamusella418-9_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kamusella418-9_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kamusella418-9_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kamusella418-9_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKamusella2008" class="citation book cs1">Kamusella, Tomasz (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JzkWDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA418"><i>The Politics of Language and Nationalism in Modern Central Europe</i></a>. Houndmills: Springer. pp. 418–419. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780230583474" title="Special:BookSources/9780230583474"><bdi>9780230583474</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Politics+of+Language+and+Nationalism+in+Modern+Central+Europe&rft.place=Houndmills&rft.pages=418-419&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780230583474&rft.aulast=Kamusella&rft.aufirst=Tomasz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJzkWDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA418&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpread+of+the+Latin+script" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Etruscans-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Etruscans_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Etruscans_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Encarta-encyclopedie Winkler Prins (1993–2002) s.v. "Etrusken. §2. Taal en schrift". Microsoft Corporation/Het Spectrum.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wallace-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wallace_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wallace_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWallace2015" class="citation book cs1">Wallace, Rex E. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H91bCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT309">"Chapter 14: Language, Alphabet, and Linguistic Affiliation"</a>. <i>A Companion to the Etruscans</i>. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons. p. 309. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781118354957" title="Special:BookSources/9781118354957"><bdi>9781118354957</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+14%3A+Language%2C+Alphabet%2C+and+Linguistic+Affiliation&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+the+Etruscans&rft.place=Chichester&rft.pages=309&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781118354957&rft.aulast=Wallace&rft.aufirst=Rex+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH91bCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT309&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpread+of+the+Latin+script" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Maras-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Maras_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Maras_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Maras_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Maras_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Maras_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Maras_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Maras_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Maras_4-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Maras_4-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Maras_4-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaras2015" class="citation book cs1">Maras, Daniele F. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_cXhCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA219">"Etruscan and Italic Literacy and the Case of Rome: 10. National Alphabets and Identity"</a>. <i>A Companion to Ancient Education</i>. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 219–220. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781444337532" title="Special:BookSources/9781444337532"><bdi>9781444337532</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Etruscan+and+Italic+Literacy+and+the+Case+of+Rome%3A+10.+National+Alphabets+and+Identity&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Ancient+Education&rft.place=Chichester&rft.pages=219-220&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781444337532&rft.aulast=Maras&rft.aufirst=Daniele+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_cXhCQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA219&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpread+of+the+Latin+script" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bossing-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bossing_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bossing_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bossing_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bossing_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bossing_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bossing_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bossing_5-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bossing_5-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bossing_5-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bossing_5-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bossing_5-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bossing_5-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bossing_5-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bossing_5-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBossong2017" class="citation book cs1">Bossong, Georg (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7-05DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA861">"52. The evolution of Italic"</a>. <i>Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics: An International Handbook</i>. Berlin/Boston: Walter de Gruyter. pp. 861–862. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783110523874" title="Special:BookSources/9783110523874"><bdi>9783110523874</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=52.+The+evolution+of+Italic&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Comparative+and+Historical+Indo-European+Linguistics%3A+An+International+Handbook&rft.place=Berlin%2FBoston&rft.pages=861-862&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9783110523874&rft.aulast=Bossong&rft.aufirst=Georg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7-05DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA861&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpread+of+the+Latin+script" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Encarta-encyclopedie Winkler Prins (1993–2002) s.v. "Umbrië. §1. Geschiedenis". Microsoft Corporation/Het Spectrum.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Miles-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Miles_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Miles_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Miles_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Miles_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Miles_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiles2013" class="citation book cs1">Miles, Richard (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xQLYAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA58">"Essay Two: Communicating culture, identity and power"</a>. <i>Experiencing Rome: Culture, Identity and Power in the Roman Empire</i>. London: Routledge. pp. 58–59. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781134693146" title="Special:BookSources/9781134693146"><bdi>9781134693146</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Essay+Two%3A+Communicating+culture%2C+identity+and+power&rft.btitle=Experiencing+Rome%3A+Culture%2C+Identity+and+Power+in+the+Roman+Empire&rft.place=London&rft.pages=58-59&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781134693146&rft.aulast=Miles&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxQLYAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA58&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpread+of+the+Latin+script" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Encarta-encyclopedie Winkler Prins (1993–2002) s.v. "Corpus Iuris Civilis".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSophocles2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Evangelinos_Apostolides_Sophocles" title="Evangelinos Apostolides Sophocles">Sophocles, Evangelinus Apostolides</a> (2005) [1914 (Harvard University Press)]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EzrFbE6lqxUC"><i>Greek Lexicon of the Roman and Byzantine Periods</i></a>. Georg Olms. pp. 25–26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greek+Lexicon+of+the+Roman+and+Byzantine+Periods&rft.pages=25-26&rft.pub=Georg+Olms&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Sophocles&rft.aufirst=Evangelinus+Apostolides&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEzrFbE6lqxUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpread+of+the+Latin+script" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWroth1908" class="citation book cs1">Wroth, Warwick (1908). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4qlucCpZZu0C"><i>Catalogue of the Imperial Byzantine Coins in the British Museum</i></a>. Vol. 1. British Museum Department of Coins and Medals. Introduction, § 6.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catalogue+of+the+Imperial+Byzantine+Coins+in+the+British+Museum&rft.pages=Introduction%2C+%C2%A7+6.