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[{"id":49364197,"identifier":"Attachment_49364197","shouldShowBulkDownload":false}]; window.loswp.shouldDetectTimezone = true; window.loswp.shouldShowBulkDownload = true; window.loswp.showSignupCaptcha = false window.loswp.willEdgeCache = false; window.loswp.work = {"work":{"id":28928207,"created_at":"2016-10-04T23:26:23.893-07:00","from_world_paper_id":null,"updated_at":"2024-11-15T09:30:56.887-08:00","_data":{"grobid_abstract":"Though English as a subject has been successfully implemented in Mozambique's public education, particularly in the 2nd Grade primary education (EP2)-grade 6 and 7 and secondary schools (grade 8-12), there are still serious problems, especially in the teaching and learning of the subject. The implementation of English in Mozambique's public education was done out of the realisation that English is increasingly becoming the global language with speakers in almost all parts of the world. Yet the fact that Mozambique was a Portuguese colony for almost five hundred years (1505-1975) means a lot on how Portuguese as a language has impacted and continue to affect the Mozambican people. The continued use of Portuguese as the official language after independence in 1975, for example, meant that the country will remain isolated from the English world for as long as Portuguese is the dominant language. It is out of this background that the teaching and learning of English in Mozambique has been a mammoth task since its implementation in school curriculum in 1992. This paper examines the difficulties encountered by both Mozambican teachers and students in the teaching-learning process of English in public schools. To identify the problems, a research was carried out in Gaza province. Questionnaire comprising closed and open items was used as a data collection tool. Data was analyzed quantitatively using frequency tables and analyzed qualitatively using evaluative descriptions. The study revealed that lack of qualified teachers and relevant materials (like English textbooks) were among the major problems that make the teaching and learning of English remain a big problem in Mozambique's public education. From the foregoing, the paper offers a number of recommendations that can effectively help the Ministry of Education and Culture, teachers and students in the teaching-learning process of the English language.","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":"49364197"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"Reflections on the Problems Encountered in the Teaching and Learning of English Language in Mozambique's Public Education","broadcastable":true,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [54506545]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "control"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loswp.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon';</script><script defer="" 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data-landing_url="https://www.academia.edu/28928207/Reflections_on_the_Problems_Encountered_in_the_Teaching_and_Learning_of_English_Language_in_Mozambiques_Public_Education" data-login_uri="https://www.academia.edu/registrations/google_one_tap" data-moment_callback="onGoogleOneTapEvent" id="g_id_onload"></div><div class="ds-top-related-works--grid-container"><div class="ds-related-content--container ds-top-related-works--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="36384205" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/36384205/Teaching_english_as_a_foreign_language">Teaching english as a foreign language</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="80459638" href="https://up-mz.academia.edu/NaliaFrancisco">Nalia Francisco</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Abstract The article brings about the results of a research for dissertation conducted in the year of 2005 in some primary schools to analyse the implementation of English language to young learners at primary basic level in Mozambique. From the results of the research it was concluded that the implementation of English language at primary level was not as efficient as it might have been desired because of the delay on material delivery, lack of teaching resources and teachers’ degree of motivation which was affected by low salary, lack of good working conditions and not clear perspectives of carrier development. Concerning the delay on the teaching material, it was considered to be difficult for the new teachers to overcome the problem by using other types of materials since some of the schools are located in the rural areas which are isolated and unable to share the difficulties they face in buying their own material due to financial constraints. The study revealed that schools should allow teachers to reproduce some of materials using the schools’ photocopying machines. Due to the nature of the subject we could not dogmatise the results obtained from this dissertation. Thus, it was suggested that more studies are be carried out in the future to measure progress in this field. English as a Foreign Language, English Language Teaching</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Teaching english as a foreign language","attachmentId":56294130,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/36384205/Teaching_english_as_a_foreign_language","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/36384205/Teaching_english_as_a_foreign_language"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="68872627" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/68872627/Prologue_Research_on_Teaching_in_English_Secondary_and_Higher_Education_Where_Have_We_Been_and_Where_Are_We_Going_">Prologue Research on Teaching in English : Secondary and Higher Education . Where Have We Been and Where Are We Going ?