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It is the only genus in the [[Family (biology)|family]] '''Artemiidae'''. The first historical record of the existence of ''Artemia'' dates back to the first half of the 10th century AD from [[Lake Urmia]], [[Iran]], with an example called by an Iranian geographer an "aquatic dog",<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Alireza Asem |author2=Amin Eimanifar |year=2016 |title=Updating historical record on brine shrimp Artemia (Crustacea: Anostraca) from Urmia Lake (Iran) in the first half of the 10th century AD |journal=International Journal of Aquatic Science |volume=7 |pages=1–5 |url=http://www.alireza-asem.ir/Asem%20and%20Eimaifar%20(2016)1.pdf |access-date=2016-11-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401073432/http://alireza-asem.ir/Asem%20and%20Eimaifar%20(2016)1.pdf |archive-date=2016-04-01 }}</ref> although the first unambiguous record is the report and drawings made by Schlösser in 1757 of animals from [[Lymington]], [[England]].<ref name="R2">{{cite journal |author=Alireza Asem |year=2008 |title=Historical record on brine shrimp ''Artemia'' more than one thousand years ago from Urmia Lake, Iran |journal=Journal of Biological Research-Thessaloniki |volume=9 |pages=113–114 |url=http://www.alireza-asem.ir/Asem4.pdf |access-date=2013-05-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161201062316/http://www.alireza-asem.ir/Asem4.pdf |archive-date=2016-12-01 }}</ref> ''Artemia'' populations are found worldwide, typically in inland saltwater lakes, but occasionally in oceans. ''Artemia'' are able to avoid cohabiting with most types of predators, such as fish, by their ability to live in waters of very high salinity (up to 25%).<ref name="R3">{{cite book |author=Martin Daintith |year=1996 |title=Rotifers and ''Artemia'' for Marine Aquaculture: a Training Guide |oclc=222006176 |publisher=[[University of Tasmania]]}}</ref> The ability of the ''Artemia'' to produce dormant eggs, known as [[Microbial cyst|cysts]], has led to extensive use of ''Artemia'' in [[aquaculture]]. The cysts may be stored indefinitely and hatched on demand to provide a convenient form of live feed for larval fish and [[crustacean]]s.<ref name=R3/> [[Nauplius (larva)|Nauplii]] of the brine shrimp ''Artemia'' constitute the most widely used food item, and over {{convert|2000|MT|ST}} of dry ''Artemia'' cysts are marketed worldwide annually with most of the cysts being harvested from the [[Great Salt Lake]] in Utah.<ref>{{cite web |title=Introduction, biology and ecology of Artemia |url=https://www.fao.org/3/w3732e/w3732e0m.htm |access-date=15 October 2022 }}</ref> In addition, the resilience of ''Artemia'' makes them ideal animals for running biological toxicity assays and it has become a [[model organism]] used to test the [[Toxicology testing|toxicity]] of chemicals. Breeds of ''Artemia'' are sold as novelty gifts under the marketing name ''[[Sea-Monkeys]]''. ==Description== The brine shrimp ''Artemia'' comprises a group of seven to nine species very likely to have diverged from an ancestral form living in the [[Mediterranean region|Mediterranean]] area about {{Ma|5.5}},<ref name=R4>{{cite book |author=F. A. Abreu-Grobois |year=1987|chapter=A review of the genetics of ''Artemia'' |editor=P. Sorgerloo |editor2=D. A. Bengtson |editor3=W. Decleir |editor4=E. Jasper |title=''Artemia'' Research and its Applications. Proceedings of the Second International Symposium on the Brine Shrimp ''Artemia'', organised under the patronage of His Majesty the King of Belgium |volume=1 |publisher=Universa Press |location=Wetteren, Belgium |pages=61–99 |oclc=17978639}}</ref> around the time of the [[Messinian salinity crisis]]. The Laboratory of Aquaculture & Artemia Reference Center at Ghent University possesses the largest known ''Artemia'' cyst collection, a cyst bank containing over 1,700 ''Artemia'' population samples collected from different locations around the world.