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</a> <ul id="toc-Realism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Background_and_historical_context" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background_and_historical_context"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Background and historical context</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background_and_historical_context-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Principal_characters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Principal_characters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Principal characters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Principal_characters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plot_summary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plot_summary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Plot summary</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Plot_summary-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Plot summary subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Plot_summary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Book_One" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Book_One"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Book One</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Book_One-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Book_Two" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Book_Two"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Book Two</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Book_Two-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Book_Three" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Book_Three"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Book Three</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Book_Three-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Book_Four" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Book_Four"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Book Four</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Book_Four-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Epilogue_in_two_parts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Epilogue_in_two_parts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Epilogue in two parts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Epilogue_in_two_parts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_part" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_part"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5.1</span> <span>First part</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_part-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_part" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_part"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5.2</span> <span>Second part</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_part-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philosophical_chapters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philosophical_chapters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>Philosophical chapters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philosophical_chapters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Reception</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-English_translations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#English_translations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>English translations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-English_translations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle English translations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-English_translations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-List_of_English_translations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_English_translations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>List of English translations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_English_translations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comparing_translations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparing_translations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Comparing translations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comparing_translations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adaptations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adaptations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Adaptations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Adaptations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Adaptations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Adaptations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Film" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Film"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Film</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Film-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Television" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Television"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Television</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Television-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opera" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opera"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.4</span> <span>Opera</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opera-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theatre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theatre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.5</span> <span>Theatre</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theatre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Radio" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Radio"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.6</span> <span>Radio</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Radio-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.7</span> <span>Comics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>War and Peace</i></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 79 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-79" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">79 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oorlog_en_Vrede" title="Oorlog en Vrede – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Oorlog en Vrede" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%85" title="الحرب والسلم – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الحرب والسلم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_y_paz" title="Guerra y paz – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Guerra y paz" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C9%99rb_v%C9%99_s%C3%BClh" title="Hərb və sülh – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Hərb və sülh" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B4_%D9%88_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B4" title="ساواش و باریش – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ساواش و باریش" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7_%E0%A6%93_%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF" title="যুদ্ধ ও শান্তি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="যুদ্ধ ও শান্তি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chi%C3%A0n-cheng_kap_H%C3%B4-p%C3%AAng" title="Chiàn-cheng kap Hô-pêng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chiàn-cheng kap Hô-pêng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%96_%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%80" title="Вайна і мір – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Вайна і мір" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Война и мир – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Война и мир" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BC%84%E0%BC%85%E0%BC%8D%E0%BC%8D_%E0%BD%91%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%82%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%81%E0%BE%B2%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%82%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%91%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%9E%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%91%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8D" title="༄༅།། དམག་འཁྲུག་དང་ཞི་བདེ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="༄༅།། དམག་འཁྲུག་དང་ཞི་བདེ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rat_i_mir" title="Rat i mir – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Rat i mir" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_i_pau" title="Guerra i pau – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Guerra i pau" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vojna_a_m%C3%ADr" title="Vojna a mír – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Vojna a mír" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krig_og_fred" title="Krig og fred – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Krig og fred" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krieg_und_Frieden" title="Krieg und Frieden – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Krieg und Frieden" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B5da_ja_rahu" title="Sõda ja rahu – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sõda ja rahu" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B9_%CE%95%CE%B9%CF%81%CE%AE%CE%BD%CE%B7" title="Πόλεμος και Ειρήνη – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πόλεμος και Ειρήνη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_y_paz" title="Guerra y paz – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Guerra y paz" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milito_kaj_paco" title="Milito kaj paco – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Milito kaj paco" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerra_eta_bakea" title="Gerra eta bakea – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Gerra eta bakea" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF_%D9%88_%D8%B5%D9%84%D8%AD" title="جنگ و صلح – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جنگ و صلح" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerre_et_Paix" title="Guerre et Paix – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Guerre et Paix" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cogadh_agus_S%C3%ADoch%C3%A1in" title="Cogadh agus Síocháin – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Cogadh agus Síocháin" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vojna_i_mir" title="Vojna i mir – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Vojna i mir" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voina_i_mir" title="Voina i mir – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Voina i mir" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%84%EC%9F%81%EA%B3%BC_%ED%8F%89%ED%99%94" title="전쟁과 평화 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="전쟁과 평화" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%B4_%D6%87_%D5%AD%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Պատերազմ և խաղաղություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պատերազմ և խաղաղություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7_%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF" title="युद्ध और शान्ति – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="युद्ध और शान्ति" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rat_i_mir" title="Rat i mir – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Rat i mir" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_and_Peace" title="War and Peace – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="War and Peace" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_e_pace" title="Guerra e pace – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Guerra e pace" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%94_%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9D" title="מלחמה ושלום – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מלחמה ושלום" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A7_%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%81_%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%BF" title="ಯುದ್ಧ ಮತ್ತು ಶಾಂತಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಯುದ್ಧ ಮತ್ತು ಶಾಂತಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98_%E1%83%93%E1%83%90_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A8%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="ომი და მშვიდობა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ომი და მშვიდობა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D2%93%D1%8B%D1%81_%D0%B6%D3%99%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%82%D1%88%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA" title="Соғыс және бейбітшілік – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Соғыс және бейбітшілік" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%88_%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%87%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Согуш жана тынчтык – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Согуш жана тынчтык" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellum_et_pax" title="Bellum et pax – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Bellum et pax" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kar%C5%A1_un_miers" title="Karš un miers – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Karš un miers" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karas_ir_taika" title="Karas ir taika – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Karas ir taika" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voinu_da_rauhu" title="Voinu da rauhu – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Voinu da rauhu" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A1bor%C3%BA_%C3%A9s_b%C3%A9ke_(reg%C3%A9ny)" title="Háború és béke (regény) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Háború és béke (regény)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%98%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Војна и мир – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Војна и мир" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A7%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%82_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A7%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%82" title="യുദ്ധവും സമാധാനവും – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="യുദ്ധവും സമാധാനവും" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B8" title="वॉर अँड पीस – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="वॉर अँड पीस" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D9%88_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85" title="الحرب و السلام – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الحرب و السلام" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vojna_i_mir" title="Vojna i mir – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Vojna i mir" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oorlog_en_vrede_(boek)" title="Oorlog en vrede (boek) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Oorlog en vrede (boek)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%88%A6%E4%BA%89%E3%81%A8%E5%B9%B3%E5%92%8C" title="戦争と平和 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="戦争と平和" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krig_og_fred" title="Krig og fred – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Krig og fred" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krig_og_fred" title="Krig og fred – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Krig og fred" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urush_va_tinchlik" title="Urush va tinchlik – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Urush va tinchlik" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%97_%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%87_%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%A8" title="ਜੰਗ ਤੇ ਅਮਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਜੰਗ ਤੇ ਅਮਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%AA%DB%92_%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%86" title="جنگ تے امن – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جنگ تے امن" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wojna_i_pok%C3%B3j" title="Wojna i pokój – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wojna i pokój" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_e_Paz" title="Guerra e Paz – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Guerra e Paz" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C4%83zboi_%C8%99i_pace_(roman)" title="Război și pace (roman) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Război și pace (roman)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Война и мир – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Война и мир" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lufta_dhe_Paqja" title="Lufta dhe Paqja – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Lufta dhe Paqja" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_and_Peace" title="War and Peace – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="War and Peace" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vojna_in_mir" title="Vojna in mir – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Vojna in mir" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%82_%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Рат и мир – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Рат и мир" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rat_i_mir" title="Rat i mir – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Rat i mir" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sota_ja_rauha" title="Sota ja rauha – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sota ja rauha" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krig_och_fred" title="Krig och fred – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Krig och fred" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digmaan_at_Kapayapaan" title="Digmaan at Kapayapaan – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Digmaan at Kapayapaan" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="போரும் அமைதியும் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="போரும் அமைதியும்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E" title="สงครามและสันติภาพ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สงครามและสันติภาพ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sava%C5%9F_ve_Bar%C4%B1%C5%9F" title="Savaş ve Barış – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Savaş ve Barış" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%96_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Війна і мир – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Війна і мир" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%86_(%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84)" title="جنگ اور امن (ناول) – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جنگ اور امن (ناول)" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1869 literary work by Leo Tolstoy</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the novel by Leo Tolstoy. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/War_and_Peace_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="War and Peace (disambiguation)">War and Peace (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title" style="font-size:125%; font-style:italic; padding-bottom:0.2em;">War and Peace <span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+and+Peace&rft.author=%5B%5BLeo+Tolstoy%5D%5D&rft.date=%5B%5BSerial+%28publishing%29%7CSerialised%5D%5D+1865%E2%80%931867%3B+book+1869&rft.pub=%27%27%5B%5BThe+Russian+Messenger%5D%5D%27%27+%28serial%29&rft.place=Russia&rft.pages=1%2C225+%28first+published+edition%29"></span></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Tolstoy_-_War_and_Peace_-_first_edition,_1869.