Croatian-italian relations in Zadar at the time of the collapse of Austro-Hungarian Monarchy and Italian occupation (1918

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="hr"> <head> <meta charset="utf-8" /> <title>Croatian-italian relations in Zadar at the time of the collapse of Austro-Hungarian Monarchy and Italian occupation (1918–1920)</title> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"> <meta name="description" content="Starting from the hypothesis arguing the Italian character of Zadar as the sole municipality in Dalmatia that had during the process of national integrations stayed under the authority of Italian Party, the paper primarily analyses the national struc..." /> <meta name="keywords" content="Croats; Italians; conflicts; Zadar; Austro-Hungarian Monarchy; 1918; Italian occupation." />  <meta name="citation_title" content="Croatian-italian relations in Zadar at the time of the collapse of Austro-Hungarian Monarchy and Italian occupation (1918–1920)"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Gverić, Ante"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Državni arhiv u Zadru, Zadar, Hrvatska"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="The State Archives in Zadar, Zadar, Croatia"/> <meta name="citation_publication_date" content="2017/12/20"/> <meta name="citation_publisher" content="Hrvatska akademija znanosti i umjetnosti"/> <meta name="citation_journal_title" content="Radovi Zavoda za povijesne znanosti HAZU u Zadru"/> <meta name="citation_issn" content="1330-0474"/> <meta name="citation_issn" content="1848-8943"/> <meta name="citation_issue" content="59"/> <meta name="citation_doi" content="10.21857/y54jofp8gm"/> <meta name="citation_pdf_url" content="https://hrcak.srce.hr/file/281881"/> <meta name="citation_language" content="hr"/> <meta name="citation_firstpage" content="437"/> <meta name="citation_lastpage" content="466"/> <meta name="citation_keywords" content="Croats; Italians; conflicts; Zadar; Austro-Hungarian Monarchy; 1918; Italian occupation."/> <meta content="Srce" name="author" /> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge" />  <link rel="shortcut icon" href="/javno/assets/images/favicon.ico">  <link href="/javno/assets/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" /> <link href="/javno/assets/css/icons.min.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" /> <link href="/javno/assets/css/app.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />  <link href="/javno/assets/libs/jats/transform/hrcak/hrcak.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" /> <link href="/javno/assets/css/custom_selec2_css.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" /> </head> <body data-layout="topnav"> <a class="skip-main text-white" href="#skipToMain" aria-label="skoči na glavni sadržaj"> Skoči na glavni sadržaj </a> <div class="wrapper"> <div class="navbar navbar-expand flex-column flex-md-row navbar-custom"> <div class="container-fluid">  <a href="https://hrcak.srce.hr/" class="navbar-brand mr-0 mr-md-2 logo"> <span class="logo-lg"> <img src="/javno/assets/images/hrcak-logo.png" alt="" height="34" /> </span> <span class="logo-sm"> <img src="/javno/assets/images/hrcak-logo.png" alt="" height="24"> </span> </a> <ul class="navbar-nav bd-navbar-nav flex-row list-unstyled menu-left mb-0"> <li class=""> <button class="button-menu-mobile open-left disable-btn"> <i data-feather="menu" class="menu-icon"></i> <i data-feather="x" class="close-icon"></i> </button> </li> </ul> <ul class="navbar-nav flex-row ml-auto d-flex list-unstyled topnav-menu float-right mb-0">  <li> <div class="app-search"> <form action="/pretraga" title="Pretraži"> <div class="input-group"> <input type="text" aria-label="Unesite pojam za pretragu..." class="form-control searchInput" name="q" placeholder="Unesite pojam za pretragu..."