&rft.pub=British+Museum+Department+of+Coins+and+Medals&rft.date=1908&rft.aulast=Wroth&rft.aufirst=Warwick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4qlucCpZZu0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpread+of+the+Latin+script" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bejczy-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bejczy_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bejczy_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bejczy_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bejczy_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBejczy2004" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bejczy, István (2004). <i>Een kennismaking met de middeleeuwse wereld</i> (in Dutch). Bussum: Uitgeverij Coutinho. pp. 44–45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789062834518" title="Special:BookSources/9789062834518"><bdi>9789062834518</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Een+kennismaking+met+de+middeleeuwse+wereld&rft.place=Bussum&rft.pages=44-45&rft.pub=Uitgeverij+Coutinho&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9789062834518&rft.aulast=Bejczy&rft.aufirst=Istv%C3%A1n&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpread+of+the+Latin+script" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSonderegger2003" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sonderegger, S. (2003). <i>Althochdeutsche Sprache und Literatur</i> (in German) (3rd ed.). de Gruyter. p. 245. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-11-004559-1" title="Special:BookSources/3-11-004559-1"><bdi>3-11-004559-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Althochdeutsche+Sprache+und+Literatur&rft.pages=245&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=de+Gruyter&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=3-11-004559-1&rft.aulast=Sonderegger&rft.aufirst=S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpread+of+the+Latin+script" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrauneHeidermanns2018" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Braune, Wilhelm; Heidermanns, Frank (2018). <i>Althochdeutsche Grammatik I: Laut- und Formenlehre</i>. Sammlung kurzer Grammatiken germanischer Dialekte. A: Hauptreihe 5/1 (in German) (16th ed.). Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter. p. 23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-051510-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-051510-7"><bdi>978-3-11-051510-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Althochdeutsche+Grammatik+I%3A+Laut-+und+Formenlehre&rft.place=Berlin%2C+Boston&rft.series=Sammlung+kurzer+Grammatiken+germanischer+Dialekte.+A%3A+Hauptreihe+5%2F1&rft.pages=23&rft.edition=16th&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-3-11-051510-7&rft.aulast=Braune&rft.aufirst=Wilhelm&rft.au=Heidermanns%2C+Frank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpread+of+the+Latin+script" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Adamska-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Adamska_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adamska_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adamska_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adamska_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adamska_14-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adamska_14-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdamska2016" class="citation book cs1">Adamska, Anna (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E9EmDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA226">"13. Intersections. Medieval East Central Europe from the perspective of literacy and communication"</a>. <i>Medieval East Central Europe in a Comparative Perspective: From Frontier Zones to Lands in Focus</i>. Abingdon: Routledge. pp. 226–229. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317212256" title="Special:BookSources/9781317212256"><bdi>9781317212256</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=13.+Intersections.+Medieval+East+Central+Europe+from+the+perspective+of+literacy+and+communication&rft.btitle=Medieval+East+Central+Europe+in+a+Comparative+Perspective%3A+From+Frontier+Zones+to+Lands+in+Focus&rft.place=Abingdon&rft.pages=226-229&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781317212256&rft.aulast=Adamska&rft.aufirst=Anna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DE9EmDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA226&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpread+of+the+Latin+script" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Encarta-encyclopedie Winkler Prins (1993–2002) s.v. "minuskel; gotisch schrift".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlom1915" class="citation journal cs1">Flom, George T. (1915). "On the earliest history of the Latin script in Eastern Norway". <i>Publications of the Society for the Advancement of Scandinavian Study</i>. <b>2</b> (2). <a href="/wiki/Society_for_the_Advancement_of_Scandinavian_Study" title="Society for the Advancement of Scandinavian Study">Society for the Advancement of Scandinavian Study</a>: 92–106. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40914943">40914943</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Publications+of+the+Society+for+the+Advancement+of+Scandinavian+Study&rft.atitle=On+the+earliest+history+of+the+Latin+script+in+Eastern+Norway&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=92-106&rft.date=1915&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40914943%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Flom&rft.aufirst=George+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpread+of+the+Latin+script" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Encarta-encyclopedie Winkler Prins (1993–2002) s.v. "Kroatië. §5. Geschiedenis". Microsoft Corporation/Het Spectrum.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Andresen-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Andresen_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Andresen_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Andresen_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndresenCarter2016" class="citation book cs1">Andresen, Julie Tetel; Carter, Phillip M. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uolxBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA106"><i>Languages in the World: How History, Culture, and Politics Shape Language</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. p. 106. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781118531280" title="Special:BookSources/9781118531280"><bdi>9781118531280</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Languages+in+the+World%3A+How+History%2C+Culture%2C+and+Politics+Shape+Language&rft.pages=106&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781118531280&rft.aulast=Andresen&rft.aufirst=Julie+Tetel&rft.au=Carter%2C+Phillip+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuolxBgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA106&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpread+of+the+Latin+script" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Baums-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Baums_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baums_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaums2016" class="citation book cs1">Baums, Stefan (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PSFBDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA797">"9. Writing systems: 2. General historical and analytical"</a>. <i>The Languages and Linguistics of South Asia: A Comprehensive Guide</i>. Berlin/Boston: Walter de Gruyter. p. 797. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783110423303" title="Special:BookSources/9783110423303"><bdi>9783110423303</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=9.+Writing+systems%3A+2.+General+historical+and+analytical&rft.btitle=The+Languages+and+Linguistics+of+South+Asia%3A+A+Comprehensive+Guide&rft.place=Berlin%2FBoston&rft.pages=797&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9783110423303&rft.aulast=Baums&rft.aufirst=Stefan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPSFBDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA797&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpread+of+the+Latin+script" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-choice-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-choice_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLarbi2003" class="citation journal cs1">Larbi, Hsen (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230306014346/http://www.tamazgha.fr/Which-Script-for-Tamazight-Whose-Choice-is-it,359.html">"Which Script for Tamazight, Whose Choice is it ?"</a>. <i>Amazigh Voice (Taghect Tamazight)</i>. <b>12</b> (2). New Jersey: Amazigh Cultural Association in America (ACAA). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tamazgha.fr/Which-Script-for-Tamazight-Whose-Choice-is-it,359.html">the original</a> on 6 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 December</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Amazigh+Voice+%28Taghect+Tamazight%29&rft.atitle=Which+Script+for+Tamazight%2C+Whose+Choice+is+it+%3F&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Larbi&rft.aufirst=Hsen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tamazgha.fr%2FWhich-Script-for-Tamazight-Whose-Choice-is-it%2C359.