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Genomic tools and sex determination in the extremophile brine shrimp Artemia franciscana|last=De Vos|first=Stephanie|publisher=UGent|year=2014|isbn=978-90-5989-717-5|location=Ghent|page=3}}</ref> ''Artemia'' is a typical primitive [[arthropod]] with a segmented body to which is attached broad leaf-like [[appendage]]s. The body usually consists of 19 segments, the first 11 of which have pairs of appendages, the next two which are often fused together carry the reproductive organs, and the last segments lead to the tail.<ref name=R5>{{cite book |author=Cleveland P. Hickman |year=1967 |title=Biology of Invertebrates |publisher=C.&nbsp;V. Mosby |location=St. Louis, Missouri |ol=19205202M }}</ref> The total length is usually about {{convert|8|-|10|mm}} for the adult male and {{convert|10|-|12|mm|abbr=on}} for the female, but the width of both sexes, including the legs, is about {{convert|4|mm|abbr=on}}. The body of ''Artemia'' is divided into head, [[thorax]], and abdomen. The entire body is covered with a thin, flexible [[exoskeleton]] of chitin to which muscles are attached internally and which is shed periodically.<ref name=R6>{{cite book |author1=R. J. Criel |author2=H. T. Macrae |name-list-style=amp|year=2002 |chapter=''Artemia'' morphology and structure |editor=T. J. Abatzopoulos |editor2=J. A. Breardmore |editor3=J. S. Clegg |editor4=P. Sorgerloos |title=''Artemia'': Basic and Applied Biology |publisher=[[Kluwer Academic Publishers]] |pages=1–33 |isbn=978-1-4020-0746-0}}</ref> In female ''Artemia,'' a [[ecdysis|moult]] precedes every [[ovulation]]. For brine shrimp, many functions, including swimming, digestion and reproduction are not controlled through the brain; instead, local nervous system [[Ganglion|ganglia]] may control some regulation or synchronisation of these functions.<ref name=R6/> Autotomy, the voluntary shedding or dropping of parts of the body for defence, is also controlled locally along the nervous system.<ref name=R5/> ''Artemia'' have two types of eyes. They have two widely separated [[compound eye]]s mounted on flexible stalks. These compound eyes are the main optical sense organ in adult brine shrimps. The median eye, or the [[naupliar eye]], is situated anteriorly in the centre of the head and is the only functional optical sense organ in the nauplii, which is functional until the adult stage.<ref name=R6/> ==Ecology and behavior== Brine shrimp can tolerate any levels of [[salinity]] from 25[[‰]] to 250‰ (25–250&nbsp;g/L),<ref name="Warren">{{cite book |author=John K. Warren |year=2006 |title=Evaporites: Sediments, Resources and Hydrocarbons |publisher=[[Birkhäuser Verlag|Birkhäuser]] |isbn=978-3-540-26011-0 |chapter=Halotolerant life in feast or famine (a source of hydrocarbons and a fixer of metals) |pages=[https://archive.org/details/evaporitessedime0000warr/page/617 617–704] |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ihny39BvVhIC&pg=PA641 |url=https://archive.org/details/evaporitessedime0000warr/page/617 }}</ref> with an optimal range of 60‰–100‰,<ref name="Warren"/> and occupy the [[ecological niche]] that can protect them from predators.<ref name=R7>{{cite web |url=http://www.drwhitey.com/Ecology/Artemia/BrineShrimp.html |title=Brine shrimp |access-date=March 13, 2010 |author=Whitey Hitchcock |publisher=Clinton High School Science |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100903034459/http://www.drwhitey.com/Ecology/Artemia/BrineShrimp.html |archive-date=September 3, 2010}}</ref> Physiologically, optimal levels of salinity are about 30–35‰, but due to predators at these salt levels, brine shrimp seldom occur in natural habitats at salinities of less than 60–80‰. Locomotion is achieved by the rhythmic beating of the appendages acting in pairs. Respiration occurs on the surface of the legs through fibrous, feather-like plates (lamellar epipodites).<ref name=R5/> [[File:Brine shrimp cyst.jpg|frame|left|An ''Artemia'' cyst]] ===Reproduction=== Males differ from females by having the second [[antenna (biology)|antennae]] markedly enlarged, and modified into clasping organs used in mating.