> <div class="input-group-append"> <button class="btn btn-primary" aria-label="Pretraži" type="submit" value="submit"> <i data-feather="search" class="serachIkona"></i></button> </div> </div> </form> </div> </li> <li> <div class="app-search"> <div class="input-group"> <a rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://hrcak.srce.hr/en/clanak/315214" class="mr-0 mt-1 btn btn-primary btn-sm ">english</a> </div> </div> </li> <li class="dropdown notification-list align-self-center profile-dropdown"> <a class="nav-link dropdown-toggle nav-user mr-0" data-toggle="dropdown" href="#" role="button" aria-haspopup="false" aria-expanded="false"> <div class="media user-profile "> <div class="media-body text-left"> <h6 class="pro-user-name ml-2 my-0"> <i data-feather="user" class="icon-dual icon-xs mr-2"></i> <span>Prijava i registracija</span> </h6> </div> <span data-feather="chevron-down" class="ml-2 align-self-center"></span> </div> </a> <div class="dropdown-menu profile-dropdown-items dropdown-menu-right"> <a href="/login" class="dropdown-item notify-item"> <i data-feather="user" class="icon-dual icon-xs mr-2"></i> <span>Prijava</span> </a> <a href="/korisnik/nova_autentikacija" class="dropdown-item notify-item"> <i data-feather="help-circle" class="icon-dual icon-xs mr-2"></i> <span>Promjena načina <br>autentikacije</span> </a> <a href="/novi_korisnik" class="dropdown-item notify-item"> <i data-feather="settings" class="icon-dual icon-xs mr-2"></i> <span>Registracija</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="d-none d-sm-block"> <div class="app-search"> <div class="input-group"> <a href="https://www.srce.unizg.hr" target="_blank"><img src="/javno/assets/images/srcelogo.gif" class="mr-0" alt="srce logo" height="34"></a> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="topnav shadow-sm"> <div class="container-fluid"> <nav class="navbar navbar-light navbar-expand-lg topbar-nav"> <div class="collapse navbar-collapse" id="topnav-menu-content"> <ul class="metismenu" id="menu-bar"> <li class="menu-title">Navigation</li> <li> <a href="/"> <span class="badge badge-success float-right">1</span> <span>Početna</span> </a> </li> <li class="menu-title">O Hrčku</li> <li> <a href="javascript: void(0);"> <span> O Hrčku </span> <span class="menu-arrow"></span> </a> <ul class="nav-second-level" aria-expanded="false"> <li> <a href="https://hrcak.srce.hr/o-hrcku">O Hrčku</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://hrcak.srce.hr/interoperabilnost">Interoperabilnost</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://hrcak.srce.hr/politike">Politike korištenja</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://hrcak.srce.hr/savjet-hrcka">Savjet Hrčka</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://hrcak.srce.hr/kontakt">Kontakt</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.srce.unizg.hr/redovna-odrzavanja-sustava#hrcak">Redovne nadogradnje</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <a href="javascript: void(0);"> <span> Časopisi </span> <span class="menu-arrow"></span> </a> <ul class="nav-second-level" aria-expanded="false"> <li> <a href="https://hrcak.srce.hr/popis_casopisa/abecedno">Abecedno</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://hrcak.srce.hr/podrucja">Po područjima</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <a href="javascript: void(0);"> <span> Za uredništva </span> <span class="menu-arrow"></span> </a> <ul class="nav-second-level" aria-expanded="false"> <li> <a href="https://hrcak.srce.hr/posjecenost">Posjećenost časopisa</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://hrcak.srce.hr/statusi">Statusi časopisa</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://wiki.srce.hr/pages/viewpage.action?pageId=27690837" target="_blank">Upute za administratore časopisa</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://hrcak.srce.hr/otvoreni-pristup">Izjava o otvorenom pristupu</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://hrcak.srce.hr/kriteriji">Kriteriji uvrštavanja časopisa</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://hrcak.srce.hr/novi_casopis">Prijava časopisa u Hrčak</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://hrcak.srce.hr/alati">Alati</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <a href="javascript: void(0);"> <span> Za autore </span> <span class="menu-arrow"></span> </a> <ul class="nav-second-level" aria-expanded="false"> <li> <a href="https://hrcak.srce.hr/prijava-radova">Prijava radova</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://hrcak.srce.hr/orcid">ORCID identifikator</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="skipToMain"> <div class="content-page"> <div class="content"> <div class="container-fluid"> <div class="row page-title"> <div class="col-md-12"> <h4 class="mb-1 mt-0"> <a href="https://hrcak.srce.hr/radovi-zavoda-za-povijesne-znanosti-hazu-zadar">Radovi Zavoda za povijesne znanosti HAZU u Zadru</a>, <a href="https://hrcak.srce.hr/broj/15452"> No. 59</a>, 2017.