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Tolstoy_-_War_and_Peace_-_first_edition%2C_1869.jpg/220px-Tolstoy_-_War_and_Peace_-_first_edition%2C_1869.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="349" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Tolstoy_-_War_and_Peace_-_first_edition%2C_1869.jpg/330px-Tolstoy_-_War_and_Peace_-_first_edition%2C_1869.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Tolstoy_-_War_and_Peace_-_first_edition%2C_1869.jpg/440px-Tolstoy_-_War_and_Peace_-_first_edition%2C_1869.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1270" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Front page of <i>War and Peace</i> sixth volume, first edition, 1869 (Russian)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Author</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy">Leo Tolstoy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Original title</th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Russian-language text"><i lang="ru">Война и миръ</i></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Translator</th><td class="infobox-data">The first translation of <i>War and Peace</i> into English was by American Nathan Haskell Dole, in 1889</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Language</th><td class="infobox-data">Russian, with some French and occasionally German</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Genre</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Novel" title="Novel">Novel</a> (<a href="/wiki/Historical_novel" class="mw-redirect" title="Historical novel">Historical novel</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Publisher</th><td class="infobox-data"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Russian_Messenger" title="The Russian Messenger">The Russian Messenger</a></i> (serial)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Publication date</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Serial_(publishing)" title="Serial (publishing)">Serialised</a> 1865–1867; book 1869</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Publication place</th><td class="infobox-data">Russia</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Media type</th><td class="infobox-data">Print</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Pages</th><td class="infobox-data">1,225 (first published edition)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Followed by</th><td class="infobox-data"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Decembrists" title="The Decembrists">The Decembrists</a> (Abandoned and Unfinished) </i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Original text</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/ru:%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80_(%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B9)" class="extiw" title="s:ru:Война и мир (Толстой)">Война и миръ</a></span></span> at Russian <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Translation</th><td class="infobox-data"><i><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/War_and_Peace_(Tolstoy)" class="extiw" title="s:War and Peace (Tolstoy)">War and Peace</a></i> at Wikisource</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i><b>War and Peace</b></i> (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Война и мир</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian" title="Romanization of Russian">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">Voyna i mir</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Reforms_of_Russian_orthography" title="Reforms of Russian orthography">pre-reform Russian</a>: <span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Война и миръ</span></span>; <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ru-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian" title="Help:IPA/Russian">[vɐjˈna<span class="wrap"> </span>i<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈmʲir]</a></span>) is a literary work by the Russian author <a href="/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy">Leo Tolstoy</a>. Set during the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>, the work comprises both a fictional narrative and chapters in which Tolstoy discusses history and philosophy. An early version was published serially beginning in 1865, after which the entire book was rewritten and published in 1869. It is regarded, with <i><a href="/wiki/Anna_Karenina" title="Anna Karenina">Anna Karenina</a></i>, as Tolstoy's finest literary achievement, and it remains an internationally praised <a href="/wiki/Classic_book" title="Classic book">classic</a> of <a href="/wiki/World_literature" title="World literature">world literature</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The book chronicles the <a href="/wiki/French_invasion_of_Russia" title="French invasion of Russia">French invasion of Russia</a> and its aftermath during the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_era" title="Napoleonic era">Napoleonic era</a>. It uses five interlocking narratives following different Russian <a href="/wiki/Aristocracy_(class)" title="Aristocracy (class)">aristocratic</a> families to illustrate Napoleon's impact on <a href="/wiki/Tsarist" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsarist">Tsarist</a> society. Portions of an earlier version, titled <i>The Year 1805</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Pevear_2008_VIII–IX_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pevear_2008_VIII–IX-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were serialized in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Russian_Messenger" title="The Russian Messenger">The Russian Messenger</a></i> from 1865 to 1867 before the novel was published in its entirety in 1869.<sup id="cite_ref-Knowles_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Knowles-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tolstoy said that the best <a href="/wiki/Russian_literature" title="Russian literature">Russian literature</a> does not conform to standards and hence hesitated to classify <i>War and Peace</i>, saying it is "not a novel, even less is it a poem, and still less a historical chronicle." Large sections, especially the later chapters, are philosophical discussions rather than narrative.<sup id="cite_ref-wordsworth_intro_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wordsworth_intro-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He regarded <i><a href="/wiki/Anna_Karenina" title="Anna Karenina">Anna Karenina</a></i> as his first true novel. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Composition_history">Composition history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_and_Peace&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Composition history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:L.N.Tolstoy_Prokudin-Gorsky.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/L.N.Tolstoy_Prokudin-Gorsky.jpg/170px-L.N.Tolstoy_Prokudin-Gorsky.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/L.N.Tolstoy_Prokudin-Gorsky.jpg/255px-L.N.Tolstoy_Prokudin-Gorsky.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/L.N.Tolstoy_Prokudin-Gorsky.jpg/340px-L.N.Tolstoy_Prokudin-Gorsky.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2167" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>The only known color photograph of the author, <a href="/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy">Leo Tolstoy</a>, taken at his <a href="/wiki/Yasnaya_Polyana" title="Yasnaya Polyana">Yasnaya Polyana</a> estate in 1908 (age 79) by <a href="/wiki/Sergey_Prokudin-Gorsky" title="Sergey Prokudin-Gorsky">Sergey Prokudin-Gorsky</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tolstoy_-_War_and_Peace_-_ninth_draft.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Tolstoy_-_War_and_Peace_-_ninth_draft.jpg/170px-Tolstoy_-_War_and_Peace_-_ninth_draft.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Tolstoy_-_War_and_Peace_-_ninth_draft.jpg/255px-Tolstoy_-_War_and_Peace_-_ninth_draft.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Tolstoy_-_War_and_Peace_-_ninth_draft.jpg/340px-Tolstoy_-_War_and_Peace_-_ninth_draft.jpg 2x" data-file-width="508" data-file-height="625" /></a><figcaption>Tolstoy's notes from the ninth draft of <i>War and Peace</i>, 1864.</figcaption></figure> <p>Tolstoy began writing <i>War and Peace</i> in 1863, the year that he married and settled down at his country estate. In September of that year, he wrote to Elizabeth Bers, his sister-in-law, asking if she could find any chronicles, diaries, or records from the Napoleonic period in Russia. He was dismayed to find that there were few written records of Russian domestic life from that time and tried to rectify these omissions in early drafts of the novel.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first half of the book was named "1805". During the writing of the second half, he read widely and acknowledged <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer">Schopenhauer</a> as one of his main inspirations. Tolstoy wrote in a letter to <a href="/wiki/Afanasy_Fet" title="Afanasy Fet">Afanasy Fet</a> that what he had written in <i>War and Peace</i> is also said by Schopenhauer in <i><a href="/wiki/The_World_as_Will_and_Representation" title="The World as Will and Representation">The World as Will and Representation</a></i>. However, Tolstoy approaches "it from the other side."<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first draft of the novel was completed in 1863. In 1865, the periodical <span title="Russian-language text"><i lang="ru-Latn">Russkiy Vestnik</i></span> (<i>The Russian Messenger</i>) published the first part of this draft under the title <i>1805</i> and published more the following year. Tolstoy was dissatisfied with this version, although he allowed several parts of it to be published with a different ending in 1867. He heavily rewrote the entire novel between 1866 and 1869.<sup id="cite_ref-Knowles_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Knowles-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FeuerMiller2008_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FeuerMiller2008-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tolstoy's wife, <a href="/wiki/Sophia_Tolstaya" title="Sophia Tolstaya">Sophia Tolstaya</a>, copied as many as seven separate complete manuscripts before Tolstoy considered it ready for publication.<sup id="cite_ref-FeuerMiller2008_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FeuerMiller2008-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The version that was published in <span title="Russian-language text"><i lang="ru-Latn">Russkiy Vestnik</i></span> had a very different ending from the version eventually published under the title <i>War and Peace</i> in 1869. Russians who had read the serialized version were eager to buy the complete novel, and it sold out almost immediately. The novel was quickly translated after publication into many other languages.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>It is unknown why Tolstoy changed the name of the work to <i>War and Peace</i> ('<span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Война и мир</span></span>' in <a href="/wiki/Reforms_of_Russian_orthography" title="Reforms of Russian orthography">reformed orthography</a>, and 'Война и миръ' in pre-reform orthography, pronounced <span title="Russian-language text"><i lang="ru-Latn">Voyna i mir</i></span>). He may have borrowed the title from the 1861 work of <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon">Pierre-Joseph Proudhon</a>: <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">La Guerre et la Paix</i></span> ("War and Peace" in <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Pevear_2008_VIII–IX_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pevear_2008_VIII–IX-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The title may also be a reference to the Roman Emperor <a href="/wiki/Titus" title="Titus">Titus</a>, who reigned from 79 to 81 AD and was described as being a master of "war and peace" in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Twelve_Caesars" title="The Twelve Caesars">The Twelve Caesars</a></i>, written by <a href="/wiki/Suetonius" title="Suetonius">Suetonius</a> in 119. </p><p>The <i>1805</i> manuscript was re-edited and annotated in Russia in 1983 and has been since translated into <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a>. </p><p>Tolstoy was instrumental in bringing a new kind of consciousness to the novel. His narrative structure is noted not only for its god's-eye point of view over and within events, but also in the way it swiftly and seamlessly portrayed an individual character's viewpoint. His use of visual detail is often comparable to cinema, using literary techniques that resemble panning, wide shots, and close-ups. These devices, while not exclusive to Tolstoy, are part of the new style of the novel that arose in the mid-19th century and of which Tolstoy proved himself a master.<sup id="cite_ref-j1_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-j1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The standard Russian text of <i>War and Peace</i> is divided into four volumes, comprising fifteen books, and an <a href="/wiki/Epilogue" title="Epilogue">epilogue</a> split into two parts. Roughly the first half is concerned strictly with the fictional characters, whereas the latter parts, as well as the second part of the epilogue, increasingly consist of <a href="/wiki/Essay" title="Essay">essays</a> about the nature of war, power, <a href="/wiki/History" title="History">history</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Historiography" title="Historiography">historiography</a>. Tolstoy interspersed these essays into the story in a way that defies previous fictional convention. Certain abridged versions remove these essays entirely, while others, published even during Tolstoy's life, simply moved these essays into an <a href="/wiki/Addendum" title="Addendum">appendix</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Realism">Realism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_and_Peace&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Realism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The plot of the novel is set 60 years before Tolstoy wrote it, but he had spoken with people who lived through the 1812 <a href="/wiki/French_invasion_of_Russia" title="French invasion of Russia">French invasion of Russia</a>. He read all the standard histories available in Russian and French about the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a> as well as letters, journals, autobiographies, and biographies of Napoleon and other key players of that era. There are approximately 160 real persons named or referred to in <i>War and Peace</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He worked from primary source materials, such as interviews and other documents, as well as from history books, philosophy texts, and other historical novels.<sup id="cite_ref-FeuerMiller2008_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FeuerMiller2008-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tolstoy used a great deal of his own experience in the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_War" title="Crimean War">Crimean War</a> to bring vivid detail and first-hand accounts of how the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Russian_Army" title="Imperial Russian Army">Imperial Russian Army</a> was structured.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tolstoy was critical of standard history, especially <a href="/wiki/Military_history" title="Military history">military history</a>, in <i>War and Peace</i>. He explains at the start of the novel's third volume his own views on how history ought to be written. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language">Language</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_and_Peace&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Guerraepace.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Guerraepace.jpg/170px-Guerraepace.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Guerraepace.jpg/255px-Guerraepace.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Guerraepace.jpg/340px-Guerraepace.jpg 2x" data-file-width="816" data-file-height="1332" /></a><figcaption>Cover of <i>War and Peace</i>, Italian translation, 1899.</figcaption></figure> <p>Although the book is mainly in Russian, significant portions of dialogue are in French. It has been suggested<sup id="cite_ref-figs_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-figs-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that the use of French is a deliberate literary device, to portray artifice while Russian emerges as a language of sincerity, honesty, and seriousness. It could, however, also simply represent another element of the realistic style in which the book is written, since French was the common language of the Russian aristocracy, and more generally the aristocracies of continental Europe at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In fact, the Russian nobility often knew only enough Russian to command their servants: Julie Karagina, a character in the novel, is so unfamiliar with her country's native language that she has to take Russian lessons. </p><p>The use of French diminishes as the book progresses. It is suggested that this is to demonstrate Russia freeing itself from foreign cultural domination,<sup id="cite_ref-figs_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-figs-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and to show that a once-friendly nation has turned into an enemy. By midway through the book, several of the Russian aristocracy are eager to find Russian tutors for themselves. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background_and_historical_context">Background and historical context</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_and_Peace&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Background and historical context"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:French_retreat_in_1812_by_Pryanishnikov.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/French_retreat_in_1812_by_Pryanishnikov.jpg/220px-French_retreat_in_1812_by_Pryanishnikov.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/French_retreat_in_1812_by_Pryanishnikov.jpg/330px-French_retreat_in_1812_by_Pryanishnikov.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/French_retreat_in_1812_by_Pryanishnikov.jpg/440px-French_retreat_in_1812_by_Pryanishnikov.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="711" /></a><figcaption><i>In 1812</i> by the Russian artist <a href="/wiki/Illarion_Pryanishnikov" title="Illarion Pryanishnikov">Illarion Pryanishnikov</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The novel spans the period from 1805 to 1820. The era of <a href="/wiki/Catherine_the_Great" title="Catherine the Great">Catherine the Great</a> was still fresh in the minds of older people. Catherine had made French the language of her royal court.<sup id="cite_ref-cath_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cath-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the next 100 years, it became a social requirement for the Russian nobility to speak French and understand French culture.