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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death_and_legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Death and legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death_and_legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> 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class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">John Heartfield</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 27 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-27" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">27 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%84%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B4" title="Джон Хартфілд – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Джон Хартфілд" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Heartfield" title="John Heartfield – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="John Heartfield" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Heartfield" title="John Heartfield – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="John Heartfield" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Heartfield" title="John Heartfield – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="John Heartfield" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Heartfield" title="John Heartfield – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="John Heartfield" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Heartfield" title="John Heartfield – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="John Heartfield" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Heartfield" title="John Heartfield – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="John Heartfield" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Heartfield" title="John Heartfield – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="John Heartfield" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Heartfield" title="John Heartfield – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="John Heartfield" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Heartfield" title="John Heartfield – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="John Heartfield" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Heartfield" title="John Heartfield – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="John Heartfield" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Heartfield" title="John Heartfield – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="John Heartfield" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%27%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%93" title="ג'ון הרטפילד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ג'ון הרטפילד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEons_H%C4%81rtf%C4%ABlds" title="Džons Hārtfīlds – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Džons Hārtfīlds" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Heartfield" title="John Heartfield – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="John Heartfield" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Heartfield" title="John Heartfield – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="John Heartfield" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%AF" title="جون هارتفيلد – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جون هارتفيلد" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Heartfield" title="John Heartfield – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="John Heartfield" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A7%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%8F%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88%E3%83%95%E3%82%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%83%89" title="ジョン・ハートフィールド – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジョン・ハートフィールド" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Heartfield" title="John Heartfield – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="John Heartfield" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Heartfield" title="John Heartfield – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="John Heartfield" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Heartfield" title="John Heartfield – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="John Heartfield" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B4" title="Джон Хартфилд – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Джон Хартфилд" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Heartfield" title="John Heartfield – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="John Heartfield" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Heartfield" title="John Heartfield – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="John Heartfield" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Heartfield" title="John Heartfield – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="John Heartfield" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%99_%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%8C" title="จอห์น ฮาร์ตฟีลด์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="จอห์น ฮาร์ตฟีลด์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q168671#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/John_Heartfield" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" 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<div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">German visual artist (1891–1968)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/John_Hartfield" title="John Hartfield">John Hartfield</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">John Heartfield</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-69249-0004,_Berlin,_IV._VBK-Kongress,_Nagel,_Hartfield_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-69249-0004%2C_Berlin%2C_IV._VBK-Kongress%2C_Nagel%2C_Hartfield_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-69249-0004%2C_Berlin%2C_IV._VBK-Kongress%2C_Nagel%2C_Hartfield_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1d/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-69249-0004%2C_Berlin%2C_IV._VBK-Kongress%2C_Nagel%2C_Hartfield_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="251" data-file-height="279" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">John Heartfield in 1959</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Helmut Herzfeld</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1891-06-19</span>)</span>19 June 1891<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Berlin-Schmargendorf" class="mw-redirect" title="Berlin-Schmargendorf">Berlin-Schmargendorf</a>, Berlin, <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">26 April 1968<span style="display:none">(1968-04-26)</span> (aged 76)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/East_Berlin" title="East Berlin">East Berlin</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category">German, <a href="/wiki/East_German" class="mw-redirect" title="East German">East German</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6nigliche_Kunstgewerbeschule_M%C3%BCnchen" title="Königliche Kunstgewerbeschule München">Royal Bavarian Arts and Crafts School</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Photomontage" title="Photomontage">Photomontage</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Family</th><td class="infobox-data">Wieland Herzfelde</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>John Heartfield</b> (born <b>Helmut Herzfeld</b>; 19 June 1891 – 26 April 1968) was a 20th-century German visual artist who pioneered the use of art as a political weapon. Some of his most famous <a href="/wiki/Photomontages" class="mw-redirect" title="Photomontages">photomontages</a> were anti-<a