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subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc 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Leimena – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="J. Leimena" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Leimena" title="Johannes Leimena – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Johannes Leimena" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Leimena" title="Johannes Leimena – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Johannes Leimena" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Leimena" title="Johannes Leimena – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Johannes Leimena" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0,_%D0%99%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81" title="Леймена, Йоханнес – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Леймена, Йоханнес" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%E5%86%85%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E8%8E%B1%E6%A2%85%E7%BA%B3" title="约翰内斯·莱梅纳 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="约翰内斯·莱梅纳" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span 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Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Indonesian politician, physician, and national hero (1905–1977)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Laksamana" title="Laksamana">Admiral</a> (<a href="/wiki/Titular_ruler" title="Titular ruler">Tit.</a>) <a href="/wiki/Doctor_(title)" title="Doctor (title)">Dr.</a></div><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Johannes Leimena</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Johannes_Leimena_-_ANRI_KEMPEN_P05_0227.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Portrait of Johannes Leimena" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Johannes_Leimena_-_ANRI_KEMPEN_P05_0227.jpg/220px-Johannes_Leimena_-_ANRI_KEMPEN_P05_0227.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="306" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Johannes_Leimena_-_ANRI_KEMPEN_P05_0227.jpg/330px-Johannes_Leimena_-_ANRI_KEMPEN_P05_0227.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Johannes_Leimena_-_ANRI_KEMPEN_P05_0227.jpg/440px-Johannes_Leimena_-_ANRI_KEMPEN_P05_0227.jpg 2x" data-file-width="776" data-file-height="1080" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Portrait, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1950s–1960s</span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_Indonesia" title="Deputy Prime Minister of Indonesia">Deputy Prime Minister of Indonesia</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />18 February 1960 – 25 July 1966<div style="line-height:normal; padding-top:0.2em; padding-bottom:0.1em">Serving with <i><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_Indonesia#Deputy_Prime_Minister_(1963–66)" title="Deputy Prime Minister of Indonesia">See list</a></i></div></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sukarno" title="Sukarno">Sukarno</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Djuanda_Kartawidjaja" title="Djuanda Kartawidjaja">Djuanda Kartawidjaja</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Office abolished</i></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />29 April 1957 – 5 July 1959<div style="line-height:normal; padding-top:0.2em; padding-bottom:0.1em">Serving with <a href="/wiki/Hardi_(politician)" title="Hardi (politician)">Hardi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Idham_Chalid" title="Idham Chalid">Idham Chalid</a></div></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data">Sukarno</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Idham Chalid</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Djuanda Kartawidjaja</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">3rd Chairman of the<br /><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Christian_Party" title="Indonesian Christian Party">Indonesian Christian Party</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />9 April 1950 – 5 February 1961</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Basuki_Probowinoto" title="Basuki Probowinoto">Basuki Probowinoto</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Albert_Mangaratua_Tambunan" title="Albert Mangaratua Tambunan">Albert Mangaratua Tambunan</a> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> <table class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="margin-bottom:-.65em; ; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="line-height:normal; padding:0.2em; border:1px dashed lightgrey;;"><div style="text-align: center; padding: 0 0.4em; margin: 0 3.3em"> <a href="/wiki/Ministry_(government_department)" title="Ministry (government department)">Ministerial</a> posts </div></th> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">14th <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Social_Affairs_(Indonesia)" title="Ministry of Social Affairs (Indonesia)">Minister of Social Affairs</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />9 April 1957 – 24 May 1957</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Fatah_Jasin" title="Fatah Jasin">Fatah Jasin</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Muljadi_Djojomartono" title="Muljadi Djojomartono">Muljadi Djojomartono</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">3rd <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Health_(Indonesia)" title="Ministry of Health (Indonesia)">Minister of Health</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />12 August 1955 – 24 April 1956</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lie_Kiat_Teng" title="Lie Kiat Teng">Lie Kiat Teng</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Lumbantobing" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdinand Lumbantobing">Ferdinand Lumbantobing</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />3 July 1947 – 30 July 1953</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Deputy</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Satrio" title="Satrio">Satrio</a> <small>(until 1948)</small></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Darma_Setiawan" title="Darma Setiawan">Darma Setiawan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hadrianus_Sinaga" title="Hadrianus Sinaga">Hadrianus Sinaga</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">1st