<sup id="cite_ref-cath_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cath-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The historical context of the novel begins with the execution of <a href="/wiki/Louis_Antoine,_Duke_of_Enghien" title="Louis Antoine, Duke of Enghien">Louis Antoine, Duke of Enghien</a> in 1805, while Russia is ruled by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Russia" title="Alexander I of Russia">Alexander I</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>. Key historical events woven into the novel include the <a href="/wiki/Ulm_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulm Campaign">Ulm Campaign</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Austerlitz" title="Battle of Austerlitz">Battle of Austerlitz</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Treaties_of_Tilsit" title="Treaties of Tilsit">Treaties of Tilsit</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Erfurt" title="Congress of Erfurt">Congress of Erfurt</a>. Tolstoy also references the <a href="/wiki/Great_Comet_of_1811" title="Great Comet of 1811">Great Comet of 1811</a> just before the <a href="/wiki/French_invasion_of_Russia" title="French invasion of Russia">French invasion of Russia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Leo_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leo-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 1, 6, 79, 83, 167, 235, 240, 246, 363–364">: 1, 6, 79, 83, 167, 235, 240, 246, 363–364 </span></sup> </p><p>Tolstoy then uses the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ostrovno" title="Battle of Ostrovno">Battle of Ostrovno</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Borodino#Battle_of_Shevardino" title="Battle of Borodino">Battle of Shevardino Redoubt</a> in his novel, before the occupation of Moscow and the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Fire_of_Moscow_(1812)" title="Fire of Moscow (1812)">fire</a>. The novel continues with the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tarutino" title="Battle of Tarutino">Battle of Tarutino</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maloyaroslavets" title="Battle of Maloyaroslavets">Battle of Maloyaroslavets</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vyazma" title="Battle of Vyazma">Battle of Vyazma</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Krasnoi" title="Battle of Krasnoi">Battle of Krasnoi</a>. The final battle cited is the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Berezina" title="Battle of Berezina">Battle of Berezina</a>, after which the characters move on with rebuilding Moscow and their lives.<sup id="cite_ref-Leo_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leo-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 392–396, 449–481, 523, 586–591, 601, 613, 635, 638, 655, 640">: 392–396, 449–481, 523, 586–591, 601, 613, 635, 638, 655, 640 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Principal_characters">Principal characters</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_and_Peace&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Principal characters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_War_and_Peace_characters" title="List of War and Peace characters">List of War and Peace characters</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WarAndPeaceCharacterTree.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/WarAndPeaceCharacterTree.svg/220px-WarAndPeaceCharacterTree.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="69" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/WarAndPeaceCharacterTree.svg/330px-WarAndPeaceCharacterTree.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/WarAndPeaceCharacterTree.svg/440px-WarAndPeaceCharacterTree.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption><i>War and Peace</i> simple family tree.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leo_Tolstoy%27s_War_and_peace_family_tree_(EN)_by_shakko.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Leo_Tolstoy%27s_War_and_peace_family_tree_%28EN%29_by_shakko.jpg/220px-Leo_Tolstoy%27s_War_and_peace_family_tree_%28EN%29_by_shakko.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Leo_Tolstoy%27s_War_and_peace_family_tree_%28EN%29_by_shakko.jpg/330px-Leo_Tolstoy%27s_War_and_peace_family_tree_%28EN%29_by_shakko.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Leo_Tolstoy%27s_War_and_peace_family_tree_%28EN%29_by_shakko.jpg/440px-Leo_Tolstoy%27s_War_and_peace_family_tree_%28EN%29_by_shakko.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1871" data-file-height="572" /></a><figcaption><i>War and Peace</i> detailed family tree.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bem_postcard_7.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Bem_postcard_7.jpg/220px-Bem_postcard_7.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="339" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Bem_postcard_7.jpg/330px-Bem_postcard_7.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Bem_postcard_7.jpg/440px-Bem_postcard_7.jpg 2x" data-file-width="698" data-file-height="1076" /></a><figcaption>Natasha Rostova, a postcard by <a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_Boehm" title="Elisabeth Boehm">Elisabeth Boehm</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The novel tells the story of five families—the Bezukhovs, the Bolkonskys, the Rostovs, the Kuragins, and the Drubetskoys. </p><p>The main characters are: </p> <ul><li>The Bezukhovs <ul><li>Count Kirill Vladimirovich Bezukhov: the father of Pierre</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Bezukhov" title="Pierre Bezukhov">Count Pyotr Kirillovich ("Pierre") Bezukhov</a>: The central character and often a voice for Tolstoy's own beliefs or struggles. Pierre is the socially awkward illegitimate son of Count Kirill Vladimirovich Bezukhov, who has fathered dozens of illegitimate sons. Educated abroad, Pierre returns to Russia as a misfit. His unexpected inheritance of a large fortune makes him socially desirable.</li></ul></li> <li>The Bolkonskys <ul><li>Prince Nikolai Andreich Bolkonsky: The father of Andrei and Maria, the eccentric prince possesses a gruff exterior and displays great insensitivity to the emotional needs of his children. Nevertheless, his harshness often belies hidden depth of feeling.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Nikolayevich_Bolkonsky" title="Andrei Nikolayevich Bolkonsky">Prince Andrei Nikolayevich Bolkonsky</a>: A strong but skeptical, thoughtful and philosophical <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Aide-de-camp" title="Aide-de-camp">aide-de-camp</a></i></span> in the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>.</li> <li>Princess Elisabeta "Lisa" Karlovna Bolkonskaya (also Lise) – née Meinena. Wife of Andrei. Also called "little princess".</li> <li>Princess <a href="/wiki/Maria_Bolkonskaya" title="Maria Bolkonskaya">Maria Nikolayevna Bolkonskaya</a>: Sister of Prince Andrei, Princess Maria is a pious woman whose father attempted to give her a good education. The caring, nurturing nature of her large eyes in her otherwise plain face is frequently mentioned. Tolstoy often notes that Princess Maria cannot claim a radiant beauty (like many other female characters of the novel) but she is a person of very high moral values and of high intelligence.</li></ul></li> <li>The Rostovs <ul><li>Count Ilya Andreyevich Rostov: The <a href="/wiki/Pater-familias" class="mw-redirect" title="Pater-familias">pater-familias</a> of the Rostov family; hopeless with finances, generous to a fault. As a result, the Rostovs never have enough cash, despite having many estates.</li> <li>Countess Natalya Rostova: The wife of Count Ilya Rostov, she is frustrated by her husband's mishandling of their finances, but is determined that her children succeed anyway</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natasha_Rostova" title="Natasha Rostova">Countess Natalya Ilyinichna "Natasha" Rostova</a>: A central character, introduced as "not pretty but full of life", romantic, impulsive and highly strung. She is an accomplished singer and dancer.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Rostov" title="Nikolai Rostov">Count Nikolai Ilyich "Nikolenka" Rostov</a>: A <a href="/wiki/Hussar" title="Hussar">hussar</a>, the beloved elder son of the Rostov family.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonya_(War_and_Peace)" title="Sonya (War and Peace)">Sofia Alexandrovna "Sonya" Rostova</a>: Orphaned cousin of Vera, Nikolai, Natasha, and Petya Rostov and is in love with Nikolai.</li> <li>Countess Vera Ilyinichna Rostova: Eldest of the Rostov children, she marries the German career soldier, Berg.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petya_Rostov" title="Petya Rostov">Pyotr Ilyich "Petya" Rostov</a>: Youngest of the Rostov children.</li></ul></li> <li>The Kuragins <ul><li>Prince Vasily Sergeyevich Kuragin: A ruthless man who is determined to marry his children into wealth at any cost.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne_Kuragina" title="Hélène Kuragina">Princess Elena Vasilyevna "Hélène" Kuragina</a>: A beautiful and sexually alluring woman who has many affairs, including (it is rumoured) with her brother Anatole.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatole_Kuragin" title="Anatole Kuragin">Prince Anatole Vasilyevich Kuragin</a>: Hélène's brother, a handsome and amoral pleasure seeker who is secretly married yet tries to elope with Natasha Rostova.</li> <li>Prince Ippolit Vasilyevich (Hippolyte) Kuragin: The younger brother of Anatole and perhaps most dim-witted of the three Kuragin children.</li></ul></li> <li>The Drubetskoys <ul><li>Prince Boris Drubetskoy: A poor but aristocratic young man driven by ambition, even at the expense of his friends and benefactors, who marries Julie Karagina for money and is rumored to have had an affair with Hélène Bezukhova.</li> <li>Princess Anna Mikhailovna Drubetskaya: The impoverished mother of Boris, whom she wishes to push up the career ladder.</li></ul></li> <li>Other prominent characters <ul><li>Fyodor Ivanovich Dolokhov: A cold, almost psychopathic officer, he ruins Nikolai Rostov by luring him into an outrageous gambling debt after unsuccessfully proposing to Sonya Rostova. He is also rumored to have had an affair with Hélène Bezukhova and he provides for his poor mother and hunchbacked sister.</li> <li>Adolf Karlovich Berg: A young German officer, who desires to be just like everyone else and marries the young Vera Rostova.</li> <li>Anna Pavlovna Scherer: Also known as Annette, she is the hostess of the <a href="/wiki/Salon_(gathering)" title="Salon (gathering)">salon</a> that is the site of much of the novel's action in Petersburg and schemes with Prince Vasily Kuragin.</li> <li>Maria Dmitryevna Akhrosimova: An older Moscow society lady, good-humored but brutally honest.</li> <li>Amalia Evgenyevna Bourienne: A Frenchwoman who lives with the Bolkonskys, primarily as Princess Maria's companion and later at Maria's expense.</li> <li>Vasily Dmitrich Denisov: Nikolai Rostov's friend and brother officer, who unsuccessfully proposes to Natasha.</li> <li>Platon Karataev: The archetypal good Russian peasant, whom Pierre meets in the prisoner-of-war camp.</li> <li>Osip Bazdeyev: a <a href="/wiki/History_of_Freemasonry_in_Russia" title="History of Freemasonry in Russia">Freemason</a> who convinces Pierre to join his mysterious group.</li> <li>Bilibin: A <a href="/wiki/Diplomat" title="Diplomat">diplomat</a> with a reputation for cleverness, an acquaintance of Prince Andrei Bolkonsky.</li></ul></li></ul> <p>In addition, several real-life historical characters (such as <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a> and Prince <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Kutuzov" title="Mikhail Kutuzov">Mikhail Kutuzov</a>) play a prominent part in the book. Many of Tolstoy's characters were based on real people. His grandparents and their friends were the models for many of the main characters; his great-grandparents would have been of the generation of Prince Vassily or Count Ilya Rostov. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Plot_summary">Plot summary</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_and_Peace&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Plot summary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Book_One">Book One</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_and_Peace&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Book One"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maria_Fedorovna_by_Vigee-Lebrun.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Maria_Fedorovna_by_Vigee-Lebrun.jpg/220px-Maria_Fedorovna_by_Vigee-Lebrun.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="297" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Maria_Fedorovna_by_Vigee-Lebrun.jpg/330px-Maria_Fedorovna_by_Vigee-Lebrun.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Maria_Fedorovna_by_Vigee-Lebrun.jpg/440px-Maria_Fedorovna_by_Vigee-Lebrun.jpg 2x" data-file-width="592" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>The Empress Dowager <a href="/wiki/Maria_Feodorovna_(Sophie_Dorothea_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maria Feodorovna (Sophie Dorothea of Württemberg)">Maria Feodorovna</a>, mother of reigning Tsar <a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Russia" title="Alexander I of Russia">Alexander I</a>, is the most powerful woman in the Russian royal court.</figcaption></figure> <p>The novel begins in July 1805 in <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a>, at a <a href="/wiki/Soir%C3%A9e" class="mw-redirect" title="Soirée">soirée</a> given by Anna Pavlovna Scherer, the <a href="/wiki/Maid_of_honour" title="Maid of honour">maid of honour</a> and confidante to the <a href="/wiki/Empress_dowager" title="Empress dowager">dowager empress</a> <a href="/wiki/Maria_Feodorovna_(Sophie_Dorothea_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maria Feodorovna (Sophie Dorothea of Württemberg)">Maria Feodorovna</a>. Many of the main characters are introduced as they enter the salon. <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Bezukhov" title="Pierre Bezukhov">Pierre (Pyotr Kirilovich) Bezukhov</a> is the illegitimate son of a wealthy <a href="/wiki/Count" title="Count">count</a>. He is about to become embroiled in a struggle for his inheritance, since the count is dying after a series of strokes. Educated abroad at his father's expense following his mother's death, Pierre is kindhearted but socially awkward, and finds it difficult to integrate into Petersburg society. It is known to everyone at the soirée that Pierre is his father's favorite of all the old count's illegitimate progeny. They respect Pierre during the soirée because his father, Count Bezukhov, is a very rich man, and as Pierre is his favorite, most aristocrats think that the fortune of his father will be given to him even though he is illegitimate. </p><p>Also attending the soirée is Pierre's friend, Prince Andrei Nikolayevich Bolkonsky, husband of Lise, a charming society favourite. He is disillusioned with Petersburg society and with married life, feeling that his wife is empty and superficial. Pierre does not quite know what to do with this and is made uncomfortable witnessing the marital discord. Pierre was sent to Petersburg by his father to choose a career but is uncomfortable because he cannot find one and people frequently ask about it. Andrei tells Pierre he has decided to become <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Aide-de-camp" title="Aide-de-camp">aide-de-camp</a></i></span> to Prince <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Ilarionovich_Kutuzov" class="mw-redirect" title="Mikhail Ilarionovich Kutuzov">Mikhail Ilarionovich Kutuzov</a> in the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Third_Coalition" title="War of the Third Coalition">coming war</a> (the Battle of Austerlitz) against <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon I">Napoleon</a> in order to escape a life he cannot stand. </p><p>The plot moves to <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>, Russia's former capital, contrasting its provincial, more Russian ways to the more European society of Saint Petersburg. The Rostov family is introduced. Count Ilya Andreyevich Rostov and Countess Natalya Rostova are an affectionate couple but worried about their disordered finances. They have four children. Thirteen-year-old Natasha (Natalia Ilyinichna) believes herself in love with Boris Drubetskoy, a young man who is about to join the army as an officer. Boris's mother is Anna Mikhaylovna Drubetskaya, a childhood friend of the countess Natalya Rostova. Boris is also the godson of Pierre's father, Count Bezukhov. Twenty-year-old Nikolai Ilyich pledges his love to Sonya (Sofia Alexandrovna), his fifteen-year-old cousin, an orphan who has been brought up by the Rostovs. The eldest child, Vera Ilyinichna, is cold and somewhat haughty but has a good prospective marriage to a Russian-German officer, Adolf Karlovich Berg. Petya (Pyotr Ilyich) at nine is the youngest; like his brother, he is impetuous and eager to join the army when of age. </p><p>At Bald Hills, the Bolkonskys' country estate, Prince Andrei departs for war and leaves his terrified, pregnant wife Lise with his eccentric father Prince Nikolai Andreyevich and devoutly religious sister Maria Nikolayevna Bolkonskaya, who refuses to marry the son of a wealthy aristocrat on account of her devotion to her father and suspicion that the young man would be unfaithful to her. </p><p>The second part opens with descriptions of the impending Russian-French war preparations. At the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sch%C3%B6ngrabern" title="Battle of Schöngrabern">Schöngrabern engagement</a>, Nikolai Rostov, now an <a href="/wiki/Ensign_(rank)" title="Ensign (rank)">ensign</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Russian_hussars" title="Russian hussars">hussars</a>, has his first taste of battle. Boris Drubetskoy introduces him to Prince Andrei, whom Rostov insults in a fit of impetuousness. He is deeply attracted by <a href="/wiki/Tsar_Alexander_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsar Alexander I">Tsar Alexander</a>'s charisma. Nikolai gambles and socializes with his officer, Vasily Dmitrich Denisov, and befriends the ruthless Fyodor Ivanovich Dolokhov. Bolkonsky, Rostov, and Denisov are involved in the disastrous <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Austerlitz" title="Battle of Austerlitz">Battle of Austerlitz</a>, in which Prince Andrei is badly wounded as he attempts to rescue a Russian standard. </p><p>The Battle of Austerlitz is a major event in the book. As the battle is about to start, Prince Andrei thinks the approaching "day [will] be his <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Toulon" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Toulon">Toulon</a>, or his <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arcole" title="Battle of Arcole">Arcola</a>",<sup id="cite_ref-day_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-day-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> references to Napoleon's early victories. Later in the battle, however, Andrei falls into enemy hands and even meets his hero, Napoleon. But his previous enthusiasm has been shattered; he no longer thinks much of Napoleon, "so petty did his hero with his paltry vanity and delight in victory appear, compared to that lofty, righteous and kindly sky which he had seen and comprehended".