</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="3567220" href="https://independent.academia.edu/TeresaMorell">Teresa Morell</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2011</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Prologue Research on Teaching in English : Secondary and Higher Education . Where Have We Been and Where Are We Going ?","attachmentId":79190497,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/68872627/Prologue_Research_on_Teaching_in_English_Secondary_and_Higher_Education_Where_Have_We_Been_and_Where_Are_We_Going_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/68872627/Prologue_Research_on_Teaching_in_English_Secondary_and_Higher_Education_Where_Have_We_Been_and_Where_Are_We_Going_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="30854445" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/30854445/Teaching_and_Learning_English">Teaching and Learning English</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="58724712" href="https://sakarya.academia.edu/%C3%96merFarukTutkun">Ömer Faruk Tutkun</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The purpose of this research is to identify the problems encountered in teaching and learning English according to secondary school students and to determine the level of differentiation of students' perceptions of the problems in this regard. The population of the study consists of 24,850 secondary school students in Istanbul Sultanbeyli, while the study sample is comprised of 1261 secondary school students. The findings obtained from the study are the following: 1- According to the secondary school students, “teachers’ getting angry at mistakes” is the highest factor encountered in English learning and teaching while “teachers’ not being prepared for lessons” is the lowest factor. 2- As grade levels and the number of siblings increase, the students’ perceptions on the problems encountered in English teaching and learning also rise. 3- There are no significant differences between the students’ opinions on the problems encountered in English teaching and learning according to studying in public or private secondary school, parents' occupation, family income, taking/or not English courses, the place and the duration of the subsidiary course variables. Key Words: Foreign Language, English Language Teaching, Learning-Teaching, Student, Secondary School.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Teaching and Learning English","attachmentId":51281462,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/30854445/Teaching_and_Learning_English","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/30854445/Teaching_and_Learning_English"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="84280959" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/84280959/Effectiveness_of_language_teaching_methods_in_improving_the_11th_grade_English_competencies_a_case_of_Nampula_secondary_school_in_Mozambique">Effectiveness of language teaching methods in improving the 11th grade English competencies: a case of Nampula secondary school in Mozambique</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="64122961" href="https://independent.academia.edu/GermitodeCastroAlexandre">Germito de Castro Alexandre</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">International Journal of Humanities and Innovation (IJHI)</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Language teaching methods in education play a seminal role in improving learners&#39; linguistic competencies in any given language. 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Based on material research methodology, an overview of studies on teaching and learning ESP both inside and outside Vietnam, as well as background knowledge on ESP teaching and learning, the researcher indicates the chal...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Overview of Researches on English Teaching and Learning: English for Specific Purposes","attachmentId":75455983,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/62803471/Overview_of_Researches_on_English_Teaching_and_Learning_English_for_Specific_Purposes","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/62803471/Overview_of_Researches_on_English_Teaching_and_Learning_English_for_Specific_Purposes"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="37908756" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/37908756/DEVELOPING_TEACHING_TECHNIQUES_OF_ENGLISH_AS_A_FOREIGN_LANGUAGE_FOR_SPECIFIC_PURPOSES_Universit%C3%A9_s%C3%A9tif2">DEVELOPING TEACHING TECHNIQUES OF ENGLISH AS A FOREIGN LANGUAGE FOR SPECIFIC PURPOSES Université sétif2</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="98556891" href="https://stkipbd.academia.edu/SahrianiRehulina">Sahriani Rehulina</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"DEVELOPING TEACHING TECHNIQUES OF ENGLISH AS A FOREIGN LANGUAGE FOR SPECIFIC PURPOSES Université sétif2","attachmentId":57919411,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/37908756/DEVELOPING_TEACHING_TECHNIQUES_OF_ENGLISH_AS_A_FOREIGN_LANGUAGE_FOR_SPECIFIC_PURPOSES_Universit%C3%A9_s%C3%A9tif2","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/37908756/DEVELOPING_TEACHING_TECHNIQUES_OF_ENGLISH_AS_A_FOREIGN_LANGUAGE_FOR_SPECIFIC_PURPOSES_Universit%C3%A9_s%C3%A9tif2"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="41366586" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/41366586/English_Language_Teaching_The_Need_for_Change">English Language Teaching:The Need for Change</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="139714602" href="https://independent.academia.edu/TURAYMOMODU">MOMODU TURAY</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">International Journal of English Language.Literature in Humanities, 2019</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The teaching of English in Sierra Leone has for a long time now focused on the grammatical syllabus which has not adequately addressed the language crisis in the country. At Fourah Bay College, the introduction of the pilot course of Foundation Studies-which has some methodologies of Communicative Language Teaching-prompted the need to gauge the performance of the subjects who were engaged in this course (the mass communication subjects) and those who were not (the main stream Arts subjects). At the end, the mass communication subjects who were engaged in readings on contemporary issues and writing year-long projects performed better than their counterparts. The pilot study is therefore recommended as the appropriate approach that could help address the language problem in the country.