href="/wiki/Nazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi">Nazi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anti-fascist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-fascist">anti-fascist</a> statements. Heartfield also created book jackets for book authors, such as <a href="/wiki/Upton_Sinclair" title="Upton Sinclair">Upton Sinclair</a>, as well as stage sets for contemporary playwrights, such as <a href="/wiki/Bertolt_Brecht" title="Bertolt Brecht">Bertolt Brecht</a> and <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Piscator" title="Erwin Piscator">Erwin Piscator</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Heartfield&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_life,_education_and_work"><span id="Early_life.2C_education_and_work"></span>Early life, education and work</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Heartfield&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early life, education and work"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>John Heartfield was born Helmut Herzfeld on 19 June 1891 in <a href="/wiki/Berlin-Schmargendorf" class="mw-redirect" title="Berlin-Schmargendorf">Berlin-Schmargendorf</a>, Berlin under the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a>. His parents were Franz Herzfeld, a socialist writer, and Alice (née Stolzenburg), a textile worker and political activist.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1899, Helmut, his brother <a href="/wiki/Wieland_Herzfelde" title="Wieland Herzfelde">Wieland</a>, and their sisters Lotte and Hertha were abandoned in the woods by their parents after Franz Herzfeld was accused of blasphemy.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (March 2024)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> His family<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (March 2024)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> had to flee to <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> and later they were deported to <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austria</a>. When their parents disappeared in 1899,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (March 2024)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Heartfield and his siblings were left abandoned in a mountain hut. The four children went to live with an uncle, Ignaz, in the small Austrian town of <a href="/wiki/Aigen_(Salzburg_city_district)" title="Aigen (Salzburg city district)">Aigen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1908, he studied art in <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a> at the <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6nigliche_Kunstgewerbeschule_M%C3%BCnchen" title="Königliche Kunstgewerbeschule München">Königliche Kunstgewerbeschule München</a> (Royal Bavarian Arts and Crafts School). Two commercial designers, <a href="/wiki/Albert_Weisgerber" title="Albert Weisgerber">Albert Weisgerber</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Hohlwein" title="Ludwig Hohlwein">Ludwig Hohlwein</a>, were early influences. </p><p>While living in Berlin, he began styling himself "John Heartfield", an <a href="/wiki/Anglicisation" title="Anglicisation">anglicisation</a> of his German name, to protest against <a href="/wiki/Anti-British" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-British">anti-British</a> fervour sweeping Germany during the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>, when Berlin crowds often shouted "<a href="/wiki/Gott_strafe_England" title="Gott strafe England">Gott strafe England</a>!" ("May God punish England!") in the streets.<sup id="cite_ref-AMZ_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AMZ-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the same year, Heartfield, his brother Wieland and <a href="/wiki/George_Grosz" title="George Grosz">George Grosz</a> launched the Malik publishing house in Berlin. In 1916, he and George Grosz experimented with pasting pictures together, a form of art later named <a href="/wiki/Photomontage" title="Photomontage">photomontage</a>, and which would become a central characteristic of their work. </p><p>In 1917, Heartfield became a member of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Berlin_Club_Dada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Berlin Club Dada (page does not exist)">Berlin Club Dada</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AMZ_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AMZ-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Heartfield would later become active in the <a href="/wiki/Dada" title="Dada">Dada</a> movement, helping to organise the <a href="/wiki/Erste_Internationale_Dada-Messe" class="mw-redirect" title="Erste Internationale Dada-Messe">Erste Internationale Dada-Messe</a> (First International Dada Fair) in Berlin in 1920. <a href="/wiki/Dadaists" class="mw-redirect" title="Dadaists">Dadaists</a> were provocateurs who disrupted public art gatherings and ridiculed the participants. They labeled traditional art trivial and bourgeois. </p><p>In January 1918, Heartfield joined the newly founded German Communist Party (<a href="/wiki/KPD" class="mw-redirect" title="KPD">KPD</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-AMZ_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AMZ-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interwar_period">Interwar period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Heartfield&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Interwar period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1919, Heartfield was dismissed from the <a href="/wiki/Reichswehr" title="Reichswehr">Reichswehr</a> film service because of his support for the strike that followed the assassination of <a href="/wiki/Karl_Liebknecht" title="Karl Liebknecht">Karl Liebknecht</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Rosa Luxemburg</a>. With <a href="/wiki/George_Grosz" title="George Grosz">George Grosz</a>, he founded <i><a href="/wiki/Die_Pleite" title="Die Pleite">Die Pleite</a></i>, a satirical magazine. </p><p>Heartfield met <a href="/wiki/Bertolt_Brecht" title="Bertolt Brecht">Bertolt Brecht</a> in 1924, and became a member of a circle of German artists that included Brecht, <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Piscator" title="Erwin Piscator">Erwin Piscator</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hannah_H%C3%B6ch" title="Hannah Höch">Hannah Höch</a>, and a host of others. </p><p>Though he was a prolific producer of stage sets and book jackets, Heartfield's main form of expression was photomontage. Heartfield produced the first political photomontages.