CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '913504584fcad083',cH: 'UN2uXUedbryDQR310j_YquS9.qM0U4oFhmGyQI52BHY-1739787334-1.2.1.1-3iPhDVKc2YbIKSodLZnVEkEvFETj7PZjLhFoLJVVoWV_UqLeIOiQSZyK8D4NpNR1',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/search?q=UK%20firms&__cf_chl_tk=GJsiMPtXy65RbxSPeBWp1mQvWi2bdGrwCkpB6RjuZL8-1739787334-1.0.1.1-zefUbV3pEK8Op6GfM6C3JXzjFbNeji932hVSjlVoHiI",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1739787334',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/abstracts\/search?q=UK%20firms&__cf_chl_f_tk=GJsiMPtXy65RbxSPeBWp1mQvWi2bdGrwCkpB6RjuZL8-1739787334-1.0.1.1-zefUbV3pEK8Op6GfM6C3JXzjFbNeji932hVSjlVoHiI",md: "GMMVGnEDXsI06UoTJ4BM8G9GlZ9G81_GSlvNpXNPVZU-1739787334-1.2.1.1-WXCi7_hWtesb6F7tSGePCKgq08toP4uj9zNvQ0x8KpXYCiGLwbLb5FIhtCI3gseqgPxcfy9SaNuGuPee4kPKPICbm9WTzd9cVoEAoAxoxIgG8l15n10vWHcnrk1iF8AhUmuRV1hZ9ZKS4pcauM5IE9cv_GmUvUX7llyVWnq7oNOMjQCn09rsqOLYG51uWK3aOCifDWpa4oVuV0pNDp1sBkkuA96Qu73bn94twUDJC0gm3hIuN12ZQAvj1hlZGnIbUM65G4Dsy9Rn_lsFt_kSLxTUyKxgG8SfofJFMJNm0wsKZ8o._qezAdq7zY5NSQC_jzLeFgNZaCwFDEMZU4j4R51tlMktyu4pnIef0A1tXJC.o2AT5OwX_8dqTdJJg.GgV6XHxlXZj2ORLuVaMDnJDAWmIJhRSqZEefKIF2e4UguhHaaoafMx4xGEs3i.Y63TyLeS62Gj_7KL7eF1_BiYiaXSBz0a2n2fqQkbBAu9iobDCjNEx0p7gT_B3TXi_qMUdJRfuyIr_evXT4d.5cVNoDs55cKWZKPxmaJ0E4FfRAJ2i.W6sOMkz_.qwFgklipqs3rk1qGGHgMZM8ExkPehd5g3ngjabzBy5SVP6ihQK4d_EK7cTGVBeIvX6M1cozlWDDouo813zuUw03aXCQvC6ttgPZfjULgcxb1Io2fnPg_WJQtLOPU32OoBN8jBLsz3IGEiFioRf9VEtHcqc_vphOWvS6iQy5THDfqlwZYYgRpeW78MFa3b241pqjGzQJlIupI44E9V5oYc91yR.VXL8_U424ObmKNKOFIbl7nlviT44wOFMsa.cVCFqRfgzIivdKUfB_eZfpuPiarB_QQlsS4DHXJrrvRm57gRNOBXsbTSZ0m.5.T3.rknpVzEvBlVMia2JY0cqsfjWbAS3rVo108yUMq1qI3QsM6n9PBhKDcnK7C4I4i9mmwIiznysdvINqkMag6gkGlw56a_n0yKgnIhKRhH.M2Ms4hBRARj0otDEiXuC0zG4y9G_Pr4XxRxMVfrgZs8D2.BhGYAEXh80D_mYl1K5kJ30Oi9B3QIetOp_bCdloOmq6Ud.WkPR0R.vzg6X7O9uhLmrq9UA4uNVGUYRy2zSP4nrJBVG3Sae4wkageh1p.w.mGfMfToOYPxkeMS257yO3oUEeg78qpchxnSBrSj4cRhY1suOKf_F2LLjrHSptD5YvlSL66WtKD9LoESSY7PUoBGEX8zU7u9Xxp7Zdh7ttY0KOoBzZ.DGK_I3SP_CucrnWPHPNoPdhwerVI5mb._zjHsL3ns1JHjBH4WJCp86fhgj4vKlkYWGszNBdRKh.wlP3KKEZhmRfQnnbCLx1cywLMI0MUMDo92flw8kMhIpHlXqHsPBvQ3xj7eQC.n.PKUuhz1_Whzqca3kFRYWiyo9bh6zNoE7r8bghjDtB_oxyfSWGEeBccyYVLrrUmpCMoRvA0Yh5TWwu.MTcxLivGkDPax7I5vc87Bi7JNZiQhqa6cDnGRliSfQ__NMiur3MPSaAETz6o8q587cS_voWCPyrI5pmMibbSul6ZP6Zp8BYaBOjIZCiY4bsVN9Ge1JpV7kZ5JTRB.VcBRLG5Kq5S8g0dPfCAPWORr0s3TKu4q3MaEX6YWh8Loeik_A5a.KgBQrMEB3gJexmG3BElQPq1wYHk34KIcYmvKhHLZFp_aj8mnwDfYd9aLl2Ou.iM_01Tl6znMoPyM4tXrQHwCtzyvMNMvQmBNBw6NjCCeeNVINmMEv0yQXjGG2p18YduPJlgHC.8EDCi9CxF0RLd4XRr.7Gyai4TF8G1jmV_FUpSQYufeMWHBOsprUrWixBbdKK0UgLbUBBBoT0KrVbMa0bPAqYH.Dfqm4NvTFqpFH8nc_MtdwujwRoOKA14MdRAUOhdv.lCfkLpdqsnxV7KKDFu8xfLO9dqVD.Ix2A",mdrd: "fbQsD_pBVaEmX7342HaOYW5d9Lc_xAXdLXc0zRd9vz8-1739787334-1.2.1.1-7EyjF3YqJbD7IiOhlzOZl9lM7bCbVvLupzu_ZWcYqEBFlF5uZMJrZoY7tjXJ.pA0H_C2BdyXVs.D0.UedIWTEWNHVtpbWiNLgm4cZxGXNlfz7Jsx4Exw9GMNCxajmBtFDNgGMhJZ03SUw8dgplWgyjC.sOSQls0Hr5pm3dSqhdWnEbYhsQUCcaaBecVydiVWOQb22WINUz6bQl0v5F38Hx8JwLHYGYACWYBLsRtqVc9kukR45Xn5TrjFfUCCkJlNR_eMqS8N_7BorglC4GIyp9goLJNO4aV8FacyClX8c6oD71DrpAheLO1ehiTqR4C_4CzQNFBb9uwWz.qblZA3AXfJz3q8gZH12R.wBEbu8FeoihOUlw4OBq9tmJaT_4R0lgMixuM3.4sEIWjqlCvDwl.qDKPaMSUxG2gPkHqgJLCyYf7wSfQSql2VYYHRLu6ReLdNPp92f1nw1HAA_vNJDRmFRqJUgJlOf79G3kAnVNIH86INeC4VGNahi0cYsIKuR28cYjuAA3WkZYgCVRHeLO6ri2.ZbwWG51KeQI3x5_CCxN9QBKpYVypwSTU3i2YnlMRUUd5mJCf2Ap1zZRAgw3WeDQJg2svU_acL4DVKuqRIaFuKmBHnqraVYB58CG7HBDexKa7y0FiaEBxq3tidjaPjXrW5SrDCY9kXZhZSlLZQqZYaClgNgPN68cSWp6MpSL1lnTh3PwxWrC5R4s996DnidW6dXJASu5dyxMOSgfd6kr3hZeXGpfY8BF_noNfwiECIQ2ZQz00IeHjSUkkcRnQrJQp_O6e3rWQetRIRKtZXNW9CKxhCbdslBX2H3SARtglRsSqPdPExxDgrvpsiuZZGHujtlX3fwmky5YSpagfJ2pELp9GadPtLHtBjvKLnvfgmbaU4Z5xfY5RyT49klvf7bGfN_h_pqeSPFm.CBqAyPRn8yH9GtQ9oEMDG5tyCiSUrR5pq5hnnxEYZVI6Qxrw0l5Yp5qvQ7NfaTdL3XMDsJ8j_nfRsvsgrtsNiYtfUGyrJMRXI5pf5mn0n41A7ajeK.hDlvaYpFjWn.uqmTEw8T4PyBF2ErJ7Hl2PXBm7VplHY1Qy8bCygWYpvmlF4cC3E4yeSaMoUB9pqrVZpwAtHzEUjXoXgwGyvwtJgUgo1FSFWcKVmfc_JkjyqQ5qrxtNnLTIZ.0JOoPEEV5ndFtTc_LKhUNwC_XljBM.8c8HoOnQ84llBoBKTySsg.2ZyAFknl9lFQY8dxYcZ_8q0aWyr3UxbnbxNp6QJ.oLsmQNGNHbH0e5zqJ0SXcmEAnux3dbR5sZqEIlglKO793GpOxO6S.n_01FjXREvtkGRfO8lhHt8Fd042C0Zl_1eAwTbFU3B3tQrS2Ejj4L6hNXrVyaYF3IMTEct75hsAmP2g7.789MLhv.h4gJYMlgTxfUBTX0VaZfSJ09atvrhNg.78kewaQPkEJZm7Dg0.ocOH0nrqULkr8nu6xn6_7nMUH2h81t1UA7E4E6FNGWRnxC1rAHYXGiClDK8NXVYz2uhms6xELarv8WL0nXD03y5FvCo_UzyhRFPAqY6stGp8ZjV2lNBdh36odHem3V8ZcT26DxrdO3o5beThsdaibEX9zNr0CYoGESJ13WOkt7hpksKKAWdcB0KIqAjbRcfrK_1kxYp7zn7n3GWjB3OE3tVK8x9xGC7SIV5_o7I2KxflqJKkWhAAHfd25mOP3qr1EheQvGyPssSvM_2byOXcixxWapDy.61EgdwObQnKSae.PrmUO92mPUwIsPlqYvDEaZUxVnZqa6E4r8HaToJtfzuDGIn.8Xv2UUCqNk9Upu3ki5VEKMxbPdInUSg3m0KdpSnu59d8Gei0TFCv1iD1FgmviYZJt6WHKDAPeQ2TVYErJG2LnuZVIYcrgQVuTDH00WHxnFKp3cNS7g_UCBDpQSsksUAXiCRlxmTeMS.pLYCPzZMMrxp.KgsssQ8PJ6khYf5hbBr1pBFWwwBwZvrkUdsd2DXMw"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=913504584fcad083';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/search?q=UK%20firms&__cf_chl_rt_tk=GJsiMPtXy65RbxSPeBWp1mQvWi2bdGrwCkpB6RjuZL8-1739787334-1.0.1.1-zefUbV3pEK8Op6GfM6C3JXzjFbNeji932hVSjlVoHiI" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>