Coordinating Minister for<br />Distribution</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />10 July 1959 – 27 March 1966</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Office established</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Hartarto Sastrosoenarto</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">1st <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Health_(Indonesia)" title="Ministry of Health (Indonesia)">Deputy Minister of Health</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />12 March 1946 – 27 June 1947</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Office established</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Satrio" title="Satrio">Satrio</a> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2"> <table class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="margin-bottom:-.65em; ; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="line-height:normal; padding:0.2em; border:1px dashed lightgrey;;"><div style="text-align: center; padding: 0 0.4em; margin: 0 3.3em"> Council posts </div></th> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Deputy Speaker of the<br /><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Advisory_Council" title="Supreme Advisory Council">Supreme Advisory Council</a><br /><small>(Acting)</small></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />26 July 1966 – 14 February 1968</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ilyas_(politician)" title="Muhammad Ilyas (politician)">Muhammad Ilyas</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">M. Sarbini</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of the<br /><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Advisory_Council" title="Supreme Advisory Council">Supreme Advisory Council</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />26 July 1966 – 8 August 1973<div style="line-height:normal; padding-top:0.2em; padding-bottom:0.1em">Serving with <a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_Supreme_Advisory_Council,_1968%E2%80%931973" title="List of members of the Supreme Advisory Council, 1968–1973">18 other members</a></div></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Deputy Speaker of the<br /><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Assembly_of_Indonesia" title="Constitutional Assembly of Indonesia">Constitutional Assembly</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />9 November 1956 – 5 July 1959<div style="line-height:normal; padding-top:0.2em; padding-bottom:0.1em">Serving with 4 other members</div></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Office established</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Office disestablished</i></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of the<br /><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Representative_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Representative Council">People's Representative Council</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />24 March 1956 – 10 August 1959</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Constituency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Maluku_(province)" title="Maluku (province)">Maluku</a> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Johannes Leimena</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1905-03-06</span>)</span>6 March 1905<br /><a href="/wiki/Ambon,_Maluku" title="Ambon, Maluku">Ambon, Maluku</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">29 March 1977<span style="display:none">(1977-03-29)</span> (aged 72)<br /><a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Kalibata_Heroes%27_Cemetery" title="Kalibata Heroes' Cemetery">Kalibata Heroes' Cemetery</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Indonesians" title="Indonesians">Indonesian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Christian_Party" title="Indonesian Christian Party">Parkindo</a> (Until 1973)<br /><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Democratic_Party" title="Indonesian Democratic Party">PDI</a> (From 1973)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Tjitjih Wiyarsih Leimena</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1933)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">8, including <a href="/wiki/Melani_Leimena_Suharli" title="Melani Leimena Suharli">Melani Leimena Suharli</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parents</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Dominggus Leimena (father)</li><li>Elizabeth Sulilatu (mother)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/STOVIA" title="STOVIA">STOVIA</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politician" title="Politician">Politician</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Physician" title="Physician">physician</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Signature_of_Johannes_Leimena.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Johannes Leimena's signature"><img alt="Signature of Johannes Leimena" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Signature_of_Johannes_Leimena.svg/120px-Signature_of_Johannes_Leimena.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Signature_of_Johannes_Leimena.svg/180px-Signature_of_Johannes_Leimena.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Signature_of_Johannes_Leimena.svg/240px-Signature_of_Johannes_Leimena.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1254" data-file-height="525" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nickname</th><td class="infobox-data">"Om Jo"</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Military service</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Branch/service</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_the_Indonesian_Navy.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Indonesian_Navy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_the_Indonesian_Navy.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Indonesian_Navy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_the_Indonesian_Navy.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Indonesian_Navy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="17103" data-file-height="8636" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Navy" title="Indonesian Navy">Indonesian Navy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data">1945–1967</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:22-TNI_Navy-ADM.