</h4> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-lg-12 col-xs-12 col-md-12"> <div class="card topBorder"> <div class="card-body"> <p>Izvorni znanstveni članak</p> <p><a title="doi" href="https://doi.org/10.21857/y54jofp8gm">https://doi.org/10.21857/y54jofp8gm</a></p> <p><b>Croatian-italian relations in Zadar at the time of the collapse of Austro-Hungarian Monarchy and Italian occupation (1918–1920)</b></p> <p> <a href="https://hrcak.srce.hr/pretraga?type=napredna&field[]=article_author_orcid&term[]=0000-0002-3311-9468"> Ante Gverić </a> <img alt="orcid id" src="https://hrcak.srce.hr/javno/assets/images/orcid-icon-16x16.png"> <a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3311-9468">orcid.org/0000-0002-3311-9468</a> ; Državni arhiv u Zadru, Zadar, Hrvatska <a href="mailto:agveric977@gmail.com"><img title="mail" src="https://hrcak.srce.hr/javno/assets/images/mail.gif"></a> <br> </p> <hr> <div class="d-flex justify-content-between"> <p>Puni tekst: <a class="btn btn-outline-primary btn-sm" href="https://hrcak.srce.hr/file/281881" target="_blank">hrvatski pdf 2.892 Kb</a></p> <p>str. 437-466</p> <p>preuzimanja: <strong>2.239</strong></p> <p> <a href="#" id="cite_link">citiraj</a> </p> </div> <div id="cite" style="display: none;"> <p><b>APA 6th Edition</b></p> <p>Gverić, A. (2017). Croatian-italian relations in Zadar at the time of the collapse of Austro-Hungarian Monarchy and Italian occupation (1918–1920). <i>Radovi Zavoda za povijesne znanosti HAZU u Zadru, </i> (59), 437-466. https://doi.org/10.21857/y54jofp8gm</p> <hr> <p><b>MLA 8th Edition</b></p> <p>Gverić, Ante. "Croatian-italian relations in Zadar at the time of the collapse of Austro-Hungarian Monarchy and Italian occupation (1918–1920)." <i>Radovi Zavoda za povijesne znanosti HAZU u Zadru</i>, vol. , br. 59, 2017, str. 437-466. https://doi.org/10.21857/y54jofp8gm. Citirano 03.04.2025.</p> <hr> <p><b>Chicago 17th Edition</b></p> <p>Gverić, Ante. "Croatian-italian relations in Zadar at the time of the collapse of Austro-Hungarian Monarchy and Italian occupation (1918–1920)." <i>Radovi Zavoda za povijesne znanosti HAZU u Zadru</i> , br. 59 (2017): 437-466. https://doi.org/10.21857/y54jofp8gm</p> <hr> <p><b>Harvard</b></p> <p>Gverić, A. (2017). 'Croatian-italian relations in Zadar at the time of the collapse of Austro-Hungarian Monarchy and Italian occupation (1918–1920)', <i>Radovi Zavoda za povijesne znanosti HAZU u Zadru</i>, (59), str. 437-466. https://doi.org/10.21857/y54jofp8gm</p> <hr> <p><b>Vancouver</b></p> <p>Gverić A. Croatian-italian relations in Zadar at the time of the collapse of Austro-Hungarian Monarchy and Italian occupation (1918–1920). Radovi Zavoda za povijesne znanosti HAZU u Zadru [Internet]. 2017 [pristupljeno 03.04.2025.];(59):437-466. https://doi.org/10.21857/y54jofp8gm</p> <hr> <p><b>IEEE</b></p> <p>A. Gverić, "Croatian-italian relations in Zadar at the time of the collapse of Austro-Hungarian Monarchy and Italian occupation (1918–1920)", <i>Radovi Zavoda za povijesne znanosti HAZU u Zadru</i>, vol., br. 59, str. 437-466, 2017. [Online]. https://doi.org/10.21857/y54jofp8gm</p> </div> <hr> <h6>Sažetak</h6> <p>Starting from the hypothesis arguing the Italian character of Zadar as the sole municipality in Dalmatia that had during the process of national integrations stayed under the authority of Italian Party, the paper primarily analyses the national structure in Zadar during the final couple of decades of Austrian management in Dalmatia. The relations between the Zadar Croats and Italians had to survive grave phases of intolerance and mutual conflicts in these final years of Austrian management. During the war between Italy and Austro Hungarian<br> Monarchy, no serious conflicts occurred, primarily thanks to the extreme repression by the state towards all the subversives. At the end of the war and after the capitulation of Austro-Hungary, all national groups in Zadar were only for a brief time united in celebrating the collapse of the Black-Yellow Monarchy. The unity continued even during entering port of warships, by which Italian soldiers, on behalf of the Entente, occupied former Austrian lands with the aim of preserving public order and implementing rationing. However, the policy conducted by Italian government aimed at occupying as large a part of Dalmatia as possible, securing a better position in the coming peace negotiations, and thus directing their outcome. Occupational military authorities and local Italian politicians were openly conducting such a policy, causing thereby resistance of the non-Italian population; this led to many