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href="/wiki/Biquip%C3%A9dia:Taberna"><span>Taberna</span></a></li><li id="n-adminhelp" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Biquip%C3%A9dia:Pedidos_als_admenistradores"><span>Pedidos als admenistradores</span></a></li><li id="n-embassy" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Biquip%C3%A9dia:Ambaixada"><span>Ambaixada</span></a></li><li id="n-noticeboard" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Biquip%C3%A9dia:Traba_de_ls_abisos"><span>Traba de ls abisos</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Aleat%C3%B3ria" title="Ber páigina al calhas [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Páigina al calhas</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-collaborate" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-collaborate" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Colaboraçon </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Ajuda:P%C3%A1igina_percipal" title="L lhugar cun anformaçon pa ajuda."><span>Ajuda</span></a></li><li id="n-sandbox" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Biquip%C3%A9dia:P%C3%A1igina_de_testes"><span>Páigina de testes</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Biquip%C3%A9dia:Portal_de_la_quemunidade" title="Subre l porjeto, l que puodes fazer, i adonde ancuntrar las cousas"><span>Portal de la quemunidade</span></a></li><li id="n-welcome" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Biquip%C3%A9dia:Acolhimiento_para_lhus%C3%B3fonos"><span>Acolhimiento para lhusófonos</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Mudan%C3%A7as_recentes" title="Ua lhista de redadeiras altaraçones nesta biqui. [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Redadeiras altaraçones</span></a></li><li id="n-newpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:P%C3%A1ginas_novas"><span>Páiginas nuobas</span></a></li><li id="n-store" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//store.wikimedia.org/"><span>Loija de la Biquipédia</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Biquip%C3%A9dia:P%C3%A1igina_percipal" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Biquipédia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-mwl.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.375em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="la anciclopédia lhibre" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-mwl.svg" width="120" height="14" style="width: 7.5em; height: 0.875em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Pesquisar" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Percurar an Biquipédia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Percura</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Percurar an Biquipédia" aria-label="Percurar an Biquipédia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Percurar an Biquipédia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Pesquisar"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Percurar</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Ferramientas pessonales"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Aspeto"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Aspeto" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Aspeto</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_mwl.wikipedia.org&uselang=mwl" class=""><span>Donaçones</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Criar_Cuonta&returnto=Eiletr%C3%B3nica" title="Ye ancorajado a criar ua cuonta i ampeçar sesson; 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[o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Antrar</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Mais opções" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Ferramientas pessonales" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Ferramientas pessonales</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal" title="Menu do utilizador" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_mwl.wikipedia.org&uselang=mwl"><span>Donaçones</span></a></li><li id="pt-contribute" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Contribute"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span>Contribuir</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Criar_Cuonta&returnto=Eiletr%C3%B3nica" title="Ye ancorajado a criar ua cuonta i ampeçar sesson; inda assi, nun ye oubrigatório"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Criar ua cuonta</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Antrar&returnto=Eiletr%C3%B3nica" title="Tu sós animado pa que te outentiques, inda que esso nun seia oubrigatório. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Antrar</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Páginas para editores sem sessão iniciada <a href="/wiki/Ajuda:Introduction" aria-label="Saiba mais sobre edição"><span>saber mais</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Minha_discuss%C3%A3o" title="Discussão sobre edições feitas a partir deste endereço IP [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Cumbersa</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="''Site''"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Conteúdo" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Conteúdo</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">mover para a barra lateral</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">ocultar</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Início</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Transístores_Bipolares" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transístores_Bipolares"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Transístores Bipolares</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transístores_Bipolares-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eiletrónica_Degital" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eiletrónica_Degital"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Eiletrónica Degital</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eiletrónica_Degital-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cumponentes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cumponentes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Cumponentes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cumponentes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Atuaçon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Atuaçon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Atuaçon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Atuaçon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Çpositibos" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Çpositibos"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Çpositibos</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Çpositibos-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Funcionamiento" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Funcionamiento"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Funcionamiento</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Funcionamiento-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medidas_Eiletrónicas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medidas_Eiletrónicas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Medidas Eiletrónicas</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Medidas_Eiletrónicas-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Alternar a subsecção Medidas Eiletrónicas</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Medidas_Eiletrónicas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ounidades_de_l_Sistema_Anternacional" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ounidades_de_l_Sistema_Anternacional"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Ounidades de l Sistema Anternacional</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ounidades_de_l_Sistema_Anternacional-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Outras_ounidades" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Outras_ounidades"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Outras ounidades</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Outras_ounidades-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stórico" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stórico"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Stórico</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stórico-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eiboluçon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eiboluçon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Eiboluçon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eiboluçon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Çpositibos_i_eiquipamentos" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Çpositibos_i_eiquipamentos"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Çpositibos i eiquipamentos</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Çpositibos_i_eiquipamentos-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Senhas_i_medidas_analógicas_i_degitales" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Senhas_i_medidas_analógicas_i_degitales"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Senhas i medidas analógicas i degitales</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Senhas_i_medidas_analógicas_i_degitales-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-L_feturo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#L_feturo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>L feturo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-L_feturo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lhigaçones_sternas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lhigaçones_sternas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Lhigaçones sternas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lhigaçones_sternas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Conteúdo" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Alternar o índice" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Alternar o índice</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Eiletrónica</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Ir para um artigo noutra língua. Disponível em 147 línguas" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-147" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">147 línguas</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronika" title="Elektronika — africanês" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Elektronika" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="africanês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronik" title="Elektronik — alemão suíço" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Elektronik" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="alemão suíço" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronica" title="Electronica — Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Electronica" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80" title="इलेक्ट्रॉनिकी — Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="इलेक्ट्रॉनिकी" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%84%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="إلكترونيات — Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إلكترونيات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%B7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%83" title="إيليكطرونيك — Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="إيليكطرونيك" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electr%C3%B3nica" title="Electrónica — Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Electrónica" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronika" title="Elektronika — Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Elektronika" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="الکترونیک — South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="الکترونیک" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Электроника — Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Электроника" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronik" title="Elektronik — Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Elektronik" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alektruon%C4%97ka" title="Alektruonėka — Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Alektruonėka" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Электроніка — Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Электроніка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Электроніка — Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Электроніка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Електроника — Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Електроника" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="इलेक्ट्रॉन बिज्ञान — Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="इलेक्ट्रॉन बिज्ञान" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9C%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%91%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%94%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA" title="အီလက်ထရွန်းနစ် — Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="အီလက်ထရွန်းနစ်" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="ইলেকট্রন বিজ্ঞান — bengalês" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইলেকট্রন বিজ্ঞান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronek" title="Elektronek — Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Elektronek" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronika" title="Elektronika — Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Elektronika" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electr%C3%B2nica" title="Electrònica — Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Electrònica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Электроника — Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Электроника" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronika" title="Elektronika — Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Elektronika" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%84%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%86%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="ئەلەکترۆنیک — Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئەلەکترۆنیک" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronika" title="Elektronika — checo" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Elektronika" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="checo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Электроника — chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Электроника" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electroneg" title="Electroneg — Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Electroneg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronik" title="Elektronik — Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Elektronik" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronik" title="Elektronik — German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Elektronik" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronik" title="Elektronik — Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Elektronik" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%97%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BA%CF%84%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE" title="Ηλεκτρονική — Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ηλεκτρονική" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronics" title="Electronics — English" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Electronics" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektroniko" title="Elektroniko — Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Elektroniko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electr%C3%B3nica" title="Electrónica — Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Electrónica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektroonika" title="Elektroonika — estónio" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Elektroonika" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estónio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronika" title="Elektronika — Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Elektronika" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="الکترونیک — Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="الکترونیک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektroniikka" title="Elektroniikka — Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Elektroniikka" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrooniga" title="Elektrooniga — Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Elektrooniga" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89lectronique_(technique)" title="Électronique (technique) — French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Électronique (technique)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektroonik" title="Elektroonik — Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Elektroonik" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eletroniche" title="Eletroniche — Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Eletroniche" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektroanika" title="Elektroanika — frísico ocidental" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Elektroanika" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="frísico ocidental" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leictreonaic" title="Leictreonaic — Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Leictreonaic" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E5%AD%B8" title="電子學 — Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="電子學" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9l%C3%A8ktronnik" title="Lélèktronnik — Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Lélèktronnik" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electr%C3%B3nica" title="Electrónica — Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Electrónica" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94" title="אלקטרוניקה — Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אלקטרוניקה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="इलैक्ट्रॉनिक्स — hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="इलैक्ट्रॉनिक्स" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronics" title="Electronics — Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Electronics" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronika" title="Elektronika — Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Elektronika" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektwonik_(teknik)" title="Elektwonik (teknik) — Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Elektwonik (teknik)" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronika" title="Elektronika — Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Elektronika" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B7%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%AF%D5%BF%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%A1" title="Էլեկտրոնիկա — arménio" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Էլեկտրոնիկա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="arménio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronica" title="Electronica — Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Electronica" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronika" title="Elektronika — Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Elektronika" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektroniko" title="Elektroniko — Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Elektroniko" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafeindat%C3%A6kni" title="Rafeindatækni — Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Rafeindatækni" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elettronica" title="Elettronica — Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Elettronica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E5%B7%A5%E5%AD%A6" title="電子工学 — Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="電子工学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilekchranix" title="Ilekchranix — Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Ilekchranix" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronika" title="Elektronika — Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Elektronika" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="ელექტრონიკა — Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ელექტრონიკა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iliktrunik" title="Iliktrunik — Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Iliktrunik" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eel%C9%9Bk%C9%A9troniiki" title="Eelɛkɩtroniiki — Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Eelɛkɩtroniiki" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Электроника — Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Электроника" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kl mw-list-item"><a href="https://kl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innallangialerineq" title="Innallangialerineq — gronelandês" lang="kl" hreflang="kl" data-title="Innallangialerineq" data-language-autonym="Kalaallisut" data-language-local-name="gronelandês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kalaallisut</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%9A%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9B%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0" title="ವಿದ್ಯುಚ್ಛಾಸ್ತ್ರ — Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ವಿದ್ಯುಚ್ಛಾಸ್ತ್ರ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%BC%EB%A0%89%ED%8A%B8%EB%A1%9C%EB%8B%89%EC%8A%A4" title="일렉트로닉스 — Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="일렉트로닉스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%9B%DB%86%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%8F%D8%AA" title="گرٛۆندُت — Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="گرٛۆندُت" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron%C3%AEk" title="Elektronîk — Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Elektronîk" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronegas" title="Elektronegas — Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Elektronegas" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronica" title="Electronica — Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Electronica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronik" title="Elektronik — Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Elektronik" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eletronica" title="Eletronica — Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Eletronica" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronica" title="Elektronica — Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Elektronica" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eletronega" title="Eletronega — Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Eletronega" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%AD%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%81%E0%BB%82%E0%BA%95%E0%BA%A3%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%81" title="ເອເລັກໂຕຣນິກ — Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ເອເລັກໂຕຣນິກ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronika" title="Elektronika — Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Elektronika" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronika" title="Elektronika — Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Elektronika" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haikoriam-boanaratra" title="Haikoriam-boanaratra — Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Haikoriam-boanaratra" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronika" title="Elektronika — Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Elektronika" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Електроника — macedónio" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Електроника" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedónio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%87%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="ഇലക്ട്രോണിക്സ് — Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഇലക്ട്രോണിക്സ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Электроник — Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Электроник" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="विजाणूशास्त्र — marata" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="विजाणूशास्त्र" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marata" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronik" title="Elektronik — Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Elektronik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9C%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%91%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%94%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA" title="အီလက်ထရွန်းနစ် — Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အီလက်ထရွန်းနစ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronik" title="Elektronik — baixo-alemão" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Elektronik" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="baixo-alemão" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="इलेक्ट्रोनिक्स — Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="इलेक्ट्रोनिक्स" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="इलेक्त्रोनिक्स — Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="इलेक्त्रोनिक्स" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronica" title="Elektronica — neerlandês" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Elektronica" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronikk" title="Elektronikk — norueguês nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Elektronikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norueguês nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronikk" title="Elektronikk — norueguês bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Elektronikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norueguês bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronica" title="Electronica — occitano" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Electronica" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektirooniksii" title="Elektirooniksii — Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Elektirooniksii" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A3%E0%A9%82_%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%80" title="ਬਿਜਲਾਣੂ ਤਕਨਾਲੋਜੀ — Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਬਿਜਲਾਣੂ ਤਕਨਾਲੋਜੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronika" title="Elektronika — polaco" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Elektronika" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polaco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eletr%C3%B2nica" title="Eletrònica — Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Eletrònica" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%B9%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%DA%A9%D8%B3" title="الیکٹرونکس — Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="الیکٹرونکس" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%90%DA%9A%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%8A_%D9%BC%DB%90%DA%A9%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%DA%98%D9%8A" title="برېښنايي ټېکنالوژي — pastó" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="برېښنايي ټېکنالوژي" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="pastó" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eletr%C3%B4nica" title="Eletrônica — Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Eletrônica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illari_yachay" title="Illari yachay — Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Illari yachay" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic%C4%83" title="Electronică — Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Electronică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Электроника — Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Электроника" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Електроніка — Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Електроніка" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8B%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="ऋणाणुशास्त्रम् — Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="ऋणाणुशास्त्रम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eletr%C3%B2nica" title="Eletrònica — Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Eletrònica" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alittr%C3%B2nica" title="Alittrònica — Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Alittrònica" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronics" title="Electronics — Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Electronics" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%DA%AA%D9%BD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AA%D8%B3" title="اليڪٽرانڪس — Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="اليڪٽرانڪس" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronika" title="Elektronika — Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Elektronika" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Um%E1%B8%8Din" title="Umḍin — Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Umḍin" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%89%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%9C%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A_%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B7%82%E0%B6%AB%E0%B6%BA" title="ඉලෙක්ට්‍රොනික තාක්‍ෂණය — Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ඉලෙක්ට්‍රොනික තාක්‍ෂණය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronics" title="Electronics — Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Electronics" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronika" title="Elektronika — Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Elektronika" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronika" title="Elektronika — Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Elektronika" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektarooniga" title="Elektarooniga — Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Elektarooniga" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronika" title="Elektronika — Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Elektronika" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Електроника — Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Електроника" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronik" title="Elektronik — Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Elektronik" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89l%C3%A9ktronika" title="Éléktronika — Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Éléktronika" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronik" title="Elektronik — Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Elektronik" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektroniki" title="Elektroniki — Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Elektroniki" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="மின்னணுவியல் — Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மின்னணுவியல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%8E%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D" title="ఎలక్ట్రానిక్స్ — telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఎలక్ట్రానిక్స్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Электроника — tajique" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Электроника" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tajique" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C" title="อิเล็กทรอนิกส์ — Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อิเล็กทรอนิกส์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronika" title="Elektronika — Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Elektronika" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektroniks" title="Elektroniks — Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Elektroniks" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronik" title="Elektronik — Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Elektronik" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="artigo bom"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Электроника — tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Электроника" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Електроніка — Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Електроніка" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%82%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="برقیات — Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="برقیات" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronika" title="Elektronika — usbeque" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Elektronika" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="usbeque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/E%C5%82etr%C3%B2nega" title="Ełetrònega — Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Ełetrònega" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronik" title="Elektronik — Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Elektronik" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90i%E1%BB%87n_t%E1%BB%AD_h%E1%BB%8Dc" title="Điện tử học — Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Điện tử học" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronika" title="Elektronika — Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Elektronika" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mb%C3%ABjfeppal" title="Mbëjfeppal — uólofe" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Mbëjfeppal" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="uólofe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E5%AD%A6" title="电子学 — Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="电子学" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%9C%D7%A2%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A7" title="עלעקטראניק — Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="עלעקטראניק" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8C%E1%B9%A3i%E1%B9%A3%E1%BA%B9%CC%81on%C3%ADn%C3%A1" title="Ìṣiṣẹ́oníná — ioruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ìṣiṣẹ́oníná" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="ioruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E5%AD%A6" title="电子学 — Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="电子学" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%C4%81n-ch%C3%BA-ha%CC%8Dk" title="Tiān-chú-ha̍k — Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tiān-chú-ha̍k" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E5%AD%B8" title="電子學 — Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="電子學" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezengabuzuba" title="Ezengabuzuba — Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Ezengabuzuba" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q11650#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Eiditar lhigaçones anterlhenguísticas" class="wbc-editpage">Eiditar lhigaçones</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Domínios"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Eiletr%C3%B3nica" title="Ber la páigina de l cuntenido [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Páigina</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cumbersa:Eiletr%C3%B3nica&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="Cumbersa subre l cuntenido de la páigina (la páigina nun eisiste) [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Cumbersa</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" 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href="/wiki/Eiletr%C3%B3nica"><span>Lher</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eiletr%C3%B3nica&veaction=edit" title="Eiditar esta páigina [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Eiditar</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eiletr%C3%B3nica&action=edit" title="Editar o código-fonte desta página [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Eiditar código-fuonte</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eiletr%C3%B3nica&action=history" title="Eidiçones mais antigas desta páigina. [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Ber stórico</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Ferramentas de página"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Ferramientas" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Ferramientas</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Ferramentas</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">mover para a barra lateral</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">ocultar</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Mais opções" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Operações </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Eiletr%C3%B3nica"><span>Lher</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eiletr%C3%B3nica&veaction=edit" title="Eiditar esta páigina [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Eiditar</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eiletr%C3%B3nica&action=edit" title="Editar o código-fonte desta página [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Eiditar código-fuonte</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eiletr%C3%B3nica&action=history"><span>Ber stórico</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Geral </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:P%C3%A1ginas_afluentes/Eiletr%C3%B3nica" title="Todas las páiginas que se lhigan eiqui [j]" accesskey="j"><span>L que lhiga eiqui</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Altera%C3%A7%C3%B5es_relacionadas/Eiletr%C3%B3nica" rel="nofollow" title="Redadeiras altaraçones an páiginas que ténen a ber cun esta [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Altaraçones relacionadas</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=mwl" title="Cargar eimaiges ó fexeiros [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Cargar fexeiro</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:P%C3%A1ginas_especiais" title="Todas las páiginas speciales [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Páiginas speciales</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eiletr%C3%B3nica&oldid=101300" title="Lhigaçon pa siempre desta berson desta páigina"><span>Lhigaçon pa siempre</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eiletr%C3%B3nica&action=info" title="Mais informações sobre esta página"><span>Anformaçones de la páigina</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Citar&page=Eiletr%C3%B3nica&id=101300&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Anformaçon subre cumo citar esta páigina"><span>Citar esta páigina</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fmwl.