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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Memory_management_units_(MMUs)_and_virtual_memory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Memory management units (MMUs) and virtual memory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Memory_management_units_(MMUs)_and_virtual_memory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cache" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cache"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Cache</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cache-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Buses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Instruction_sets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Instruction_sets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Instruction sets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Instruction_sets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Functionality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Functionality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Functionality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Functionality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Instruction_pipelines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Instruction_pipelines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Instruction pipelines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Instruction_pipelines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Multiple_cores" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Multiple_cores"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Multiple cores</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Multiple_cores-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Multithreading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Multithreading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Multithreading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Multithreading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Manufacturers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manufacturers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Manufacturers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Manufacturers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_information" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_information"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further information</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_information-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_websites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_websites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Other websites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_websites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Central processing unit</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 111 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-111" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">111 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentrale_verwerkingseenheid" title="Sentrale verwerkingseenheid – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Sentrale verwerkingseenheid" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Processing_Unit" title="Central Processing Unit – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Central Processing Unit" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="وحدة معالجة مركزية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="وحدة معالجة مركزية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidat_central_de_procesamiento" title="Unidat central de procesamiento – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Unidat central de procesamiento" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%B7%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%AB%D5%B9" title="Մշակիչ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Մշակիչ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unid%C3%A1_central_de_procesamientu" title="Unidá central de procesamientu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Unidá central de procesamientu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C9%99rk%C9%99zi_prosessor" title="Mərkəzi prosessor – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Mərkəzi prosessor" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%B2%DB%8C_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B4%D9%84%D9%85%DA%86%DB%8C" title="مرکزی ایشلمچی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="مرکزی ایشلمچی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A3_%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9F" title="কেন্দ্রীয় প্রক্রিয়াজাতকরণ ইউনিট – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কেন্দ্রীয় প্রক্রিয়াজাতকরণ ইউনিট" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiong-iong_chh%C3%B9-l%C3%AD_tan-go%C3%A2n" title="Tiong-iong chhù-lí tan-goân – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tiong-iong chhù-lí tan-goân" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%AE%D2%99%D3%99%D0%BA_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Үҙәк процессор – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Үҙәк процессор" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8D%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Цэнтральны працэсар – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Цэнтральны працэсар" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8D%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Цэнтральны працэсар – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Цэнтральны працэсар" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Централен процесор – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Централен процесор" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPU" title="CPU – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="CPU" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centralna_procesorska_jedinica" title="Centralna procesorska jedinica – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Centralna procesorska jedinica" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unitat_central_de_processament" title="Unitat central de processament – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Unitat central de processament" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centr%C3%A1ln%C3%AD_procesorov%C3%A1_jednotka" title="Centrální procesorová jednotka – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Centrální procesorová jednotka" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uned_brosesu_ganolog" title="Uned brosesu ganolog – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Uned brosesu ganolog" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPU" title="CPU – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="CPU" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hauptprozessor" title="Hauptprozessor – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hauptprozessor" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keskseade" title="Keskseade – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Keskseade" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B5%CE%BD%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%9C%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%AC%CE%B4%CE%B1_%CE%95%CF%80%CE%B5%CE%BE%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Κεντρική Μονάδα Επεξεργασίας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κεντρική Μονάδα Επεξεργασίας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_processing_unit" title="Central processing unit – English" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Central processing unit" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidad_central_de_procesamiento" title="Unidad central de procesamiento – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Unidad central de procesamiento" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%88efprocesoro" title="Ĉefprocesoro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ĉefprocesoro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prozesatzeko_unitate_zentral" title="Prozesatzeko unitate zentral – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Prozesatzeko unitate zentral" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%AF_%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%B4_%D9%85%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%B2%DB%8C" title="واحد پردازش مرکزی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="واحد پردازش مرکزی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_processing_unit" title="Central processing unit – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Central processing unit" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPU" title="CPU – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="CPU" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPU" title="CPU – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="CPU" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A1raonad_pr%C3%B3ise%C3%A1la" title="Láraonad próiseála – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Láraonad próiseála" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidade_central_de_procesamento" title="Unidade central de procesamento – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Unidade central de procesamento" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cipiyu" title="Cipiyu – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Cipiyu" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gĩkũyũ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D9%BE%DB%8C_%DB%8C%D9%88" title="سی پی یو – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="سی پی یو" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>گیلکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A4%91%EC%95%99_%EC%B2%98%EB%A6%AC_%EC%9E%A5%EC%B9%98" title="중앙 처리 장치 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="중앙 처리 장치" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%B7%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%AB%D5%B9" title="Մշակիչ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մշակիչ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F" title="सेंट्रल प्रोसेसिंग यूनिट – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सेंट्रल प्रोसेसिंग यूनिट" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procesor_(ra%C4%8Dunarstvo)" title="Procesor (računarstvo) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Procesor (računarstvo)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unit_Pemroses_Sentral" title="Unit Pemroses Sentral – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Unit Pemroses Sentral" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Processor_central" title="Processor central – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Processor central" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isidludlungi_esimqoka" title="Isidludlungi esimqoka – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Isidludlungi esimqoka" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mi%C3%B0verk" title="Miðverk – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Miðverk" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPU" title="CPU – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="CPU" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%91%D7%93" title="מעבד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מעבד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piranti_Pamros%C3%A9san_Sentral" title="Piranti Pamrosésan Sentral – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Piranti Pamrosésan Sentral" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0_%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%A3_%E0%B2%98%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%95" title="ಕೇಂದ್ರ ಸಂಸ್ಕರಣ ಘಟಕ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕೇಂದ್ರ ಸಂಸ್ಕರಣ ಘಟಕ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AA%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%AA%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="ცენტრალური პროცესორი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ცენტრალური პროცესორი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Орталық процессор – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Орталық процессор" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kichakato_kikuu" title="Kichakato kikuu – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kichakato kikuu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yekeya_p%C3%AAvajoy%C3%AA_ya_navend%C3%AE" title="Yekeya pêvajoyê ya navendî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Yekeya pêvajoyê ya navendî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BA_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Борбордук процессор – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Борбордук процессор" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%8A%E0%BA%B5%E0%BA%9E%E0%BA%B5%E0%BA%A2%E0%BA%B9" title="ຊີພີຢູ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ຊີພີຢູ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procestrum_princeps" title="Procestrum princeps – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Procestrum princeps" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centr%C4%81lais_procesors" title="Centrālais procesors – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Centrālais procesors" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centrinis_procesorius" title="Centrinis procesorius – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Centrinis procesorius" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C9%94ng%C9%94%CC%81_(elektron%C3%ADki)" title="Bɔngɔ́ (elektroníki) – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Bɔngɔ́ (elektroníki)" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_processing_unit" title="Central processing unit – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Central processing unit" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_processing_unit" title="Central processing unit – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Central processing unit" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Централна обработувачка единица – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Централна обработувачка единица" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%86%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%BD_%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8A%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D" title="സെൻട്രൽ പ്രൊസസിങ് യൂണിറ്റ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സെൻട്രൽ പ്രൊസസിങ് യൂണിറ്റ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1" title="بروسيسور – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بروسيسور" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unit_pemprosesan_pusat" title="Unit pemprosesan pusat – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Unit pemprosesan pusat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D3%A9%D0%B2_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Төв процессор – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Төв процессор" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%85%E1%80%AE%E1%80%95%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9A%E1%80%B0" title="စီပီယူ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="စီပီယူ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPU" title="CPU – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="CPU" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPU" title="CPU – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="CPU" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPU" title="CPU – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="CPU" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPU" title="CPU – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="CPU" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Processor_central" title="Processor central – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Processor central" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D3%B1%D0%B4%D3%A7_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Рӱдӧ процессор – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Рӱдӧ процессор" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B2_%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%97_%E0%A8%AF%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%9F" title="ਸੈਂਟਰਲ ਪ੍ਰੋਸੈਸਿੰਗ ਯੂਨਿਟ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸੈਂਟਰਲ ਪ੍ਰੋਸੈਸਿੰਗ ਯੂਨਿਟ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%B1" title="پروسیسر – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پروسیسر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%A2%E1%9E%84%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%82%E1%9E%97%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%96%E1%9E%8A%E1%9F%86%E1%9E%8E%E1%9E%BE%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%8E%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%8F%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9B" title="អង្គភាពដំណើរការកណ្តាល – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="អង្គភាពដំណើរការកណ្តាល" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPU" title="CPU – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="CPU" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perzesser" title="Perzesser – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Perzesser" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPU" title="CPU – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="CPU" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B5%CE%BD%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CE%BD_%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%AC%CE%B4%CE%B1_%CE%B5%CF%80%CE%B5%CE%BE%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Κεντρικόν μονάδα επεξεργασίας – Pontic" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt" data-title="Κεντρικόν μονάδα επεξεργασίας" data-language-autonym="Ποντιακά" data-language-local-name="Pontic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ποντιακά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidade_central_de_processamento" title="Unidade central de processamento – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Unidade central de processamento" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unitate_central%C4%83_de_prelucrare" title="Unitate centrală de prelucrare – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Unitate centrală de prelucrare" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chawpi_thatkichiy_hukkay" title="Chawpi thatkichiy hukkay – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Chawpi thatkichiy hukkay" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Централный процесор – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Централный процесор" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Центральный процессор – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Центральный процессор" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Киин процессор – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Киин процессор" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nj%C3%ABsia_qendrore_e_p%C3%ABrpunimit" title="Njësia qendrore e përpunimit – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Njësia qendrore e përpunimit" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B8%E0%B6%B0%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%B8_%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%90%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%92%E0%B6%9A%E0%B6%9A%E0%B6%BA" title="මධ්‍යම සැකසුම් ඒකකය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="මධ්‍යම සැකසුම් ඒකකය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPU" title="CPU – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="CPU" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centralni_procesor" title="Centralni procesor – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Centralni procesor" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPU" title="CPU – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="CPU" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%DB%95%DA%A9%DB%95%DB%8C_%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%95%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D9%BE%DB%8E%D9%88%DB%95%D8%A6%D8%A7%DA%98%DB%86%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="یەکەی ناوەندیی پێوەئاژۆیی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="یەکەی ناوەندیی پێوەئاژۆیی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Централна процесорска јединица – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Централна процесорска јединица" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centralna_procesorska_jedinica" title="Centralna procesorska jedinica – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Centralna procesorska jedinica" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPU" title="CPU – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="CPU" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suoritin" title="Suoritin – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Suoritin" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Processor" title="Processor – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Processor" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPU" title="CPU – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="CPU" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF" title="மையச் செயற்பகுதி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மையச் செயற்பகுதி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%AE%D0%B7%D3%99%D0%BA_%D1%8D%D1%88%D0%BA%D3%99%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%87_%D2%97%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Үзәк