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"English Language Teaching:The Need for Change","attachmentId":61564191,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/41366586/English_Language_Teaching_The_Need_for_Change","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/41366586/English_Language_Teaching_The_Need_for_Change"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="37917472" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/37917472/English_Language_Teaching_methods">English Language Teaching: (methods</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="67324818" href="https://bhavuni.academia.edu/NiyatiPathak">Niyati A Pathak</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">English has a status of associate language, but in fact it is the most important language of India. After Hindi it is the most commonly spoken language in India and probably the most read and written language in India. English in India is used not only for communicating with the outside world, but also for inter-state and intrastate communication. Because of the great ethnic and linguistic diversity found within our nation, English acts as an indispensable ‘link’ language. Indians who know English often mingle it with Indian languages in their conversation. It is also usual among Indians to abruptly move to speak fluent English in the middle of their conversations. English also serves as the communicator among Indians who speak different languages. English is very important in some systems – legal, financial, educational and business in India. (Narayana, Nair and Mishra)</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"English Language Teaching: (methods","attachmentId":57928942,"attachmentType":"docx","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/37917472/English_Language_Teaching_methods","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/37917472/English_Language_Teaching_methods"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="36415950" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/36415950/English_Language_Teaching_A_Comparative_study_between_the_Instituto_de_L%C3%ADnguas_and_the_Instituto_de_Deficientes_Visuais_in_Mozambique">English Language Teaching: A Comparative study between the Instituto de Línguas and the Instituto de Deficientes Visuais in Mozambique</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="80459638" href="https://up-mz.academia.edu/NaliaFrancisco">Nalia Francisco</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Abstract The main objective of the study was to analyse the English language teaching process for blind students in one informal school – the Instituto de Línguas (IL) and a special school – Instituto de Deficientes Visuais; identify the teaching resources that are more responsive to the learning of English language for these students. The study also examines strategies that are used by the two schools and teachers to ensure that appropriate teaching approaches and techniques are employed. The author used the qualitative approach for this study. Questionnaires and interviews, as well as the author's diary were applied. This study took place at Instituto de Línguas in Maputo and Beira and Instituto de Deficientes Visuais in Beira and Associação de Cegos e Amblíopes de Moçambique. The findings of the study revealed lack of training in issues related to Special Educational Needs (SEN) for teachers at the IL teaching context which differs from the Instituto de Deficientes Visuais where we found satisfactory conditions of learning for these students. Apart from that we also noted that there was lack of teaching and learning resources appropriate for such classrooms and context. The study recommends that appropriate materials are produced in order to strengthen the learning and teaching process. And, teacher training courses address SEN to ensure that educational opportunities are open to every citizen. And, in- service training of teachers in the form of seminars and workshops will contribute to achieving this objective. Keywords: English Language Teaching, Inclusion, Blindness, Braille reading system.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"English Language Teaching: A Comparative study between the Instituto de Línguas and the Instituto de Deficientes Visuais in Mozambique","attachmentId":56328482,"attachmentType":"docx","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/36415950/English_Language_Teaching_A_Comparative_study_between_the_Instituto_de_L%C3%ADnguas_and_the_Instituto_de_Deficientes_Visuais_in_Mozambique","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/36415950/English_Language_Teaching_A_Comparative_study_between_the_Instituto_de_L%C3%ADnguas_and_the_Instituto_de_Deficientes_Visuais_in_Mozambique"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="115838273" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/115838273/The_state_of_the_art_of_english_language_teaching_in_three_public_schools_in_Pereira">The state of the art of english language teaching in three public schools in Pereira</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="278888320" href="https://independent.academia.edu/VanessaCasta%C3%B1o20">Vanessa Castaño</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2013</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The present research project is intended to explore the realities of teaching and learning English in three public schools of Pereira city. The project also seeks to contribute to a diagnosis of the methods that English teachers use in class and the way in which their teaching practices correspond to the principles established by the National Ministry of Education with respect to the teaching of English in Colombia; and finally, to identify factors that influence the English learning process. The study was conducted with the participation of students from sixth to eleventh grade chosen randomly and six language teachers of three public schools in Pereira, one of them belonging to a rural zone. The instruments used to gather information were observations, field notes, interviews and questionnaires. The outcomes of the research indicate that some techniques associated with the Grammar Translation Method were used by the English teachers we observed since their classes were focused on ...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The state of the art of english language teaching in three public schools in Pereira","attachmentId":112134535,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/115838273/The_state_of_the_art_of_english_language_teaching_in_three_public_schools_in_Pereira","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/115838273/The_state_of_the_art_of_english_language_teaching_in_three_public_schools_in_Pereira"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":49364197,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":49364197,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_49364197" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. 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