<ref name="Tyson">{{cite journal |author1=Greta E. Tyson |author2=Michael L. Sullivan |name-list-style=amp|year=1980 |title=Scanning electron microscopy of the frontal knobs of the male brine shrimp |journal=Transactions of the American Microscopical Society |volume=99 |issue=2 |pages=167–172 |jstor=3225702|doi=10.2307/3225702 }}</ref> Adult female brine shrimp ovulate approximately every 140 hours. In favourable conditions, the female brine shrimp can produce eggs that almost immediately hatch.{{Citation needed|reason=I think this is incorrect. As far as I understand, under normal conditions the fertilized eggs don't hatch but just develop into nauplii which are released by the female as live young. See, for example, page 72 in Live Feeds in Marine Aquaculture, edited by Josianne G. Støttrup and Lesley A. McEvoy (https://www.google.com/books/edition/Live_Feeds_in_Marine_Aquaculture/nZodkTLNOPsC?pg=PA72).|date=July 2022}} While in extreme conditions, such as low oxygen level or salinity above 150‰, female brine shrimp produce eggs with a [[chorion|chorion coating]] which has a brown colour. These eggs, also known as cysts, are [[Metabolism|metabolically]] inactive and can remain in total stasis for two years while in dry oxygen-free conditions, even at temperatures below freezing. This characteristic is called [[cryptobiosis]], meaning "hidden life". While in cryptobiosis, brine shrimp eggs can survive temperatures of [[liquid air]] ({{convert|-190|C|F|0|disp=or}}) and a small percentage can survive above boiling temperature ({{convert|105|C|F|disp=or}}) for up to two hours.<ref name=R7/> Once placed in briny (salt) water, the eggs hatch within a few hours. The [[Nauplius (larva)|nauplius]] larvae are less than 0.4&nbsp;mm in length when they first hatch. {{clear left}} ===Parthenogenesis=== [[File:Central fusion and terminal fusion automixis.svg|thumb|right|The effects of central fusion and terminal fusion on heterozygosity]] [[Parthenogenesis]] is a natural form of reproduction in which growth and development of [[embryo]]s occur without [[fertilisation]]. [[Thelytoky]] is a particular form of parthenogenesis in which the development of a female individual occurs from an unfertilised egg. [[Automixis]] is a form of thelytoky, but there are different kinds of automixis. The kind of automixis relevant here is one in which two haploid products from the same meiosis combine to form a diploid [[zygote]]. Diploid ''[[Artemia parthenogenetica]]'' reproduce by automictic parthenogenesis with central fusion (see diagram) and low but nonzero recombination.<ref name="pmid26356354">{{cite journal |author=O. Nougué |author2=N. O. Rode |author3=R. Jabbour-Zahab |author4=A. Ségard |author5=L.-M. Chevin |author6=C. R. Haag |author7=T. Lenormand |title=Automixis in ''Artemia'': solving a century-old controversy |journal=[[Journal of Evolutionary Biology]] |volume=28 |issue=12 |pages=2337–48 |year=2015 |pmid=26356354 |doi=10.1111/jeb.12757|doi-access=free }}</ref> Central fusion of two of the haploid products of meiosis (see diagram) tends to maintain [[Zygosity|heterozygosity]] in transmission of the genome from mother to offspring, and to minimise [[inbreeding depression]]. Low crossover recombination during meiosis likely restrains the transition from heterozygosity to homozygosity over successive generations. ===Diet=== In their first stage of development, ''Artemia'' do not feed but consume their own energy reserves stored in the cyst.<ref name=R8>{{cite journal |author1=P. Sorgeloos |author2= P. Dhert |author3=P. Candreva |name-list-style=amp|year=2001 |title=Use of the brine shrimp, ''Artemia'' spp., in marine fish larviculture |journal=[[Aquaculture (journal)|Aquaculture]] |volume=200 |issue= 1–2 |pages=147–159 |url=http://www.vliz.be/imisdocs/publications/54679.pdf |doi=10.1016/s0044-8486(01)00698-6|bibcode= 2001Aquac.200..147S }}</ref> Wild brine shrimp eat microscopic [[Phytoplankton|planktonic]] [[algae]]. Cultured brine shrimp can also be fed particulate foods including [[yeast]], [[wheat]] [[flour]], [[soybean]] [[powder (substance)|powder]] or [[egg yolk]].