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He mainly worked for two publications: the daily <i><a href="/wiki/Die_Rote_Fahne" title="Die Rote Fahne">Die Rote Fahne</a></i> ("The Red Flag") and the weekly <a href="/wiki/Communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist">communist</a> magazine <i><a href="/wiki/Arbeiter-Illustrierte-Zeitung" title="Arbeiter-Illustrierte-Zeitung">Arbeiter-Illustrierte-Zeitung</a></i> (<i>AIZ</i>; "Workers' Illustrated Newspaper"), the latter of which published the works for which Heartfield is best remembered. He also built theatre sets for <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Piscator" title="Erwin Piscator">Erwin Piscator</a> and Bertolt Brecht. </p><p>During the 1920s, Heartfield produced a great number of photomontages, many of which were reproduced as dust jackets for books such as his montage for Upton Sinclair's <i>The Millennium</i>. </p><p>It was through <a href="/wiki/Rotogravure" title="Rotogravure">rotogravure</a>, an engraving process whereby pictures, designs, and words are engraved into the printing plate or printing cylinder, that Heartfield's montages, in the form of posters, were distributed in the streets of Berlin between 1932 and 1933, when the Nazis came to power. </p><p>His political montages regularly appeared on the cover of <i>Arbeiter-Illustrierte-Zeitung</i> from 1930 to 1938, a popular weekly whose circulation (as many as 500,000 copies at its height) rivaled any other contemporary German magazine. Since Heartfield's photomontages appeared on this cover, his work was widely seen at newsstands. </p><p>Heartfield lived in Berlin until April 1933 when the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a> took power. On <a href="/wiki/Good_Friday" title="Good Friday">Good Friday</a>, the <a href="/wiki/SS" class="mw-redirect" title="SS">SS</a> broke into his apartment, but he escaped by jumping from his <a href="/wiki/Balcony" title="Balcony">balcony</a> and hiding in a trash bin. He fled Germany by walking over the <a href="/wiki/Sudeten_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Sudeten Mountains">Sudeten Mountains</a> to <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a>. He eventually rose to number five on the <a href="/wiki/Gestapo" title="Gestapo">Gestapo</a>'s most-wanted list.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1934, he combined four bloody axes tied together to form a swastika to mock the "Blood and Iron" motto of the Reich (<i>AIZ</i>, Prague, 8 March 1934).<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1938, given the imminent <a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Czechoslovakia" class="mw-redirect" title="German occupation of Czechoslovakia">German occupation of Czechoslovakia</a>, he was forced once again to flee from the Nazis. Relocating to England, he was interned as an enemy alien, and his health began to deteriorate. Afterward, he lived in <a href="/wiki/Hampstead" title="Hampstead">Hampstead</a>, London. His brother Wieland was refused a British residency permit in 1939 and instead left for the United States with his family. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Postwar_period">Postwar period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Heartfield&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Postwar period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the aftermath of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, Heartfield was denied his written applications to remain in England for "his work and his health", and was convinced in 1950 to join Wieland, who had been living in <a href="/wiki/East_Berlin" title="East Berlin">East Berlin</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a>. Heartfield moved into an apartment next to his brother's, at 129A Friedrichstrasse. However, his return to Berlin was seen with suspicion by the East German government due to his 11-year stay in England and the fact his dentist was under suspicion by the <a href="/wiki/Stasi" title="Stasi">Stasi</a>. He was interrogated<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and released having narrowly avoided a trial for <a href="/wiki/Treason" title="Treason">treason</a>, but was denied admission into the East German Akademie der Künste (Academy of the Arts). He was forbidden to work as an artist and was denied health benefits. </p><p>Due to the intervention of <a href="/wiki/Bertolt_Brecht" title="Bertolt Brecht">Bertolt Brecht</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stefan_Heym" title="Stefan Heym">Stefan Heym</a>, Heartfield was formally admitted to the Academy of the Arts in 1956. Although he subsequently produced some montages warning of the threat of nuclear war, he was never again as prolific as in his youth. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/East_Berlin" title="East Berlin">East Berlin</a>, Heartfield worked closely with theatre directors such as <a href="/wiki/Benno_Besson" title="Benno Besson">Benno Besson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Langhoff" title="Wolfgang Langhoff">Wolfgang Langhoff</a> at <a href="/wiki/Berliner_Ensemble" title="Berliner Ensemble">Berliner Ensemble</a> and <a href="/wiki/Deutsches_Theater_(Berlin)" title="Deutsches Theater (Berlin)">Deutsches Theater</a>. He created innovative stage set designs for Bertolt Brecht and David Berg. Using Heartfield's minimal props and stark stages, Brecht interrupted his plays at key junctures to have the audience be part of the action and not lose themselves in it. </p><p>In 1967, he visited Britain and began preparing a retrospective exhibition of his work, which was subsequently completed by his widow Gertrud and the <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Arts,_Berlin" title="Academy of Arts, Berlin">Berlin Academy of Arts</a>, and shown at the ICA in London in 1969. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Heartfield&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>He is best known for the 240 political art photomontages<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he created from 1930 to 1938, mainly criticising fascism and <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a>. His photomontages satirising <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> and the Nazis often subverted <a href="/wiki/Nazi_symbolism" title="Nazi symbolism">Nazi symbols</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Swastika" title="Swastika">swastika</a> in order to undermine their propaganda message. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Selection_of_notable_works">Selection of notable works</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Heartfield&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Selection of notable works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adolf,_the_Superman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adolf, the Superman (page does not exist)">Adolf, the Superman</a></i> (published in the <i><a href="/wiki/Arbeiter-Illustrierte-Zeitung" title="Arbeiter-Illustrierte-Zeitung">Arbeiter-Illustrierte-Zeitung</a></i> [<i>AIZ</i>, "Workers' Illustrated Newspaper"], Berlin, 17 July 1932),<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> used a montaged X-ray to expose gold coins in <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Esophagus" title="Esophagus">esophagus</a> leading to a pile in his stomach as he rants against the fatherland's enemies.</li> <li>In <i>Göring: The Executioner of the Third Reich</i> (<i>AIZ</i>, Prague, 14 September 1933), <a href="/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6ring" title="Hermann Göring">Hermann Göring</a> is depicted as a butcher.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>The Meaning of Geneva, Where Capital Lives, There Can Be No Peace</i> (<i>AIZ</i>, Berlin, 27 November 1932),<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> shows the <a href="/wiki/Peace_dove" class="mw-redirect" title="Peace dove">peace dove</a> impaled on a blood-soaked bayonet in front of the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a>, where the <a href="/wiki/Cross" title="Cross">cross</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Switzerland" title="Flag of Switzerland">Swiss flag</a> is changed into a <a href="/wiki/Swastika" title="Swastika">swastika</a>.</li> <li><i>Hurrah, die Butter ist Alle!</i> (<i>Hurray, There's No Butter Left!</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was published on the front page of the <i>AIZ</i> in 1935. A <a href="/wiki/Pastiche" title="Pastiche">pastiche</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Aesthetics" title="Aesthetics">aesthetics</a> of propaganda, the photomontage shows a German family at a dinner table eating a bicycle, with a portrait of Hitler hanging on the wall; the wallpaper is emblazoned with swastikas. A baby gnaws on an executioner's axe, also emblazoned with a swastika, and a dog licks an oversized nut and bolt. The title is written in large letters, in addition to a quote uttered by <a href="/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6ring" title="Hermann Göring">Hermann Göring</a> during a food shortage. Translated, the quote reads: "Hooray, the butter is all gone!". Göring once said in an address delivered in <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a>: "Iron ore has made the Reich strong. Butter and drippings have, at most, made the people fat".