эшкәрткеч җайланма – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Үзәк эшкәрткеч җайланма" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%9C%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87" title="หน่วยประมวลผลกลาง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="หน่วยประมวลผลกลาง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D2%B3%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D3%A3" title="Воҳиди пардозиши марказӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Воҳиди пардозиши марказӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merkez%C3%AE_i%C5%9Flem_birimi" title="Merkezî işlem birimi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Merkezî işlem birimi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Центральний процесор – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Центральний процесор" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D9%BE%DB%8C_%DB%8C%D9%88" title="سی پی یو – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سی پی یو" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPU" title="CPU – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="CPU" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_processing_unit" title="Central processing unit – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Central processing unit" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E5%A4%84%E7%90%86%E5%99%A8" title="中央处理器 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="中央处理器" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A6%D7%A2%D7%A1%D7%90%D7%A8" title="פראצעסאר – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="פראצעסאר" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E8%99%95%E7%90%86%E5%99%A8" title="中央處理器 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="中央處理器" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C4%97ntr%C4%97nis_pruocesuorios" title="Cėntrėnis pruocesuorios – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Cėntrėnis pruocesuorios" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E5%A4%84%E7%90%86%E5%99%A8" title="中央处理器 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="中央处理器" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh badge-Q17580674 badge-featuredportal mw-list-item" title="featured portal badge"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%99%E2%B5%96%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8D_%E2%B5%8F_%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%99%E2%B5%8E%E2%B4%BD%E2%B5%8D_%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8F%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8E%E2%B5%8E%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%99" title="ⴰⵙⵖⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⴽⵍ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⴰⵙⵖⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⴽⵍ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q5300#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Change links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:COAST_CPU.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/COAST_CPU.jpg/220px-COAST_CPU.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/COAST_CPU.jpg/330px-COAST_CPU.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/COAST_CPU.jpg/440px-COAST_CPU.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1084" data-file-height="1004" /></a><figcaption>A Pentium CPU inside a computer</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>central processing unit</b> (<b>CPU</b>) is an important part of every <a href="/wiki/Computer" title="Computer">computer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The CPU sends signals to control the other parts of the computer, almost like how a brain controls a body.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The CPU is an <a href="/wiki/Electronics" title="Electronics">electronic</a> machine that works on a list of computer things to do, called <i><a href="/wiki/Instruction_(computer_science)" title="Instruction (computer science)">instructions</a></i>. It reads the list of instructions and runs (<i>executes</i>) each one in order. A list of instructions that a CPU can run is a <a href="/wiki/Computer_program" title="Computer program">computer program</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Clock_rate" title="Clock rate">clock rate</a>, or speed of a CPU's internal parts, is measured in <a href="/wiki/Hertz" title="Hertz">hertz</a> (Hz). Modern processors often run so fast that gigahertz (GHz) is used instead. One GHz is <a href="/wiki/1,000,000,000" title="1,000,000,000">1,000,000,000</a> cycles per second. </p><p>Most CPUs used in desktop (home) computers are <a href="/wiki/Microprocessor" title="Microprocessor">microprocessor</a>s made by either <a href="/wiki/Intel" title="Intel">Intel</a> or <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Micro_Devices" title="Advanced Micro Devices">Advanced Micro Devices</a> (usually shortened to AMD). Some other companies that make CPUs are <a href="/wiki/ARM_architecture" title="ARM architecture">ARM</a> (recently bought by <a href="/wiki/Nvidia" title="Nvidia">Nvidia</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), and <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a>. Most of their CPUs are used in <a href="/wiki/Embedded_system" title="Embedded system">embedded systems</a> for more specialized things, like in mobile phones, cars, video game consoles, or in the military.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_of_CPUs">Types of CPUs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_processing_unit&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Change section: Types of CPUs" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_processing_unit&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Types of CPUs"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 20th century engineers invented many different <a href="/wiki/Computer_architecture" title="Computer architecture">computer architectures</a>. Nowadays most desktop computers use either <a href="/wiki/32-bit_computing" title="32-bit computing">32-bit</a> CPUs or 64-bit CPUs. The instructions in a 32-bit CPU are good at handling data that is 32 <a href="/wiki/Bit" class="mw-disambig" title="Bit">bits</a> in size (most instructions "think" in 32 bits in a 32-bit CPU). Likewise, a 64-bit CPU is good at handling data that is 64 bits in size (and often good at handling 32-bit data too). The size of data that a CPU handles best is often called the <i><a href="/wiki/Word_(computer_architecture)" title="Word (computer architecture)">word size</a></i> of the CPU. Many old CPUs from the 70s, 80s and early 90s (and many modern <a href="/wiki/Embedded_system" title="Embedded system">embedded system</a>s) have an 8-bit or 16-bit word size. When CPUs were invented in the middle 20th century they had many different word sizes. Some had different word sizes for instructions and data. The less popular word sizes later stopped being used. </p><p>Most CPUs are <a href="/wiki/Microprocessor" title="Microprocessor">microprocessors</a>. This means that the CPU is just a single <a href="/wiki/Integrated_circuit" title="Integrated circuit">chip</a>. Some chips with microprocessors inside them also contain other components, and are complete single-chip "computers". This is called a <a href="/wiki/Microcontroller" title="Microcontroller">microcontroller</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Registers">Registers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_processing_unit&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Change section: Registers" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_processing_unit&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Registers"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When the CPU runs a computer program, it needs somewhere to store the data that the instructions operate on (the data that they read and write). This storage is called a <i>register.