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/22-TNI_Navy-ADM.svg/15px-22-TNI_Navy-ADM.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/22-TNI_Navy-ADM.svg/23px-22-TNI_Navy-ADM.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/22-TNI_Navy-ADM.svg/30px-22-TNI_Navy-ADM.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="199" data-file-height="417" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Laksamana" title="Laksamana">Admiral</a> (<a href="/wiki/Titular_and_honorary_rank" title="Titular and honorary rank">Titular</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Battles/wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_War_of_Independence" class="mw-redirect" title="Indonesian War of Independence">Indonesian War of Independence</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/National_Hero_of_Indonesia" title="National Hero of Indonesia">National Hero of Indonesia</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Johannes Leimena</b> (Often abbreviated as <b>J. Leimana</b>; 6 March 1905 – 29 March 1977), more colloquially referred to as <b>Om Jo</b>, was an Indonesian politician, physician, and <a href="/wiki/National_Hero_of_Indonesia" title="National Hero of Indonesia">national hero</a>. He was one of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_longest-serving_ministers_in_Indonesia" title="List of longest-serving ministers in Indonesia">longest-serving government ministers in Indonesia</a>, and was the longest-serving under <a href="/wiki/President_of_Indonesia" title="President of Indonesia">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Sukarno" title="Sukarno">Sukarno</a>. He filled the roles of <a href="/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_Indonesia" title="Deputy Prime Minister of Indonesia">Deputy Prime Minister</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Health_(Indonesia)" title="Ministry of Health (Indonesia)">Minister of Health</a>. An <a href="/wiki/Ambonese" class="mw-redirect" title="Ambonese">Ambonese</a> <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christian</a>, he served in the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Representative_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Representative Council">People's Representative Council</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Assembly_of_Indonesia" title="Constitutional Assembly of Indonesia">Constitutional Assembly</a> during the 1950s, and was the chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Christian_Party" title="Indonesian Christian Party">Indonesian Christian Party</a> from 1951 until 1960. </p><p>Leimena was born in <a href="/wiki/Ambon,_Maluku" title="Ambon, Maluku">Ambon, Maluku</a>, but he grew up in <a href="/wiki/Cimahi" title="Cimahi">Cimahi</a> and later <a href="/wiki/Batavia,_Dutch_East_Indies" title="Batavia, Dutch East Indies">Batavia</a> (today <a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a>). He became involved in Indonesian nationalist movements through the Ambonese youth group <i>Jong Ambon</i>, and he took part in the two <a href="/wiki/Youth_Pledge" title="Youth Pledge">Youth Congresses</a> in 1926 and 1928. In addition, he participated in the Christian <a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecumenical movement">ecumenical movement</a> during his time at Batavia's <a href="/wiki/Medical_school" title="Medical school">medical school</a> (<a href="/wiki/STOVIA" title="STOVIA">STOVIA</a>), from which he graduated in 1930. After briefly working in a Batavian hospital, he moved to work at a <a href="/wiki/Missionary" title="Missionary">missionary hospital</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bandung" title="Bandung">Bandung</a>. In 1941, he became a <a href="/wiki/Chief_physician" title="Chief physician">chief physician</a> of hospitals in <a href="/wiki/Purwakarta" title="Purwakarta">Purwakarta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tangerang" title="Tangerang">Tangerang</a> throughout the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies" title="Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies">Japanese occupation</a>, during which he was briefly arrested and imprisoned. </p><p>Following the <a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_Indonesian_Independence" title="Proclamation of Indonesian Independence">proclamation of independence</a> and the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Revolution" title="Indonesian National Revolution">Indonesian National Revolution</a>, Leimena was appointed Deputy Health Minister, and later Health Minister. He retained his ministerial position through nine different cabinets across six years, and was a member of the Indonesian delegations in the <a href="/wiki/Linggadjati_Agreement" title="Linggadjati Agreement">Linggadjati</a>, <a href="/wiki/Renville_Agreement" title="Renville Agreement">Renville</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Roem%E2%80%93Van_Roijen_Agreement" title="Roem–Van Roijen Agreement">Roem–Van Roijen Agreements</a>, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Dutch%E2%80%93Indonesian_Round_Table_Conference" title="Dutch–Indonesian Round Table Conference">Dutch–Indonesian Round Table Conference</a>. During this time, Leimena founded the <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Christian_Party" title="Indonesian Christian Party">Indonesian Christian Party</a> (Parkindo), and was elected the party's chairman in 1950. He also participated in national Christian organizations such as the <a href="/wiki/Communion_of_Churches_in_Indonesia" title="Communion of Churches in Indonesia">Communion of Churches in Indonesia</a>. During his tenure as Health Minister, Leimena envisioned a plan to provide <a href="/wiki/Preventive_healthcare" title="Preventive healthcare">preventive healthcare</a> in rural areas, which, despite encountering difficulties during its 1954 implementation, became the precursor of the modern <a href="/wiki/Puskesmas" title="Puskesmas">Puskesmas</a> system. </p><p>Leimena became Deputy Prime Minister in 1957 and became one of Sukarno's closest aides. During the <a href="/wiki/30_September_Movement" title="30 September Movement">30 September Movement</a> and the ensuing political shifts, Leimena was heavily affected, his own house being attacked on the night of the incident. Leimena