<sup id="cite_ref-hearfield_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hearfield-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death_and_legacy">Death and legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Heartfield&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Death and legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grab_von_John_Heartfield.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Grab_von_John_Heartfield.jpg/220px-Grab_von_John_Heartfield.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Grab_von_John_Heartfield.jpg/330px-Grab_von_John_Heartfield.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2d/Grab_von_John_Heartfield.jpg 2x" data-file-width="409" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption>Grave of John Heartfield in Berlin</figcaption></figure> <p>Following a lifelong history of illness, Heartfield died on 26 April 1968 in East Berlin, <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a>. He was buried in the <a href="/wiki/Dorotheenstadt_Cemetery" title="Dorotheenstadt Cemetery">Dorotheenstadt Cemetery</a>, adjacent to Brecht's former home. </p><p>After his <a href="/wiki/Widow" title="Widow">widow</a> Gertrud Heartfield's death, the East German Academy of the Arts took possession of all of Heartfield's surviving works. When the West German <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Arts,_Berlin" title="Academy of Arts, Berlin">Academy of Arts</a> absorbed the East German Academy, the Heartfield Archive was transferred with it. </p><p>From November to December, 1974 the Ministry of Culture and the Academy of Arts of the Democratic Republic of Germany (East Germany) hosted an exhibition of John Heartfield photomontages at the Museum of Modern Art in Paris.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 15 April to 6 July 1993, the New York City <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Modern_Art" title="Museum of Modern Art">Museum of Modern Art</a> hosted an exhibition of Heartfield's original montages.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2005, the British <a href="/wiki/Tate_Gallery" class="mw-redirect" title="Tate Gallery">Tate Gallery</a> held an exhibition of his photomontage pieces.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The <a href="/wiki/Museum_Ludwig" title="Museum Ludwig">Museum Ludwig</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a> held a retrospective exhibition of <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Kjeldgaard" title="Jacob Kjeldgaard">Marinus</a> and Heartfield in 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2023, an animated documentary about Heartfield was released, directed by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Katrin_Rothe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Katrin Rothe (page does not exist)">Katrin Rothe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Heartfield&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Hurray, There's No Butter Left!</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was an inspiration for the song "Metal Postcard" by <a href="/wiki/Siouxsie_and_the_Banshees" title="Siouxsie and the Banshees">Siouxsie and the Banshees</a>. This song was re-recorded in German as "<a href="/wiki/Mittageisen" title="Mittageisen">Mittageisen</a>" and released as a single in September 1979 in Germany with Heartfield's work as the cover art. A few months later the single was also released in the UK. The Swiss <a href="/wiki/Dark_Wave" class="mw-redirect" title="Dark Wave">darkwave</a> band <a href="/wiki/Mittageisen_(band)" title="Mittageisen (band)">Mittageisen</a> (1981–1986) is named after this song's title. </p><p>Hurray, There's No Butter Left, was the text on the bottom of a photo of a German family, which can be found in a political comic posted into a banned communist magazine, in 1935. </p><p>Slovenian and <a href="/wiki/SFR_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="SFR Yugoslavia">former Yugoslav</a> <a href="/wiki/Avant-garde_music" title="Avant-garde music">avant-garde music</a> group <a href="/wiki/Laibach_(band)" class="mw-redirect" title="Laibach (band)">Laibach</a> has a number of references to Heartfield's works: the original band's logo, the 'black cross', references Heartfield's art <i>Der alte Wahlspruch im "neuen" Reich: Blut und Eisen</i> (1934), a cross made of four axes, as can be seen on the inner sleeves and labels of their 1987 album <a href="/wiki/Opus_Dei_(album)" title="Opus Dei (album)">Opus Dei</a>. The cover art of their self-titled debut album <a href="/wiki/Laibach_(album)" title="Laibach (album)">Laibach</a> (Ropot, 1985, Ljubljana), also references Heartfield's <i> Wie im Mittelalter… so im Dritten Reich</i> (1934). A track called <i>Raus! (Herzfelde)</i>, originally on <a href="/wiki/Slovenska_Akropola" class="mw-redirect" title="Slovenska Akropola">Slovenska Akropola</a>, but also included in <a href="/wiki/Baptism_(Laibach_album)" title="Baptism (Laibach album)">Krst pod Triglavom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Opus_Dei_(album)" title="Opus Dei (album)">Opus Dei</a> as <i>Herzfeld (Heartfield)</i>, is about Heartfield. </p><p>British <a href="/wiki/Hardcore_punk" title="Hardcore punk">hardcore punk</a> band <a href="/wiki/Discharge_(band)" title="Discharge (band)">Discharge</a> used Heartfield's work "Peace and Fascism" for the cover artwork of their 7-inch EP <a href="/wiki/Never_Again_(Discharge_EP)" title="Never Again (Discharge EP)">Never Again</a>, 1981. </p><p>English <a href="/wiki/Post-punk" title="Post-punk">post-punk</a> band <a href="/wiki/Blurt" title="Blurt">Blurt</a> recorded a song called "Hurray, the Butter is All Gone!" on their 1986 album <a href="/w/index.php?title=Poppycock_(album)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poppycock (album) (page does not exist)">Poppycock</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Americans" title="Armenian Americans">Armenian-American</a> <a href="/wiki/Alternative_metal" title="Alternative metal">alternative metal</a> band <a href="/wiki/System_of_a_Down_(band)" class="mw-redirect" title="System of a Down (band)">System of a Down</a> used Heartfield's poster for the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Germany" title="Communist Party of Germany">Communist Party of Germany</a> (<i>The Hand Has Five Fingers</i>) as <a href="/wiki/Cover_art" title="Cover art">cover art</a> on their 1998 <a href="/wiki/System_of_a_Down_(album)" title="System of a Down (album)">self-titled debut album</a>. </p><p>German experimental group <a href="/wiki/Einst%C3%BCrzende_Neubauten" title="Einstürzende Neubauten">Einstürzende Neubauten</a> reference Heartfield and his brother <a href="/wiki/Wieland_Herzfelde" title="Wieland Herzfelde">Wieland Herzfelde</a>, as well as other Dadaist and Futurist artists such as <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Schwitters" title="Kurt Schwitters">Kurt Schwitters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hannah_H%C3%B6ch" title="Hannah Höch">Hannah Höch</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Grosz" title="George Grosz">George Grosz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Filippo_Tommaso_Marinetti" title="Filippo Tommaso Marinetti">Filippo Tommaso Marinetti</a> in the track "Let's Do It a Dada" from their 2007 album <i><a href="/wiki/Alles_wieder_offen" title="Alles wieder offen">Alles wieder offen</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Heartfield&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The English translation of the interrogation appears in the <a href="/wiki/David_King_(designer)" class="mw-redirect" title="David King (designer)">David King</a> book: John Heartfield, Laughter Is A Devastating Weapon.