</i> A CPU usually has many registers. Registers must be very fast to access (to read and write). Therefore, they are part of the CPU chip itself. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Memory">Memory</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_processing_unit&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Change section: Memory" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_processing_unit&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Memory"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Storing all data in registers would make most CPUs too complicated (and very expensive). Therefore, registers usually only store the data that the CPU is working on "right now". The rest of the data used by the program is stored in <a href="/wiki/RAM" class="mw-redirect" title="RAM">RAM</a> (Random Access Memory). Except in <a href="/wiki/Microcontroller" title="Microcontroller">microcontrollers</a>, RAM is usually stored outside the CPU in separate chips. </p><p>When the CPU wants to read or write data in RAM, it outputs an <i>address</i> to that data. Each <a href="/wiki/Byte" title="Byte">byte</a> in RAM has a <a href="/wiki/Memory_address" title="Memory address">memory address</a>. The size of addresses is often the same as the word size: A 32-bit CPU uses 32-bit addresses, etc. However, smaller CPUs, like 8-bit CPUs, often use addresses that are larger than the word size. Otherwise the maximum program length would be too short. </p><p>Because the size of addresses is limited, the maximum amount of memory is also limited. 32-bit processors can usually only handle up to 4 GB of RAM. This is the number of different bytes that can be selected using a 32-bit address (each bit can have two values—0 and 1—and 2<sup>32</sup> bytes is 4 GB). A 64-bit processor might be able to handle up to 16 EB of RAM (16 exabytes, around 16 billion GB, or 16 billion billion bytes). The <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating system</a> may limit it to using smaller amounts. </p><p>The information that is stored in RAM is usually volatile. This means that it will disappear if the computer is turned off. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Memory_management_units_(MMUs)_and_virtual_memory"><span id="Memory_management_units_.28MMUs.29_and_virtual_memory"></span>Memory management units (MMUs) and virtual memory</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_processing_unit&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Change section: Memory management units (MMUs) and virtual memory" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_processing_unit&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Memory management units (MMUs) and virtual memory"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Modern CPUs often use a memory management unit (MMU). An MMU is a component that translates addresses from the CPU to (usually) different RAM addresses. When using an MMU, the addresses used in a program are (usually) not the "real" addresses where the data is stored. This is called <i>virtual</i> (the opposite of "real") memory. A few of the reasons why it is good to have an MMU are listed here: </p> <ul><li>An MMU can "hide" the memory of other programs from a program. This is done by not translating any addresses to the "hidden" addresses while the program is running. This is good because it means that programs can't read and modify the memory of other programs, which improves security and stability. (Programs can't "spy" on each other, or "step on each other's toes".)</li> <li>Many MMUs can make some parts of memory non-writeable, non-readable, or non-executable (meaning code stored in that part of memory can't be run). This can be good for stability reasons and security reasons, as well as for other reasons.</li> <li>MMUs allow different programs to have different "views" of memory. This is handy in many different situations. For example, it will always be possible to have the "main" code of a program at the same (virtual) address without colliding with other programs. It is also handy when there are many different pieces of code (from <i>libraries</i>) that are shared between programs.</li> <li>MMUs allow code from libraries to appear at different addresses every time a program is run. This is good because not knowing where things are in memory often makes it harder for hackers to make programs do bad things. This is called <i>address space randomization</i>.</li> <li>Advanced programs and operating systems can use tricks with MMUs to avoid having to copy data between different places in memory.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cache">Cache</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_processing_unit&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Change section: Cache" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_processing_unit&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Cache"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On modern computers, RAM is much slower than registers, so accessing RAM slows down programs. To speed up memory accesses, a faster type of memory called a <i><a href="/wiki/Cache_(computing)#CPU_caches" title="Cache (computing)">cache</a></i> is often put between the RAM and the main parts of the CPU. The cache is usually a part of the CPU chip itself, and is much more expensive per byte than RAM. The cache stores the same data as RAM, but is usually much smaller. Therefore, all the data used by the program might not fit in the cache. The cache tries to store data that is likely to be used a lot. Examples include recently used data and data close in memory to recently used data. </p><p>Often it makes sense to have a "cache for the cache", just as it makes sense to have a cache for RAM. In <i>multi-level caching</i>, there are many caches, called the L1 cache, the L2 cache, and so on. The L1 cache is the fastest (and most expensive per byte) cache and is "closest" to the CPU. The L2 cache is one step away and is slower than the L1 cache, etc. The L1 cache can often be viewed as a cache for the L2 cache, etc. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Buses">Buses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_processing_unit&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Change section: Buses" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_processing_unit&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Buses"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Computer_bus" title="Computer bus">Computer buses</a> are the wires used by the CPU to communicate with RAM and other components in the computer. Almost all CPUs have at least a <i>data bus</i> - used to read and write data - and an <i>address bus</i> - used to output addresses. Other buses inside the CPU carry data to different parts of the CPU. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Instruction_sets">Instruction sets</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_processing_unit&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Change section: Instruction sets" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_processing_unit&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Instruction sets"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An <a href="/wiki/Instruction_set" title="Instruction set">instruction set</a> (also called an ISA - Instruction Set Architecture) is a language understood directly by a particular CPU. These languages are also called machine code or <a href="/wiki/Binary" title="Binary">binary</a>. They say how you tell the CPU to do different things, like loading data from memory into a register, or adding the values from two registers. Each instruction in an instruction set has an encoding, which is how the instruction is written as a sequence of bits. </p><p>Programs written in programming languages like <a href="/wiki/C_programming_language" class="mw-redirect" title="C programming language">C</a> and <a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a> can't be run directly by the CPU. They must be translated into machine code before the CPU can run them. A <a href="/wiki/Compiler" title="Compiler">compiler</a> is a computer program that does this translation. </p><p>Machine code is just a sequence of 0s and 1s, which makes it difficult for humans to read it. To make it more readable, machine code programs are usually written in <i><a href="/wiki/Assembly_language" title="Assembly language">assembly language</a></i>. Assembly language uses text instead of 0s and 1s: You might write "LD A,0" to load the value 0 into register A for example. A program that translates assembly language into machine code is called an <i>assembler</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Functionality">Functionality</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_processing_unit&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Change section: Functionality" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_processing_unit&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Functionality"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Here are some of the basic things a CPU can do: </p> <ul><li>Read data from <a href="/wiki/Computer_memory" title="Computer memory">memory</a> and write data to memory.</li> <li>Add one number to another number.</li> <li>Test to see if one number is bigger than another number.</li> <li>Move a number from one place to another (for example, from one register to another, or between a register and memory).</li> <li>Jump to another place in the instruction list, but only if some test is true (for example, only if one number is bigger than another).</li></ul> <p>Even very complicated programs can be made by combining many simple instructions like these. This is possible because each instruction takes a very short time to happen. Many CPUs today can do more than 1 billion (1,000,000,000) instructions in a single second. In general, the more a CPU can do in a given time, the faster it is. One way to measure a processor's speed is <a href="/wiki/MIPS" class="mw-redirect" title="MIPS">MIPS</a> (Million Instructions Per Second). <a href="/wiki/Flops" class="mw-redirect" title="Flops">Flops</a> (Floating-point operations per second) and CPU clock speed (usually measured in <a href="/wiki/Gigahertz" class="mw-redirect" title="Gigahertz">gigahertz</a>) are also ways to measure how much work a processor can do in a certain time. </p><p>A CPU is built out of <a href="/wiki/Logic_gate" title="Logic gate">logic gates</a>; it has no moving parts. The CPU of a computer is connected electronically to other parts of the computer, like the <a href="/wiki/Video_card" title="Video card">video card</a>, or the <a href="/wiki/BIOS" title="BIOS">BIOS</a>. A computer program can control these <a href="/wiki/Peripheral_equipment" title="Peripheral equipment">peripherals</a> by reading or writing numbers to special places in the computer's memory. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Instruction_pipelines">Instruction pipelines</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_processing_unit&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Change section: Instruction pipelines" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_processing_unit&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Instruction pipelines"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Each instruction executed by a CPU is usually done in many steps. For example, the steps to run an instruction "INC A" (increase the value stored in register A by one) on a simple CPU could be this: </p> <ul><li>Read the instruction from memory,</li> <li>decode the instruction (figure out what the instruction does), and</li> <li>add one to register A.</li></ul> <p>Different parts of the CPU do these different things. Often it is possible to run some steps from different instructions at the same time, which makes the CPU faster. For example, we can read an instruction from memory at the same time that we decode another instruction, since those steps use different modules. This can be thought of as having many instructions "inside the pipeline" at once. In the best case, all of the modules are working on different instructions at once, but this is not always possible. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9671799">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Instruction_pipelining" title="Instruction pipelining">Instruction pipelining</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Multiple_cores">Multiple cores</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_processing_unit&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Change section: Multiple cores" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_processing_unit&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Multiple cores"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Multi-core_processor" title="Multi-core processor">Multi-core processor</a>s became much more common in the early 21st century. This means that they have many processors built on to the same chip so that they can run many instructions at once. Some processors may have up to sixty-four cores, like the upcoming AMD Epyc "Milan" series.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even processors for consumers have many cores, such as the 16-core AMD Ryzen 9 5950x. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9671799"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Multi-core_processor" title="Multi-core processor">Multi-core processor</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Multithreading">Multithreading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_processing_unit&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Change section: Multithreading" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_processing_unit&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Multithreading"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some processors have a technology known as <a href="/wiki/Multithreading" title="Multithreading">multithreading</a>. This is the task of running more than one "thread" of instructions in an <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating system</a>. Many modern processors use this to boost performance with heavy multi-threaded <a href="/wiki/Program" class="mw-disambig" title="Program">programs</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Benchmark" title="Benchmark">benchmark</a> programs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Manufacturers">Manufacturers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_processing_unit&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Change section: Manufacturers" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_processing_unit&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Manufacturers"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following companies make computer CPUs: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ARM_architecture" title="ARM architecture">ARM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel" title="Intel">Intel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Micro_Devices" title="Advanced Micro Devices">Advanced Micro Devices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moscow_Center_of_SPARC_Technologies_(MCST)" title="Moscow Center of SPARC Technologies (MCST)">MCST</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_Research_Institute_of_System_Development" title="Scientific Research Institute of System Development">SRISA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Microsystems" title="Sun Microsystems">Sun Microsystems</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_information">Further information</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_processing_unit&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Change section: Further information" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_processing_unit&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section's source code: Further information"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microprocessor" title="Microprocessor">Microprocessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arithmetic_logic_unit" title="Arithmetic logic unit">ALU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Execution_unit" title="Execution unit">Execution unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floating_point_unit" title="Floating point unit">Floating point unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel" title="Intel">Intel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AMD" class="mw-redirect" title="AMD">AMD</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_processing_unit&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Change section: References" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_processing_unit&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section's source code: References"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9724317">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Stanford University. "The Modern History of Computing". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/computing-history/">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kuck, David 1978. <i>Computers and Computations</i>, vol 1. John Wiley, p. 12. <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780471027164" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0471027164</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9724332">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKindig" class="citation web cs1">Kindig, Beth. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/bethkindig/2021/03/11/why-the-nvidia-arm-acquisition-should-be-approved/">"Why The Nvidia-Arm Acquisition Should Be Approved"</a>. <i>Forbes</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-05-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=Why+The+Nvidia-Arm+Acquisition+Should+Be+Approved&rft.aulast=Kindig&rft.aufirst=Beth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Fbethkindig%2F2021%2F03%2F11%2Fwhy-the-nvidia-arm-acquisition-should-be-approved%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+processing+unit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Patterson, David A; Hennessy, John L. & Larus, James R. 1999. <i>Computer organization and design: the hardware/software interface</i>. 2nd ed. San Francisco: Kaufmann, p751. <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781558604285" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-1558604285</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hpcwire.com/2021/03/18/amd-partners-unveil-their-plans-for-integrating-new-amd-epyc-cpus-in-servers-services/">"AMD Partners Unveil Their Plans for Integrating New AMD Epyc CPUs in Servers, Services"</a>. <i>HPCwire</i>. 2021-03-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-05-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HPCwire&rft.atitle=AMD+Partners+Unveil+Their+Plans+for+Integrating+New+AMD+Epyc+CPUs+in+Servers%2C+Services&rft.date=2021-03-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hpcwire.com%2F2021%2F03%2F18%2Famd-partners-unveil-their-plans-for-integrating-new-amd-epyc-cpus-in-servers-services%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+processing+unit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_websites">Other websites</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_processing_unit&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Change section: Other websites" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_processing_unit&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section's source code: Other websites"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.citizendium.org/wiki/Central_processing_unit">Central processing unit</a> at Citizendium</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Central_processing_unit&oldid=9763553">https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Central_processing_unit&oldid=9763553</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Special:Categories" title="Special:Categories">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Microprocessor_design" title="Category:Microprocessor design">Microprocessor design</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_the_JsonConfig_extension" title="Category:Pages using the JsonConfig extension">Pages using the JsonConfig extension</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_ISBN_magic_links" title="Category:Pages using ISBN magic links">Pages using ISBN magic links</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last changed on 11 September 2024, at 21:05.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_GNU_Free_Documentation_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the GNU Free Documentation License">GFDL</a>; additional terms may apply. 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