<ref name=R9>{{cite web|url=http://web.cecs.pdx.edu/~davidr/discus/articles/artemia.html |title=''Artemia'' (Brine Shrimp) FAQ 1.1 |access-date=March 13, 2010 |author=Kai Schumann |date=August 10, 1997 |publisher=[[Portland State University]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070814003850/http://web.cecs.pdx.edu/~davidr/discus/articles/artemia.html |archive-date=August 14, 2007}}</ref> {{anchor|Genetics|Genomics|Transcriptomics}} == Genetics, genomics and transcriptomics == ''Artemia'' comprises sexually reproducing, [[diploid]] species and several [[obligate]] [[Parthenogenesis|parthenogenetic]] ''Artemia'' populations consisting of different clones and [[Ploidy|ploidies]] (2n->5n).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Maniatsi|first1=Stefania|last2=Baxevanis|first2=Athanasios D.|last3=Kappas|first3=Ilias|last4=Deligiannidis|first4=Panagiotis|last5=Triantafyllidis|first5=Alexander|last6=Papakostas|first6=Spiros|last7=Bougiouklis|first7=Dimitrios|last8=Abatzopoulos|first8=Theodore J.|date=2011-02-01|title=Is polyploidy a persevering accident or an adaptive evolutionary pattern? The case of the brine shrimp Artemia|journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|volume=58|issue=2|pages=353–364|doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2010.11.029|pmid=21145977|doi-access=free}}</ref> Several [[genetic maps]] have been published for ''Artemia''.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Vos|first1=Stephanie De|last2=Bossier|first2=Peter|last3=Stappen|first3=Gilbert Van|last4=Vercauteren|first4=Ilse|last5=Sorgeloos|first5=Patrick|last6=Vuylsteke|first6=Marnik|date=2013-03-04|title=A first AFLP-Based Genetic Linkage Map for Brine Shrimp Artemia franciscana and Its Application in Mapping the Sex Locus|journal=PLOS ONE|language=en|volume=8|issue=3|pages=e57585|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0057585|issn=1932-6203|pmc=3587612|pmid=23469207|bibcode=2013PLoSO...857585D |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|date=2021-07-15|title=Construction of a high-density genetic linkage map and QTL mapping for sex and growth traits in Artemia franciscana|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0044848621003549|journal=Aquaculture|language=en|volume=540|page=736692|doi=10.1016/j.aquaculture.2021.736692|issn=0044-8486|last1=Han |first1=Xuekai |last2=Ren |first2=Yizhuo |last3=Ouyang |first3=Xuemei |last4=Zhang |first4=Bo |last5=Sui |first5=Liying |bibcode=2021Aquac.54036692H |s2cid=233663524 }}</ref> The past years, different transcriptomic studies have been performed to elucidate biological responses in ''Artemia'', such as its response to salt stress,<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2019-02-01|title=Identification of salt stress response genes using the Artemia transcriptome|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0044848617326066|journal=Aquaculture|language=en|volume=500|pages=305–314|doi=10.1016/j.aquaculture.2018.09.067|issn=0044-8486|last1=De Vos |first1=S. |last2=Van Stappen |first2=G. |last3=Sorgeloos |first3=P. |last4=Vuylsteke |first4=M. |last5=Rombauts |first5=S. |last6=Bossier |first6=P. |bibcode=2019Aquac.500..305D |s2cid=92842322 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|date=2020-10-13|title=Tolerance at the genetic level of the brine shrimp Artemia salina to a wide range of salinity|url=https://www.researchsquare.com/|access-date=2021-09-02|website=www.researchsquare.com|language=en|doi=10.21203/rs.3.rs-91049/v1|last1=Lee |first1=Junmo |last2=Park |first2=Jong Soo |s2cid=234621039 }}</ref> toxins,<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2020-01-01|title=Transcriptomic responses of Artemia salina exposed to an environmentally relevant dose of Alexandrium minutum cells or Gonyautoxin2/3|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0045653519318855|journal=Chemosphere|language=en|volume=238|page=124661|doi=10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124661|issn=0045-6535|last1=Yi |first1=Xianliang |last2=Zhang |first2=Keke |last3=Liu |first3=Renyan |last4=Giesy |first4=John P. |last5=Li |first5=Zhaochuan |last6=Li |first6=Wentao |last7=Zhan |first7=Jingjing |last8=Liu |first8=Lifen |last9=Gong |first9=Yufeng |pmid=31472350 |bibcode=2020Chmsp.23824661Y |s2cid=201700530 }}</ref> infection<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2018-10-01|title=Transcriptome analysis of Artemia sinica in response to Micrococcus lysodeikticus infection|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1050464818303747|journal=Fish & Shellfish Immunology|language=en|volume=81|pages=92–98|doi=10.1016/j.fsi.2018.06.033|issn=1050-4648|last1=Zhang |first1=Yulong |last2=Wang |first2=Di |last3=Zhang |first3=Zao |last4=Wang |first4=Zhangping |last5=Zhang |first5=Daochuan |last6=Yin |first6=Hong |pmid=30006042 |s2cid=51624497 }}</ref> and [[diapause]] termination.