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Heartfield&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPachnickeHonnef1991" class="citation book cs1">Pachnicke, Peter; Honnef, Klaus, eds. (1991). "Biographical Chronology". <i>John Heartfield</i>. New York: Harry N. Abrams Inc.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Biographical+Chronology&rft.btitle=John+Heartfield&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harry+N.+Abrams+Inc.&rft.date=1991&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Heartfield" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sartle.com/artist/john-heartfield#:~:text=His%20family%20had%20to%20flee,abandoned%20in%20a%20mountain%20hut">Heartfield biodata</a>, sartle.com. Accessed 16 December 2022.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AMZ-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AMZ_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AMZ_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AMZ_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZervigon2012" class="citation book cs1">Zervigon, Andres Mario (2012). <i>John Heartfield and the Agitated Image: Photography, Persuasion, and the Rise of Avant-Garde Photomontage</i>. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226981772" title="Special:BookSources/9780226981772"><bdi>9780226981772</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+Heartfield+and+the+Agitated+Image%3A+Photography%2C+Persuasion%2C+and+the+Rise+of+Avant-Garde+Photomontage&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780226981772&rft.aulast=Zervigon&rft.aufirst=Andres+Mario&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Heartfield" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Heartfield in Context" by <a href="/wiki/Maud_Lavin" title="Maud Lavin">Maud Lavin</a>, February 1985</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.johnheartfield.com/John-Heartfield-Exhibition/heartfield-books-articles/david-king-book-heartfield">"Heartfield's Escape From Nazi Germany"</a>. <i>John Heartfield Exhibition</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=John+Heartfield+Exhibition&rft.atitle=Heartfield%27s+Escape+From+Nazi+Germany&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.johnheartfield.com%2FJohn-Heartfield-Exhibition%2Fheartfield-books-articles%2Fdavid-king-book-heartfield&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Heartfield" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged June 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160306055520/http://www.johnheartfield.com/John-Heartfield-Exhibition/john-heartfield-art/political-art-posters/heartfield-posters-aiz/blood-and-iron">"John Heartfield Art Poster Blood and Iron"</a>. <i>John Heartfield Exhibition</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.johnheartfield.com/John-Heartfield-Exhibition/john-heartfield-art/political-art-posters/heartfield-posters-aiz/blood-and-iron">the original</a> on 6 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=John+Heartfield+Exhibition&rft.atitle=John+Heartfield+Art+Poster+Blood+and+Iron&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.johnheartfield.com%2FJohn-Heartfield-Exhibition%2Fjohn-heartfield-art%2Fpolitical-art-posters%2Fheartfield-posters-aiz%2Fblood-and-iron&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Heartfield" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.johnheartfield.com/John-Heartfield-Exhibition/about-john-heartfield-photomontages/tate-modern-london">The David King Exhibit on John Heartfield Exhibition</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.johnheartfield.com/John-Heartfield-Exhibition/john-heartfield-art">"JOHN HEARTFIELD ANTI-FASCIST PHOTOMONTAGE ART"</a>. <i>John Heartfield Exhibition</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=John+Heartfield+Exhibition&rft.atitle=JOHN+HEARTFIELD+ANTI-FASCIST+PHOTOMONTAGE+ART&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.johnheartfield.com%2FJohn-Heartfield-Exhibition%2Fjohn-heartfield-art&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Heartfield" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180221161455/https://www.johnheartfield.com/John-Heartfield-Exhibition/john-heartfield-art/famous-anti-fascist-art/heartfield-posters-aiz/heartfield-aiz-hitler">"John Heartfield Posters – Political and Dada Art"</a>. <i>John Heartfield Exhibition</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.johnheartfield.com/John-Heartfield-Exhibition/john-heartfield-art/political-art-posters/heartfield-posters-aiz/heartfield-aiz-hitler">the original</a> on 21 February 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=John+Heartfield+Exhibition&rft.atitle=John+Heartfield+Posters+%E2%80%93+Political+and+Dada+Art&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.johnheartfield.com%2FJohn-Heartfield-Exhibition%2Fjohn-heartfield-art%2Fpolitical-art-posters%2Fheartfield-posters-aiz%2Fheartfield-aiz-hitler&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Heartfield" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150919004432/http://www.johnheartfield.com:80/John-Heartfield-Exhibition/john-heartfield-art/political-art-posters/heartfield-posters-aiz/goering-the-executioner">"John Heartfield Art Poster Hermann Goering for AIZ Magazine"</a>. <i>John Heartfield Exhibition</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.johnheartfield.com/John-Heartfield-Exhibition/john-heartfield-art/political-art-posters/heartfield-posters-aiz/goering-the-executioner">the original</a> on 19 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=John+Heartfield+Exhibition&rft.atitle=John+Heartfield+Art+Poster+Hermann+Goering+for+AIZ+Magazine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.johnheartfield.com%2FJohn-Heartfield-Exhibition%2Fjohn-heartfield-art%2Fpolitical-art-posters%2Fheartfield-posters-aiz%2Fgoering-the-executioner&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Heartfield" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170109113732/http://www.johnheartfield.com/John-Heartfield-Exhibition/john-heartfield-art/political-posters-sale/heartfield-poster-dove-bayonet">"Heartfield poster Never Again or Niemals Wieder"</a>. <i>John Heartfield Exhibition</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.johnheartfield.com/John-Heartfield-Exhibition/john-heartfield-art/political-posters-sale/heartfield-poster-dove-bayonet">the original</a> on 9 January 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=John+Heartfield+Exhibition&rft.atitle=Heartfield+poster+Never+Again+or+Niemals+Wieder&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.johnheartfield.com%2FJohn-Heartfield-Exhibition%2Fjohn-heartfield-art%2Fpolitical-posters-sale%2Fheartfield-poster-dove-bayonet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Heartfield" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://johnheartfield.com/_HEXDVP/john-heartfield-art/famous-anti-fascist-art/heartfield-posters-aiz/butter-is-all">"Hurrah, There's No Butter Left!"