<sup id="cite_ref-sky_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sky-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tolstoy portrays Austerlitz as an early test for Russia, one which ended badly because the soldiers fought for irrelevant things like glory or renown rather than the higher virtues which would produce, according to Tolstoy, a victory at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Borodino" title="Battle of Borodino">Borodino</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Napoleon%27s_invasion_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon's invasion of Russia">1812 invasion</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Book_Two">Book Two</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_and_Peace&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Book Two"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Book Two begins with Nikolai Rostov returning on leave to Moscow accompanied by his friend Denisov, his officer from his <a href="/wiki/Pavlograd_Hussar_Regiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Pavlograd Hussar Regiment">Pavlograd Regiment</a>. He spends an eventful winter at home. Natasha has blossomed into a beautiful young woman. Denisov falls in love with her and proposes marriage but is rejected. Nikolai meets Dolokhov, and they grow closer as friends. Dolokhov falls in love with Sonya, Nikolai's cousin, but as she is in love with Nikolai, she rejects Dolokhov's proposal. Nikolai meets Dolokhov sometime later. The resentful Dolokhov challenges Nikolai at cards, and Nikolai loses every hand until he sinks into a 43,000-ruble debt. Although his mother pleads with Nikolai to marry a wealthy heiress to rescue the family from its dire financial straits, he refuses. Instead, he promises to marry his childhood crush and orphaned cousin, the dowry-less Sonya. </p><p>Pierre Bezukhov, upon finally receiving his massive inheritance, is suddenly transformed from a bumbling young man into the most eligible bachelor in Russian society. Despite knowing that it is wrong, he is convinced into marriage with Prince Kuragin's beautiful and immoral daughter Hélène (Elena Vasilyevna Kuragina). Hélène, who is rumored to be involved in an incestuous affair with her brother Anatole, tells Pierre that she will never have children with him. Hélène is also rumored to be having an affair with Dolokhov, who mocks Pierre in public. Pierre loses his temper and challenges Dolokhov to a duel. Unexpectedly (because Dolokhov is a seasoned dueller), Pierre wounds Dolokhov. Hélène denies her affair, but Pierre is convinced of her guilt and leaves her. In his moral and spiritual confusion, Pierre joins the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Freemasonry_in_Russia" title="History of Freemasonry in Russia">Freemasons</a>. Much of Book Two concerns his struggles with his passions and his spiritual conflicts. He abandons his former carefree behavior and enters upon a philosophical quest particular to Tolstoy: how should one live a moral life in an ethically imperfect world? The question continually baffles Pierre. He attempts to liberate his <a href="/wiki/Serfdom_in_Russia" title="Serfdom in Russia">serfs</a>, but ultimately achieves nothing of note. </p><p>Pierre is contrasted with Prince Andrei Bolkonsky. Andrei recovers from his near-fatal wound in a military hospital and returns home, only to find Lise dying in childbirth. He is stricken by his guilty conscience for not treating her better. His child, Nikolai, survives. </p><p> Burdened with <a href="/wiki/Nihilism" title="Nihilism">nihilistic</a> disillusionment, Prince Andrei does not return to the army but remains on his estate, working on a project that would codify military behavior to solve problems of disorganization responsible for the loss of life on the Russian side. Pierre visits him and brings new questions: where is God in this amoral world? Pierre is interested in <a href="/wiki/Panentheism" title="Panentheism">panentheism</a> and the possibility of an afterlife.</p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_Square_in_Moscow_(1801)_by_Fedor_Alekseev.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Red_Square_in_Moscow_%281801%29_by_Fedor_Alekseev.jpg/220px-Red_Square_in_Moscow_%281801%29_by_Fedor_Alekseev.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Red_Square_in_Moscow_%281801%29_by_Fedor_Alekseev.jpg/330px-Red_Square_in_Moscow_%281801%29_by_Fedor_Alekseev.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Red_Square_in_Moscow_%281801%29_by_Fedor_Alekseev.jpg/440px-Red_Square_in_Moscow_%281801%29_by_Fedor_Alekseev.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1677" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Scene in <a href="/wiki/Red_Square" title="Red Square">Red Square</a>, Moscow, 1801. Oil on canvas by <a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Alekseyev" title="Fyodor Alekseyev">Fedor Yakovlevich Alekseev</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Pierre's wife, Hélène, begs him to take her back, and trying to abide by the Freemason laws of forgiveness, he agrees. Hélène establishes herself as an influential hostess in Petersburg society. </p><p>Prince Andrei feels impelled to take his newly written military notions to Saint Petersburg, naively expecting to influence either the Emperor himself or those close to him. Young Natasha, also in Saint Petersburg, is caught up in the excitement of her first grand ball, where she meets Prince Andrei and briefly reinvigorates him with her vivacious charm. Andrei believes he has found purpose in life again and, after paying the Rostovs several visits, proposes marriage to Natasha. However, Andrei's father dislikes the Rostovs and opposes the marriage, insisting that the couple wait a year before marrying. Prince Andrei leaves to recuperate from his wounds abroad, leaving Natasha distraught. Count Rostov takes her and Sonya to Moscow in order to raise funds for her trousseau. </p><p>Natasha visits the Moscow opera, where she meets Hélène and her brother Anatole. Anatole has since married a Polish woman whom he abandoned in Poland. He is very attracted to Natasha and determined to seduce her and conspires with his sister to do so. Anatole succeeds in making Natasha believe he loves her, eventually establishing plans to elope. Natasha writes to Princess Maria, Andrei's sister, breaking off her engagement. At the last moment, Sonya discovers her plans to elope and foils them. Natasha learns from Pierre of Anatole's marriage. Devastated, Natasha makes a suicide attempt and is left seriously ill. </p><p>Pierre is initially horrified by Natasha's behavior but realizes he has fallen in love with her. As the <a href="/wiki/C/1811_F1" class="mw-redirect" title="C/1811 F1">Great Comet of 1811–12</a> streaks across the sky, life appears to begin anew for Pierre. Prince Andrei coldly accepts Natasha's breaking of the engagement. He tells Pierre that his pride will not allow him to renew his proposal. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Book_Three">Book Three</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_and_Peace&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Book Three"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_Borodino_1812.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Battle_of_Borodino_1812.png/220px-Battle_of_Borodino_1812.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Battle_of_Borodino_1812.png/330px-Battle_of_Borodino_1812.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Battle_of_Borodino_1812.png/440px-Battle_of_Borodino_1812.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1596" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Borodino" title="Battle of Borodino">Battle of Borodino</a>, fought on September 7, 1812, and involving more than a quarter of a million troops and seventy thousand casualties was a turning point in Napoleon's failed campaign to defeat Russia. It is vividly depicted through the plot and characters of <i>War and Peace</i>.<br />Painting by <a href="/wiki/Louis-Fran%C3%A7ois_Lejeune" title="Louis-François Lejeune">Louis-François Lejeune</a>, 1822.</figcaption></figure> <p>With the help of her family, and the stirrings of religious faith, Natasha manages to persevere in Moscow through this dark period. Meanwhile, the whole of Russia is affected by the coming confrontation between Napoleon's army and the Russian army. Pierre convinces himself through <a href="/wiki/Gematria" title="Gematria">gematria</a> that Napoleon is the <a href="/wiki/Antichrist" title="Antichrist">Antichrist</a> of the <i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Book of Revelation</a></i> and that Pierre himself has an <a href="/wiki/Eschatology" title="Eschatology">eschatological</a> role. Old Prince Bolkonsky dies of a stroke knowing that French marauders are coming for his estate. No organized help from any Russian army seems available to the Bolkonskys, but Nikolai Rostov turns up at their estate in time to help put down an incipient peasant revolt. He finds himself attracted to the distraught Princess Maria. </p><p>Back in Moscow, the patriotic Petya joins a crowd in audience of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Russia" title="Alexander I of Russia">Tzar Alexander</a> and manages to snatch a biscuit thrown from the balcony window of the <a href="/wiki/Dormition_Cathedral,_Moscow" title="Dormition Cathedral, Moscow">Cathedral of the Assumption</a> by the Tzar. He is nearly crushed by the throngs in his effort. Under the influence of the same patriotism, his father finally allows him to enlist. </p><p>Napoleon himself is the main character in this section, and the novel presents him in vivid detail, both personally and as both a thinker and would-be strategist. Also described are the well-organized force of over four hundred thousand troops of the French <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Grande_Arm%C3%A9e" title="Grande Armée">Grande Armée</a></i></span> (only one hundred and forty thousand of them actually French-speaking) that marches through the Russian countryside in the late summer and reaches the outskirts of the city of <a href="/wiki/Smolensk" title="Smolensk">Smolensk</a>. Pierre decides to leave Moscow and go to watch the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Borodino" title="Battle of Borodino">Battle of Borodino</a> from a vantage point next to a Russian artillery crew. After watching for a time, he begins to join in carrying ammunition. In the midst of the turmoil, he experiences first-hand the death and destruction of war; Eugène's artillery continues to pound Russian support columns, while Marshals Ney and Davout set up a crossfire with artillery positioned on the Semyonovskaya heights. The battle becomes a hideous slaughter for both armies and ends in a standoff. The Russians, however, have won a moral victory by standing up to Napoleon's reputedly invincible army. The Russian army withdraws the next day, allowing Napoleon to march on to Moscow. Among the casualties are Anatole Kuragin and Prince Andrei. Anatole loses a leg, and Andrei suffers a grenade wound in the abdomen. Both are reported dead, but their families are in such disarray that no one can be notified. </p><p>The Rostovs have waited until the last minute to abandon Moscow, even after it became clear that Kutuzov had retreated past Moscow. The Muscovites are being given contradictory instructions on how to either flee or fight. <a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Rostopchin" title="Fyodor Rostopchin">Count Fyodor Rostopchin</a>, the commander in chief of Moscow, is publishing posters, rousing the citizens to put their faith in religious <a href="/wiki/Icon" title="Icon">icons</a>, while at the same time urging them to fight with pitchforks if necessary. Before fleeing himself, he gives orders to burn the city. However, Tolstoy states that the burning of an abandoned city mostly built of wood was inevitable, and while the French blame the Russians, these blame the French. The Rostovs have a difficult time deciding what to take with them, but in the end, Natasha convinces them to load their carts with the wounded and dying from the Battle of Borodino. Unknown to Natasha, Prince Andrei is among the wounded. </p><p>When Napoleon's army finally occupies an abandoned and <a href="/wiki/Fire_of_Moscow_(1812)" title="Fire of Moscow (1812)">burning Moscow</a>, Pierre takes off on a naïve mission to assassinate Napoleon. He becomes anonymous in all the chaos, shedding his responsibilities by wearing peasant clothes and shunning his duties and lifestyle. The only people he sees are Natasha and some of her family, as they depart Moscow. Natasha recognizes and smiles at him, and he in turn realizes the full scope of his love for her. </p><p>Pierre saves the life of a French officer who, seeking shelter, enters the home of a dead friend of Pierre's, in which Pierre has been living since departing his own home. The two have a long, amicable conversation. The next day Pierre goes into the street to resume his assassination plan. He rescues a young girl from a burning house and then comes across two French soldiers robbing an Armenian family. When one of the soldiers tries to rip the necklace off the young Armenian woman's neck, Pierre intervenes by attacking the soldiers, and is taken prisoner by the French army. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Book_Four">Book Four</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_and_Peace&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Book Four"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Napoleons_retreat_from_moscow.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Napoleons_retreat_from_moscow.jpg/220px-Napoleons_retreat_from_moscow.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Napoleons_retreat_from_moscow.jpg/330px-Napoleons_retreat_from_moscow.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Napoleons_retreat_from_moscow.jpg/440px-Napoleons_retreat_from_moscow.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="762" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Napoleon_Bonaparte" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon Bonaparte">Napoleon</a>'s retreat from Moscow. Painting by <a href="/wiki/Adolph_Northen" title="Adolph Northen">Adolph Northen</a> (1828–1876).</figcaption></figure> <p>After his capture, Pierre believes he will be executed. In the end he is spared, but witnesses the execution of other prisoners with horror. Pierre becomes friends with a fellow prisoner, Platon Karataev, a Russian peasant with a saintly demeanor. In Karataev, Pierre finally finds what he has been seeking: an honest person of integrity, who is utterly without pretense. Pierre discovers meaning in life simply by interacting with him. After witnessing French soldiers sacking Moscow and shooting Russian civilians arbitrarily, Pierre is forced to march with the Grand Army during its disastrous retreat from Moscow in the harsh <a href="/wiki/Russian_Winter" title="Russian Winter">Russian winter</a>. After months of tribulation—during which the fever-plagued Karataev is shot by the French—Pierre is finally freed by a Russian raiding party led by Dolokhov and Denisov, after a small skirmish with the French that sees the young Petya Rostov killed in action. </p><p>Meanwhile, Andrei has been taken in and cared for by the Rostovs, fleeing from Moscow to <a href="/wiki/Yaroslavl" title="Yaroslavl">Yaroslavl</a>. He is reunited with Natasha and his sister Maria before the end of the war. In an internal transformation, he loses the fear of death and forgives Natasha in a last act before dying. </p><p>As the novel draws to a close, Pierre's wife Hélène dies from an overdose of an <a href="/wiki/Abortifacient" title="Abortifacient">abortifacient</a> (Tolstoy does not state it explicitly but the euphemism he uses is unambiguous). Pierre is reunited with Natasha, while the victorious Russians rebuild Moscow. Natasha speaks of Prince Andrei's death and Pierre of Karataev's. Both are aware of a growing bond between them in their bereavement. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Epilogue_in_two_parts">Epilogue in two parts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_and_Peace&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Epilogue in two parts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="First_part">First part</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_and_Peace&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: First part"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kolman_decembrists.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Kolman_decembrists.jpg/220px-Kolman_decembrists.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Kolman_decembrists.jpg/330px-Kolman_decembrists.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Kolman_decembrists.jpg/440px-Kolman_decembrists.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1011" data-file-height="674" /></a><figcaption>Karl Kollmann depicting the Decembrist uprising in St. Petersburg, 1825.</figcaption></figure> <p>The first part of the epilogue begins with the wedding of Pierre and Natasha in 1813. Nikolai becomes worried about his family's finances and leaves the army after hearing of Petya's death. There is little hope for recovery. Given the Rostovs' ruin, he does not feel comfortable with the prospect of marrying the wealthy Marya Bolkonskaya, but when they meet again, they both still feel love for each other. Count Rostov dies soon after, leaving Nikolai to take charge of the debt-ridden estate. Nikolai finds himself with the task of maintaining the family on the verge of bankruptcy. Although he finds marrying women for money repugnant, he gives in to his love for Princess Maria and marries her. </p><p>Nikolai and Maria then move to her inherited estate of Bald Hills with his mother and Sonya, whom he supports for the rest of their lives. Nikolai and Maria have children together, and also raise Prince Andrei's orphaned son, Nikolai Andreyevich (Nikolenka) Bolkonsky. </p><p>As in all good marriages, there are misunderstandings, but the couples – Pierre and Natasha, Nikolai and Maria – remain devoted. Pierre and Natasha visit Bald Hills in 1820. There is a hint in the closing chapters that the idealistic, boyish Nikolenka and Pierre would both become part of the <a href="/wiki/Decembrist_revolt" title="Decembrist revolt">Decembrist Uprising</a>. The first epilogue concludes with Nikolenka promising he would do something with which even his late father "would be satisfied" (presumably as a <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary" title="Revolutionary">revolutionary</a> in the Decembrist revolt). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Second_part">Second part</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_and_Peace&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Second part"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The second part of the epilogue contains Tolstoy's critique of all existing forms of mainstream history. The 19th-century <a href="/wiki/Great_man_theory" title="Great man theory">Great Man Theory</a> claims that historical events are the result of the actions of "heroes" and other great individuals; Tolstoy argues that this is impossible because of how rarely these actions result in great historical events. Rather, he argues, great historical events are the result of many smaller events driven by the thousands of individuals involved (a summation which he earlier, in Part III chapter 1, compared to <a href="/wiki/Calculus" title="Calculus">calculus</a>, and the sum of <a href="/wiki/Infinitesimal" title="Infinitesimal">infinitesimals</a>). He then goes on to argue that these smaller events are the result of an inverse relationship between necessity and free will, necessity being based on reason and therefore explicable through historical analysis, and free will being based on <a href="/wiki/Consciousness" title="Consciousness">consciousness</a> and therefore inherently unpredictable. Tolstoy also ridicules newly emerging Darwinism as overly simplistic, comparing it to plasterers covering over the windows, <a href="/wiki/Russian_icons" title="Russian icons">icons</a>, and scaffolding with plaster, impressed with the smooth result. He wrestles with the tension between our consciousness of freedom and the apparent need for necessity to develop laws of science and history, saying at times that the first is as real as the second, and yet that its reality would destroy the second. He concludes that just as astronomy had to adopt the Copernican hypothesis of the earth's movement, not because it fits our immediate perceptions, but to avoid absurdities, so too must historical science accept some conception of necessary laws of human action, even though we feel free in our ordinary lives. In an appendix, he tries to further resolve the tension with the suggestion that we are most free, or feel most free, in arbitrary acts affecting us alone, but less free in acts affecting other people, where moral or other principles force or forbid certain responses. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Philosophical_chapters">Philosophical chapters</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_and_Peace&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Philosophical chapters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>War and Peace</i> is Tolstoy's longest work, consisting of 361 chapters. Of those, 24 are philosophical chapters with the author's comments and views, rather than narrative. These chapters discuss historical events but do not touch on the fictional plot of the novel. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reception">Reception</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_and_Peace&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Reception"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA.jpeg/220px-%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA.jpeg/330px-%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA.jpeg/440px-%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="956" data-file-height="1349" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Leonid_Pasternak" title="Leonid Pasternak">Leonid Pasternak</a>'s 1893 illustration to <i>War and Peace.</i></figcaption></figure> <p>The novel that made its author "the true lion of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_literature" title="Russian literature">Russian literature</a>" (according to <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Goncharov" title="Ivan Goncharov">Ivan Goncharov</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-sukhikh_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sukhikh-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-op_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-op-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> enjoyed great success with the reading public upon its publication and spawned dozens of reviews and analytical essays, some of which (by <a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Pisarev" title="Dmitry Pisarev">Dmitry Pisarev</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pavel_Annenkov" title="Pavel Annenkov">Pavel Annenkov</a>, Dragomirov and Strakhov) formed the basis for the research of later Tolstoy scholars.<sup id="cite_ref-op_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-op-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yet the Russian press's initial response to the novel was muted, with most critics unable to decide how to classify it. The liberal newspaper <i><a href="/wiki/Golos_(newspaper)" title="Golos (newspaper)">Golos</a></i> (The Voice, April 3, #93, 1865) was one of the first to react. Its anonymous reviewer posed a question later repeated by many others: "What could this possibly be? What kind of genre are we supposed to file it to?... Where is fiction in it, and where is real history?"<sup id="cite_ref-op_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-op-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Writer and critic Nikolai Akhsharumov, writing in <span title="Russian-language text"><i lang="ru-Latn">Vsemirny Trud</i></span> (#6, 1867), suggested that <i>War and Peace</i> was "neither a chronicle, nor a historical novel", but a genre merger, this ambiguity never undermining its immense value. Annenkov, who praised the novel too, was equally vague when trying to classify it. "The cultural history of one large section of our society, the political and social panorama of it in the beginning of the current century," was his suggestion. "It is the [social] epic, the history novel and the vast picture of the whole nation's life," wrote <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Turgenev" title="Ivan Turgenev">Ivan Turgenev</a> in his bid to define <i>War and Peace</i> in the foreword for his French translation of "The Two Hussars" (published in Paris by <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Le_Temps" title="Le Temps">Le Temps</a></i></span> in 1875). </p><p>In general, the literary left received the novel coldly. They saw it as devoid of social critique, and keen on the idea of national unity. They saw its major fault as the "author's inability to portray a new kind of revolutionary intelligentsia in his novel", as critic <a href="/wiki/Varfolomey_Zaytsev" title="Varfolomey Zaytsev">Varfolomey Zaytsev</a> put it.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Articles by <a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Minayev" title="Dmitry Minayev">D. Minayev</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vasily_Bervi-Flerovsky" title="Vasily Bervi-Flerovsky">Vasily Bervi-Flerovsky</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Shelgunov" title="Nikolai Shelgunov">N. Shelgunov</a> in <span title="Russian-language text"><i lang="ru-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Delo_(magazine)" title="Delo (magazine)">Delo</a></i></span> magazine characterized the novel as "lacking realism", showing its characters as "cruel and rough", "mentally stoned", "morally depraved" and promoting "the philosophy of stagnation". Still, <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Saltykov-Schedrin" class="mw-redirect" title="Mikhail Saltykov-Schedrin">Mikhail Saltykov-Schedrin</a>, who never expressed his opinion of the novel publicly, in private conversation was reported to have expressed delight with "how strongly this Count has stung our higher society".<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Pisarev" title="Dmitry Pisarev">Dmitry Pisarev</a> in his unfinished article "Russian Gentry of Old" (<span title="Russian-language text"><i lang="ru-Latn">Staroye barstvo</i></span>, <span title="Russian-language text"><i lang="ru-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Otechestvennye_Zapiski" title="Otechestvennye Zapiski">Otechestvennye Zapiski</a></i></span>, #2, 1868), while praising Tolstoy's realism in portraying members of high society, was still unhappy with the way the author, as he saw it, 'idealized' the old nobility, expressing "unconscious and quite natural tenderness towards" the Russian <a href="/wiki/Dvoryanstvo" class="mw-redirect" title="Dvoryanstvo">dvoryanstvo</a>. On the opposite front, the conservative press and "patriotic" authors (A. S. Norov and P. A. Vyazemsky among them) were accusing Tolstoy of consciously distorting 1812 history, desecrating the "patriotic feelings of our fathers" and ridiculing dvoryanstvo.<sup id="cite_ref-op_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-op-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of the first comprehensive articles on the novel was that of Pavel Annenkov, published in #2, 1868 issue of <i><a href="/wiki/Vestnik_Evropy" title="Vestnik Evropy">Vestnik Evropy</a></i>. The critic praised Tolstoy's masterful portrayal of man at war, marveled at the complexity of the whole composition, organically merging historical facts and fiction. "The dazzling side of the novel," according to Annenkov, was "the natural simplicity with which [the author] transports the worldly affairs and big social events down to the level of a character who witnesses them." Annekov thought the historical gallery of the novel was incomplete with the two "great <a href="/wiki/Raznochintsy" title="Raznochintsy">raznotchintsys</a>", <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Speransky" title="Mikhail Speransky">Speransky</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aleksey_Arakcheyev" title="Aleksey Arakcheyev">Arakcheyev</a>, and deplored the fact that the author stopped at introducing to the novel "this relatively rough but original element." In the end the critic called the novel "the whole epoch in the Russian fiction."<sup id="cite_ref-op_21-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-op-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Slavophilia" title="Slavophilia">Slavophiles</a> declared Tolstoy their "<span title="Russian-language text"><i lang="ru-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Bogatyr" title="Bogatyr">bogatyr</a></i></span>" and pronounced <i>War and Peace</i> "the Bible of the new national idea". Several articles on <i>War and Peace</i> were published in 1869–70 in <i><a href="/wiki/Zarya_(magazine)" title="Zarya (magazine)">Zarya</a></i> magazine by <a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Strakhov" title="Nikolay Strakhov">Nikolay Strakhov</a>. "<i>War and Peace</i> is the work of genius, equal to everything that the Russian literature has produced before", he pronounced in the first, smaller essay. "It is now quite clear that from 1868 when the <i>War and Peace</i> was published the very essence of what we call Russian literature has become quite different, acquired the new form and meaning", the critic continued later. Strakhov was the first critic in Russia who declared Tolstoy's novel to be a masterpiece of a level previously unknown in Russian literature. Still, being a true Slavophile, he could not fail to see the novel as promoting the major Slavophiliac ideas of "meek Russian character's supremacy over the rapacious European kind" (using <a href="/wiki/Apollon_Grigoryev" title="Apollon Grigoryev">Apollon Grigoryev</a>'s formula). Years later, in 1878, discussing Strakhov's own book <i>The World as a Whole</i>, Tolstoy criticized both Grigoryev's concept (of "Russian meekness <i>vs.</i> Western bestiality") and Strakhov's interpretation of it.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shengraben1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Shengraben1.jpg/220px-Shengraben1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Shengraben1.jpg/330px-Shengraben1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Shengraben1.jpg/440px-Shengraben1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="539" data-file-height="390" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sch%C3%B6ngrabern" title="Battle of Schöngrabern">Battle of Schöngrabern</a></i> by K. Bujnitsky.</figcaption></figure> <p>Among the reviewers were military men and authors specializing in war literature. Most assessed highly the artfulness and realism of Tolstoy's battle scenes. N. Lachinov, a member of the <i><a href="/wiki/Russky_Invalid" title="Russky Invalid">Russky Invalid</a></i> newspaper staff (#69, April 10, 1868) called the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sch%C3%B6ngrabern" title="Battle of Schöngrabern">Battle of Schöngrabern</a> scenes "bearing the highest degree of historical and artistic truthfulness" and totally agreed with the author's view on the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Borodino" title="Battle of Borodino">Battle of Borodino</a>, which some of his opponents disputed. The army general and respected military writer <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Dragomirov" title="Mikhail Dragomirov">Mikhail Dragomirov</a>, in an article published in <span title="Russian-language text"><i lang="ru-Latn">Oruzheiny Sbornik</i></span> (<i>The Military Almanac</i>, 1868–70), while disputing some of Tolstoy's ideas concerning the "spontaneity" of wars and the role of commander in battles, advised all the Russian Army officers to use <i>War and Peace</i> as their desk book, describing its battle scenes as "incomparable" and "serving for an ideal manual to every textbook on theories of military art."<sup id="cite_ref-op_21-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-op-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Unlike professional literary critics, most prominent Russian writers of the time supported the novel wholeheartedly. Goncharov, Turgenev, Leskov, Dostoevsky and Fet have all gone on record as declaring <i>War and Peace</i> the masterpiece of <a href="/wiki/Russian_literature" title="Russian literature">Russian literature</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Goncharov" title="Ivan Goncharov">Ivan Goncharov</a> in a July 17, 1878, letter to Pyotr Ganzen advised him to choose for translating into <a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a> <i>War and Peace</i>, adding: "This is positively what might be called a Russian <i><a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a></i>. Embracing the whole epoch, it is the grandiose literary event, showcasing the gallery of great men painted by a lively brush of the great master ... This is one of the most, if not the most profound literary work ever".<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1879, unhappy with Ganzen having chosen <i><a href="/wiki/Anna_Karenina" title="Anna Karenina">Anna Karenina</a></i> to start with, Goncharov insisted: "<i>War and Peace</i> is the extraordinary poem of a novel, both in content and execution. It also serves as a monument to Russian history's glorious epoch when whatever figure you take is a colossus, a statue in bronze. Even [the novel's] minor characters carry all the characteristic features of the Russian people and its life."<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1885, expressing satisfaction with the fact that Tolstoy's works had by then been translated into Danish, Goncharov again stressed the immense importance of <i>War and Peace</i>. "Count Tolstoy really mounts over everybody else here [in Russia]", he remarked.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky" title="Fyodor Dostoevsky">Fyodor Dostoevsky</a> (in a May 30, 1871, letter to Strakhov) described <i>War and Peace</i> as "the last word of the landlord's literature and the brilliant one at that." In a draft version of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Adolescent" title="The Adolescent">The Raw Youth</a></i> he described Tolstoy as "a historiograph of the <span title="Russian-language text"><i lang="ru-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Dvoryanstvo" class="mw-redirect" title="Dvoryanstvo">dvoryanstvo</a></i></span>, or rather, its cultural elite." "The objectivity and realism impart wonderful charm to all scenes, and alongside people of talent, honour and duty he exposes numerous scoundrels, worthless goons and fools," he added.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1876 Dostoevsky wrote: "My strong conviction is that a writer of fiction has to have most profound knowledge—not only of the poetic side of his art, but also the reality he deals with, in its historical as well as contemporary context. Here [in Russia], as far as I see it, only one writer excels in this, Count Lev Tolstoy."<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Leskov" title="Nikolai Leskov">Nikolai Leskov</a>, then an anonymous reviewer in <span title="Russian-language text"><i lang="ru-Latn">Birzhevy Vestnik</i></span> (<i>The Stock Exchange Herald</i>), wrote several articles praising highly <i>War and Peace</i>, calling it "the best ever Russian historical novel" and "the pride of the contemporary literature". Marveling at the realism and factual truthfulness of Tolstoy's book, Leskov thought the author deserved the special credit for "having lifted up the people's spirit upon the high pedestal it deserved". "While working most elaborately upon individual characters, the author, apparently, has been studying most diligently the character of the nation as a whole; the life of people whose moral strength came to be concentrated in the Army that came up to fight mighty Napoleon. In this respect the novel of Count Tolstoy could be seen as an epic of the Great national war which up until now has had its historians but never had its singers", Leskov wrote.<sup id="cite_ref-op_21-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-op-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Afanasy_Fet" title="Afanasy Fet">Afanasy Fet</a>, in a January 1, 1870, letter to Tolstoy, expressed his great delight with the novel. "You've managed to show us in great detail the other, mundane side of life and explain how organically does it feed the outer, heroic side of it", he added.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Turgenev" title="Ivan Turgenev">Ivan Turgenev</a> gradually re-considered his initial skepticism as to the novel's historical aspect and also the style of Tolstoy's psychological analysis. In his 1880 article written in the form of a letter addressed to Edmond Abou, the editor of the French newspaper <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Le XIX<sup>e</sup> Siècle</i></span>, Turgenev described Tolstoy as "the most popular Russian writer" and <i>War and Peace</i> as "one of the most remarkable books of our age."<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "This vast work has the spirit of an epic, where the life of Russia of the beginning of our century in general and in details has been recreated by the hand of a true master ... The manner in which Count Tolstoy conducts his treatise is innovative and original. This is the great work of a great writer, and in it there's true, real Russia," Turgenev wrote.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was largely due to Turgenev's efforts that the novel started to gain popularity with the European readership. The first French edition of the <i>War and Peace</i> (1879) paved the way for the worldwide success of Leo Tolstoy and his works.<sup id="cite_ref-op_21-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-op-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since then many world-famous authors have praised <i>War and Peace</i> as a masterpiece of world literature. <a href="/wiki/Gustave_Flaubert" title="Gustave Flaubert">Gustave Flaubert</a> expressed his delight in <a href="/wiki/Flaubert%27s_letters" title="Flaubert's letters">a January 1880 letter</a> to Turgenev, writing: "This is the first class work! What an artist and what a psychologist! The first two volumes are exquisite. I used to utter shrieks of delight while reading. This is powerful, very powerful indeed."<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later <a href="/wiki/John_Galsworthy" title="John Galsworthy">John Galsworthy</a> called <i>War and Peace</i> "the best novel that had ever been written". <a href="/wiki/Romain_Rolland" title="Romain Rolland">Romain Rolland</a>, remembering his reading the novel as a student, wrote, "This work, like life itself, has no beginning, no end. It is life itself in its eternal movement."<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mann" title="Thomas Mann">Thomas Mann</a> thought <i>War and Peace</i> to be "the greatest ever war novel in the history of literature."<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Woolf" title="Virginia Woolf">Virginia Woolf</a> finished the book, she declared "There remains the greatest of all novelists—for what else can we call the author of <i>War and Peace</i>?"