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Chen|first1=Bonien|last2=Chu|first2=Tah-Wei|last3=Chiu|first3=Kuohsun|last4=Hong|first4=Ming-Chang|last5=Wu|first5=Tsung-Meng|last6=Ma|first6=Jui-Wen|last7=Liang|first7=Chih-Ming|last8=Wang|first8=Wei-Kuang|date=2021-02-19|title=Transcriptomic analysis elucidates the molecular processes associated with hydrogen peroxide-induced diapause termination in Artemia-encysted embryos|journal=PLOS ONE|language=en|volume=16|issue=2|pages=e0247160|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0247160|issn=1932-6203|pmc=7894940|pmid=33606769|bibcode=2021PLoSO..1647160C |doi-access=free }}</ref> These studies also led to various fully assembled ''Artemia'' [[transcriptome]]s. Recently, the ''Artemia'' [[genome]] was [[Genome assembly|assembled]] and [[Genome annotation|annotated]], revealing a genome containing an unequaled 58% of [[Repeated sequence (DNA)|repeats]], [[gene]]s with unusually long [[intron]]s and adaptations unique to the [[Extremophile|extremophilic]] nature of ''Artemia'' in high salt and low oxygen environments.<ref name="De-Vos-et-al-2021">{{Cite journal|last1=De Vos|first1=Stephanie|last2=Rombauts|first2=Stephane|last3=Coussement|first3=Louis|last4=Dermauw|first4=Wannes|last5=Vuylsteke|first5=Marnik|last6=Sorgeloos|first6=Patrick|last7=Clegg|first7=James S.|last8=Nambu|first8=Ziro|last9=Van Nieuwerburgh|first9=Filip|last10=Norouzitallab|first10=Parisa|last11=Van Leeuwen|first11=Thomas|date=2021-08-31|title=The genome of the extremophile Artemia provides insight into strategies to cope with extreme environments|journal=BMC Genomics|volume=22|issue=1|page=635| pmid=34465293| doi=10.1186/s12864-021-07937-z|issn=1471-2164|pmc=8406910 |doi-access=free }}</ref> These adaptations include a unique energy-intensive [[endocytosis]]-based salt excretion strategy resembling salt excretion strategies of plants, as well as several survival strategies for extreme environments it has in common with the extremophilic [[tardigrade]].<ref name="De-Vos-et-al-2021" /> ==Aquaculture== [[File:Artemia breeding ponds.jpg|thumb|[[San Francisco Bay Salt Ponds]]]] {{Main|Aquaculture of brine shrimp}} [[Fish farming|Fish farm]] owners search for a cost-effective, easy to use, and available food that is preferred by the fish. From cysts, brine shrimp nauplii can readily be used to feed fish and crustacean larvae just after a one-day [[Hatchery|incubation]]. [[Instar]] I (the nauplii that just hatched and with large yolk reserves in their body) and instar II nauplii (the nauplii after first moult and with functional digestive tracts) are more widely used in aquaculture, because they are easy for operation, rich in nutrients, and small, which makes them suitable for feeding fish and crustacean larvae live or after drying. ==Toxicity test== ''Artemia'' found favor as a [[model organism]] for use in toxicological assays, despite the recognition that it is too robust an organism to be a sensitive [[indicator species]].<ref name=R12>{{cite web |url=http://www.britishecologicalsociety.org/documents/education/brine_shrimp_ecology.pdf |title=Brine shrimp ecology |author1=Micharl Dockey |author2=Stephen Tonkins |name-list-style=amp|publisher=[[British Ecological Society]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090708032931/http://www.britishecologicalsociety.org/documents/education/brine_shrimp_ecology.pdf |archive-date=2009-07-08 }}</ref> In pollution research ''Artemia'', the brine shrimp, has had extensive use as a test organism and in some circumstances is an acceptable alternative to the [[toxicity testing]] of mammals in the laboratory.