took part in many meetings to advise Sukarno, with some giving him credit for convincing Sukarno to take a course of action which avoided a <a href="/wiki/Civil_war" title="Civil war">civil war</a>. Witnessing the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Supersemar" title="Supersemar">Supersemar</a>, he lost his position as a government minister after <a href="/wiki/Transition_to_the_New_Order" title="Transition to the New Order">Sukarno's fall</a>. Unlike many of his imprisoned colleagues, Leimena was still involved in politics, becoming a member of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Advisory_Council" title="Supreme Advisory Council">Supreme Advisory Council</a> until 1973. He died in 1977, and his body was interred at the <a href="/wiki/Kalibata_Heroes%27_Cemetery" title="Kalibata Heroes' Cemetery">Kalibata Heroes' Cemetery</a>. In 2010, he was declared a <a href="/wiki/National_Hero_of_Indonesia" title="National Hero of Indonesia">National Hero of Indonesia</a> by President <a href="/wiki/Susilo_Bambang_Yudhoyono" title="Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono">Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johannes_Leimena&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Childhood_and_family">Childhood and family</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johannes_Leimena&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Childhood and family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Leimena was born in <a href="/wiki/Ambon,_Maluku" title="Ambon, Maluku">Ambon, Maluku</a>, on 6 March 1905. His father, Dominggus Leimena, was a substitute teacher in an elementary school in Ambon, and his mother, Elizabeth Sulilatu, also worked as a teacher. Throughout his childhood, Leimena lived in the town of Ambon or at his parents' villages elsewhere on <a href="/wiki/Ambon_Island" title="Ambon Island">Ambon Island</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHitipeuw19867–8_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitipeuw19867–8-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Leimena family was descended from the local <i><a href="/wiki/Raja" title="Raja">rajas</a></i> from his father's home village of Ema, and like the rest of Ema, the Leimena family adhered to Christianity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHitipeuw198615_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitipeuw198615-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Leimena was five years old, his father died and his mother remarried, leaving Leimena to live with his aunt (also an elementary school teacher) while his other siblings moved in with their stepfather.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHitipeuw198620_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitipeuw198620-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a child in Ambon, he enrolled in the Dutch language <i>Ambonsche Burgerschool</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHitipeuw198624_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitipeuw198624-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1914, Leimena moved to <a href="/wiki/Cimahi" title="Cimahi">Cimahi</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Java" title="West Java">West Java</a>; his aunt had been promoted to a principal of a school serving the children of Ambonese colonial troops stationed there. After nine months, before Leimena had enrolled at that school, his aunt was reassigned to <a href="/wiki/Batavia,_Dutch_East_Indies" title="Batavia, Dutch East Indies">Batavia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHitipeuw198625–27_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitipeuw198625–27-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Youth_and_education">Youth and education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johannes_Leimena&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Youth and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Batavia, he initially enrolled at a <i><a href="/wiki/Europeesche_Lagere_School" title="Europeesche Lagere School">Europeesche Lagere School</a></i> elementary school, but moved to the more diverse <i>Paul Krugerschool</i> after some time. He continued his studies at a Christian-only <i><a href="/wiki/Meer_Uitgebreid_Lager_Onderwijs" title="Meer Uitgebreid Lager Onderwijs">Meer Uitgebreid Lager Onderwijs</a></i>. After graduating in 1922, his aunt ruled out enrolling at a <i><a href="/wiki/Hogere_Burgerschool" title="Hogere Burgerschool">Hogere Burgerschool</a></i>, and Leimena did not qualify for the technical <i>Koningin Wilhelmina School</i>. Leimena applied for jobs as a railway or postal officer, but was rejected by both. Instead, he enrolled at the <a href="/wiki/Medical_school" title="Medical school">medical school</a> <a href="/wiki/STOVIA" title="STOVIA">STOVIA</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHitipeuw198628–31_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitipeuw198628–31-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During his time at STOVIA, Leimena participated in youth organizations such as the <i>Jong Ambon</i> ("Ambonese Youth") and the <i>Christen Studenten Vereniging</i> ("Christian Students Association").<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHitipeuw198633_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitipeuw198633-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Leimena became a leading figure within the former, initially advocating neutrality for Jong Ambon in the background of competition between pro-independence and pro-Dutch Ambonese organizations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHitipeuw198637–38_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitipeuw198637–38-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also joined the <a href="/wiki/Theosophical_Society" title="Theosophical Society">Theosophical Society</a>, influenced by his Sumatran colleagues such as <a href="/wiki/Amir_Sjarifuddin" title="Amir Sjarifuddin">Amir Sjarifuddin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Yamin" title="Mohammad Yamin">Mohammad Yamin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHitipeuw198640_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitipeuw198640-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Leimena's nationalist views deepened in the mid-1920s, as he became aware of <a href="/wiki/Sukarno" title="Sukarno">Sukarno</a>'s founding of the <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Party" title="Indonesian National Party">Indonesian National Party</a> and the nationalist aspirations of the <i><a href="/wiki/Perhimpoenan_Indonesia" title="Perhimpoenan Indonesia">Perhimpoenan Indonesia</a></i> student organization in the Netherlands. In 1926, Leimena was a committee member at the "First Youth Congress", and again in 1928's Second Youth Congress.