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpread+of+the+Latin+script" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSouag2004" class="citation web cs1">Souag, Lameen (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050730075554/http://www.geocities.com/lameens/tifinagh/">"Writing Berber Languages: a quick summary"</a>. L. Souag. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geocities.com/lameens/tifinagh/">the original</a> on 30 July 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Writing+Berber+Languages%3A+a+quick+summary&rft.pub=L.+Souag&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Souag&rft.aufirst=Lameen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geocities.com%2Flameens%2Ftifinagh%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpread+of+the+Latin+script" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKamusella2008" class="citation book cs1">Kamusella, Tomasz (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JzkWDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA209"><i>The Politics of Language and Nationalism in Modern Central Europe</i></a>. Houndmills: Springer. p. 209. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780230583474" title="Special:BookSources/9780230583474"><bdi>9780230583474</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Politics+of+Language+and+Nationalism+in+Modern+Central+Europe&rft.place=Houndmills&rft.pages=209&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780230583474&rft.aulast=Kamusella&rft.aufirst=Tomasz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJzkWDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA209&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpread+of+the+Latin+script" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rp.pl/artykul/806286-Cyrylica-nad-Wisla.html">"Cyrylica nad Wisłą"</a>. <i>Rzeczpospolita</i> (in Polish). 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rzeczpospolita&rft.atitle=Cyrylica+nad+Wis%C5%82%C4%85&rft.date=2012&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rp.pl%2Fartykul%2F806286-Cyrylica-nad-Wisla.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpread+of+the+Latin+script" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSt._Siyess–Kishkovskiy" class="citation cs1 cs1-prop-script">St. Siyess–Kishkovskiy (Cт. Сиесс–Кжишковский). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160709195326/http://www.aboutbooks.ru/files/jornal_maintenance/200807/140201321f917b6e9adf4de364365003.pdf"><bdi lang="ru">Гражданский шрифт для польского языка. Эпизод из истории просвещения в Королевстве Польском</bdi></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aboutbooks.ru/files/jornal_maintenance/200807/140201321f917b6e9adf4de364365003.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 9 July 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2022</span> – via aboutbooks.ru.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D1%88%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%84%D1%82+%D0%B4%D0%BB%D1%8F+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0.+%D0%AD%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B4+%D0%B8%D0%B7+%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%B2+%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5+%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC&rft.au=St.+Siyess%E2%80%93Kishkovskiy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aboutbooks.ru%2Ffiles%2Fjornal_maintenance%2F200807%2F140201321f917b6e9adf4de364365003.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpread+of+the+Latin+script" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Lithuania/History#toc37338">"Lithuania – History – Russian Rule"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Lithuania+%E2%80%93+History+%E2%80%93+Russian+Rule&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FLithuania%2FHistory%23toc37338&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpread+of+the+Latin+script" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kostovicova-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kostovicova_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kostovicova_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKostovicova2005" class="citation book cs1">Kostovicova, Denisa (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L562PiBM6GEC&pg=PA32"><i>Kosovo: The Politics of Identity and Space</i></a>. Psychology Press. p. 32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415348065" title="Special:BookSources/9780415348065"><bdi>9780415348065</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kosovo%3A+The+Politics+of+Identity+and+Space&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780415348065&rft.aulast=Kostovicova&rft.aufirst=Denisa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DL562PiBM6GEC%26pg%3DPA32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpread+of+the+Latin+script" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHessler2004" class="citation magazine cs1">Hessler, Peter (8 February 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2004/02/16/oracle-bones">"Oracle Bones"</a>. <i>The New Yorker</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=Oracle+Bones&rft.date=2004-02-08&rft.aulast=Hessler&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Fmagazine%2F2004%2F02%2F16%2Foracle-bones&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpread+of+the+Latin+script" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenberg2004" class="citation book cs1">Greenberg, Robert D. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_lNjHgr3QioC&pg=PA55"><i>Language and Identity in the Balkans: Serbo-Croatian and Its Disintegration</i></a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780191514555" title="Special:BookSources/9780191514555"><bdi>9780191514555</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language+and+Identity+in+the+Balkans%3A+Serbo-Croatian+and+Its+Disintegration&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=55&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780191514555&rft.aulast=Greenberg&rft.aufirst=Robert+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_lNjHgr3QioC%26pg%3DPA55&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpread+of+the+Latin+script" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Čuvalo-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Čuvalo_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Čuvalo_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFČuvalo2010" class="citation book cs1">Čuvalo, Ante (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nfk4nP_fp04C&pg=PA26"><i>The A to Z of Bosnia and Herzegovina</i></a>. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780810876477" title="Special:BookSources/9780810876477"><bdi>9780810876477</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+A+to+Z+of+Bosnia+and+Herzegovina&rft.place=Lanham&rft.pages=26&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780810876477&rft.aulast=%C4%8Cuvalo&rft.aufirst=Ante&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dnfk4nP_fp04C%26pg%3DPA26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpread+of+the+Latin+script" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Encarta-encyclopedie Winkler Prins (1993–2002) s.v. "Turkse talen. Microsoft Corporation/Het Spectrum.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Andresen110-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Andresen110_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Andresen110_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Andresen110_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Andresen110_31-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Andresen110_31-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Andresen110_31-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndresenCarter2016" class="citation book cs1">Andresen, Julie Tetel; Carter, Phillip M. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uolxBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA110"><i>Languages in the World: How History, Culture, and Politics Shape Language</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. p. 110. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781118531280" title="Special:BookSources/9781118531280"><bdi>9781118531280</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Languages+in+the+World%3A+How+History%2C+Culture%2C+and+Politics+Shape+Language&rft.pages=110&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781118531280&rft.aulast=Andresen&rft.aufirst=Julie+Tetel&rft.au=Carter%2C+Phillip+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuolxBgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA110&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpread+of+the+Latin+script" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zürcher-188-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Zürcher-188_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Erik-Jan_Z%C3%BCrcher" title="Erik-Jan Zürcher">Zürcher, Erik Jan</a>. <i>Turkey: a modern history</i>, p. 188. I.B.Tauris, 2004. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85043-399-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85043-399-6">978-1-85043-399-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Welle-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Welle_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Welle_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dw.com/en/kazakhstan-spells-out-plans-for-alphabet-swap/a-38407769">"Kazakhstan spells out plans for alphabet swap"</a>. <i>Deutsche Welle</i>. 