<ref name=R13>{{cite journal |author1=L. Lewan |author2 = M. Anderrson |author3=P. Morales-Gomez |name-list-style=amp|year=1992 |title=The use of ''Artemia salina'' in toxicity testing |journal=Alternatives to Laboratory Animals |volume=20 |issue = 2 |pages=297–301|doi = 10.1177/026119299202000222 |s2cid = 88834451 }}</ref> The fact that millions of brine shrimp are so easily reared has been an important help in assessing the effects of a large number of [[Pollution|environmental pollutants]] on the shrimps under well controlled experimental conditions. ==Conservation== [[File:Artemia monica.jpg|thumb|left|''Artemia monica'' (male)]] Overall, brine shrimp are abundant, but some populations and localized species do face threats, especially from habitat loss to [[introduced species]]. For example, ''[[Artemia franciscana|A. franciscana]]'' of the Americas has been widely introduced to places outside its native range and is often able to outcompete local species, such as ''[[Artemia salina|A. salina]]'' in the Mediterranean region.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Muñoz J |author2=Gómez A |author3=Green AJ |author4=Figuerola J (Branchiopoda: Anostraca) |title=Phylogeography and local endemism of the native Mediterranean brine shrimp ''Artemia salina'' (Branchiopoda: Anostraca) |journal=Mol. Ecol. |date=2008 |volume=17 | issue=13 |pages=3160–3177 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-294X.2008.03818.x|pmid=18510585 |bibcode=2008MolEc..17.3160M |hdl=10261/37169 |s2cid=23565318 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref name=Naceur2009>{{cite journal |author1=Hachem Ben Naceur |author2=Amel Ben Rejeb Jenhani |author3=Mohamed Salah Romdhane |year=2009 |title=New distribution record of the brine shrimp Artemia (Crustacea, Branchiopoda, Anostraca) in Tunisia |journal=Check List |volume=5 | issue=2 |pages=281–288 |issn=1809-127X|doi=10.15560/5.2.281 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Among the highly localized species are ''[[Artemia urmiana|A. urmiana]]'' from [[Lake Urmia]] in Iran. Once abundant, the species has drastically declined due to drought, leading to fears that it was almost extinct.<ref>{{cite news |date=28 December 2014 |title=Lake Urumia's Artemia Face Extinction |url=https://financialtribune.com/articles/people/7606/lake-urumia-s-artemia-face-extinction |publisher=Financial Tribune | access-date=29 January 2018 }}</ref> However, a second population of this species has recently been discovered in the [[Koyashskoye Salt Lake]], [[Ukraine]].<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Eimanifar A |author2=Asem A |author3=Djamali M |author4=Wink M|year=2016 |title=A note on the biogeographical origin of the brine shrimp Artemia urmiana Günther, 1899 from Urmia Lake, Iran |journal=Zootaxa |volume=4097 | issue=2 |pages=294–300 |doi=10.11646/zootaxa.4097.2.12|pmid=27394547 |s2cid=25998873 |url=https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/365b/9f5ae7eb1e6b0a89f827a39a0d377e21cad4.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200210174823/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/365b/9f5ae7eb1e6b0a89f827a39a0d377e21cad4.pdf |archive-date=2020-02-10 }}</ref> ''[[Artemia monica|A. monica]]'', the species commonly known as Mono Lake brine shrimp, can be found in [[Mono Lake]], [[Mono County, California]]. In 1987, Dennis D. Murphy from [[Stanford University]] petitioned the [[United States Fish and Wildlife Service]] to add ''A. monica'' to the endangered species list under the [[Endangered Species Act]] (1973). The diversion of water by the [[Los Angeles Department of Water and Power]] resulted in rising [[salinity]] and concentration of [[sodium hydroxide]] in Mono Lake. Despite the presence of trillions of brine shrimp in the lake, the petition contended that the increase in [[pH]] would endanger them. The threat to the lake's water levels was addressed by a revision to [[California State Water Resources Control Board]]'s policy, and the US Fish and Wildlife Service found on 7 September 1995 that the Mono Lake brine shrimp did not warrant listing.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://frwebgate3.