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FEiletr%25C3%25B3nica"><span>Obter URL encurtado</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fmwl.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FEiletr%25C3%25B3nica"><span>Descarregar código QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Amprimir/sportar </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Lhibro&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Eiletr%C3%B3nica"><span>Criar un lhibro</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Eiletr%C3%B3nica&action=show-download-screen"><span>Çcargar cumo PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eiletr%C3%B3nica&printable=yes" title="Berson pa ampremir desta páigina [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Berson pa ampremir</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Noutros porjetos </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Electronics" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q11650" title="Lhigaçon pa l eilemiento de l repositório de dados [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Eilemiento Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Ferramentas de página"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Aspeto"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Aspeto</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">mover para a barra lateral</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">ocultar</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Ourige: Biquipédia, la anciclopédia lhibre.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="mwl" dir="ltr"><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modelo:Portal_de_eiletr%C3%B3nica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Modelo:Portal de eiletrónica (la páigina nun eisiste)">Modelo:Portal de eiletrónica</a> La <b>eiletrónica</b> ye la <a href="/wiki/Ci%C3%A9ncia" title="Ciéncia">ciéncia</a> que studa la forma de cuntrolar la einergie eilétrica por meios eilétricos ne ls quales ls <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eil%C3%A9tron&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eilétron (la páigina nun eisiste)">eilétrons</a> ténen papel fundamental. </p><p>Debede-se an Analógica i Degital por las dues formas de apersentaçon de l senhas eilhétricos la séren tratados. </p><p>Nua definiçon más abrangente, podemos dezir que la <b>Eiletrónica</b> ye l ramo de la ciéncia que studa l uso de circuitos formados por cumponentes eilétricos i eilhetrónicos, cul oubjetibo percipal de <i>repersentar, armazenar, trasmitir ó porcessar</i> <a href="/wiki/Anforma%C3%A7on" title="Anformaçon">anformaçones</a> para alhá de l cuntrole de porcessos i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Serbo_mecanismo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serbo mecanismo (la páigina nun eisiste)">serbo mecanismos</a>. Sob esta ótica, tamien se puode afirmar que ls circuitos anternos de l <a href="/wiki/Cumputador" title="Cumputador">cumputadors</a> (que armazenan i porcéssan anformaçones), ls <a href="/wiki/Sistema" title="Sistema">sistemas</a> de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Teliquemunica%C3%A7on&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Teliquemunicaçon (la páigina nun eisiste)">teliquemunicaçones</a> (que trasmíten anformaçones), ls dibersos tipos de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sensor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sensor (la páigina nun eisiste)">sensors</a> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Transdutor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transdutor (la páigina nun eisiste)">transdutors</a> (que repersentan grandezas físicas - anformaçones - sob forma de sinales eilétricos) stan, todos, drento de la ária de antresse de la Eiletrónica. </p><p>Cumplementar a la definiçon arriba, la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eiletrot%C3%A9cnica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eiletrotécnica (la páigina nun eisiste)">Eiletrotécnica</a> ye l ramo de la ciéncia que studa uso de circuitos formados por cumponentes eilétricos i eiletrónicos, cul oubjetibo percipal de transformar, trasmitir, porcessar i armazenar <a href="/wiki/Einergie" title="Einergie">einergie</a>. Sob esta definiçon, las usinas hidreilhétricas, termoeilhétricas i eiólicas (que crian einergie eilétrica), las lhinhas de trasmisson (que trasmíten einergie), ls transformadores, retificadores i ambersores (que porcessan einergie) i las bateries (que armazenan einergie) stan, todos, drento de la ária de antresse de la Eiletrotécnica. </p><p>Antre ls más dibersos ramos que la abrange, studa la trasmisson de la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Corrente_eil%C3%A9trica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Corrente eilétrica (la páigina nun eisiste)">corrente eilétrica</a> ne l <a href="/w/index.php?title=B%C3%A1cuo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bácuo (la páigina nun eisiste)">bácuo</a> i ne ls <a href="/w/index.php?title=Semicundutor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Semicundutor (la páigina nun eisiste)">semicundutors</a>. Tamien ye cunsidrada un ramo de la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eilhetricidade&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eilhetricidade (la páigina nun eisiste)">Eilhetricidade</a> que, por sue beç, ye un ramo de la <a href="/wiki/F%C3%ADsica" title="Física">Física</a> adonde se studan ls fenómenos de las cargas eilétricas eilementares, las porpiadades i cumportamiento, de l <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eil%C3%A9tron&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eilétron (la páigina nun eisiste)">Eilétron</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=F%C3%B3ton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fóton (la páigina nun eisiste)">Fótons</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Part%C3%ADcula&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Partícula (la páigina nun eisiste)">partículas</a> eilementares, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%93ndia_eiletromagn%C3%A9tica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Óndia eiletromagnética (la páigina nun eisiste)">óndias eiletromagnéticas</a>, etc. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transístores_Bipolares"><span id="Trans.C3.ADstores_Bipolares"></span>Transístores Bipolares</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eiletr%C3%B3nica&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Eiditar cacho: Transístores Bipolares" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>eiditar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eiletr%C3%B3nica&action=edit&section=1" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Transístores Bipolares"><span>eiditar código-fuonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Transístores Bipolares de puorta eisolada (IGBTs) </p><p><b>L transístor bipolar</b> de puorta eisolada (IGBT) çtaca-se pulas caratelísticas de baixa tenson ne l stado ligado de l BJT culas eicelentes caratelísticas de chabeamento, que traç un circuito de atibaçon de la puorta bien cencielho i cun alta ampedáncia de antrada de l mosfet. Eisísten ne l mercado transístores IGBTs culs balores nominales de corrente i de tenson bien arriba de l balores ancuntrados para Mosfets de poténcia. </p><p>Ls IGBTs stan als poucos a sustituir ls mosfets que se dízen an aplicaçones de alta tenson, adonde las perdas na cunduçon percisan ser mantidas an balores baixos. Mesmo las belocidades de chabeamento de l IGBTs séian maiores (até 50 kHç) de l que las de l BJTs i las de l mosfets. </p><p>Al cuntrário de l que acunteciu ne l MOSFET, l IGBT nun ten nanhun diodo reberso anternamente, sendo assi este fator torna sue capacidade de bloqueio para tensones ambersas mui baixa, podendo suportar ua tenson ambersa mássima an menos de 10 bolts. </p><p><b>Percípios de ouperaçon de l IGBT</b> </p><p>La ouperaçon de l IGBT ye mui similar a la de l MOSFETs de poténcia. Para colocá-lo ne l stado ligado, basta polarizá-lo positibamente ne l treminal de l coletor (C+) an relaçon al treminal de l eimissor (I -). De eigual maneira, ua tenson positiba BG aplicada na puorta (G) fazerá l çpositibo passar para l stado ligado (ON), quando la tenson ne l gate (G) ultrapassar la tenson de limiar. L IGBT passara para l stado zlhigado (OFF) quando houbir l corte de tenson de l terminal de la puorta (G). </p><p><b>Rebuolta Caratelística de tenson-corrente de l IGBT</b> </p><p>La rebuolta caratelística i ua plotaige de la corrente de coletor (IC) x la tenson de l coletor-eimisson (BCE). Quando nun houbir la tenson aplicada na puorta, l trasmissor IGBT stará ne l stado zlhigado (OFF), adonde la corrente (IC) ye eigual la zero (0) i la tenson que passa atrabeç de la chabe ye eigual la tenson de la fuonte.Se la tenson > BGE(th) fur aplicada na puorta, l çpositibo passará para l stado ligado i premitira la passaige de la corrente IC. Essa corrente ye lemitada pula tenson de la fuonte i pula rejisténcia de carga. Ne l stado ligado, la tenson atrabeç de la chabe se define la zero. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eiletrónica_Degital"><span id="Eiletr.C3.B3nica_Degital"></span>Eiletrónica Degital</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eiletr%C3%B3nica&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Eiditar cacho: Eiletrónica Degital" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>eiditar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eiletr%C3%B3nica&action=edit&section=2" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Eiletrónica Degital"><span>eiditar código-fuonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Na eiletrónica degital este cuntrole se faç degitalizando l sinal de cuntrole ne l sou stágio de geraçon para eibitar las bariaçones térmicas ó de ambelhecimiento la que to material stá sujeito(zde l sensor até l relé final dun sistema analógico); ne l malas, l sinal degitalizado puode tener la forma dua corrente pulsante cuja frequéncia de pulsaçon repersente fielmente l sinal "bariaçon de resisténcia por eifeito de la temperatura". L eifeito de la bariaçon de parámetros (i oumento de l erro de mediçon) por termo-agitaçon i ambelhecimiento ye cumulatibo ne ls sistemas analógicos pus las bariaçones de parámetros debidas al oumento de la temperatura ne l forno (a medir) son produzidas pul mesmo porcesso anterno atómico que cria la "deriba", "agitaçon andeseiable" "mobimento eiletrónico caótico" i se tornan parte de las bariaçones spúria que mascórun la mediçon, i inda más seran ampleficadas por cumponentes que ténen sue própia agitaçon térmica que se tornan cumulatibos. Eisemplo de alguns ouciloscópios de laboratório que dében quedar ligados por longos períodos de tiempo antes de rializar mediçones culs, mesmo assi, antes de fazer las mediçones debíran ser aferidos para reber qual ye l balor ó se nun mostran sinales de deribas.(l más normal ye que apersenten bariaçones de posicionamento na bertical de l traço hourizontal cun nibles de antrada "zero");) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cumponentes">Cumponentes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eiletr%C3%B3nica&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Eiditar cacho: Cumponentes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>eiditar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eiletr%C3%B3nica&action=edit&section=3" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Cumponentes"><span>eiditar código-fuonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cunsidera-se l purmeiro cumponente eiletrónico puro la <a href="/w/index.php?title=C%C3%A9lula_fotoboltaica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Célula fotoboltaica (la páigina nun eisiste)">célula fotoboltaica</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=1839&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1839 (la páigina nun eisiste)">1839</a>) seguida pula <a href="/w/index.php?title=B%C3%A1lbula_termoi%C3%B3nica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bálbula termoiónica (la páigina nun eisiste)">bálbula termoiónica</a> (Ber <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eifeito_%C3%89dison&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eifeito Édison (la páigina nun eisiste)">Eifeito Édison</a>), ó <a href="/w/index.php?title=B%C3%A1lbula_termoi%C3%B3nica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bálbula termoiónica (la páigina nun eisiste)">termiónica</a> i alguns diodos a la base de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sel%C3%A9nio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Selénio (la páigina nun eisiste)">Selénio</a> (Se). </p><p>La bálbula termiónica, tamien chamada de <a href="/w/index.php?title=B%C3%A1lbula_eiletr%C3%B3nica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bálbula eiletrónica (la páigina nun eisiste)">bálbula eiletrónica</a>, ye un çpositibo que cuntrola la passaige de la corrente eilétrica atrabeç de l bácuo (ber <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Ambrose_Fleming&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Ambrose Fleming (la páigina nun eisiste)">John Ambrose Fleming</a>), drento dun bulbo de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bidro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bidro (la páigina nun eisiste)">bidro</a>, sendo outelizada an ancha scala até meados de la década de <a href="/w/index.php?title=1960&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1960 (la páigina nun eisiste)">1960</a>. Als poucos, fui sustituída puls <a href="/w/index.php?title=Trans%C3%ADstor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transístor (la páigina nun eisiste)">transístores</a>. </p><p>Un transístor ye un çpositibo que cuntrola la passaige de la corrente eilétrica atrabeç de materiales semi-cundutores anteiramente sólidos. Assi, por definiçon, ambos son <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cumponente_eiletr%C3%B3nico&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cumponente eiletrónico (la páigina nun eisiste)">cumponentes eiletrónicos</a> que sirben para eisecutar trabalhos idénticos, l segundo mas más moderno que l purmeiro. </p><p>A eiletrónica, al passar de l tiempo, acabou por zambolber i studar nuobos <a href="/w/index.php?title=Circuitos_eiletr%C3%B3nicos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Circuitos eiletrónicos (la páigina nun eisiste)">circuitos eiletrónicos</a> para alhá de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Trans%C3%ADstor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transístor (la páigina nun eisiste)">transístors</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Diodo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diodo (la páigina nun eisiste)">diodos</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fotoc%C3%A9lula&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fotocélula (la páigina nun eisiste)">fotocélulas</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Capacitor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Capacitor (la páigina nun eisiste)">capacitors</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Andutor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andutor (la páigina nun eisiste)">andutores</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Resistor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Resistor (la páigina nun eisiste)">resistors</a>, etc. </p><p>La tecnologie de meniaturizaçon zambolbiu ls <a href="/w/index.php?title=Circuito_antegrado&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Circuito antegrado (la páigina nun eisiste)">circuito antegrados</a>, ls <a href="/w/index.php?title=Microcircuito&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Microcircuito (la páigina nun eisiste)">microcircuitos</a>, las <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mim%C3%B3ria_eiletr%C3%B3nica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mimória eiletrónica (la páigina nun eisiste)">mimória eiletrónicas</a>, ls <a href="/w/index.php?title=Microprocessador&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Microprocessador (la páigina nun eisiste)">microprocessadors</a>, para alhá de meniaturizar ls <a href="/w/index.php?title=Capacitor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Capacitor (la páigina nun eisiste)">capacitors</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Andutor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andutor (la páigina nun eisiste)">andutores</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Resistor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Resistor (la páigina nun eisiste)">resistors</a>, antre outros. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Atuaçon"><span id="Atua.C3.A7on"></span>Atuaçon</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eiletr%C3%B3nica&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Eiditar cacho: Atuaçon" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>eiditar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eiletr%C3%B3nica&action=edit&section=4" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Atuaçon"><span>eiditar código-fuonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Quando se ten qualquier tipo de <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%87positibo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Çpositibo (la páigina nun eisiste)">çpositibo</a> adonde haba la atuaçon dun detreminado fenómeno físico an correlaçon cul outro, anteragindo, demudando, medindo, ande stá la eiletrónica. Un eisemplo serie la cumberson de <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%93ndia_sonora&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Óndia sonora (la páigina nun eisiste)">óndia sonora</a> para <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%93ndia_eiletromagn%C3%A9tica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Óndia eiletromagnética (la páigina nun eisiste)">óndia eiletromagnética</a>, de la eimisson <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eiletromagnetismo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eiletromagnetismo (la páigina nun eisiste)">eiletromagnética</a> atrabeç de l spácio físico, para an seguida la cataçon desta, sue <a href="/w/index.php?title=Recep%C3%A7on&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Recepçon (la páigina nun eisiste)">recepçon</a> i recumberson para óndia eiletromagnética, assi nuobamente para óndia sonora. Sin la eiletrónica, esto serie ampossible de se cunseguir, pus l ato de se trasmitir ua óndia de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Radiofrequ%C3%A9ncia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radiofrequéncia (la páigina nun eisiste)">radiofrequéncia</a> i sue posterior recepçon necessita de çpositibos eiletrónicos que transformaran las manifestaçones físicas dun detreminado tipo de einergie que será cumbertido an outro. Por eisemplo: óndia sonora an óndia eilétrica, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%93ndia_luminosa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Óndia luminosa (la páigina nun eisiste)">óndia luminosa</a> para óndia sonora i alrobés. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Çpositibos"><span id=".C3.87positibos"></span>Çpositibos</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eiletr%C3%B3nica&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Eiditar cacho: Çpositibos" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>eiditar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eiletr%C3%B3nica&action=edit&section=5" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Çpositibos"><span>eiditar código-fuonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fexeiro:IntegratedCircuit.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/IntegratedCircuit.JPG/100px-IntegratedCircuit.JPG" decoding="async" width="100" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/IntegratedCircuit.JPG/150px-IntegratedCircuit.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/IntegratedCircuit.JPG/200px-IntegratedCircuit.JPG 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Circuito heipotético repersentando dibersos cumponentes an muntaige repetitiba</figcaption></figure> <p>Ls çpositibos eiletrónicos son cumbinaçones adonde se usa l <a href="/w/index.php?title=Circuito_b%C3%A1sico&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Circuito básico (la páigina nun eisiste)">circuito básico</a> repetitibamiente i sous cumponentes que, ua beç agrupados de forma ourganizada fórman blocos. Estes anterlhigados, fórman <a href="/w/index.php?title=Circuito&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Circuito (la páigina nun eisiste)">circuitos</a> más cumplexos, i assi sucessibamente fázen funcionar ls mais bariados eiquipamientos. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Funcionamiento">Funcionamiento</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eiletr%C3%B3nica&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Eiditar cacho: Funcionamiento" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>eiditar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eiletr%C3%B3nica&action=edit&section=6" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Funcionamiento"><span>eiditar código-fuonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>L funcionamiento básico de qualquier circuito eiletrónico baseia-se ne l <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cuntrole_de_tenson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cuntrole de tenson (la páigina nun eisiste)">cuntrole de tenson</a> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Antensidade_de_corrente_eil%C3%A9trica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antensidade de corrente eilétrica (la páigina nun eisiste)">antensidade de corrente eilétrica</a>, podendo ser moldadas de forma la que l porjetista puoda tirar probeito desses <a href="/w/index.php?title=Par%C3%A1metros&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Parámetros (la páigina nun eisiste)">parámetros</a> i cunfigurá-los an <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ouscila%C3%A7on&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ouscilaçon (la páigina nun eisiste)">ouscilaçon</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Amplifica%C3%A7on&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amplificaçon (la páigina nun eisiste)">amplificaçon</a>, etc, até chegar al resultado final quando, por eisemplo, atrabeç dun <a href="/w/index.php?title=Feixe_de_lu%C3%A7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Feixe de luç (la páigina nun eisiste)">feixe de luç</a>, ó feixe de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Laser&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Laser (la páigina nun eisiste)">Laser</a> nua <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fibra_%C3%B3tica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fibra ótica (la páigina nun eisiste)">fibra ótica</a> cunseguimos ne ls quemunicar cun belocidades cada beç maiores i cuntidades de anformaçon eimensas a milhares de km de çtáncia i, todo esso, an <a href="/w/index.php?title=Segundo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Segundo (la páigina nun eisiste)">segundos</a>, milisegundos. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Medidas_Eiletrónicas"><span id="Medidas_Eiletr.C3.B3nicas"></span>Medidas Eiletrónicas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eiletr%C3%B3nica&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Eiditar cacho: Medidas Eiletrónicas" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>eiditar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eiletr%C3%B3nica&action=edit&section=7" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Medidas Eiletrónicas"><span>eiditar código-fuonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="hatnote"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Magnifying_glass_01.svg/17px-Magnifying_glass_01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Magnifying_glass_01.svg/26px-Magnifying_glass_01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Magnifying_glass_01.svg/34px-Magnifying_glass_01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="663" data-file-height="659" /></span></span>Ber artigo percipal: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Medidas_Eiletr%C3%B3nicas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Medidas Eiletrónicas (la páigina nun eisiste)">Medidas Eiletrónicas</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ounidades_de_l_Sistema_Anternacional">Ounidades de l Sistema Anternacional</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eiletr%C3%B3nica&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Eiditar cacho: Ounidades de l Sistema Anternacional" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>eiditar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eiletr%C3%B3nica&action=edit&section=8" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Ounidades de l Sistema Anternacional"><span>eiditar código-fuonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>San las seguintes las ounidades de l <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistema_Anternacional_de_Ounidades&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sistema Anternacional de Ounidades (la páigina nun eisiste)">Sistema Anternacional de Ounidades</a>: </p><p>B = <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bolt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bolt (la páigina nun eisiste)">bolt</a> = medida de tenson eilétrica ó defrença de potencial </p><p>La = <a href="/w/index.php?title=Amp%C3%A8re&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ampère (la páigina nun eisiste)">ampère</a> = medida de corrente eilétrica </p><p>C = <a href="/w/index.php?title=Coulomb&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coulomb (la páigina nun eisiste)">coulomb</a> = medida de carga eilétrica </p><p>s = <a href="/w/index.php?title=Segundo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Segundo (la páigina nun eisiste)">segundo</a> = medida de tiempo </p><p>Ω = <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ohm&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ohm (la páigina nun eisiste)">ohm</a> = medida de resisténcia eilétrica </p><p>S = <a href="/w/index.php?title=Siemenes_(ounidade)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siemenes (ounidade) (la páigina nun eisiste)">siemenes</a> = medida de cundutibidade eilétrica </p><p>J = <a href="/w/index.php?title=Joule&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joule (la páigina nun eisiste)">joule</a> = medida de einergie </p><p>W = <a href="/w/index.php?title=Watt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Watt (la páigina nun eisiste)">watt</a> = medida de poténcia </p><p>Hç = <a href="/w/index.php?title=Heirt%C3%A7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heirtç (la páigina nun eisiste)">heirtç</a> = medida de frequéncia </p><p>F = <a href="/w/index.php?title=Farad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Farad (la páigina nun eisiste)">farad</a> = medida de capacitáncia </p><p>Wb = <a href="/w/index.php?title=Weber_(ounidade)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Weber (ounidade) (la páigina nun eisiste)">Weber</a> = medida de fluxo magnético </p><p>H = <a href="/w/index.php?title=Heinry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heinry (la páigina nun eisiste)">heinry</a> = medida de andutáncia </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Outras_ounidades">Outras ounidades</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eiletr%C3%B3nica&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Eiditar cacho: Outras ounidades" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>eiditar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eiletr%C3%B3nica&action=edit&section=9" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Outras ounidades"><span>eiditar código-fuonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Las ounidades ambaixo inda son outelizadas, ambora nun fágan parte de l Sistema Anternacional </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabalho_(ounidade)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cabalho (ounidade) (la páigina nun eisiste)">hp</a> = horse power (cabalho de fuorça) = medida de poténcia Ous: 1 hp = 746 W </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabalho_(ounidade)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cabalho (ounidade) (la páigina nun eisiste)">cb</a> = cabalho oupor = medida de poténcia. Ous: 1 cb = 736 W </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Stórico"><span id="St.C3.B3rico"></span>Stórico</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eiletr%C3%B3nica&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Eiditar cacho: Stórico" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>eiditar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eiletr%C3%B3nica&action=edit&section=10" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Stórico"><span>eiditar código-fuonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>La eiboluçon de la eiletrónica fui lenta ne l ampeço, mas cul passar de l tiempo, acelerou-se. Ne ls seclos <a href="/w/index.php?title=Seclo_XBII&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seclo XBII (la páigina nun eisiste)">XBII</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Seclo_XBIII&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seclo XBIII (la páigina nun eisiste)">XBIII</a> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Seclo_XIX&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seclo XIX (la páigina nun eisiste)">XIX</a>, fúrun anformaçones çpersas, aleatórias. </p><p>An <a href="/w/index.php?title=1835&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1835 (la páigina nun eisiste)">1835</a>, Munk, al gerar centelhas de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alta_tenson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alta tenson (la páigina nun eisiste)">alta tenson</a> próssimo de ciertos puolos metálicos, oubserbou que estes mudában sue <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cundutibidade_eil%C3%A9trica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cundutibidade eilétrica (la páigina nun eisiste)">cundutibidade eilétrica</a>. Esto quedou registrado, mas nun se ancuntrou ua outelidade prática para l fenómeno. </p><p>Acradita-se que l çpositibo eiletrónico más antigo fui ua <a href="/w/index.php?title=C%C3%A9lula_fotoboltaica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Célula fotoboltaica (la páigina nun eisiste)">célula fotoboltaica</a> custruída an <a href="/w/index.php?title=1839&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1839 (la páigina nun eisiste)">1839</a> por <a href="/w/index.php?title=Becquerel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Becquerel (la páigina nun eisiste)">Becquerel</a>. Ambora funcional, sue outelidade era meramente para curjidade científica. </p><p>A cobrar de <a href="/w/index.php?title=1850&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1850 (la páigina nun eisiste)">1850</a>, la físico-química passou la se antressar ne ls fenómenos de l cumportamiento de la AT (Alta Tenson) i de l gases. La spriéncia de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Julius_Plucker&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Julius Plucker (la páigina nun eisiste)">Julius Plucker</a> puode ser cunsidrada cumo punto de partida para tal. L pesquisador, al ligar tenson eilétrica mui alta an dous eilhetrodos, anseridos nua ampola de bidro cula atmosfera rarefeita, mostrou l fenómeno de la çcarga de l gases. Durante sue demustraçon, oubserbou-se un eifeito eiletrolhuminescente de quelor púrpura subre las paredes de l bidro. </p><p>An <a href="/w/index.php?title=1861&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1861 (la páigina nun eisiste)">1861</a>, fui çcubierto l eifeito fotocundutor de l <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sel%C3%A9nio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Selénio (la páigina nun eisiste)">selénio</a>. Posteriormente, an <a href="/w/index.php?title=1873&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1873 (la páigina nun eisiste)">1873</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Willoughby_Smith&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Willoughby Smith (la páigina nun eisiste)">Willoughby Smith</a> ambestigou l eifeito i delineou las purmeiras leis de la fotocundutebidade. </p><p>An 1866, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Barley&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Barley (la páigina nun eisiste)">Barley</a> nuobamente oubserbou la mudança de cundutibidade de puolos metálicos na persença de centelhas eilétricas, de la mesma forma que Munk an <a href="/w/index.php?title=1835&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1835 (la páigina nun eisiste)">1835</a>, mas, l fenómeno cuntinou a parecer meramente curjidade científica. </p><p>La <a href="/w/index.php?title=B%C3%A1lbula_termi%C3%B3nica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bálbula termiónica (la páigina nun eisiste)">bálbula termiónica</a> tubo sous primórdios an <a href="/w/index.php?title=1873&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1873 (la páigina nun eisiste)">1873</a>, quando <a href="/w/index.php?title=Guthrie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guthrie (la páigina nun eisiste)">Guthrie</a> caleciu ua sfera metálica i la aprossimou dun <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eiletrosc%C3%B3pio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eiletroscópio (la páigina nun eisiste)">eiletroscópio</a> carregado. Al fazer esso, l çpositibo se çcarregaba. </p><p>Braun çcubriu l eifeito <a href="/w/index.php?title=Semicundutor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Semicundutor (la páigina nun eisiste)">semicundutor</a> ne l anho de <a href="/w/index.php?title=1874&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1874 (la páigina nun eisiste)">1874</a>, oubserbando ls <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sulfetos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sulfetos (la páigina nun eisiste)">sulfetos</a> de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chumbo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chumbo (la páigina nun eisiste)">chumbo</a> i de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fierro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fierro (la páigina nun eisiste)">fierro</a>. </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Grahan_Bell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexander Grahan Bell (la páigina nun eisiste)">Alexander Grahan Bell</a> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Sumner_Taintener&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Sumner Taintener (la páigina nun eisiste)">Charles Sumner Taintener</a> an <a href="/w/index.php?title=1878&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1878 (la páigina nun eisiste)">1878</a>, outelizórun la célula de selénio para fazer spriéncias cun un telifone sin filo, outelizando óndias luminosas. </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dabid_Edward_Hughes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dabid Edward Hughes (la páigina nun eisiste)">Dabid Edward Hughes</a> çcubriu cumo gerar óndias eiletromagnéticas an <a href="/w/index.php?title=1874&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1874 (la páigina nun eisiste)">1874</a>, andependientemente de l trabalho de <a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Clerk_Maxwell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James Clerk Maxwell (la páigina nun eisiste)">James Clerk Maxwell</a>. La antençon de Hughes nun era la geraçon de óndias an si, mas sue deteçon atrabeç de çpositibos (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Diodos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diodos (la páigina nun eisiste)">diodos</a>) semicundutores que cunsistian nua agulha de fierro an cuntato cun un glóbulo de mercúrio, que resultaba nun filme de óxido de mercúrio. Este cuntato resultaba ne l eifeito de la retificaçon por semi-cundutibidade. Hughes, na berdade, se antecipou a la geraçon de radiofrequéncia an cinco anhos la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Heirt%C3%A7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heirtç (la páigina nun eisiste)">Heirtç</a> i an dieç anhos an sue deteçon. </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Julius_Eilstener&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Julius Eilstener (la páigina nun eisiste)">Julius Eilstener</a> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanes_Geitel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hanes Geitel (la páigina nun eisiste)">Hanes Geitel</a>, ne l ampeço de <a href="/w/index.php?title=1880&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1880 (la páigina nun eisiste)">1880</a>, ancerrórun un filamento dua bumbilha ancandecente i ua placa metálica nua ampola cun bácuo. L eifeito oubserbado fui ua corrente eilétrica que fluiu de l filamento a la placa atrabeç de l bácuo. Al mesmo tiempo <a href="/w/index.php?title=Flemming&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flemming (la páigina nun eisiste)">Flemming</a>, naqueilha época ampregado de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Eidison&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas Eidison (la páigina nun eisiste)">Thomas Eidison</a>, staba ambestigando l porquei de l scurecimento de l bidro dua <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bumbilha_de_filamento&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bumbilha