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searchaux" style="display:none">Measurement of kinetic energy spectra</div> <p><b>Ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy</b> (<b>UPS</b>) refers to the measurement of kinetic energy <a href="/wiki/Spectroscopy" title="Spectroscopy">spectra</a> of <a href="/wiki/Photoelectric_effect" title="Photoelectric effect">photoelectrons</a> emitted by molecules that have absorbed <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">ultraviolet</a> photons, in order to determine <a href="/wiki/Molecular_orbital" title="Molecular orbital">molecular orbital</a> energies in the valence region. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Basic_theory">Basic theory</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ultraviolet_photoelectron_spectroscopy&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Basic theory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>If <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a>'s photoelectric law is applied to a free molecule, the <a href="/wiki/Kinetic_energy" title="Kinetic energy">kinetic energy</a> (<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E_{\text{k}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>E</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>k</mtext> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E_{\text{k}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ce71f608d367b0bb170515bcdb0cf74f7c6dcf73" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.815ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E_{\text{k}}}"></span>) of an emitted <a href="/wiki/Photoelectric_effect" title="Photoelectric effect">photoelectron</a> is given by </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E_{\text{k}}=h\nu -I\,,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>E</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>k</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mi>h</mi> <mi>ν</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mi>I</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mo>,</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E_{\text{k}}=h\nu -I\,,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/56ff860a5fc8a83d4d9d7ecbe8c250144536144a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:13.531ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E_{\text{k}}=h\nu -I\,,}"></span></dd></dl> <p>where <i>h</i> is the <a href="/wiki/Planck_constant" title="Planck constant">Planck constant</a>, <i>ν</i> is the <a href="/wiki/Frequency" title="Frequency">frequency</a> of the ionizing light, and <i>I</i> is an <a href="/wiki/Ionization_energy" title="Ionization energy">ionization energy</a> for the formation of a singly charged ion in either the <a href="/wiki/Ground_state" title="Ground state">ground state</a> or an <a href="/wiki/Excited_state" title="Excited state">excited state</a>. According to <a href="/wiki/Koopmans%27_theorem" title="Koopmans' theorem">Koopmans' theorem</a>, each such ionization energy may be identified with the energy of an occupied molecular orbital. The ground-state ion is formed by removal of an electron from the <a href="/wiki/Highest_occupied_molecular_orbital" class="mw-redirect" title="Highest occupied molecular orbital">highest occupied molecular orbital</a>, while excited ions are formed by removal of an <a href="/wiki/Electron" title="Electron">electron</a> from a lower occupied orbital. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ultraviolet_photoelectron_spectroscopy&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Before 1960, virtually all measurements of photoelectron kinetic energies were for electrons emitted from metals and other solid surfaces. In about 1956, <a href="/wiki/Kai_Siegbahn" title="Kai Siegbahn">Kai Siegbahn</a> developed <a href="/wiki/X-ray_photoelectron_spectroscopy" title="X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy">X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy</a> (XPS) for surface chemical analysis. This method uses x-ray sources to study energy levels of atomic <a href="/wiki/Core_electron" title="Core electron">core electrons</a>, and at the time had an energy resolution of about 1 eV (<a href="/wiki/Electronvolt" title="Electronvolt">electronvolt</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Image_UPS_gas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="UPS gas, JM Sotiropoulos, IPREM, PAU, CNRS" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Image_UPS_gas.jpg/220px-Image_UPS_gas.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Image_UPS_gas.jpg/330px-Image_UPS_gas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Image_UPS_gas.jpg/440px-Image_UPS_gas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>UPS in the gas phase, IPREM, Pau, France, Dr. JM Sotiropoulos, CNRS</figcaption></figure> <p>The ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS) was pioneered by <a href="/wiki/Feodor_Ivanovich_Vilesov" title="Feodor Ivanovich Vilesov">Feodor I. Vilesov</a>, a physicist at St. Petersburg (Leningrad) State University in Russia (USSR) in 1961 to study the photoelectron spectra of free molecules in the gas phase.