<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway" title="Ernest Hemingway">Ernest Hemingway</a> confessed that it was from Tolstoy that he had been taking lessons on how to "write about war in the most straightforward, honest, objective and stark way." "I don't know anybody who could write about war better than Tolstoy did", Hemingway asserted in his 1955 <i>Men at War. The Best War Stories of All Time</i> anthology.<sup id="cite_ref-op_21-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-op-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Babel" title="Isaac Babel">Isaac Babel</a> said, after reading <i>War and Peace</i>, "If the world could write by itself, it would write like Tolstoy."<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tolstoy "gives us a unique combination of the 'naive objectivity' of the oral narrator with the interest in detail characteristic of realism. This is the reason for our trust in his presentation."<sup id="cite_ref-greenwood_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-greenwood-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="English_translations">English translations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_and_Peace&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: English translations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>War and Peace</i> has been translated into many languages. It has been translated into English on several occasions, starting with Clara Bell working from a French translation. The translators <a href="/wiki/Constance_Garnett" title="Constance Garnett">Constance Garnett</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aylmer_and_Louise_Maude" title="Aylmer and Louise Maude">Aylmer and Louise Maude</a> knew Tolstoy personally. Translations have to deal with Tolstoy's often peculiar syntax and his fondness for repetitions. Only about two percent of <i>War and Peace</i> is in French; Tolstoy removed the French in a revised 1873 edition, only to restore it later.<sup id="cite_ref-figs_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-figs-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most translators follow Garnett retaining some French; Briggs and Shubin use no French, while Pevear–Volokhonsky's and Amy Mandelker's revisions of the Maude translation both retain the French fully.<sup id="cite_ref-figs_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-figs-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="List_of_English_translations">List of English translations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_and_Peace&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: List of English translations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>(Translators listed.) </p><p>Full translations: </p> <ul><li>Clara Bell (New York: Gottsberger, 1886). Translated from a French version</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Haskell_Dole" title="Nathan Haskell Dole">Nathan Haskell Dole</a> (New York: Thomas Y. Crowell & Co., 1889)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Wiener" title="Leo Wiener">Leo Wiener</a> (Boston: Dana Estes & Co., 1904)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constance_Garnett" title="Constance Garnett">Constance Garnett</a> (London: Heinemann, 1904)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aylmer_and_Louise_Maude" title="Aylmer and Louise Maude">Aylmer and Louise Maude</a> (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1922–23) <ul><li>Revised by George Gibian (Norton Critical Edition, 1966)</li> <li>Revised by Amy Mandelker (Oxford University Press, 2010)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosemary_Edmonds" title="Rosemary Edmonds">Rosemary Edmonds</a> (Penguin, 1957; revised 1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Dunnigan" title="Ann Dunnigan">Ann Dunnigan</a> (New American Library, 1968)</li> <li>Anthony Briggs (Penguin, 2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Pevear_and_Larissa_Volokhonsky" title="Richard Pevear and Larissa Volokhonsky">Richard Pevear and Larissa Volokhonsky</a> (Random House, 2007)</li> <li>Daniel H. Shubin (self-published, 2020)</li></ul> <p>Abridged translation: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Alexandra_Kropotkin" class="mw-redirect" title="Princess Alexandra Kropotkin">Princess Alexandra Kropotkin</a> (Doubleday, 1949)<sup id="cite_ref-Leo_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leo-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Translation of draft of 1863: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Bromfield" title="Andrew Bromfield">Andrew Bromfield</a> (HarperCollins, 2007). Approx. 400 pages shorter than English translations of the finished novel</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Comparing_translations">Comparing translations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_and_Peace&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Comparing translations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <i>Encyclopedia of Literary Translation into English</i>, academic Zoja Pavlovskis-Petit has this to say about the translations of <i>War and Peace</i> available in 2000: "Of all the translations of <i>War and Peace</i>, Dunnigan's (1968) is the best. ... Unlike the other translators, Dunnigan even succeeds with many characteristically Russian folk expressions and proverbs. ... She is faithful to the text and does not hesitate to render conscientiously those details that the uninitiated may find bewildering: for instance, the statement that Boris's mother pronounced his name with a stress on the <i>o</i> – an indication to the Russian reader of the old lady's affectation." </p><p>On the Garnett translation Pavlovskis-Petit writes: "her ...<i>War and Peace</i> is frequently inexact and contains too many anglicisms. Her style is awkward and turgid, very unsuitable for Tolstoi." On the Maudes' translation she comments: "this should have been the best translation, but the Maudes' lack of adroitness in dealing with Russian folk idiom, and their style in general, place this version below Dunnigan's." She further comments on Edmonds's revised translation, formerly on <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin</a>: "[it] is the work of a sound scholar but not the best possible translator; it frequently lacks resourcefulness and imagination in its use of English. ... a respectable translation but not on the level of Dunnigan or Maude."<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Adaptations">Adaptations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_and_Peace&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Adaptations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Film">Film</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_and_Peace&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Film"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/War_and_Peace_(1915_film)" title="War and Peace (1915 film)">first Russian adaptation</a> was <span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Война и мир</span></span> (<span title="Russian-language text"><i lang="ru-Latn">Voyna i mir</i></span>) in 1915, which was directed by <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Gardin" title="Vladimir Gardin">Vladimir Gardin</a> and starred Gardin and the Russian ballerina <a href="/wiki/Vera_Karalli" title="Vera Karalli">Vera Karalli</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fumio_Kamei" title="Fumio Kamei">Fumio Kamei</a> produced a version in Japan: War and Peace (戦争と平和 Sensō to heiwa) (1947)</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/War_and_Peace_(1956_film)" title="War and Peace (1956 film)">208-minute-long American 1956 version</a> was directed by <a href="/wiki/King_Vidor" title="King Vidor">King Vidor</a> and starred <a href="/wiki/Audrey_Hepburn" title="Audrey Hepburn">Audrey Hepburn</a> (Natasha), <a href="/wiki/Henry_Fonda" title="Henry Fonda">Henry Fonda</a> (Pierre) and <a href="/wiki/Mel_Ferrer" title="Mel Ferrer">Mel Ferrer</a> (Andrei). Audrey Hepburn was nominated for a <a href="/wiki/British_Academy_of_Film_and_Television_Arts" title="British Academy of Film and Television Arts">BAFTA</a> Award for best British actress and for a <a href="/wiki/Golden_Globe_Awards" title="Golden Globe Awards">Golden Globe Award</a> for best actress in a drama production.</li> <li>The critically acclaimed, four-part and 431-minutes long Soviet <i><a href="/wiki/War_and_Peace_(film_series)" title="War and Peace (film series)">War and Peace</a></i>, by director <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Bondarchuk" title="Sergei Bondarchuk">Sergei Bondarchuk</a>, was released in 1966 and 1967. It starred <a href="/wiki/Ludmila_Savelyeva" title="Ludmila Savelyeva">Ludmila Savelyeva</a> (as Natasha Rostova) and <a href="/wiki/Vyacheslav_Tikhonov" title="Vyacheslav Tikhonov">Vyacheslav Tikhonov</a> (as Andrei Bolkonsky). It won an <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_International_Feature_Film" title="Academy Award for Best International Feature Film">Oscar for Best Foreign Language Film</a> for its authenticity and massive scale.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> It attracted some controversy due to the number of horses killed during the making of the battle sequences and screenings were actively boycotted in several US cities by the ASPCA.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Television">Television</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_and_Peace&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Television"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/War_and_Peace_(1972_TV_series)" title="War and Peace (1972 TV series)">War and Peace</a></i> (1972): The <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> (British Broadcasting Corporation) made a television serial based on the novel, broadcast in 1972–73. <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Hopkins" title="Anthony Hopkins">Anthony Hopkins</a> played the lead role of Pierre. Other lead characters were played by <a href="/wiki/Rupert_Davies" title="Rupert Davies">Rupert Davies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Faith_Brook" title="Faith Brook">Faith Brook</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morag_Hood" title="Morag Hood">Morag Hood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alan_Dobie" title="Alan Dobie">Alan Dobie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Angela_Down" title="Angela Down">Angela Down</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sylvester_Morand" title="Sylvester Morand">Sylvester Morand</a>. This version faithfully included many of Tolstoy's minor characters, including Platon Karataev (<a href="/wiki/Harry_Locke" title="Harry Locke">Harry Locke</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">La guerre et la paix</i></span> (2000): French TV production of <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Prokofiev" title="Sergei Prokofiev">Prokofiev's</a> opera <i><a href="/wiki/War_and_Peace_(opera)" title="War and Peace (opera)">War and Peace</a></i>, directed by François Roussillon. <a href="/wiki/Robert_Brubaker_(tenor)" title="Robert Brubaker (tenor)">Robert Brubaker</a> played the lead role of Pierre.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/War_and_Peace_(2007_TV_miniseries)" class="mw-redirect" title="War and Peace (2007 TV miniseries)">War and Peace</a></i> (2007): produced by the Italian <a href="/wiki/Lux_Vide" title="Lux Vide">Lux Vide</a>, a TV mini-series in Russian & English co-produced in Russia, France, Germany, Poland and Italy. Directed by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Dornhelm" title="Robert Dornhelm">Robert Dornhelm</a>, with screenplay written by Lorenzo Favella, Enrico Medioli and <a href="/wiki/Gavin_Scott_(screenwriter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gavin Scott (screenwriter)">Gavin Scott</a>. It features an international cast with <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Beyer" title="Alexander Beyer">Alexander Beyer</a> playing the lead role of Pierre supported by <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_McDowell" title="Malcolm McDowell">Malcolm McDowell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cl%C3%A9mence_Po%C3%A9sy" title="Clémence Poésy">Clémence Poésy</a> as Natasha Rostova, <a href="/wiki/Alessio_Boni" title="Alessio Boni">Alessio Boni</a>, Pilar Abella, <a href="/wiki/Valentina_Cervi" title="Valentina Cervi">Valentina Cervi</a>, J. Kimo Arbas, <a href="/wiki/Ken_Duken" title="Ken Duken">Ken Duken</a>, Juozapas Bagdonas and <a href="/wiki/Toni_Bertorelli" title="Toni Bertorelli">Toni Bertorelli</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>On 8 December 2015, Russian state television channel <a href="/wiki/Russia-K" title="Russia-K">Russia-K</a> began a four-day broadcast of a reading of the novel, one volume per day, involving 1,300 readers in over 30 cities.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/War_%26_Peace_(2016_TV_series)" title="War & Peace (2016 TV series)">War & Peace</a></i> (2016): The BBC aired a six-part adaptation of the novel scripted by <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Davies_(writer)" title="Andrew Davies (writer)">Andrew Davies</a> on <a href="/wiki/BBC_One" title="BBC One">BBC One</a> in 2016, with <a href="/wiki/Paul_Dano" title="Paul Dano">Paul Dano</a> playing the lead role of Pierre.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_and_Peace&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>English <a href="/wiki/Progressive_rock" title="Progressive rock">progressive rock</a> band <a href="/wiki/Yes_(band)" title="Yes (band)">Yes</a>'s song "<a href="/wiki/The_Gates_of_Delirium" title="The Gates of Delirium">The Gates of Delirium</a>" from their 1974 album <i><a href="/wiki/Relayer" title="Relayer">Relayer</a></i> was inspired by <i>War and Peace</i>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Opera">Opera</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_and_Peace&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Opera"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Initiated by a proposal of the German director <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Piscator" title="Erwin Piscator">Erwin Piscator</a> in 1938, the Russian composer <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Prokofiev" title="Sergei Prokofiev">Sergei Prokofiev</a> composed his opera <i><a href="/wiki/War_and_Peace_(Prokofiev)" class="mw-redirect" title="War and Peace (Prokofiev)">War and Peace</a></i> (Op. 91, libretto by Mira Mendelson) based on this epic novel during the 1940s. The complete musical work premièred in <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Leningrad</a> in 1955. It was the first opera to be given a public performance at the <a href="/wiki/Sydney_Opera_House" title="Sydney Opera House">Sydney Opera House</a> (1973).<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theatre">Theatre</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_and_Peace&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Theatre"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The first successful stage adaptations of <i>War and Peace</i> were produced by <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Neumann_(writer)" title="Alfred Neumann (writer)">Alfred Neumann</a> and <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Piscator" title="Erwin Piscator">Erwin Piscator</a> (1942, revised 1955, published by Macgibbon & Kee in London 1963, and staged in 16 countries since) and R. Lucas (1943).</li> <li>A stage adaptation by <a href="/wiki/Helen_Edmundson" title="Helen Edmundson">Helen Edmundson</a>, first produced in 1996 at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_National_Theatre" title="Royal National Theatre">Royal National Theatre</a> with <a href="/wiki/Richard_Hope_(actor)" title="Richard Hope (actor)">Richard Hope</a> as Pierre and <a href="/wiki/Anne-Marie_Duff" title="Anne-Marie Duff">Anne-Marie Duff</a> as Natasha, was published that year by Nick Hern Books, London. Edmundson added to and amended the play<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for a 2008 production as two 3-hour parts by <a href="/wiki/Shared_Experience" title="Shared Experience">Shared Experience</a>, again directed by <a href="/wiki/Nancy_Meckler" title="Nancy Meckler">Nancy Meckler</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polly_Teale" title="Polly Teale">Polly Teale</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was first put on at the <a href="/wiki/Nottingham_Playhouse" title="Nottingham Playhouse">Nottingham Playhouse</a>, then toured in the UK to Liverpool, Darlington, Bath, Warwick, Oxford, Truro, London (the <a href="/wiki/Hampstead_Theatre" title="Hampstead Theatre">Hampstead Theatre</a>) and Cheltenham.</li> <li>A musical adaptation by <a href="/wiki/Drama_Desk_Award" title="Drama Desk Award">Drama Desk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Theatre_World_Award" title="Theatre World Award">Theatre World Award</a> winner <a href="/wiki/Dave_Malloy" title="Dave Malloy">Dave Malloy</a>, called <i><a href="/wiki/Natasha,_Pierre_%26_The_Great_Comet_of_1812" title="Natasha, Pierre & The Great Comet of 1812">Natasha, Pierre & The Great Comet of 1812</a></i> premiered at the <a href="/wiki/Ars_Nova_(theater)" title="Ars Nova (theater)">Ars Nova</a> theater in Manhattan on October 1, 2012, with Malloy starring as Pierre opposite <a href="/wiki/Phillipa_Soo" title="Phillipa Soo">Phillipa Soo</a> as Natasha and <a href="/wiki/Lucas_Steele" title="Lucas Steele">Lucas Steele</a> as Anatole. The show is described as an electropop opera, and is based on Book 8 of <i>War and Peace,</i> focusing on Natasha's affair with Anatole.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The show opened on Broadway in the fall of 2016, starring <a href="/wiki/Josh_Groban" title="Josh Groban">Josh Groban</a> as Pierre, <a href="/wiki/Den%C3%A9e_Benton" title="Denée Benton">Denée Benton</a> as Natasha and Steele as Anatole. It received <a href="/wiki/71st_Tony_Awards" title="71st Tony Awards">twelve Tony Award</a> nominations including <a href="/wiki/Tony_Award_for_Best_Musical" title="Tony Award for Best Musical">Best Musical</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tony_Award_for_Best_Actor_in_a_Musical" title="Tony Award for Best Actor in a Musical">Best Actor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tony_Award_for_Best_Actress_in_a_Musical" title="Tony Award for Best Actress in a Musical">Best Actress</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tony_Award_for_Best_Original_Score" title="Tony Award for Best Original Score">Best Original Score</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tony_Award_for_Best_Book_of_a_Musical" title="Tony Award for Best Book of a Musical">Best Book of a Musical</a>.</li> <li>A stage adaptation by <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Be" title="Carlos Be">Carlos Be</a> in Spanish, first produced by LaJoven and directed by José Luis Arellano. Its premiere is scheduled for January 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/C%C3%ADrculo_de_Bellas_Artes" title="Círculo de Bellas Artes">Círculo de Bellas Artes</a> of <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Radio">Radio</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_and_Peace&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Radio"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/BBC_Home_Service" title="BBC Home Service">BBC Home Service</a> broadcast an eight-part adaptation by Walter Peacock from 17 January to 7 February 1943 with two episodes on each Sunday. All but the last instalment, which ran for one and a half hours, were one hour long. <a href="/wiki/Leslie_Banks" title="Leslie Banks">Leslie Banks</a> played Pierre while <a href="/wiki/Celia_Johnson" title="Celia Johnson">Celia Johnson</a> was Natasha.