de filamento (la páigina nun eisiste)">bumbilha de filamento</a>. Anseriu ua placa metálica i fizo ua ligaçon sterna al çpositibo. Al fazé-lo, oubserbou que al se aplicar un potencial positibo a la placa an relaçon al filamento, eimediatamente fluía ua <a href="/w/index.php?title=Corrente_eil%C3%A9trica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Corrente eilétrica (la páigina nun eisiste)">corrente eilétrica</a> pul <a href="/w/index.php?title=B%C3%A1cuo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bácuo (la páigina nun eisiste)">bácuo</a>. Al ambertir la polaridade, la corrente nun fluía. La este eifeito se dou l nome de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eifeito_%C3%89dison&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eifeito Édison (la páigina nun eisiste)">Eifeito Eidison</a>. </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calzechi_Onesti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Calzechi Onesti (la páigina nun eisiste)">Calzechi Onesti</a>, an <a href="/w/index.php?title=1884&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1884 (la páigina nun eisiste)">1884</a>, tornou a oubserbar la mudança de cundutibidade de puolos metálicos na persença de centelhas eilétricas, de la mesma forma que Munk an <a href="/w/index.php?title=1835&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1835 (la páigina nun eisiste)">1835</a>, mas, outra beç l fenómeno cuntinou a parecer meramente curjidade científica. </p><p>Heirtç, ne l anho de <a href="/w/index.php?title=1887&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1887 (la páigina nun eisiste)">1887</a>, oubserbou l eifeito fotoeimissibo, que fui aprimorado an <a href="/w/index.php?title=1890&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1890 (la páigina nun eisiste)">1890</a> por <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ebert&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ebert (la páigina nun eisiste)">Ebert</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilheln_Hallwachs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wilheln Hallwachs (la páigina nun eisiste)">Wilheln Hallwachs</a> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wiedemann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wiedemann (la páigina nun eisiste)">Wiedemann</a>. An <a href="/w/index.php?title=1890&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1890 (la páigina nun eisiste)">1890</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Julius_Eilstener&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Julius Eilstener (la páigina nun eisiste)">Julius Eilstener</a> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanes_Geitel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hanes Geitel (la páigina nun eisiste)">Hanes Geitel</a> zambolbírun la purmeira bálbula eiletrónica fotoeimissiba. </p><p>De nuobo, agora na pessona de <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89douard_Branly&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Édouard Branly (la páigina nun eisiste)">Édouard Branly</a>, an 1890, houbiste la ouserbaçon de la mudança de cundutibidade de puolos metálicos na persença de centeilhas eilétricas, de la mesma forma que Munk an 1835, mas, l fenómeno inda cuntinou a parecer meramente curjidade científica, sin uso prático. </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minchin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Minchin (la páigina nun eisiste)">Minchin</a> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ouliber_Lodge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ouliber Lodge (la páigina nun eisiste)">Ouliber Lodge</a>, de forma andependiente, aparecírun que l fenómeno de la alteraçon de la cundutibidade de puolos metálicos na persença de centielhas eilétricas era criada por <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%93ndia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Óndia (la páigina nun eisiste)">óndias</a> que se propagában pul spácio que eimanában de las centielhas. Lodge anton, an 1894, purparou un tubo cun lhimalhas de fierro, seguindo l método de Branly. Çcubriu que este método poderie serbir para detetar óndias heirtzianas. Al çpositibo fui dado l nome de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Coesor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coesor (la páigina nun eisiste)">coesor</a>, porque quando las óndias eiletromagnéticas passában por si, las lhimalhas se aglutinában i tenien que ser straídas antes de outra eimisson de radiofrequéncia. </p><p>A partir de <a href="/w/index.php?title=1850&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1850 (la páigina nun eisiste)">1850</a>, culas spriéncias de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Julius_Plucker&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Julius Plucker (la páigina nun eisiste)">Julius Plucker</a> subre la eilhetroluminescéncia, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hittorf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hittorf (la páigina nun eisiste)">Hittorf</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Willian_Crokes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Willian Crokes (la páigina nun eisiste)">Willian Crokes</a> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Goldstein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Goldstein (la páigina nun eisiste)">Goldstein</a>, ampeçórun ua ambestigaçon de l eifeitos de la Alta Tenson. Crokes anseriu un eiletrodo an forma de cruç de malta ne l tubo de bidro, fui oubserbado que l brilho produzido puls <i>centeilhas ambesibles</i>, era debido a la aceleraçon de algun tipo de partícula ó centeilha que probenie de l eiletrodo negatibo para l positibo. La este tipo de manifestaçon se dou l nome de "centeilhas catódicos", pus acraditou-se que sue carga era negatiba. La spriéncia fui cunfirmada por Hallwachs. An <a href="/w/index.php?title=1897&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1897 (la páigina nun eisiste)">1897</a>, Thomson studou l eifeito i dou l nome de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eil%C3%A9tron&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eilétron (la páigina nun eisiste)">eilétrons</a> a las partículas aceleradas ne l tubo de centeilhas catódicos. </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tommasina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tommasina (la páigina nun eisiste)">Tommasina</a> reambentou l detetor de radiofrequéncia de Hughes an <a href="/w/index.php?title=1899&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1899 (la páigina nun eisiste)">1899</a>. Al çpositibo fui dado l nome de coesor de outo-restauraçon de Castelli, de Solari, ó coesor de outo-restouraçon de la Marina Eitaliana. </p><p>L padre <a href="/w/index.php?title=Roberto_Landell_de_Moura&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roberto Landell de Moura (la páigina nun eisiste)">Roberto Landell de Moura</a>, an <a href="/w/index.php?title=1893&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1893 (la páigina nun eisiste)">1893</a>, ampeçou las spriéncias cun un telifone sin filo outelizando radiofrequéncia. Die <a href="/w/index.php?title=3_de_j%C3%BAnio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="3 de júnio (la páigina nun eisiste)">3 de júnio</a> de <a href="/w/index.php?title=1900&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1900 (la páigina nun eisiste)">1900</a> fizo ua demustraçon pública. </p><p>An <a href="/w/index.php?title=1901&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1901 (la páigina nun eisiste)">1901</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marconi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marconi (la páigina nun eisiste)">Marconi</a> recebiu ls purmeiros sinales de rádio atrabeç de l <a href="/wiki/Atl%C3%A1ntico" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlántico">Atlántico</a>. L detetor outelizado fui un retificador de glóbulo de fierro mercúrio eidéntico al ambentado por Hughes an 1874. </p><p>Las çcubiertas de l seclo XIX solo benirun a ser cumpiladas ne l ampeço de l <a href="/w/index.php?title=Seclo_XIX&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seclo XIX (la páigina nun eisiste)">seclo XIX</a>. Cula outelizaçon prática para la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eimisson_termoi%C3%B3nica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eimisson termoiónica (la páigina nun eisiste)">eimisson termoiónica</a> atrabeç de la outelizaçon de l <a href="/w/index.php?title=Diodo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diodo (la páigina nun eisiste)">diodo termiónico</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Triodo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Triodo (la páigina nun eisiste)">triodo termiónico</a>, tetrodos, pentodos, etc, ampeçou-se la era de la eiletrónica termoiónica, ó termiónica, quando <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Ambrose_Fleming&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Ambrose Fleming (la páigina nun eisiste)">John Ambrose Fleming</a> outilizou estes eifeitos para la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Amplefica%C3%A7on_de_sinales&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ampleficaçon de sinales (la páigina nun eisiste)">ampleficaçon de sinales</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eiboluçon"><span id="Eibolu.C3.A7on"></span>Eiboluçon</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eiletr%C3%B3nica&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Eiditar cacho: Eiboluçon" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>eiditar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eiletr%C3%B3nica&action=edit&section=11" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Eiboluçon"><span>eiditar código-fuonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fexeiro:Triode_tube_1906.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Triode_tube_1906.jpg/100px-Triode_tube_1906.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="69" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Triode_tube_1906.jpg/150px-Triode_tube_1906.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Triode_tube_1906.jpg/200px-Triode_tube_1906.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1835" data-file-height="1258" /></a><figcaption>Bálbula termiónica ampleficadora de áudio de 1906</figcaption></figure> <p>Zde l ampeço de l <a href="/wiki/Seclo_XX" title="Seclo XX">seclo XX</a> até sue metade, la bálbula termoiónica reinou abseluta, quando na metade de l seclo, an <a href="/w/index.php?title=1948&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1948 (la páigina nun eisiste)">1948</a>, la gigante an teliquemunicaçones <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bell_Telephone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bell Telephone (la páigina nun eisiste)">Bell Telephone</a>, zambolbiu un çpositibo que an cumparaçon a la bálbula termoiónica era cencielhamiente minúsclo. Era l purmeiro <a href="/w/index.php?title=Transistor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transistor (la páigina nun eisiste)">transistor</a>. Ande stábamos ampeçando la era de l <a href="/w/index.php?title=Semicundutor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Semicundutor (la páigina nun eisiste)">semicundutor</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fexeiro:HighPowerTransistor.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/HighPowerTransistor.JPG/100px-HighPowerTransistor.JPG" decoding="async" width="100" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/HighPowerTransistor.JPG/150px-HighPowerTransistor.