</a>. <i>John Heartfield Exhibition</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200728141233/https://johnheartfield.com/_HEXDVP/john-heartfield-art/famous-anti-fascist-art/heartfield-posters-aiz/butter-is-all">Archived</a> from the original on 28 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=John+Heartfield+Exhibition&rft.atitle=Hurrah%2C+There%27s+No+Butter+Left%21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjohnheartfield.com%2F_HEXDVP%2Fjohn-heartfield-art%2Ffamous-anti-fascist-art%2Fheartfield-posters-aiz%2Fbutter-is-all&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Heartfield" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hearfield-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hearfield_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnes2001" class="citation book cs1">Barnes, Rachel (2001). <i>The 20th-Century art book</i> (Reprinted. ed.). London: Phaidon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0714835420" title="Special:BookSources/0714835420"><bdi>0714835420</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+20th-Century+art+book&rft.place=London&rft.edition=Reprinted.&rft.pub=Phaidon+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0714835420&rft.aulast=Barnes&rft.aufirst=Rachel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Heartfield" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> (John Heartfield catalogue from the Musee d'Art Moderne de la Ville de Paris)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKimmelman1993" class="citation news cs1">Kimmelman, Michael (16 April 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1993/04/16/arts/review-art-hated-the-nazis-loved-the-soviets-created-images-to-mock-and-admire.html">"Review/Art; Hated the Nazis, Loved the Soviets, Created Images to Mock and Admire"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Review%2FArt%3B+Hated+the+Nazis%2C+Loved+the+Soviets%2C+Created+Images+to+Mock+and+Admire&rft.date=1993-04-16&rft.aulast=Kimmelman&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1993%2F04%2F16%2Farts%2Freview-art-hated-the-nazis-loved-the-soviets-created-images-to-mock-and-admire.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Heartfield" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210721193808/https://kunstaspekte.art/event/hitler-blind-und-stalin-lahm-marinus-und-2008-08">"Hitler blind und Stalin lahm. Marinus und Heartfield"</a>. <i>Kunstaspekte</i> (in German). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kunstaspekte.art/event/hitler-blind-und-stalin-lahm-marinus-und-2008-08">the original</a> on 21 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kunstaspekte&rft.atitle=Hitler+blind+und+Stalin+lahm.+Marinus+und+Heartfield&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkunstaspekte.art%2Fevent%2Fhitler-blind-und-stalin-lahm-marinus-und-2008-08&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Heartfield" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.netzeitung.de/kultur/1119217.html">"NETZEITUNG | KULTUR NACHRICHTEN: "Marinus" – ein Fotomonteur gegen Hitle"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Netzeitung</i> (in German). 23 November 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081123031556/http://www.netzeitung.de/kultur/1119217.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 November 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Netzeitung&rft.atitle=NETZEITUNG+%7C+KULTUR+NACHRICHTEN%3A+%22Marinus%22+%E2%80%93+ein+Fotomonteur+gegen+Hitle%22&rft.date=2008-11-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.netzeitung.de%2Fkultur%2F1119217.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Heartfield" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt15807040/">"Johnny & Me"</a>. imdb.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Johnny+%26amp%3B+Me&rft.pub=imdb&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2Ftitle%2Ftt15807040%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Heartfield" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://johnheartfield.com/_HEXDVP/john-heartfield-art/famous-anti-fascist-art/heartfield-posters-aiz/butter-is-all">"Poster on the Official John Heartfield Exhibition"</a>. <i>The John Heartfield Exhibition</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+John+Heartfield+Exhibition&rft.atitle=Poster+on+the+Official+John+Heartfield+Exhibition&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjohnheartfield.com%2F_HEXDVP%2Fjohn-heartfield-art%2Ffamous-anti-fascist-art%2Fheartfield-posters-aiz%2Fbutter-is-all&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Heartfield" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Brigstocke, H. (2001). <i>The Oxford companion to Western art</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-866203-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-866203-3">0-19-866203-3</a></li> <li>"John Heartfield: AIZ/VI 1930–1938". New York: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kent_Gallery&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kent Gallery (page does not exist)">Kent Gallery</a> (1992). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-878607-28-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-878607-28-6">1-878607-28-6</a></li> <li>Willett, John (1997). <i>Heartfield versus Hitler</i>. Hazan (Fernand) Editions, France. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-85025-536-X" title="Special:BookSources/2-85025-536-X">2-85025-536-X</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Heartfield&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hanne_Bergius" title="Hanne Bergius">Bergius, Hanne</a> (1989). <i>Das Lachen Dadas. Die Berliner Dadaisten und ihre Aktionen</i>. Gießen: Anabas-Verlag. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8703-8141-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8703-8141-7">978-3-8703-8141-7</a>.</li> <li>Bergius, H. (2000). <i>Montage und Metamechanik. Dada Berlin - Ästhetik von Polaritäten</i> (mit Rekonstruktion der Ersten Internationalen Dada-Messe und Dada-Chronologie) Berlin: Gebr. Mann Verlag. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-786115-25-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-786115-25-0">978-3-786115-25-0</a>.</li> <li>Bergius, H. (2003). <i>Dada Triumphs! Dada Berlin, 1917–1923. Artistry of Polarities. Montages – Metamechanics – Manifestations.</i> Translated by Brigitte Pichon. Vol. V. of the ten editions of <i>Crisis and the Arts. The History of Dada</i>, ed. by Stephen Foster, New Haven, Conn. u. a., Thomson/ Gale. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-816173-55-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-816173-55-6">978-0-816173-55-6</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChiquet2018" class="citation book cs1">Chiquet, Vera (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/"><i>Fake Fotos. John Heartfields Fotomontagen in populaeren Illustrierten</i></a>. Bielefeld: transcript Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8376-4144-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8376-4144-8"><bdi>978-3-8376-4144-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fake+Fotos.