regime-orchestrated repression measures. Intolerance and conflicts were conveyed to the public, and hence became a part of the everyday life in Zadar during the occupation. Since in peace negotiations, the official Italian state policy was gradually withdrawing of the pretentious territorial demands based on the London Agreement, Dalmatian Italians felt betrayed by the government in Rome. In 1920, under the pressure of the increasingly difficult economic situation and the unfavourable news arriving from piece negotiations, they ceased falling for inflammatory speeches held by<br> local political leaders. The relations between the Zadar Croats and Italians are in this paper analysed divided in three periods and at three different levels: during the final decades of Austro-Hungarian Monarchy; at the time of the collapse of the Monarchy in 1918; and during the after-war piece conferences (in 1919 and 1920). As concerns different levels of their relations, the following ones may be recognised: the level of political elites; newspapers as the heralds of political parties; and the level of the street – term that contemporaries often used in order to describe not only the venue, but – figuratively – also the nature of international conflicts that was conveyed from high political spheres to the public.</p> <h6>Ključne riječi</h6> <p> <a href="https://hrcak.srce.hr/pretraga?type=napredna&field[]=article_keywords&term[]=%22Croats%22">Croats</a>; <a href="https://hrcak.srce.hr/pretraga?type=napredna&field[]=article_keywords&term[]=%22+Italians%22"> Italians</a>; <a href="https://hrcak.srce.hr/pretraga?type=napredna&field[]=article_keywords&term[]=%22+conflicts%22"> conflicts</a>; <a href="https://hrcak.srce.hr/pretraga?type=napredna&field[]=article_keywords&term[]=%22+Zadar%22"> Zadar</a>; <a href="https://hrcak.srce.hr/pretraga?type=napredna&field[]=article_keywords&term[]=%22+Austro-Hungarian+Monarchy%22"> Austro-Hungarian Monarchy</a>; <a href="https://hrcak.srce.hr/pretraga?type=napredna&field[]=article_keywords&term[]=%22+1918%22"> 1918</a>; <a href="https://hrcak.srce.hr/pretraga?type=napredna&field[]=article_keywords&term[]=%22+Italian+occupation.%22"> Italian occupation.</a> </p> <h6>Hrčak ID: </h6> <p>191155</p> <h6>URI</h6> <p><a href="https://hrcak.srce.hr/191155">https://hrcak.srce.hr/191155</a> </p> <h6>Datum izdavanja:</h6> <p>20.12.2017.</p> <p> <span class="mt-4 mr-1 metaPodaciJezik">Podaci na drugim jezicima:</span> <a href="https://hrcak.srce.hr/clanak/281881"> <span class="badge badge-soft-secondary mt-1">hrvatski</span> </a> </p> <p class="text-center mt-5">Posjeta: 3.916 <a href="https://hrcak.srce.hr/posjecenost-objasnjenje">*</a> </p> </div> </div> </div> </div>  </div> </div> </div> </div> <script src = "https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/2.1.3/jquery.min.js"></script> <script> $('#cite_link').click(function(){ $('#cite').slideToggle('fast'); return false; }); $('#verzije_link').click(function(){ $('#verzije').slideToggle('fast'); return false; }); </script> </div> <footer class="footer"> <div class="container-fluid"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12"> <div class="footerLinks"> <span> 2021 © Portal hrvatskih znanstvenih i stručnih časopisa - Hrčak </span> <div> <a href="https://wiki.srce.hr/x/xIB3Aw" target="_blank">Izjava o pristupačnosti</a> | <a href="https://www.srce.unizg.hr/politika-privatnosti" target="_blank">Politika privatnosti</a> | <a href="/kontakt">Kontakt</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </footer> </div> <script src="/javno/assets/js/vendor.min.js"></script> <script src="/javno/assets/libs/moment/moment.min.js"></script> <script src="/javno/assets/js/app.min.js"></script> <script src="/javno/assets/js/pristupacnost.js"></script> <script> var options = { icon: { circular: true, img: 'accessibility', } } window.addEventListener('load', function () { new Pristupacnost(options); }, false); </script> <script> (function(i,s,o,g,r,a,m){i['GoogleAnalyticsObject']=r;i[r]=i[r]||function(){ (i[r].q=i[r].q||[]).push(arguments)},i[r].l=1*new Date();a=s.createElement(o), m=s.getElementsByTagName(o)[0];a.async=1;a.src=g;m.parentNode.insertBefore(a,m) })(window,document,'script','https://www.google-analytics.com/analytics.js','ga'); ga('create', 'UA-3867323-1', 'auto'); ga('send', 'pageview'); </script> </body> </html>

CINXE.COM

Croatian-italian relations in Zadar at the time of the collapse of Austro-Hungarian Monarchy and Italian occupation (1918–1920)