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/HighPowerTransistor.JPG/200px-HighPowerTransistor.JPG 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Transistor de poténcia de l circuito horizontal dun monitor de bídeo (Ecrana) 17<i>, poténcia 90 W</i></figcaption></figure> <p>Cul transistor i l zambolbimento de las técnicas de meniaturizaçon, quedou cada beç más acelerada la pordoçon i porjeto de cumponentes i eiquipamentos eilhetrónicos. </p><p>Esto culminou cula custruçon de l purmeiro <a href="/w/index.php?title=Circuito_antegrado&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Circuito antegrado (la páigina nun eisiste)">circuito antegrado</a> ne l final de la década de sessenta, quando apareciu l purmeiro <a href="/w/index.php?title=Amplificador_ouperacional&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amplificador ouperacional (la páigina nun eisiste)">amplificador ouperacional</a> antegrado. Este nada más era que la montaige meniaturizada de transistores, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Capacitor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Capacitor (la páigina nun eisiste)">capacitors</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Resistor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Resistor (la páigina nun eisiste)">resistors</a> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Diodo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diodo (la páigina nun eisiste)">diodos semicondutores</a>, todos feitos nua sola base, einicialmente an <a href="/w/index.php?title=Germ%C3%A1nio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Germánio (la páigina nun eisiste)">germánio</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:Error mw:File/Thumb"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=mwl&wpDestFile=AntegratedCircuit1966.JPG" class="new" title="Fexeiro:AntegratedCircuit1966.JPG"><span class="mw-file-element mw-broken-media" data-width="100">Fexeiro:AntegratedCircuit1966.JPG</span></a><figcaption>Circuito antegrado híbrido</figcaption></figure> <p>Lougo apuis, ne l ampeço de la década de setenta, ls cumponentes passórun a ser fabricados an <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sil%C3%ADcio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Silício (la páigina nun eisiste)">silício</a>, eilemiento de más fácele manipulaçon i menos sensible als eifeitos de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abalanche_t%C3%A9rmica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abalanche térmica (la páigina nun eisiste)">abalanche térmica</a>. </p><p>Fúrun sendo zambolbidas assi sponencialmente nuobas tecnologies para la fabricaçon an série an alta belocidade. Estas outelizában cumponentes de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancha_scala_de_antegra%C3%A7on&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ancha scala de antegraçon (la páigina nun eisiste)">ancha scala de antegraçon</a>, (LSI), i logo após, ne ls anhos uitenta, fui zambolbida la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stra_ancha_scala_de_antegra%C3%A7on&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stra ancha scala de antegraçon (la páigina nun eisiste)">stra ancha scala de antegraçon</a>, (ELSI). Esta tecnologie ne ls dou ls <a href="/w/index.php?title=Microprocessador&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Microprocessador (la páigina nun eisiste)">microprocessadors</a> de alta belocidade i zampengo. </p><p>Ne ls dies de hoije, depuis de l trabalho de milhares, senó milhones de colaboradores anónimos, la Eiletrónica stá finalmente a antrar na era de la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nanotecnologie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nanotecnologie (la páigina nun eisiste)">nanotecnologie</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Çpositibos_i_eiquipamentos"><span id=".C3.87positibos_i_eiquipamentos"></span>Çpositibos i eiquipamentos</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eiletr%C3%B3nica&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Eiditar cacho: Çpositibos i eiquipamentos" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>eiditar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eiletr%C3%B3nica&action=edit&section=12" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Çpositibos i eiquipamentos"><span>eiditar código-fuonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ls eiquipamentos i circuitos eiletrónicos móldan, cunfigúran i míden <a href="/w/index.php?title=Grandeza&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grandeza (la páigina nun eisiste)">grandezas físicas</a> de dibersas naturezas. Alguas son bariables, outra fixas, eisemplo desso son las <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bari%C3%A1bel_eil%C3%A9trica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bariábel eilétrica (la páigina nun eisiste)">bariables eilétricas</a> que trasportan anformaçon, ls senhales. </p><p>Para l trasporte de anformaçon, fui neçairo la <a href="/w/index.php?title=C%C3%B3digo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Código (la páigina nun eisiste)">codificaçon</a> dua <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lhenguaige&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lhenguaige (la páigina nun eisiste)">lhenguaige</a>.Un eisemplo ye la stinta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Telegrafie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telegrafie (la páigina nun eisiste)">telegrafie</a> que era ousada para ambiar anformaçones atrabeç de l <a href="/w/index.php?title=C%C3%B3digo_morse&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Código morse (la páigina nun eisiste)">código morse</a>, adonde senhales antermitentes traspórtan anformaçon codificada de tal modo, que decodificada forma letras i palabras. Estas, anterpretadas nada más son de l que <a href="/wiki/Anforma%C3%A7on" title="Anformaçon">anformaçon</a>, lougo podemos definir que <a href="/w/index.php?title=C%C3%B3digo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Código (la páigina nun eisiste)">codificaçon</a> ye la anformaçon antroduzida nun determinado senhal. I <a href="/w/index.php?title=Decodifica%C3%A7on&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Decodificaçon (la páigina nun eisiste)">decodificaçon</a> ye la straçon desta anformaçon deste mesmo senhal. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fexeiro:Volt%C3%ADmetroPY5aal.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Volt%C3%ADmetroPY5aal.gif/100px-Volt%C3%ADmetroPY5aal.gif" decoding="async" width="100" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Volt%C3%ADmetroPY5aal.gif/150px-Volt%C3%ADmetroPY5aal.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Volt%C3%ADmetroPY5aal.gif/200px-Volt%C3%ADmetroPY5aal.gif 2x" data-file-width="639" data-file-height="448" /></a><figcaption>Boltímetro analógico outilizado an paineles eilétricos</figcaption></figure> <p>Podemos definir trés grupos çtintos de senhales an eilhetrónica: Sinal <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anal%C3%B3gico&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Analógico (la páigina nun eisiste)">analógico</a>, ye todo aquel que baria <i>cuntinamente</i> an funçon de l tiempo, ó seia: puode ser repersentado por ua funçon matemática cuntina. </p> <ul><li>Un belocímetro analógico.</li> <li>Un termómetro analógico.</li> <li>Ua baláncia analógica.</li> <li>Un boltímetro analógico.</li></ul> <p>Son eisemplos de senhales lidos de forma direta sin passar por qualquiera codificaçon, decodificaçon cumplexa. Las bariables son ouserbadas diretamente. L strumiento analógico cunsiste nun painel cun ua scala i un punteiro que çliza de forma la se berificar la posiçon deste subre aqueilha, un <a href="/w/index.php?title=Galban%C3%B3metro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Galbanómetro (la páigina nun eisiste)">galbanómetro</a>, ó l <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecran&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ecran (la páigina nun eisiste)">ecran</a> dun <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oscilosc%C3%B3pio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Osciloscópio (la páigina nun eisiste)">osciloscópio</a>. </p> <hr /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Senhas_i_medidas_analógicas_i_degitales"><span id="Senhas_i_medidas_anal.C3.B3gicas_i_degitales"></span>Senhas i medidas analógicas i degitales</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eiletr%C3%B3nica&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Eiditar cacho: Senhas i medidas analógicas i degitales" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>eiditar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eiletr%C3%B3nica&action=edit&section=13" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Senhas i medidas analógicas i degitales"><span>eiditar código-fuonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Senha periódico cunsiste de "pacotes" de anformaçon que son lhebados de forma direta, las <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%93ndias_de_r%C3%A1dio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Óndias de rádio (la páigina nun eisiste)">óndias de rádio</a> por eisemplo, adonde la codificaçon i decodificaçon ye eisecutada de forma direta, un eisemplo ye la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Amplitude_Modulada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amplitude Modulada (la páigina nun eisiste)">Amplitude Modulada</a>, adonde tenemos ua óndia portadora de frequéncia fixa modulada an amplitude bariable, la decodificaçon na recepçon se dá de forma direta por supresson de la portadora, retificaçon an meia óndia de l senha resultante, i amplificaçon de l resultado de forma la tenermos un senhal an forma de música, por eisemplo. </p><p>Senha <a href="/w/index.php?title=Degital&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Degital (la páigina nun eisiste)">degital</a> ye formado por códigos de lenguaige <a href="/wiki/Matem%C3%A1tica" title="Matemática">matemática</a>, un eisemplo desto ye la lenguaige binária, ó <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistema_bin%C3%A1rio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sistema binário (la páigina nun eisiste)">sistema binário</a>, (<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%81lgebra_boleana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Álgebra boleana (la páigina nun eisiste)">álgebra boleana</a>), adonde se usa un <a href="/w/index.php?title=C%C3%B3digo_bin%C3%A1rio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Código binário (la páigina nun eisiste)">código binário</a> de trasporte de <a href="/wiki/Anforma%C3%A7on" title="Anformaçon">anformaçon</a>, la leitura ye andireta, depende de sistemas de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anterpreta%C3%A7on&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anterpretaçon (la páigina nun eisiste)">anterpretaçon</a> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Leitura&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leitura (la páigina nun eisiste)">leitura</a>, pus esta nun ye direta, ye degitalizada, ye formada por cumponentes que degitalizan la anformaçon, esto ye, cumbérten l sistema decimal para sistema binário, ó para l <a href="/wiki/Sistema_heixadecimal" class="mw-redirect" title="Sistema heixadecimal">sistema heixadecimal</a> i bice-bersa, degitalizar ye manipular, cumbertir la anformaçon porcessá-la i recumbertir-la de modo que seia antendida. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="L_feturo">L feturo</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eiletr%C3%B3nica&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Eiditar cacho: L feturo" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>eiditar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eiletr%C3%B3nica&action=edit&section=14" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: L feturo"><span>eiditar código-fuonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>La eilhetrónica ye la base de la moderna <a href="/wiki/Tecnologie" title="Tecnologie">tecnologie</a>, de la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cibern%C3%A9tica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cibernética (la páigina nun eisiste)">cibernética</a>, de la <a href="/wiki/Ci%C3%A9ncia_de_la_cumputa%C3%A7on" title="Ciéncia de la cumputaçon">ciéncia de la cumputaçon</a>, de la <a href="/wiki/Anform%C3%A1tica" title="Anformática">anformática</a>, antre outros. Sin eilha ls sistemas de cuntrole de l mundo moderno nun funcionan. </p><p>Cula eiletrónica fundindo-se cula <a href="/w/index.php?title=Micro-mec%C3%A1nica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Micro-mecánica (la páigina nun eisiste)">micro-mecánica</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pneum%C3%A1tica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pneumática (la páigina nun eisiste)">pneumática</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hidr%C3%A1ulica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hidráulica (la páigina nun eisiste)">hidráulica</a> i anformática, tenemos la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mecatr%C3%B3nica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mecatrónica (la páigina nun eisiste)">mecatrónica</a>, la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Biomecatr%C3%B3nica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Biomecatrónica (la páigina nun eisiste)">biomecatrónica</a>, la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robotiza%C3%A7on_biol%C3%B3gica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robotizaçon biológica (la páigina nun eisiste)">robotizaçon biológica</a> i la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rob%C3%B3tica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robótica (la páigina nun eisiste)">robótica</a>. 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