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The early experiments used monochromatized radiation from a <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a> discharge and a retarding potential analyzer to measure the photoelectron energies. The PES was further developed by <a href="/wiki/David_W._Turner" title="David W. Turner">David W. Turner</a>, a physical chemist at <a href="/wiki/Imperial_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial College">Imperial College</a> in London and then at <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford University">Oxford University</a>, in a series of publications from 1962 to 1967.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a <a href="/wiki/Photon" title="Photon">photon</a> source, he used a <a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">helium</a> discharge lamp that emits a wavelength of 58.4 nm (corresponding to an energy of 21.2 eV) in the <a href="/wiki/Vacuum_ultraviolet" class="mw-redirect" title="Vacuum ultraviolet">vacuum ultraviolet</a> region. With this source, Turner's group obtained an energy resolution of 0.02 eV. Turner referred to the method as "molecular photoelectron spectroscopy", now usually "ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy" or UPS. As compared to XPS, UPS is limited to energy levels of <a href="/wiki/Valence_electrons" class="mw-redirect" title="Valence electrons">valence electrons</a>, but measures them more accurately. After 1967, commercial UPS spectrometers became available.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the latest commercial devices was the Perkin Elmer PS18. For the last twenty years, the systems have been homemade. One of the latest in progress – Phoenix II – is that of the laboratory of Pau, IPREM developed by Dr. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Marc_Sotiropoulos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean-Marc Sotiropoulos (page does not exist)">Jean-Marc Sotiropoulos</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Application">Application</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ultraviolet_photoelectron_spectroscopy&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Application"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The UPS measures experimental <a href="/wiki/Molecular_orbital" title="Molecular orbital">molecular orbital</a> energies for comparison with theoretical values from <a href="/wiki/Quantum_chemistry" title="Quantum chemistry">quantum chemistry</a>, which was also extensively developed in the 1960s. The photoelectron spectrum of a molecule contains a series of peaks each corresponding to one valence-region molecular orbital energy level. Also, the high resolution allowed the observation of fine structure due to <a href="/wiki/Vibrational_spectroscopy" class="mw-redirect" title="Vibrational spectroscopy">vibrational levels</a> of the molecular ion, which facilitates the assignment of peaks to bonding, nonbonding or antibonding molecular orbitals. </p><p>The method was later extended to the study of solid surfaces where it is usually described as <a href="/wiki/Photoemission_spectroscopy" title="Photoemission spectroscopy">photoemission spectroscopy</a> (PES). It is particularly sensitive to the surface region (to 10 nm depth), due to the short range of the emitted photoelectrons (compared to <a href="/wiki/X-ray" title="X-ray">X-rays</a>). It is therefore used to study <a href="/wiki/Adsorption" title="Adsorption">adsorbed</a> species and their binding to the surface, as well as their orientation on the surface.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A useful result from characterization of solids by UPS is the determination of the <a href="/wiki/Work_function" title="Work function">work function</a> of the material. An example of this determination is given by Park et al.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Briefly, the full width of the photoelectron spectrum (from the highest kinetic energy/lowest binding energy point to the low kinetic energy cutoff) is measured and subtracted from the photon energy of the exciting <a href="/wiki/Radiation" title="Radiation">radiation</a>, and the difference is the work function. Often, the sample is electrically biased negative to separate the low energy cutoff from the spectrometer response. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gas_discharge_lines">Gas discharge lines</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ultraviolet_photoelectron_spectroscopy&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Gas discharge lines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Gas</th> <th>Emission line</th> <th>Energy</th> <th>Wavelength</th> <th>Relative intensity </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">H</td> <td>Lyman α</td> <td>10.20 eV</td> <td align="right">121.57 nm</td> <td>100% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Lyman β</td> <td>12.09 eV</td> <td align="right">102.57 nm</td> <td>10% </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="6">He</td> <td>1 α</td> <td>21.22 eV</td> <td align="right">58.43 nm</td> <td>100% </td></tr> <tr> <td>1 β</td> <td>23.09 eV</td> <td align="right">53.70 nm</td> <td>approx 1.5% </td></tr> <tr> <td>1 γ</td> <td>23.74 eV</td> <td align="right">52.22 nm</td> <td>0.5% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 α</td> <td>40.81 eV</td> <td align="right">30.38 nm</td> <td>100% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 β</td> <td>48.37 eV</td> <td align="right">25.63 nm</td> <td>< 10% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 γ</td> <td>51.02 eV</td> <td align="right">24.30 nm</td> <td>negligible </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="12">Ne</td> <td>1 α</td> <td>16.67 eV</td> <td align="right">74.37 nm</td> <td>15% </td></tr> <tr> <td>1 α</td> <td>16.85 eV</td> <td align="right">73.62 nm</td> <td>100% </td></tr> <tr> <td>1 β</td> <td>19.69 eV</td> <td align="right">62.97 nm</td> <td>< 1% </td></tr> <tr> <td>1 β</td> <td>19.78 eV</td> <td align="right">62.68 nm</td> <td>< 1% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 α</td> <td>26.81 eV</td> <td align="right">46.24 nm</td> <td>100% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 α</td> <td>26.91 eV</td> <td align="right">46.07 nm</td> <td>100% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 β</td> <td>27.69 eV</td> <td align="right">44.79 nm</td> <td>20% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 β</td> <td>27.76 eV</td> <td align="right">44.66 nm</td> <td>20% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 β</td> <td>27.78 eV</td> <td align="right">44.63 nm</td> <td>20% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 β</td> <td>27.86 eV</td> <td align="right">44.51 nm</td> <td>20% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 γ</td> <td>30.45 eV</td> <td align="right">40.71 nm</td> <td>20% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 γ</td> <td>30.55 eV</td> <td align="right">40.58 nm</td> <td>20% </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4">Ar</td> <td>1</td> <td>11.62 eV</td> <td align="right">106.70 nm</td> <td>100% </td></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td>11.83 eV</td> <td align="right">104.80 nm</td> <td>50% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td>13.30 eV</td> <td align="right">93.22 nm</td> <td>30% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td>13.48 eV</td> <td align="right">91.84 nm</td> <td>15% </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Outlook">Outlook</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ultraviolet_photoelectron_spectroscopy&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Outlook"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>UPS has seen a considerable revival with the increasing availability of <a href="/wiki/Synchrotron_light_source" title="Synchrotron light source">synchrotron light sources</a> that provide a wide range of monochromatic <a href="/wiki/Photon" title="Photon">photon</a> energies. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ultraviolet_photoelectron_spectroscopy&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angle_resolved_photoemission_spectroscopy" class="mw-redirect" title="Angle resolved photoemission spectroscopy">Angle resolved photoemission spectroscopy</a> (ARPES)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photoelectron_photoion_coincidence_spectroscopy" title="Photoelectron photoion coincidence spectroscopy">Photoelectron photoion coincidence spectroscopy</a> (PEPICO)</li> <li>Time-resolved <a href="/wiki/Two-photon_photoelectron_spectroscopy" title="Two-photon photoelectron spectroscopy">two-photon photoelectron spectroscopy</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ultraviolet_photoelectron_spectroscopy&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carlson T.A., "Photoelectron and Auger Spectroscopy" (Plenum Press, 1975) <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-306-33901-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-306-33901-3">0-306-33901-3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVilesovKurbatovTerenin1961" class="citation journal cs1">Vilesov, F. I.; Kurbatov, B. L.; Terenin, A. N. (1961). "Electron Distribution Over Energies In Photoionization Of Aromatic Amines in Gaseous Phase". <i>Soviet Physics Doklady</i>. <b>6</b>: 490. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1961SPhD....6..490V">1961SPhD....6..490V</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Soviet+Physics+Doklady&rft.atitle=Electron+Distribution+Over+Energies+In+Photoionization+Of+Aromatic+Amines+in+Gaseous+Phase&rft.volume=6&rft.pages=490&rft.date=1961&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1961SPhD....6..490V&rft.aulast=Vilesov&rft.aufirst=F.+I.&rft.au=Kurbatov%2C+B.+L.&rft.au=Terenin%2C+A.+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUltraviolet+photoelectron+spectroscopy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrice1974" class="citation journal cs1">Price, W. C. (1974). "Photoelectron Spectroscopy". <i>Advances in Atomic and Molecular Physics</i>. <b>10</b>: 131. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1974AdAMP..10..131P">1974AdAMP..10..131P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0065-2199%2808%2960348-6">10.1016/S0065-2199(08)60348-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780120038107" title="Special:BookSources/9780120038107"><bdi>9780120038107</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Advances+in+Atomic+and+Molecular+Physics&rft.atitle=Photoelectron+Spectroscopy&rft.volume=10&rft.pages=131&rft.date=1974&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0065-2199%2808%2960348-6&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1974AdAMP..10..131P&rft.isbn=9780120038107&rft.aulast=Price&rft.aufirst=W.