4 January 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Deutsche+Welle&rft.atitle=Kazakhstan+spells+out+plans+for+alphabet+swap&rft.date=2017-01-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Fkazakhstan-spells-out-plans-for-alphabet-swap%2Fa-38407769&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpread+of+the+Latin+script" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.azer.com/aiweb/categories/magazine/81_folder/81_articles/81_alphabet_changes1.html">"Alphabet Changes in Azerbaijan in the 20th Century"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_International" title="Azerbaijan International">Azerbaijan International</a></i>. Spring 2000<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Azerbaijan+International&rft.atitle=Alphabet+Changes+in+Azerbaijan+in+the+20th+Century&rft.ssn=spring&rft.date=2000&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.azer.com%2Faiweb%2Fcategories%2Fmagazine%2F81_folder%2F81_articles%2F81_alphabet_changes1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpread+of+the+Latin+script" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.day.az/politics/249744.html">Language Commission Suggested to Be Established in National Assembly</a>. <i>Day.az</i>. 25 January 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lang_matei-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lang_matei_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in Romanian)</span> Horia C. Matei, "State lumii. Enciclopedie de istorie." Meronia, București, 2006, pp. 292–294</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPanici2002" class="citation web cs1">Panici, Andrei (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110719192119/http://miris.eurac.edu/mugs2/do/blob.pdf?type=pdf&serial=1047909431571">"Romanian Nationalism in the Republic of Moldova"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. American University in Bulgaria. pp. 40 and 41. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://miris.eurac.edu/mugs2/do/blob.pdf?type=pdf&serial=1047909431571">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 19 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Romanian+Nationalism+in+the+Republic+of+Moldova&rft.pages=40+and+41&rft.pub=American+University+in+Bulgaria&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Panici&rft.aufirst=Andrei&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmiris.eurac.edu%2Fmugs2%2Fdo%2Fblob.pdf%3Ftype%3Dpdf%26serial%3D1047909431571&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpread+of+the+Latin+script" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lang_law-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lang_law_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060219024839/http://www.iatp.md/ladom/downloads/M3.doc">"Legea cu privire la functionarea limbilor vorbite pe teritoriul RSS Moldovenesti Nr.3465-XI din 01.09.89 Vestile nr.9/217, 1989"</a> [The law on use of languages spoken in the Moldovan SSR No.3465-XI of 09/01/89]. <i>Moldavian SSR News, Law regarding the usage of languages spoken on the territory of the Republic of Moldova</i> (in Romanian). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iatp.md/ladom/downloads/M3.doc">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(DOC)</span> on 19 February 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 February</span> 2006</span>. <q><b>[Translation]</b> The Moldavian SSR supports the desire of the Moldovans that live across the borders of the Republic, and considering the existing linguistic Moldo-Romanian identity – of the Romanians that live on the territory of the USSR, of doing their studies and satisfying their cultural needs in their native language.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Moldavian+SSR+News%2C+Law+regarding+the+usage+of+languages+spoken+on+the+territory+of+the+Republic+of+Moldova&rft.atitle=Legea+cu+privire+la+functionarea+limbilor+vorbite+pe+teritoriul+RSS+Moldovenesti+Nr.3465-XI+din+01.09.89+Vestile+nr.9%2F217%2C+1989&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iatp.md%2Fladom%2Fdownloads%2FM3.doc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpread+of+the+Latin+script" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dollerup-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dollerup_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDollerup" class="citation book cs1">Dollerup, Cay. "Language and Culture in Transition in Uzbekistan". In Atabaki, Touraj; O'Kane, John (eds.). <i>Post-Soviet Central Asia</i>. Tauris Academic Studies. pp. 144–147.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Language+and+Culture+in+Transition+in+Uzbekistan&rft.btitle=Post-Soviet+Central+Asia&rft.pages=144-147&rft.pub=Tauris+Academic+Studies&rft.aulast=Dollerup&rft.aufirst=Cay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpread+of+the+Latin+script" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eurasianet.org/latin-alphabet-uzbekistan-b-or-not-b">"Latin Alphabet in Uzbekistan: To B or Not to Б"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/EurasiaNet" class="mw-redirect" title="EurasiaNet">EurasiaNet</a></i>. 29 March 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=EurasiaNet&rft.atitle=Latin+Alphabet+in+Uzbekistan%3A+To+B+or+Not+to+%D0%91&rft.date=2017-03-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feurasianet.org%2Flatin-alphabet-uzbekistan-b-or-not-b&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpread+of+the+Latin+script" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/uzbekistan-to-switch-to-latin-alphabet-in-2023/2200498">"Uzbekistan to switch to Latin alphabet in 2023"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Anadolu_Agency" title="Anadolu Agency">Anadolu Agency</a></i>. 7 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anadolu+Agency&rft.atitle=Uzbekistan+to+switch+to+Latin+alphabet+in+2023&rft.date=2021-04-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aa.com.tr%2Fen%2Fasia-pacific%2Fuzbekistan-to-switch-to-latin-alphabet-in-2023%2F2200498&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpread+of+the+Latin+script" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeyrouse2011" class="citation book cs1">Peyrouse, Sébastien (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rXihuVtUgrEC&pg=PA90"><i>Turkmenistan: Strategies of Power, Dilemmas of Development</i></a>. New York/London: M.E. Sharpe. p. 90. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780765632050" title="Special:BookSources/9780765632050"><bdi>9780765632050</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turkmenistan%3A+Strategies+of+Power%2C+Dilemmas+of+Development&rft.place=New+York%2FLondon&rft.pages=90&rft.pub=M.E.+Sharpe&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780765632050&rft.aulast=Peyrouse&rft.aufirst=S%C3%A9bastien&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrXihuVtUgrEC%26pg%3DPA90&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpread+of+the+Latin+script" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bartlett-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bartlett_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bartlett_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBartlett2007" class="citation news cs1">Bartlett, Paul (3 September 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/insight/articles/eav090407.shtml">"Kazakhstan: Moving Forward with Plan to Replace Cyrillic with Latin Alphabet"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/EurasiaNet" class="mw-redirect" title="EurasiaNet">EurasiaNet</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Open_Society_Foundations" title="Open Society Foundations">Open Society Foundations</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=EurasiaNet&rft.atitle=Kazakhstan%3A+Moving+Forward+with+Plan+to+Replace+Cyrillic+with+Latin+Alphabet&rft.date=2007-09-03&rft.aulast=Bartlett&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eurasianet.org%2Fdepartments%2Finsight%2Farticles%2Feav090407.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpread+of+the+Latin+script" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.inform.kz/showarticle.php?lang=eng&id=158363">Kazakhstan should be in no hurry in Kazakh alphabet transformation to Latin: Nazarbayev, Kazinform, 13 December 2007</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160916024719/http://www.inform.kz/showarticle.php?lang=eng&id=158363">Archived</a> 16 September 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.inform.kz/eng/article/2741711">Kazakh language to be converted to Latin alphabet – MCS RK</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170219113151/http://www.inform.kz/eng/article/2741711">Archived</a> 19 February 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Inform.kz (30 January 2015). Retrieved on 2015-09-28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-decree2-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-decree2_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newsweek.com/kazakhstan-changing-russian-alphabet-812178">"This Country Is Changing Its Stalin-imposed Alphabet After 80 Years"</a>. Newsweek.