</li> <li>In December 1970, <a href="/wiki/Pacifica_Foundation" title="Pacifica Foundation">Pacifica Radio</a> station <a href="/wiki/WBAI" title="WBAI">WBAI</a> broadcast a reading of the entire novel (the 1968 <a href="/wiki/Ann_Dunnigan" title="Ann Dunnigan">Dunnigan</a> translation) read by over 140 celebrities and ordinary people.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A dramatised full-cast adaptation in 20 parts, edited by Michael Bakewell, was broadcast by the BBC between 30 December 1969 and 12 May 1970, with a cast including David Buck, Kate Binchy, and Martin Jarvis.</li> <li>A dramatised full-cast adaptation in ten parts was written by Marcy Kahan and Mike Walker in 1997 for <a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_4" title="BBC Radio 4">BBC Radio 4</a>. The production won the 1998 Talkie award for Best Drama and was around 9.5 hours in length. It was directed by Janet Whitaker and featured <a href="/wiki/Simon_Russell_Beale" title="Simon Russell Beale">Simon Russell Beale</a>, Gerard Murphy, Richard Johnson, and others.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>On New Year's Day 2015, <a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_4" title="BBC Radio 4">BBC Radio 4</a><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> broadcast a dramatisation over 10 hours. The dramatisation, by playwright <a href="/wiki/Timberlake_Wertenbaker" title="Timberlake Wertenbaker">Timberlake Wertenbaker</a>, was directed by Celia de Wolff and starred <a href="/wiki/Paterson_Joseph" title="Paterson Joseph">Paterson Joseph</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Hurt" title="John Hurt">John Hurt</a>. It was accompanied by a Tweetalong: live tweets throughout the day that offered a playful companion to the book and included plot summaries and entertaining commentary. The Twitter feed also shared maps, family trees and battle plans.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Comics">Comics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_and_Peace&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Comics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>In September 2022, Alexandr Poltorak adapted <i>War and Peace</i> into a graphic novel illustrated by Dmitry Chukhrai and published by <a href="/wiki/Andrews_McMeel_Publishing" title="Andrews McMeel Publishing">Andrews McMeel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_and_Peace&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy_bibliography" title="Leo Tolstoy bibliography">Leo Tolstoy bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_novels" title="List of historical novels">List of historical novels</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_and_Peace&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Moser, Charles. 1992. <i>Encyclopedia of Russian Literature</i>. Cambridge University Press, pp. 298–300.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thirlwell, Adam <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2005/oct/08/classics.leonikolaevichtolstoy">"A masterpiece in miniature"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i> (London, UK) October 8, 2005</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Briggs, Anthony. 2005. "Introduction" to <i>War and Peace</i>. Penguin Classics.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pevear_2008_VIII–IX-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pevear_2008_VIII–IX_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pevear_2008_VIII–IX_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPevear2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Pevear_and_Larissa_Volokhonsky" title="Richard Pevear and Larissa Volokhonsky">Pevear, Richard</a> (2008). "Introduction". <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/warpeace00tols_1"><i>War and Peace</i></a></span>. Trans. Pevear; <a href="/wiki/Richard_Pevear_and_Larissa_Volokhonsky" title="Richard Pevear and Larissa Volokhonsky">Volokhonsky, Larissa</a>. New York: Vintage Books. pp. <span class="nowrap">VIII–</span>IX. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-7998-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-7998-8"><bdi>978-1-4000-7998-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=War+and+Peace&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3EVIII-%3C%2Fspan%3EIX&rft.pub=Vintage+Books&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4000-7998-8&rft.aulast=Pevear&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwarpeace00tols_1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+and+Peace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Knowles-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Knowles_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Knowles_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Knowles, A. V. <i>Leo Tolstoy</i>, Routledge 1997.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wordsworth_intro-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wordsworth_intro_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=c4HEAN-ti1MC&pg=PR10">"Introduction?"</a>. <i>War and Peace</i>. Wordsworth Editions. 1993. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85326-062-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85326-062-9"><bdi>978-1-85326-062-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-03-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction%3F&rft.btitle=War+and+Peace&rft.pub=Wordsworth+Editions&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-1-85326-062-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dc4HEAN-ti1MC%26pg%3DPR10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+and+Peace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHare1956" class="citation journal cs1">Hare, Richard (1956). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/126046">"Tolstoy's Motives for Writing "War and Peace"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>The Russian Review</i>. <b>15</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">110–</span>121. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F126046">10.2307/126046</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0036-0341">0036-0341</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/126046">126046</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Russian+Review&rft.atitle=Tolstoy%27s+Motives+for+Writing+%22War+and+Peace%22&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E110-%3C%2Fspan%3E121&rft.date=1956&rft.issn=0036-0341&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F126046%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F126046&rft.aulast=Hare&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F126046&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+and+Peace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson2009" class="citation journal cs1">Thompson, Caleb (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://read.dukeupress.edu/common-knowledge/article-abstract/15/3/395/6636/Quietism-from-the-Side-of-HappinessTolstoy">"Quietism from the Side of Happiness: Tolstoy, Schopenhauer, War and Peace"</a>. <i>Common Knowledge</i>. <b>15</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">395–</span>411. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1215%2F0961754X-2009-020">10.1215/0961754X-2009-020</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145535267">145535267</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Common+Knowledge&rft.atitle=Quietism+from+the+Side+of+Happiness%3A+Tolstoy%2C+Schopenhauer%2C+War+and+Peace&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E395-%3C%2Fspan%3E411&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1215%2F0961754X-2009-020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145535267%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Caleb&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fread.dukeupress.edu%2Fcommon-knowledge%2Farticle-abstract%2F15%2F3%2F395%2F6636%2FQuietism-from-the-Side-of-HappinessTolstoy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+and+Peace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FeuerMiller2008-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FeuerMiller2008_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FeuerMiller2008_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FeuerMiller2008_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKathryn_B._FeuerRobin_Feuer_MillerDonna_Tussing_Orwin2008" class="citation book cs1">Kathryn B. Feuer; Robin Feuer Miller; Donna Tussing Orwin (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xf7umXHGDPcC"><i>Tolstoy and the Genesis of War and Peace</i></a>. Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-7447-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-7447-7"><bdi>978-0-8014-7447-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tolstoy+and+the+Genesis+of+War+and+Peace&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-7447-7&rft.au=Kathryn+B.+Feuer&rft.au=Robin+Feuer+Miller&rft.au=Donna+Tussing+Orwin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dxf7umXHGDPcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+and+Peace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-j1-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-j1_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmerson1985" class="citation journal cs1">Emerson, Caryl (1985). "The Tolstoy Connection in Bakhtin". <i>PMLA</i>. <b>100</b> (1): 68–80 (68–71). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F462201">10.2307/462201</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/462201">462201</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163631233">163631233</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PMLA&rft.atitle=The+Tolstoy+Connection+in+Bakhtin&rft.volume=100&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=68-80+%2868-71%29&rft.date=1985&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A163631233%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F462201%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F462201&rft.aulast=Emerson&rft.aufirst=Caryl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+and+Peace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHudspith" class="citation web cs1">Hudspith, Sarah. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/articles/5lrPL2vWJG6Th9zmh1xwqfV/ten-things-you-need-to-know-about-war-and-peace">"Ten Things You Need to Know About War And Peace"</a>. <i>BBC Radio 4</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+Radio+4&rft.atitle=Ten+Things+You+Need+to+Know+About+War+And+Peace&rft.aulast=Hudspith&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fprogrammes%2Farticles%2F5lrPL2vWJG6Th9zmh1xwqfV%2Ften-things-you-need-to-know-about-war-and-peace&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+and+Peace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pearson and Volokhonsky, <i>op. cit.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Troyat, Henri. <i>Tolstoy, a biography.</i> Doubleday, 1967.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-figs-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-figs_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-figs_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-figs_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-figs_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFiges2007" class="citation journal cs1">Figes, Orlando (November 22, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2007/nov/22/tolstoys-real-hero/?pagination=false">"Tolstoy's Real Hero"</a>. <i>New York Review of Books</i>. <b>54</b> (18): <span class="nowrap">53–</span>56<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Review+of+Books&rft.atitle=Tolstoy%27s+Real+Hero&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=18&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E53-%3C%2Fspan%3E56&rft.date=2007-11-22&rft.aulast=Figes&rft.aufirst=Orlando&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nybooks.com%2Farticles%2Farchives%2F2007%2Fnov%2F22%2Ftolstoys-real-hero%2F%3Fpagination%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+and+Peace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlaitz1988" class="citation book cs1">Flaitz, Jeffra (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E5fotqsglPEC&q=French+language+in+Russian+aristocracy"><i>The ideology of English: French perceptions of English as a world language</i></a>. Walter de Gruyter. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-110-11549-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-110-11549-9"><bdi>978-3-110-11549-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-11-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+ideology+of+English%3A+French+perceptions+of+English+as+a+world+language&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-3-110-11549-9&rft.aulast=Flaitz&rft.aufirst=Jeffra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DE5fotqsglPEC%26q%3DFrench%2Blanguage%2Bin%2BRussian%2Baristocracy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+and+Peace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cath-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cath_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cath_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInna2006" class="citation book cs1">Inna, Gorbatov (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9sHebfZIXFAC&q=catherine+the+great+introduce+French+language+to+Russian+court"><i>Catherine the Great and the French philosophers of the Enlightenment: Montesquieu, Voltaire, Rousseau, Diderot and Grim</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Academica_Press" title="Academica Press">Academica Press</a>. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-933-14603-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-933-14603-4"><bdi>978-1-933-14603-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 December</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catherine+the+Great+and+the+French+philosophers+of+the+Enlightenment%3A+Montesquieu%2C+Voltaire%2C+Rousseau%2C+Diderot+and+Grim&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Academica+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-933-14603-4&rft.aulast=Inna&rft.aufirst=Gorbatov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9sHebfZIXFAC%26q%3Dcatherine%2Bthe%2Bgreat%2Bintroduce%2BFrench%2Blanguage%2Bto%2BRussian%2Bcourt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+and+Peace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Leo-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Leo_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leo_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leo_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTolstoy1949" class="citation book cs1">Tolstoy, Leo (1949). <i>War and Peace</i>. 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BBC Blogs.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Is+your+New+Year+resolution+finally+to+read+War+%26+Peace%3F&rft.pub=BBC+Blogs&rft.date=2014-12-17&rft.au=Rhian+Roberts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fblogs%2Faboutthebbc%2Fentries%2Fa9644825-840d-46a4-b2b6-ce8da89aba50&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+and+Peace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTolstoyPoltorak2022" class="citation web cs1">Tolstoy, Leo; Poltorak, Alexandr (September 27, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0B4FJ1PD6">"<i>War and Peace: The Graphic Novel</i>"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Andrews_McMeel_Publishing" title="Andrews McMeel Publishing">Andrews McMeel Publishing</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=War+and+Peace%3A+The+Graphic+Novel&rft.pub=Andrews+McMeel+Publishing&rft.date=2022-09-27&rft.aulast=Tolstoy&rft.aufirst=Leo&rft.au=Poltorak%2C+Alexandr&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB0B4FJ1PD6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+and+Peace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:War_and_Peace" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:War and Peace">War and Peace</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li>English Text <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/WarandPeace_201709">English translation with commentary by the Maudes at the Internet Archive</a></li> <li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><span class="citation gutenberg"> <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gutenberg.org/ebooks/2600">War and Peace</a></i>, translated by Aylmer and Louise Maude at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/leo-tolstoy/war-and-peace/louise-maude_aylmer-maude"><i>War and Peace,</i> translated by Aylmer and Louise Maude</a> at <a href="/wiki/Standard_Ebooks" title="Standard Ebooks">Standard Ebooks</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/tolstoy/1869/war-and-peace/index.html"><i>War and Peace</i></a>, from <a href="/wiki/Marxists.org" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxists.org">Marxists.org</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.revoltlib.com/?id=1622"><i>War and Peace</i></a>, from RevoltLib.com</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/leo-tolstoy-war-and-peace"><i>War and Peace</i></a>, from TheAnarchistLibrary.org</li> <li>Searchable version of the gutenberg text in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305071331/http://www.jus.uio.no/sisu/war_and_peace.leo_tolstoy/sisu_manifest.html">multiple formats</a> <a href="/wiki/SiSU" title="SiSU">SiSU</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/http://www.iblist.com/book524.htm"><i>War and Peace</i></a> at the Internet Book List</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.online-literature.com/tolstoy/war_and_peace/">A searchable online version of Aylmer Maude's English translation of <i>War and Peace</i></a></li></ul></li> <li>English Audio <ul><li><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/search?title=War+and+Peace&author=Tolstoy&reader=&keywords=&genre_id=0&status=all&project_type=either&recorded_language=&sort_order=catalog_date&search_page=1&search_form=advanced"><i>War and Peace</i></a> public domain audiobook at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a></li></ul></li> <li>Commentaries <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stanford.edu/~njenkins/archives/2008/10/homage_to_war_a.html">Homage to <i>War and Peace</i></a> Searchable map, compiled by Nicholas Jenkins, of places named in Tolstoy's novel (2008).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thetimes.com/article/birth-death-balls-and-battles-6s355f5w9hj">Birth, death, balls and battles</a> by <a href="/wiki/Orlando_Figes" title="Orlando Figes">Orlando Figes</a>. This is an edited version of an essay found in the Penguin Classics new translation of <i>War and Peace</i> (2005).</li></ul></li> <li>Summaries <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wpchaptersummaries.org/">Chapter Summaries</a> for <i>War and Peace</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sparknotes.com/lit/warandpeace/">SparkNotes Study Guide</a> for <i>War and Peace</i></li></ul></li> <li>In Current Events <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071114084620/http://www.democracynow.org/index.pl?issue=20051206">Radio documentary about 1970 marathon reading of <i>War and Peace</i> on WBAI</a>, from <i>Democracy Now!