+John+Heartfields+Fotomontagen+in+populaeren+Illustrierten&rft.place=Bielefeld&rft.pub=transcript+Verlag&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-3-8376-4144-8&rft.aulast=Chiquet&rft.aufirst=Vera&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Heartfield" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZervigón2012" class="citation book cs1">Zervigón, Andrés Mario (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RI0CywAACAAJ&q=John+Heartfield+and+the+Agitated+Image"><i>John Heartfield and the Agitated Image: Photography, Persuasion, and the Rise of Avant-Garde Photomontage</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-98177-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-98177-2"><bdi>978-0-226-98177-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+Heartfield+and+the+Agitated+Image%3A+Photography%2C+Persuasion%2C+and+the+Rise+of+Avant-Garde+Photomontage&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-226-98177-2&rft.aulast=Zervig%C3%B3n&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A9s+Mario&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRI0CywAACAAJ%26q%3DJohn%2BHeartfield%2Band%2Bthe%2BAgitated%2BImage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Heartfield" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Heartfield&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:John_Heartfield" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:John Heartfield">John Heartfield</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/n79139067">John Heartfield</a> at <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>, with 48 library catalogue records</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.johnheartfield.com/John-Heartfield-Exhibition">Official John Heartfield Exhibition</a> Grandson of John Heartfield shares art and his personal collection on: The Official Political Artist John Heartfield Exhibition & Archive</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100722143322/http://www.towson.edu/heartfield/artarchive.html">Towson University</a> Heartfield's Online Art</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fostinum.org/john-heartfield.html">Fostinum: John Heartfield – Numerous pieces by John Heartfield</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.heartfield.adk.de">Heartfield Online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210505094604/https://heartfield.adk.de/">Archived</a> 5 May 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Catalogue of Works by John Heartfield at the Archives of the <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Arts,_Berlin" title="Academy of Arts, Berlin">Academy of Arts, Berlin</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.johnheartfield.de/kosmos-heartfield#239687">Kosmos Heartfield</a> Virtual exhibition</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Dada" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Dada"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Dada" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Dada" title="Dada">Dada</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/New_York_Dada" title="New York Dada">New York Dada</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Duchamp" title="Marcel Duchamp">Marcel Duchamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Picabia" title="Francis Picabia">Francis Picabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man_Ray" title="Man Ray">Man Ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beatrice_Wood" title="Beatrice Wood">Beatrice Wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Var%C3%A8se" title="Louise Varèse">Louise Norton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elsa_von_Freytag-Loringhoven" title="Elsa von Freytag-Loringhoven">Elsa von Freytag-Loringhoven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juliette_Roche" title="Juliette Roche">Juliette Roche Gleizes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Crotti" title="Jean Crotti">Jean Crotti</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Theo_van_Doesburg_Dadamatin%C3%A9e.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Theo_van_Doesburg_Dadamatin%C3%A9e.jpg/100px-Theo_van_Doesburg_Dadamatin%C3%A9e.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Theo_van_Doesburg_Dadamatin%C3%A9e.jpg/150px-Theo_van_Doesburg_Dadamatin%C3%A9e.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Theo_van_Doesburg_Dadamatin%C3%A9e.jpg/200px-Theo_van_Doesburg_Dadamatin%C3%A9e.jpg 2x" data-file-width="727" data-file-height="525" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">European Dada</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dragan_Aleksi%C4%87" title="Dragan Aleksić">Dragan Aleksić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Aragon" title="Louis Aragon">Louis Aragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Arp" title="Jean Arp">Jean Arp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Baader" title="Johannes Baader">Johannes Baader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Bailly" title="Alice Bailly">Alice Bailly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ball" title="Hugo Ball">Hugo Ball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Breton" title="André Breton">André Breton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabri%C3%A8le_Buffet-Picabia" title="Gabrièle Buffet-Picabia">Gabrièle Buffet-Picabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serge_Charchoune" title="Serge Charchoune">Serge Charchoune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Cravan" title="Arthur Cravan">Arthur Cravan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Crotti" title="Jean Crotti">Jean Crotti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Dix" title="Otto Dix">Otto Dix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theo_van_Doesburg" title="Theo van Doesburg">Theo van Doesburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Duchamp" title="Marcel Duchamp">Marcel Duchamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzanne_Duchamp" title="Suzanne Duchamp">Suzanne Duchamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_%C3%89luard" title="Paul Éluard">Paul Éluard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Ernst" title="Max Ernst">Max Ernst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Evola" title="Julius Evola">Julius Evola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Grosz" title="George Grosz">George Grosz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raoul_Hausmann" title="Raoul Hausmann">Raoul Hausmann</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">John Heartfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmy_Hennings" title="Emmy Hennings">Emmy Hennings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_H%C3%B6ch" title="Hannah Höch">Hannah Höch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Huelsenbeck" title="Richard Huelsenbeck">Richard Huelsenbeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilya_Zdanevich" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilya Zdanevich">Iliazd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Janco" title="Marcel Janco">Marcel Janco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elsa_von_Freytag-Loringhoven" title="Elsa von Freytag-Loringhoven">Elsa von Freytag-Loringhoven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cl%C3%A9ment_Pansaers" title="Clément Pansaers">Clément Pansaers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Picabia" title="Francis Picabia">Francis Picabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man_Ray" title="Man Ray">Man Ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Ribemont-Dessaignes" title="Georges Ribemont-Dessaignes">Georges Ribemont-Dessaignes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Rigaut" title="Jacques Rigaut">Jacques Rigaut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri-Pierre_Roch%C3%A9" title="Henri-Pierre Roché">Henri-Pierre Roché</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Schwitters" title="Kurt Schwitters">Kurt Schwitters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Serner" title="Walter Serner">Walter Serner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Soupault" title="Philippe Soupault">Philippe Soupault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophie_Taeuber-Arp" title="Sophie Taeuber-Arp">Sophie Taeuber-Arp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julien_Torma" title="Julien Torma">Julien Torma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tristan_Tzara" title="Tristan Tzara">Tristan Tzara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Vach%C3%A9" title="Jacques Vaché">Jacques Vaché</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bicycle_Wheel" title="Bicycle Wheel">Bicycle Wheel</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bottle_Rack" title="Bottle Rack">Bottle Rack</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fountain_(Duchamp)" title="Fountain (Duchamp)">Fountain</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dada-Review" title="Dada-Review">Dada-Review</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prelude_to_a_Broken_Arm" class="mw-redirect" title="Prelude to a Broken Arm">Prelude to a Broken Arm</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Why_Not_Sneeze,_Rose_S%C3%A9lavy%3F" title="Why Not Sneeze, Rose Sélavy?">Why Not Sneeze, Rose Sélavy?