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=This+Country+Is+Changing+Its+Stalin-imposed+Alphabet+After+80+Years&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsweek.com%2Fkazakhstan-changing-russian-alphabet-812178&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpread+of+the+Latin+script" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.akorda.kz/ru/legal_acts/decrees/o-vnesenii-izmeneniya-v-ukaz-prezidenta-respubliki-kazahstan-ot-26-oktyabrya-2017-goda-569-o-perevode-alfavita-kazahskogo-yazyka-s-kirillicy">"О внесении изменения в Указ Президента Республики Казахстан от 26 октября 2017 года № 569 "О переводе алфавита казахского языка с кириллицы на латинскую графику" — Официальный сайт Президента Республики Казахстан"</a>. <i>Akorda.kz</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Akorda.kz&rft.atitle=%D0%9E+%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%B2+%D0%A3%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7+%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0+%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD+%D0%BE%D1%82+26+%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8F%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8F+2017+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0+%E2%84%96+569+%22%D0%9E+%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5+%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0+%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0+%D1%81+%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8B+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%8E+%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%83%22+%E2%80%94+%D0%9E%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%82+%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0+%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.akorda.kz%2Fru%2Flegal_acts%2Fdecrees%2Fo-vnesenii-izmeneniya-v-ukaz-prezidenta-respubliki-kazahstan-ot-26-oktyabrya-2017-goda-569-o-perevode-alfavita-kazahskogo-yazyka-s-kirillicy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpread+of+the+Latin+script" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.highnorthnews.com/en/canadian-inuit-get-common-written-language">"Canadian Inuit Get Common Written Language"</a>. <i>High North News (October 08, 2019)</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=High+North+News+%28October+08%2C+2019%29&rft.atitle=Canadian+Inuit+Get+Common+Written+Language&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.highnorthnews.com%2Fen%2Fcanadian-inuit-get-common-written-language&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpread+of+the+Latin+script" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Detrez-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Detrez_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Detrez_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Detrez_49-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDetrez2014" class="citation book cs1">Detrez, Raymond (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hywaBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA147"><i>Historical Dictionary of Bulgaria</i></a>. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 147–148. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781442241800" title="Special:BookSources/9781442241800"><bdi>9781442241800</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Bulgaria&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Maryland&rft.pages=147-148&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781442241800&rft.aulast=Detrez&rft.aufirst=Raymond&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhywaBgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA147&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpread+of+the+Latin+script" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EUCyrillic-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EUCyrillic_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EUCyrillic_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">With the <a href="/wiki/Accession_of_Bulgaria_to_the_European_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Accession of Bulgaria to the European Union">accession of Bulgaria to the European Union</a> on 1 January 2007, Cyrillic became the third official script of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>, following the Latin and Greek scripts. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeonard_Orban2007" class="citation pressrelease cs1">Leonard Orban (24 May 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_SPEECH-07-330_en.pdf">"Cyrillic, the third official alphabet of the EU, was created by a truly multilingual European"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Europe.eu</i> (Press release)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cyrillic%2C+the+third+official+alphabet+of+the+EU%2C+was+created+by+a+truly+multilingual+European&rft.date=2007-05-24&rft.au=Leonard+Orban&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feuropa.eu%2Frapid%2Fpress-release_SPEECH-07-330_en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpread+of+the+Latin+script" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert2010" class="citation book cs1">Robert, Elsie (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Pg-aeA-nUeAC&pg=PA90"><i>Historical Dictionary of Kosovo</i></a>. Plymouth: Scarecrow Press. pp. 90–92. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780810874831" title="Special:BookSources/9780810874831"><bdi>9780810874831</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Kosovo&rft.place=Plymouth&rft.pages=90-92&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780810874831&rft.aulast=Robert&rft.aufirst=Elsie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPg-aeA-nUeAC%26pg%3DPA90&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpread+of+the+Latin+script" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hajdari-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hajdari_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hajdari_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hajdari_52-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hajdari_52-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hajdari_52-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHajdari2015" class="citation news cs1">Hajdari, Una (28 July 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/cyrillic-documents-causes-confusion-in-kosovo-parliament">"Kosovo Parliament Rejects Serb Minister's Cyrillic"</a>. <i>Balkan Insight</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Balkan+Insight&rft.atitle=Kosovo+Parliament+Rejects+Serb+Minister%27s+Cyrillic&rft.date=2015-07-28&rft.aulast=Hajdari&rft.aufirst=Una&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.balkaninsight.com%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fcyrillic-documents-causes-confusion-in-kosovo-parliament&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpread+of+the+Latin+script" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoble2017" class="citation journal cs1">Goble, Paul (12 October 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jamestown.org/program/moscow-bribes-bishkek-stop-kyrgyzstan-changing-latin-alphabet/">"Moscow Bribes Bishkek to Stop Kyrgyzstan From Changing to Latin Alphabet"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Eurasia_Daily_Monitor" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurasia Daily Monitor">Eurasia Daily Monitor</a></i>. <b>14</b> (128)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Eurasia+Daily+Monitor&rft.atitle=Moscow+Bribes+Bishkek+to+Stop+Kyrgyzstan+From+Changing+to+Latin+Alphabet&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=128&rft.date=2017-10-12&rft.aulast=Goble&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjamestown.org%2Fprogram%2Fmoscow-bribes-bishkek-stop-kyrgyzstan-changing-latin-alphabet%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpread+of+the+Latin+script" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eurasianet.org/kyrgyzstan-latin-alphabet-fever-takes-hold">"Kyrgyzstan: Latin (alphabet) fever takes hold"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Eurasianet" title="Eurasianet">Eurasianet</a>. 13 September 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Kyrgyzstan%3A+Latin+%28alphabet%29+fever+takes+hold&rft.date=2019-09-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feurasianet.org%2Fkyrgyzstan-latin-alphabet-fever-takes-hold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpread+of+the+Latin+script" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190306223327/http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/cd1a/65c431f8371b21e558c294e4b5b705ac341f.pdf">An introduction to Latin script Uyghur</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Macedonia_2011?lang=en">"North Macedonia (Republic of) 1991 (rev. 2011) Constitution - Constitute"</a>. <i>www.constituteproject.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.constituteproject.org&rft.atitle=North+Macedonia+%28Republic+of%29+1991+%28rev.+2011%29+Constitution+-+Constitute&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.constituteproject.org%2Fconstitution%2FMacedonia_2011%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpread+of+the+Latin+script" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans2012" class="citation book cs1">Evans, Thammy (2012). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781841623955"><i>Macedonia</i></a></span>. Bradt Travel Guides. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781841623955/page/49">49</a>–50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781841623955" title="Special:BookSources/9781841623955"><bdi>9781841623955</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Macedonia&rft.pages=49-50&rft.pub=Bradt+Travel+Guides&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781841623955&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Thammy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9781841623955&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpread+of+the+Latin+script" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKolstø2016" class="citation book cs1">Kolstø, Pål (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qY7eCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT169"><i>Strategies of Symbolic Nation-building in South Eastern Europe</i></a>. Routledge. p. 169. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317049357" title="Special:BookSources/9781317049357"><bdi>9781317049357</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Strategies+of+Symbolic+Nation-building+in+South+Eastern+Europe&rft.pages=169&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781317049357&rft.aulast=Kolst%C3%B8&rft.aufirst=P%C3%A5l&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqY7eCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT169&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpread+of+the+Latin+script" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLowen2010" class="citation news cs1">Lowen, Mark (19 February 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8520466.stm">"Montenegro embroiled in language row"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Montenegro+embroiled+in+language+row&rft.date=2010-02-19&rft.aulast=Lowen&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2F8520466.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpread+of+the+Latin+script" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTomovic2016" class="citation news cs1">Tomovic, Dusica (14 June 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/montenegrin-opposition-alleges-cyrillic-script-discrimination-06-13-2016">"Montenegro Minister Accused of Undermining Cyrillic"</a>. <i>Balkan Insight</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Balkan+Insight&rft.atitle=Montenegro+Minister+Accused+of+Undermining+Cyrillic&rft.date=2016-06-14&rft.aulast=Tomovic&rft.aufirst=Dusica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.balkaninsight.com%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fmontenegrin-opposition-alleges-cyrillic-script-discrimination-06-13-2016&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpread+of+the+Latin+script" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://balkaninsight.com/2018/06/13/montenegrin-opposition-protests-discrimination-against-cyrillic-06-12-2018/">"Montenegrin Opposition Protests 'Discrimination' Against Cyrillic"</a>. <i>Balkan Insight</i>. 13 June 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Balkan+Insight&rft.atitle=Montenegrin+Opposition+Protests+%27Discrimination%27+Against+Cyrillic&rft.date=2018-06-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbalkaninsight.com%2F2018%2F06%2F13%2Fmontenegrin-opposition-protests-discrimination-against-cyrillic-06-12-2018%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpread+of+the+Latin+script" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.srbija.gov.rs/cinjenice_o_srbiji/ustav_odredbe.php?id=101">Article 10</a> of the Constitution of the Republic of Serbia (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parlament.gov.rs/content/eng/akta/ustav/ustav_1.asp">English version</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110314172414/http://www.parlament.gov.rs/content/eng/akta/ustav/ustav_1.asp">Archived</a> 14 March 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://informer.rs/vesti/politika/334105/vukosavljevic-cirilica-ugrozena-moramo-spasiti">"VUKOSAVLJEVIĆ: Ćirilica je ugrožena, moramo je spasiti!"</a> [VUKOSAVLJEVIĆ: Cyrillic is endangered, we've got to save her!]. <i><a href="/wiki/Informer_(newspaper)" title="Informer (newspaper)">Informer</a></i> (in Serbian). 5 June 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Informer&rft.atitle=VUKOSAVLJEVI%C4%86%3A+%C4%86irilica+je+ugro%C5%BEena%2C+moramo+je+spasiti%21&rft.date=2017-06-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finformer.rs%2Fvesti%2Fpolitika%2F334105%2Fvukosavljevic-cirilica-ugrozena-moramo-spasiti&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpread+of+the+Latin+script" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZivanovic2018" class="citation news cs1">Zivanovic, Maja (2 August 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/serbia-proposes-law-changes-to-halt-cyrillic-s-decline-08-01-2018">"Serbia Proposes Law Changes to Halt Cyrillic's Decline"</a>. <i>Balkan Insight</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Balkan+Insight&rft.atitle=Serbia+Proposes+Law+Changes+to+Halt+Cyrillic%27s+Decline&rft.date=2018-08-02&rft.aulast=Zivanovic&rft.aufirst=Maja&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.balkaninsight.com%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fserbia-proposes-law-changes-to-halt-cyrillic-s-decline-08-01-2018&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpread+of+the+Latin+script" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPolishchuk2020" class="citation journal cs1">Polishchuk, Oleksandr S. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.nubip.edu.ua/index.php/Filol/article/download/philolog2020.04.111/12893">"Transition from Cyrillic to Roman alphabet in Ukrainian language"</a>. <i>Communication Studies. Соціальні комунікації</i>. <b>11</b> (4). <a href="/wiki/National_University_of_Life_and_Environmental_Sciences_of_Ukraine" title="National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine">National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine</a>: 111–114. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.31548%2Fphilolog2020.04.111">10.31548/philolog2020.04.111</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:234547760">234547760</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Communication+Studies.+%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D1%96%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%96+%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%97&rft.atitle=Transition+from+Cyrillic+to+Roman+alphabet+in+Ukrainian+language&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=111-114&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.31548%2Fphilolog2020.04.111&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A234547760%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Polishchuk&rft.aufirst=Oleksandr+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.nubip.edu.ua%2Findex.php%2FFilol%2Farticle%2Fdownload%2Fphilolog2020.04.111%2F12893&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpread+of+the+Latin+script" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolishchuk2020111-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPolishchuk2020111_66-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPolishchuk2020111_66-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPolishchuk2020111_66-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPolishchuk2020111_66-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPolishchuk2020">Polishchuk 2020</a>, p. 111.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unian.info/society/10058741-klimkin-welcomes-discussion-on-switching-to-latin-alphabet-in-ukraine.html">"Klimkin welcomes discussion on switching to Latin alphabet in Ukraine"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Independent_Information_Agency" title="Ukrainian Independent Information Agency">UNIAN</a></i>. 27 March 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=UNIAN&rft.atitle=Klimkin+welcomes+discussion+on+switching+to+Latin+alphabet+in+Ukraine&rft.date=2018-03-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unian.info%2Fsociety%2F10058741-klimkin-welcomes-discussion-on-switching-to-latin-alphabet-in-ukraine.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpread+of+the+Latin+script" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolishchuk2020113-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPolishchuk2020113_68-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPolishchuk2020113_68-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPolishchuk2020">Polishchuk 2020</a>, p. 113.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://qirim.news/en/novosti-en/ukraine-should-switch-to-latin-alphabet-get-rid-of-cyrillic-danilov/">"Ukraine should switch to Latin alphabet, get rid of Cyrillic: Danilov"</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qirim_News&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qirim News (page does not exist)">Qirim News</a></i>. 13 September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Qirim+News&rft.atitle=Ukraine+should+switch+to+Latin+alphabet%2C+get+rid+of+Cyrillic%3A+Danilov&rft.date=2021-09-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fqirim.news%2Fen%2Fnovosti-en%2Fukraine-should-switch-to-latin-alphabet-get-rid-of-cyrillic-danilov%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpread+of+the+Latin+script" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFМіnkovska2019" class="citation journal cs1">Міnkovska, I.I. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dspace.uzhnu.edu.ua/jspui/bitstream/lib/33158/1/TRANSCODING%20AS%20ONE%20OF%20THE%20METHODS%20OF%20TRANSFERING.pdf">"Transcoding as one of the methods of transfering [sic] Ukrainian onyms and realia in Latin"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Закарпатські філологічні студії</i>. <b>9</b> (2). <a href="/wiki/H.S._Skovoroda_Kharkiv_National_Pedagogical_University" title="H.S. Skovoroda Kharkiv National Pedagogical University">H.S. Skovoroda Kharkiv National Pedagogical University</a>: 55<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%96+%D1%84%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%96+%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%97&rft.atitle=Transcoding+as+one+of+the+methods+of+transfering+%5Bsic%5D+Ukrainian+onyms+and+realia+in+Latin&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=55&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=%D0%9C%D1%96nkovska&rft.aufirst=I.I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdspace.uzhnu.edu.ua%2Fjspui%2Fbitstream%2Flib%2F33158%2F1%2FTRANSCODING%2520AS%2520ONE%2520OF%2520THE%2520METHODS%2520OF%2520TRANSFERING.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpread+of+the+Latin+script" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dntb.gov.ua/news/національний-стандарт-дсту-91122021-кирили">"Cyrillic-Latin transliteration and Latin-Cyrillic retransliteration of Ukrainian texts. Writing rules"</a>. State Scientific and Technical Library of Ukraine. 29 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cyrillic-Latin+transliteration+and+Latin-Cyrillic+retransliteration+of+Ukrainian+texts.+Writing+rules&rft.pub=State+Scientific+and+Technical+Library+of+Ukraine&rft.date=2022-03-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdntb.gov.ua%2Fnews%2F%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9-%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82-%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83-91122021-%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpread+of+the+Latin+script" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ukranews.com/en/news/801881-cabinet-to-approve-alphabet-of-crimean-tatar-language-based-on-latin-script">"Cabinet To Approve Alphabet Of Crimean Tatar Language Based On Latin Script"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ukranews&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ukranews (page does not exist)">Ukranews</a>. 17 September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Cabinet+To+Approve+Alphabet+Of+Crimean+Tatar+Language+Based+On+Latin+Script&rft.date=2021-09-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fukranews.com%2Fen%2Fnews%2F801881-cabinet-to-approve-alphabet-of-crimean-tatar-language-based-on-latin-script&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpread+of+the+Latin+script" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Latin_script" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Latin_script/main" title="Template:Latin script/main"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Latin_script/main" class="mw-redirect" title="Template talk:Latin script/main"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Latin_script/main" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Latin script/main"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Latin_script" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Latin_script" title="History of the Latin script">History</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Spread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization" title="Romanization">Romanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_numerals" title="Roman numerals">Roman numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligature_(writing)#Latin_alphabet" title="Ligature (writing)">Ligatures</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Latin-script_alphabet" title="Latin-script alphabet">Alphabets</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin-script_alphabets" title="List of Latin-script alphabets">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Latin_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Latin alphabet">Classical Latin alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_basic_Latin_alphabet" title="ISO basic Latin alphabet">ISO basic Latin alphabet</a></li> <li>Phonetic alphabets <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-SAMPA" title="X-SAMPA">X-SAMPA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spelling_alphabet" title="Spelling alphabet">Spelling alphabet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Letters (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin-script_letters" title="List of Latin-script letters">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <table style="margin: 0 -0.25em; width: 100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="26"><div style="width:100%; background:#e0e0e0;; text-align:center;">Letters of the <a href="/wiki/ISO_basic_Latin_alphabet" title="ISO basic Latin alphabet">ISO basic Latin alphabet</a></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/A" title="A">Aa</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/B" title="B">Bb</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/C" title="C">Cc</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/D" title="D">Dd</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/E" title="E">Ee</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/F" title="F">Ff</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/G" title="G">Gg</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/H" title="H">Hh</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/I" title="I">Ii</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/J" title="J">Jj</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/K" title="K">Kk</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/L" title="L">Ll</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/M" title="M">Mm </a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/N" title="N">Nn</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/O" title="O">Oo</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/P" title="P">Pp</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/Q" title="Q">Qq</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/R" title="R">Rr</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/S" title="S">Ss</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/T" title="T">Tt</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/U" title="U">Uu</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/V" title="V">Vv</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/W" title="W">Ww</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/X" title="X">Xx</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/Y" title="Y">Yy</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/Z" title="Z">Zz </a></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Latin-script_multigraph" title="Latin-script multigraph">Multigraphs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin-script_digraphs" title="List of Latin-script digraphs">Digraphs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ch_(digraph)" title="Ch (digraph)">Ch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dz_(digraph)" title="Dz (digraph)">Dz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C5%BE" title="Dž">Dž</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gh_(digraph)" title="Gh (digraph)">Gh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IJ_(digraph)" title="IJ (digraph)">IJ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lj_(digraph)" title="Lj (digraph)">Lj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ll" title="Ll">Ll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_ly" title="Hungarian ly">Ly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nh_(digraph)" title="Nh (digraph)">Nh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nj_(digraph)" title="Nj (digraph)">Nj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ny_(digraph)" title="Ny (digraph)">Ny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh_(digraph)" title="Sh (digraph)">Sh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sz_(digraph)" title="Sz (digraph)">Sz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th_(digraph)" title="Th (digraph)">Th</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin-script_trigraphs" title="List of Latin-script trigraphs">Trigraphs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_dzs" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungarian dzs">dzs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eau_(trigraph)" title="Eau (trigraph)">eau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin-script_tetragraphs" title="List of Latin-script tetragraphs">Tetragraphs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ough_(orthography)" title="Ough (orthography)">ough</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin-script_pentagraphs" title="List of Latin-script pentagraphs">Pentagraphs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Tzsch" class="mw-redirect" title="Tzsch">tzsch</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Keyboard layouts (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin-script_keyboard_layouts" title="List of Latin-script keyboard