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/waisgate.cgi?WAISdocID=9913285177+1+0+0iWAISaction=retrieve |title=Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; 12-Month Finding for a Petition to List the Mono Lake Brine Shrimp as Endangered |journal=Federal Register |volume=60 |issue=173 |year=1995 |pages=46571–46572 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> {{clear left}} ==Space experiment== Scientists have taken the eggs of brine shrimp to [[outer space]] to test the impact of [[Cosmic ray|radiation]] on life. Brine shrimp cysts were flown on the U.S. [[Biosatellite 2]], [[Apollo 16]], and [[Apollo 17]] missions, and on the Russian [[Bion-3]] ([[Cosmos 782]]), [[Bion-5]] ([[Cosmos 1129]]), [[Foton (satellite)|Foton]] 10, and Foton 11 flights. Some of the Russian flights carried European Space Agency experiments. On Apollo 16 and Apollo 17, the cysts traveled to the [[Moon]] and back. [[Cosmic ray]]s that passed through an egg would be detected on the [[photographic film]] in its container. Some eggs were kept on Earth as [[Scientific control|experimental controls]] as part of the tests. Also, as the take-off in a [[spacecraft]] involves a lot of shaking and [[acceleration]], one control group of egg cysts was accelerated to seven times the force of [[gravity]] and vibrated mechanically from side to side for several minutes so that they could experience the same violence of a rocket take-off.<ref name=R14>{{cite journal |author1=H. Planel |author2=Y. Gaubin |author3=R. Kaiser |author4=B. Pianezzi |year=1980 |title=The effects of cosmic rays on ''Artemia'' egg cysts |series=Report for National Aeronautics and Space Administration |journal=Laboratoire Médicale }}</ref> About 400 eggs were in each experimental group. All the egg cysts from the experiment were then placed in salt water to hatch under optimum conditions. The results showed ''A. salina'' eggs are highly sensitive to cosmic radiation; 90% of the [[embryo]]s induced to develop from hit eggs died at different developmental stages.<ref name=R15>{{cite journal |author1=H. Bücker |author2=G. Horneck |name-list-style=amp|year=1975 |title=The biological effectiveness of HZE-particles of cosmic radiation studied in the Apollo 16 and 17 Biostack experiments |journal=[[Acta Astronautica]] |volume=2 |issue=3–4 |pages=247–264 |doi=10.1016/0094-5765(75)90095-8|pmid=11887916 |bibcode=1975AcAau...2..247B }}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist|32em}} ==External links== * {{Commons category-inline|Artemia}} * {{cite web |url=http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=33062 |title=Genus ''Artemia'' |access-date=March 13, 2010 |work=Systema Naturae 2000 |publisher=The Taxonomicon |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100313171007/http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=33062 |archive-date=March 13, 2010 }} * {{cite web |url=http://www.lander.edu/rsfox/310artemiaLab.html |title=''Artemia'' Laboratory Exercise – ''Artemia franciscana'' |access-date=March 13, 2010 |author=Richard Fox |date=February 13, 2004 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060423082302/http://www.lander.edu/rsfox/310artemiaLab.html |archive-date = April 23, 2006}} * {{cite web |url=http://ut.water.usgs.gov/greatsaltlake/shrimp/ |title=Brine Shrimp and Ecology of Great Salt Lake |access-date=March 13, 2010 |date=May 15, 2009 |publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]]}} {{Branchiopoda}} {{Taxonbar|from1=Q134772|from2=Q15715526}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Anostraca]] [[Category:Space-flown life]] [[Category:Taxa described in 1757]] </textarea><div class="templatesUsed"><div class="mw-templatesUsedExplanation"><p><span id="templatesused">Pages transcluded onto the current version of this page<span class="posteditwindowhelplinks"> (<a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" title="Help:Transclusion">help</a>)</span>:</span> </p></div><ul> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:;" title="Template:;">Template:;</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:;&action=edit" title="Template:;">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a 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