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUltraviolet+photoelectron+spectroscopy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rabalais J.W. "Principles of Ultraviolet Photoelectron Spectroscopy" (Wiley 1977) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-70285-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-471-70285-4">0-471-70285-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurner1970" class="citation book cs1">Turner, David W. (1970). <i>Molecular photoelectron spectroscopy</i>. London: Wiley Interscience. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-89320-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-471-89320-X"><bdi>0-471-89320-X</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/108745">108745</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Molecular+photoelectron+spectroscopy&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Wiley+Interscience&rft.date=1970&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F108745&rft.isbn=0-471-89320-X&rft.aulast=Turner&rft.aufirst=David+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUltraviolet+photoelectron+spectroscopy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBakerBetteridge1972" class="citation book cs1">Baker, Arthur D.; Betteridge, David (1972). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/photoelectronspe0000bake"><i>Photoelectron Spectroscopy. Chemical and Analytical Aspects</i></a></span> (First ed.). Oxford: Pergamon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-08-016910-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-08-016910-4"><bdi>0-08-016910-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/539873">539873</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Photoelectron+Spectroscopy.+Chemical+and+Analytical+Aspects&rft.place=Oxford&rft.edition=First&rft.pub=Pergamon+Press&rft.date=1972&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F539873&rft.isbn=0-08-016910-4&rft.aulast=Baker&rft.aufirst=Arthur+D.&rft.au=Betteridge%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fphotoelectronspe0000bake&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUltraviolet+photoelectron+spectroscopy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFmdomingo#utilisateurs2020" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">mdomingo#utilisateurs (2020-09-10). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iprem.univ-pau.fr/fr/iprem/membres/cv_-sotiro-fr.html#contenu_onglet_themes">"Jean-Marc Sotiropoulos"</a>. <i>iprem.univ-pau.fr</i> (in French)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-05-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=iprem.univ-pau.fr&rft.atitle=Jean-Marc+Sotiropoulos&rft.date=2020-09-10&rft.au=mdomingo%23utilisateurs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fiprem.univ-pau.fr%2Ffr%2Fiprem%2Fmembres%2Fcv_-sotiro-fr.html%23contenu_onglet_themes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUltraviolet+photoelectron+spectroscopy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peter W. Atkins and Julio de Paula "Physical Chemistry" (Seventh edition, W.H.Freeman, 2002), p. 980 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7167-3539-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7167-3539-3">0-7167-3539-3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParkChoongGaoHsieh1996" class="citation journal cs1">Park, Y.; Choong, V.; Gao, Y.; Hsieh, B. R.; Tang, C. W. (1996-05-06). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1063%2F1.116313">"Work function of indium tin oxide transparent conductor measured by photoelectron spectroscopy"</a>. <i>Applied Physics Letters</i>. <b>68</b> (19): 2699–2701. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996ApPhL..68.2699P">1996ApPhL..68.2699P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1063%2F1.116313">10.1063/1.116313</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-6951">0003-6951</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Applied+Physics+Letters&rft.atitle=Work+function+of+indium+tin+oxide+transparent+conductor+measured+by+photoelectron+spectroscopy&rft.volume=68&rft.issue=19&rft.pages=2699-2701&rft.date=1996-05-06&rft.issn=0003-6951&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1063%2F1.116313&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1996ApPhL..68.2699P&rft.aulast=Park&rft.aufirst=Y.&rft.au=Choong%2C+V.&rft.au=Gao%2C+Y.&rft.au=Hsieh%2C+B.+R.&rft.au=Tang%2C+C.+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1063%252F1.116313&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUltraviolet+photoelectron+spectroscopy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ultraviolet_photoelectron_spectroscopy&oldid=1246975397">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ultraviolet_photoelectron_spectroscopy&oldid=1246975397</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Emission_spectroscopy" title="Category:Emission spectroscopy">Emission spectroscopy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Surface_science" title="Category:Surface science">Surface science</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Electron_spectroscopy" title="Category:Electron spectroscopy">Electron spectroscopy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Soviet_inventions" title="Category:Soviet inventions">Soviet inventions</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_French-language_sources_(fr)" title="Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)">CS1 French-language sources (fr)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 22 September 2024, at 03:57<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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