layouts">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/QWERTY" title="QWERTY">QWERTY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QWERTZ" title="QWERTZ">QWERTZ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AZERTY" title="AZERTY">AZERTY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dvorak_keyboard_layout" title="Dvorak keyboard layout">Dvorak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colemak" title="Colemak">Colemak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%89PO" title="BÉPO">BÉPO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo_(keyboard_layout)" title="Neo (keyboard layout)">Neo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical Standards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_646" title="ISO/IEC 646">ISO/IEC 646</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Latin_character_sets_(computing)" title="Western Latin character sets (computing)">Western Latin character sets</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current Standards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_script_in_Unicode" title="Latin script in Unicode">Unicode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DIN_91379" title="DIN 91379">DIN 91379: Unicode subset for Europe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_precomposed_Latin_characters_in_Unicode" title="List of precomposed Latin characters in Unicode">Precomposed Latin characters in Unicode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_letters_used_in_mathematics" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin letters used in mathematics">Letters used in mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_typographical_symbols_and_punctuation_marks" title="List of typographical symbols and punctuation marks">List of typographical symbols and punctuation marks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">Diacritics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palaeography" title="Palaeography">Palaeography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spread_of_the_Latin_script&oldid=1253347814">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spread_of_the_Latin_script&oldid=1253347814</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Latin_script" title="Category:Latin script">Latin script</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_writing" title="Category:History of writing">History of writing</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Language_geography" title="Category:Language geography">Language geography</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Dutch-language_sources_(nl)" title="Category:CS1 Dutch-language sources (nl)">CS1 Dutch-language sources (nl)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_German-language_sources_(de)" title="Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)">CS1 German-language sources (de)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Polish-language_sources_(pl)" title="Category:CS1 Polish-language sources (pl)">CS1 Polish-language sources (pl)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_uses_Russian-language_script_(ru)" title="Category:CS1 uses Russian-language script (ru)">CS1 uses Russian-language script (ru)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_Romanian-language_sources_(ro)" title="Category:Articles with Romanian-language sources (ro)">Articles with Romanian-language sources (ro)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Romanian-language_sources_(ro)" title="Category:CS1 Romanian-language sources (ro)">CS1 Romanian-language sources (ro)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Serbian-language_sources_(sr)" title="Category:CS1 Serbian-language sources (sr)">CS1 Serbian-language sources (sr)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_British_English_from_June_2017" title="Category:Use British English from June 2017">Use British English from June 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_October_2019" title="Category:Use dmy dates from October 2019">Use dmy dates from October 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_April_2015" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from April 2015">Articles with unsourced statements from April 2015</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_to_be_expanded_from_April_2024" title="Category:Articles to be expanded from April 2024">Articles to be expanded from April 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_to_be_expanded" title="Category:All articles to be expanded">All articles to be expanded</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 25 October 2024, at 14:15<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spread_of_the_Latin_script&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-5cd4cd96d5-jhv68","wgBackendResponseTime":162,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.281","walltime":"1.709","ppvisitednodes":{"value":7905,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":163462,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":3272,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":37,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":253887,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1455.567 1 -total"," 49.75% 724.124 1 Template:Reflist"," 15.68% 228.213 24 Template:Cite_book"," 12.85% 187.063 1 Template:Latin_script"," 12.55% 182.655 1 Template:Latin_script/main"," 9.53% 138.717 1 Template:In_lang"," 8.80% 128.142 1 Template:Short_description"," 5.92% 86.135 3 Template:Webarchive"," 4.64% 67.551 6 Template:Sfn"," 4.24% 61.705 12 Template:Main_other"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.762","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":22102163,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAdamska2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAndresenCarter2016\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFBartlett2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaums2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBejczy2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBossong2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrauneHeidermanns2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDetrez2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDollerup\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEvans2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFlom1915\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoble2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreenberg2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHajdari2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHessler2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKamusella2008\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFKolstø2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKostovicova2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLarbi2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeonard_Orban2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLowen2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaras2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiles2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPanici2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeyrouse2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPolishchuk2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobert2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSonderegger2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSophocles2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSouag2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSt._Siyess–Kishkovskiy\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTomovic2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWallace2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWroth1908\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZivanovic2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFČuvalo2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFМіnkovska2019\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"As written\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 24,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 5,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 15,\n [\"Cite press release\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 9,\n [\"Expand section\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 3,\n [\"GBurl\"] = 2,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 1,\n [\"In lang\"] = 1,\n [\"Latin script\"] = 1,\n [\"Legend\"] = 2,\n [\"Legend-table\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 4,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 13,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 6,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Use British English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 3,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.eqiad.main-cd9d4699f-7s9jt","timestamp":"20241126201653","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Spread of the Latin script","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Spread_of_the_Latin_script","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q30325481","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q30325481","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2017-06-06T03:43:51Z","dateModified":"2024-10-25T14:15:09Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/f\/f4\/Latin_alphabet_world_distribution.svg","headline":"Wikimedia list article"}</script> </body> </html>