</i> program, December 6, 2005</li></ul></li> <li>Russian Text Online <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ilibrary.ru/text/11/p.1/">Full text of <i>War and Peace</i> in modern Russian orthography</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Leo_Tolstoy" title="Template:Leo Tolstoy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Leo_Tolstoy" title="Template talk:Leo Tolstoy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Leo_Tolstoy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Leo Tolstoy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Leo_Tolstoy259" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy">Leo Tolstoy</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy_bibliography" title="Leo Tolstoy bibliography">Bibliography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Novels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Childhood_(Tolstoy_novel)" title="Childhood (Tolstoy novel)">Childhood</a></i> (1852)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Boyhood_(novel)" title="Boyhood (novel)">Boyhood</a></i> (1854)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Youth_(Leo_Tolstoy_novel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Youth (Leo Tolstoy novel)">Youth</a></i> (1856)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Cossacks_(novel)" title="The Cossacks (novel)">The Cossacks</a></i> (1863)</li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">War and Peace</a></i> (1869)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Anna_Karenina" title="Anna Karenina">Anna Karenina</a></i> (1878)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_(Tolstoy_novel)" title="Resurrection (Tolstoy novel)">Resurrection</a></i> (1899)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hadji_Murat_(novella)" title="Hadji Murat (novella)">Hadji Murat</a></i> (1912)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Novellas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Landowner%27s_Morning" title="A Landowner's Morning">A Landowner's Morning</a></i> (1856)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Two_Hussars" title="Two Hussars">Two Hussars</a></i> (1856)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Family_Happiness" title="Family Happiness">Family Happiness</a></i> (1859)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Polik%C3%BAshka_(novella)" title="Polikúshka (novella)">Polikúshka</a></i> (1860)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Death_of_Ivan_Ilyich" title="The Death of Ivan Ilyich">The Death of Ivan Ilyich</a></i> (1886)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Walk_in_the_Light_While_There_is_Light" title="Walk in the Light While There is Light">Walk in the Light While There is Light</a></i> (1888)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Kreutzer_Sonata" title="The Kreutzer Sonata">The Kreutzer Sonata</a></i> (1889)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Devil_(novel)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Devil (novel)">The Devil</a></i> (1889)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Master_and_Man_(short_story)" title="Master and Man (short story)">Master and Man</a></i> (1895)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Father_Sergius" title="Father Sergius">Father Sergius</a></i> (1898)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Forged_Coupon" title="The Forged Coupon">The Forged Coupon</a></i> (1904)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Short stories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Raid_(Tolstoy_story)" title="The Raid (Tolstoy story)">The Raid</a>" (1852)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Cutting_of_the_Forest" title="The Cutting of the Forest">The Cutting of the Forest</a>" (1855)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Sevastopol_Sketches" title="Sevastopol Sketches">Sevastopol Sketches</a>" (1855)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Recollections_of_a_Billiard-marker" title="Recollections of a Billiard-marker">Recollections of a Billiard-marker</a>" (1855)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Snowstorm" title="The Snowstorm">The Snowstorm</a>" (1856)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Lucerne_(by_Tolstoy)" title="Lucerne (by Tolstoy)">Lucerne</a>" (1857)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Albert_(short_story)" title="Albert (short story)">Albert</a>" (1858)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Three_Deaths" title="Three Deaths">Three Deaths</a>" (1859)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Porcelain_Doll_(by_Tolstoy)" title="The Porcelain Doll (by Tolstoy)">The Porcelain Doll</a>" (1863)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/God_Sees_the_Truth,_But_Waits" title="God Sees the Truth, But Waits">God Sees the Truth, But Waits</a>" (1872)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Prisoner_of_the_Caucasus_(story)" title="The Prisoner of the Caucasus (story)">The Prisoner of the Caucasus</a>" (1872)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Bear_Hunt" title="The Bear Hunt">The Bear Hunt</a>" (1872)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/What_Men_Live_By" title="What Men Live By">What Men Live By</a>" (1881)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Diary_of_a_Lunatic" title="Diary of a Lunatic">Diary of a Lunatic</a>" (1884)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Quench_the_Spark" title="Quench the Spark">Quench the Spark</a>" (1885)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/An_Old_Acquaintance" title="An Old Acquaintance">An Old Acquaintance</a>" (1885)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Where_Love_Is,_God_Is" title="Where Love Is, God Is">Where Love Is, God Is</a>" (1885)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Ivan_the_Fool_(story)" title="Ivan the Fool (story)">Ivan the Fool</a>" (1885)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Evil_Allures,_But_Good_Endures" title="Evil Allures, But Good Endures">Evil Allures, But Good Endures</a>" (1885)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Wisdom_of_Children" title="Wisdom of Children">Wisdom of Children</a>" (1885)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Three_Hermits" title="The Three Hermits">The Three Hermits</a>" (1886)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Promoting_a_Devil" title="Promoting a Devil">Promoting a Devil</a>" (1886)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/How_Much_Land_Does_a_Man_Need%3F" title="How Much Land Does a Man Need?">How Much Land Does a Man Need?</a>" (1886)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Grain" title="The Grain">The Grain</a>" (1886)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Repentance_(story)" title="Repentance (story)">Repentance</a>" (1886)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Croesus_and_Fate" title="Croesus and Fate">Croesus and Fate</a>" (1886)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Kholstomer" title="Kholstomer">Kholstomer</a>" (1886)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Two_Brothers_and_the_Gold" title="The Two Brothers and the Gold">The Two Brothers and the Gold</a>" (1886)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/A_Lost_Opportunity" title="A Lost Opportunity">A Lost Opportunity</a>" (1889)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/A_Dialogue_Among_Clever_People" title="A Dialogue Among Clever People">A Dialogue Among Clever People</a>" (1892)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Coffee-House_of_Surat" title="The Coffee-House of Surat">The Coffee-House of Surat</a>" (1893)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Young_Tsar" title="The Young Tsar">The Young Tsar</a>" (1894)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Too_Dear!" title="Too Dear!">Too Dear!</a>" (1897)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Work,_Death,_and_Sickness" title="Work, Death, and Sickness">Work, Death, and Sickness</a>" (1903)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Three_Questions" title="The Three Questions">Three Questions</a>" (1903)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Alyosha_the_Pot" title="Alyosha the Pot">Alyosha the Pot</a>" (1905)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/After_the_Ball_(short_story)" title="After the Ball (short story)">After the Ball</a>" (1911)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Plays</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Power_of_Darkness" title="The Power of Darkness">The Power of Darkness</a></i> (1886)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_First_Distiller" title="The First Distiller">The First Distiller</a></i> (1886)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Light_Shines_in_the_Darkness" title="The Light Shines in the Darkness">The Light Shines in the Darkness</a></i> (1890)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Fruits_of_Enlightenment" title="The Fruits of Enlightenment">The Fruits of Enlightenment</a></i> (1891)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Living_Corpse" title="The Living Corpse">The Living Corpse</a></i> (1900)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Cause_of_It_All" title="The Cause of It All">The Cause of It All</a></i> (1910)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-fiction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/A_History_of_Yesterday" title="A History of Yesterday">A History of Yesterday</a></i> (1851)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Confession_(Leo_Tolstoy)" title="Confession (Leo Tolstoy)">Confession</a></i> (1882)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Gospel_in_Brief" title="The Gospel in Brief">The Gospel in Brief</a></i> (1883)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/What_I_Believe_(Tolstoy_book)" title="What I Believe (Tolstoy book)">What I Believe</a></i> (1884)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/What_Is_to_Be_Done%3F_(Tolstoy)" class="mw-redirect" title="What Is to Be Done? (Tolstoy)">What Is to Be Done?</a></i> (1886)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Kingdom_of_God_Is_Within_You" title="The Kingdom of God Is Within You">The Kingdom of God Is Within You</a></i> (1894)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/What_Is_Art%3F" title="What Is Art?">What Is Art?</a></i> (1897)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/A_Letter_to_a_Hindu" title="A Letter to a Hindu">A Letter to a Hindu</a>" (1908)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Inevitable_Revolution" title="The Inevitable Revolution">The Inevitable Revolution</a></i> (1909)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Calendar_of_Wisdom" title="A Calendar of Wisdom">A Calendar of Wisdom</a></i> (1910)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unfinished</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Decembrists" title="The Decembrists">The Decembrists</a></i> (1884)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Posthumous_Notes_of_the_Hermit_F%C3%ABdor_Kuzmich" title="Posthumous Notes of the Hermit Fëdor Kuzmich">Posthumous Notes of the Hermit Fëdor Kuzmich</a>" (1905)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sophia_Tolstoy" class="mw-redirect" title="Sophia Tolstoy">Sophia</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandra_Tolstaya" title="Alexandra Tolstaya">Alexandra</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilya_Tolstoy" title="Ilya Tolstoy">Ilya</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lev_Lvovich_Tolstoy" title="Lev Lvovich Tolstoy">Lev Lvovich</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatyana_Sukhotina-Tolstaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Tatyana Sukhotina-Tolstaya">Tatyana</a> (daughter)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life and legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yasnaya_Polyana" title="Yasnaya Polyana">Yasnaya Polyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolstoyan_movement" title="Tolstoyan movement">Tolstoyan movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_anarchism" title="Christian anarchism">Christian anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Departure_of_a_Grand_Old_Man" title="Departure of a Grand Old Man"><i>Departure of a Grand Old Man</i></a> (1912 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lev_Tolstoy_and_the_Russia_of_Nicholas_II" title="Lev Tolstoy and the Russia of Nicholas II">Lev Tolstoy and the Russia of Nicholas II</a></i> (1928 documentary)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lev_Tolstoy_(film)" title="Lev Tolstoy (film)">Lev Tolstoy</a></i> (1984 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Station_(novel)" title="The Last Station (novel)"><i>The Last Station</i></a> (1990 novel, <a href="/wiki/The_Last_Station" title="The Last Station">2009 film)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Story_of_One_Appointment" title="Story of One Appointment">Story of One Appointment</a></i> (2018 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Couple" title="A Couple">A Couple</a></i> (2022 film)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Honors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tolstoy_Farm" title="Tolstoy Farm">Tolstoy Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolstoj_quadrangle" title="Tolstoj quadrangle">Tolstoj quadrangle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tolstoj_(crater)" title="Tolstoj (crater)">crater</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Triumph_of_the_Farmer_or_Industry_and_Parasitism" title="The Triumph of the Farmer or Industry and Parasitism">The Triumph of the Farmer or Industry and Parasitism</a></i> (1888)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Chertkov" title="Vladimir Chertkov">Vladimir Chertkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aylmer_and_Louise_Maude" title="Aylmer and Louise Maude">Aylmer and Louise Maude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Translators_of_Leo_Tolstoy" title="Category:Translators of Leo Tolstoy">Translators of Tolstoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Leo_Tolstoy_scholars" title="Category:Leo Tolstoy scholars">Tolstoy scholars</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Leo_Tolstoy" title="Category:Leo Tolstoy">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Leo_Tolstoy&#039;s_War_and_Peace_(1869)123" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:War_and_Peace" title="Template:War and Peace"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:War_and_Peace" title="Template talk:War and Peace"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:War_and_Peace" title="Special:EditPage/Template:War and Peace"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Leo_Tolstoy&#039;s_War_and_Peace_(1869)123" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy">Leo Tolstoy</a>'s <i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">War and Peace</a></i> (1869)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fictional characters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Bezukhov" title="Pierre Bezukhov">Pierre Bezukhov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Nikolayevich_Bolkonsky" title="Andrei Nikolayevich Bolkonsky">Andrei Bolkonsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natasha_Rostova" title="Natasha Rostova">Natasha Rostova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Bolkonskaya" title="Maria Bolkonskaya">Marya Bolkonskaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Rostov" title="Nikolai Rostov">Nikolai Rostov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne_Kuragina" title="Hélène Kuragina">Hélène Kuragina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonya_(War_and_Peace)" title="Sonya (War and Peace)">Sonya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatole_Kuragin" title="Anatole Kuragin">Anatole Kuragin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petya_Rostov" title="Petya Rostov">Petya Rostov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_War_and_Peace_characters" title="List of War and Peace characters">All characters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical characters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Kutuzov" title="Mikhail Kutuzov">Mikhail Kutuzov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Andreas_Barclay_de_Tolly" title="Michael Andreas Barclay de Tolly">Barclay de Tolly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Bagration" title="Pyotr Bagration">Pyotr Bagration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Rostopchin" title="Fyodor Rostopchin">Fyodor Rostopchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Russia" title="Alexander I of Russia">Alexander I of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksey_Yermolov" title="Aleksey Yermolov">Aleksey Petrovich Yermolov</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sch%C3%B6ngrabern" title="Battle of Schöngrabern">Battle of Schöngrabern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Austerlitz" title="Battle of Austerlitz">Battle of Austerlitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaties_of_Tilsit" title="Treaties of Tilsit">Treaties of Tilsit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_invasion_of_Russia" title="French invasion of Russia">French invasion of Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Borodino" title="Battle of Borodino">Battle of Borodino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_of_Moscow_(1812)" title="Fire of Moscow (1812)">Fire of Moscow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Krasnoi" title="Battle of Krasnoi">Battle of Krasnoi</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Comet_of_1811" title="Great Comet of 1811">Great Comet of 1811</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Film</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_and_Peace_(1915_film)" title="War and Peace (1915 film)"><i>War and Peace</i></a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_and_Peace_(1956_film)" title="War and Peace (1956 film)"><i>War and Peace</i></a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_and_Peace_(film_series)" title="War and Peace (film series)"><i>War and Peace</i></a> (1966–67 series)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">TV</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_and_Peace_(1972_TV_series)" title="War and Peace (1972 TV series)"><i>War and Peace</i></a> (1972 series)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_and_Peace_(2007_miniseries)" title="War and Peace (2007 miniseries)"><i>War and Peace</i></a> (2007 miniseries)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_%26_Peace_(2016_TV_series)" title="War & Peace (2016 TV series)"><i>War & Peace</i></a> (2016 series)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other adaptations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_and_Peace_(opera)" title="War and Peace (opera)"><i>War and Peace</i></a> (1942 opera)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Natasha,_Pierre_%26_The_Great_Comet_of_1812" title="Natasha, Pierre & The Great Comet of 1812">Natasha, Pierre & The Great Comet of 1812</a></i> (2012 musical)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/War_and_Peace_(game)" title="War and Peace (game)">War and Peace</a></i> (1980 board game)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/War_and_Peace:_1796%E2%80%931815" title="War and Peace: 1796–1815">War and Peace: 1796–1815</a></i> (2002 video game)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161531#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1701" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist 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