</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/L.H.O.O.Q." title="L.H.O.O.Q.">L.H.O.O.Q.</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tulip_Hysteria_Co-ordinating" title="Tulip Hysteria Co-ordinating">Tulip Hysteria Co-ordinating</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rrose_S%C3%A9lavy" class="mw-redirect" title="Rrose Sélavy">Rrose Sélavy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Readymades_of_Marcel_Duchamp" title="Readymades of Marcel Duchamp">Readymades of Marcel Duchamp</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Gas_Heart" title="The Gas Heart">The Gas Heart</a></i> (1921 play)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Handkerchief_of_Clouds" title="Handkerchief of Clouds">Handkerchief of Clouds</a></i> (1924 play)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Publications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dada_Manifesto" title="Dada Manifesto">Dada Manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/291_(magazine)" title="291 (magazine)"><i>291</i> (magazine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/391_(magazine)" title="391 (magazine)"><i>391</i> (magazine)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Blind_Man" title="The Blind Man">The Blind Man</a></i> (magazine)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dadaglobe" title="Dadaglobe">Dadaglobe</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Influences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Jarry" title="Alfred Jarry">Alfred Jarry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incoherents" title="Incoherents">Incoherents</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Bataille" class="extiw" title="fr:Eugène Bataille">Eugène Bataille</a> (aka Sapeck)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parade_(ballet)" title="Parade (ballet)"><i>Parade</i> (ballet)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Influenced</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conceptual_art" title="Conceptual art">Conceptual art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrealism" title="Surrealism">Surrealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nouveau_r%C3%A9alisme" title="Nouveau réalisme">Nouveau réalisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pop_art" title="Pop art">Pop art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluxus" title="Fluxus">Fluxus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monochrome_painting" title="Monochrome painting">Monochrome painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downtown_music" title="Downtown music">Downtown music</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Stieglitz" title="Alfred Stieglitz">Alfred Stieglitz</a> (photographer, art promoter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Conrad_Arensberg" title="Walter Conrad Arensberg">Walter Conrad Arensberg</a> (art collector)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/291_(art_gallery)" title="291 (art gallery)">291 (art gallery)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galeries_Dalmau" title="Galeries Dalmau">Galeries Dalmau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Found_object" title="Found object">Found object</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-art" title="Anti-art">Anti-art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_the_arts" title="Anarchism and the arts">Anarchism and the arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-anti-art" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-anti-art">Anti-anti-art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-poetry" title="Anti-poetry">Anti-poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appropriation_(art)" title="Appropriation (art)">Appropriation (art)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_intervention" title="Art intervention">Art intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabaret_Voltaire_(Z%C3%BCrich)" title="Cabaret Voltaire (Zürich)">Cabaret Voltaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_music" title="Noise music">Noise music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89pater_la_bourgeoisie" title="Épater la bourgeoisie">Épater la bourgeoisie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shock_art" title="Shock art">Shock art</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Beatrice_Wood:_Mama_of_Dada" title="Beatrice Wood: Mama of Dada">Beatrice Wood: Mama of Dada</a></i> (1993 documentary)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Man_and_Boy:_Dada" title="Man and Boy: Dada">Man and Boy: Dada</a></i> (2006 opera)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q168671#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q168671#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q168671#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118547437">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79139067">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11907082q">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11907082q">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00442820">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Heartfield, John"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/RAVV060432">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35182980">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20000700683&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1302321">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p069176655">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90192478">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000226364&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000784543&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/jgvz4hw25v8l69x">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810599924605606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007277131705171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00395962?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500018521">ULAN</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/36746">RKD Artists</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.moma.org/artists/8233">Museum of Modern Art</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pic.nypl.org/constituents/4962">Photographers' Identities</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.adk.de/de/akademie/mitglieder/?we_objectID=52225">ADK</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gallery.ca/collection/artist/john-heartfield">National Gallery of Canada</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/855361">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118547437.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118547437">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/026917017">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w632116x">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Heartfield&oldid=1258984572">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Heartfield&oldid=1258984572</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a 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