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHitipeuw198641–42_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitipeuw198641–42-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Outside of the nationalist movements, Leimena also took part in the <a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecumenical movement">ecumenical movement</a>, which was taking root in Indonesia during his time at STOVIA.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHitipeuw198642–45_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitipeuw198642–45-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He graduated from STOVIA as a doctor in 1930.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHitipeuw198652_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitipeuw198652-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Medical_career">Medical career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johannes_Leimena&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Medical career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After graduating, Leimena first worked at Batavia's <i>Centraal Burgerlijke Ziekenhuis</i> (today <a href="/wiki/Dr._Cipto_Mangunkusumo_Hospital" title="Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital">Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital</a>). A year later, he moved to <a href="/wiki/Bandung" title="Bandung">Bandung</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where he worked at the Zending Imanuel Hospital until 1941.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHitipeuw198652_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitipeuw198652-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAritonangSteenbrink2008654–656_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAritonangSteenbrink2008654–656-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There, he was promoted to manage the education of new nurses by 1936, and he worked with a number of clinics affiliated with the hospital from the surrounding region.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHitipeuw198654_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitipeuw198654-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this time, due to locals' concerns about religious conversions due to treatment in a missionary hospital, Leimena initiated a referral system whereas polyclinics led by <i>mantri</i> (nurses) in villages around Bandung would provide preventive care.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeelakantan201774_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeelakantan201774-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Leimena received a medical degree in 1939 from Batavia's Medical College (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Geneeskundige_Hoogeschool_te_Batavia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geneeskundige Hoogeschool te Batavia (page does not exist)">Geneeskundige Hoogeschool te Batavia</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneeskundige_Hoogeschool_te_Batavia" class="extiw" title="id:Geneeskundige Hoogeschool te Batavia">id</a>]</span>), specializing in <a href="/wiki/Hepatology" title="Hepatology">liver diseases</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHitipeuw198662_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitipeuw198662-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1941, after a decade of working in Bandung, he became <a href="/wiki/Chief_physician" title="Chief physician">chief physician</a> at the Banyu Asin Hospital at <a href="/wiki/Purwakarta" title="Purwakarta">Purwakarta</a>. In the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies" title="Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies">Japanese takeover of the Dutch East Indies</a>, the hospital at Purwakarta was briefly occupied by the Japanese before Leimena could return to his work. In 1943, he was arrested and imprisoned by the Japanese military, likely either due to his links with socialist politician <a href="/wiki/Amir_Sjarifuddin_Harahap" class="mw-redirect" title="Amir Sjarifuddin Harahap">Amir Sjarifuddin</a> or his treatment of injured Dutch soldiers after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kalijati" title="Battle of Kalijati">Battle of Kalijati</a>. He was held for six months and suffered beatings during his incarceration.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHitipeuw198682–83_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitipeuw198682–83-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was released after he treated a <a href="/wiki/Kenpeitai" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenpeitai">Kenpeitai</a> officer who suffered from <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">malaria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHitipeuw198685–86_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitipeuw198685–86-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_career">Political career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johannes_Leimena&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Political career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_Revolution">National Revolution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johannes_Leimena&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: National Revolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Revolution" title="Indonesian National Revolution">Indonesian National Revolution</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Renville_Agreement_Indonesian_Delegation.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Renville_Agreement_Indonesian_Delegation.jpg/230px-Renville_Agreement_Indonesian_Delegation.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Renville_Agreement_Indonesian_Delegation.jpg/345px-Renville_Agreement_Indonesian_Delegation.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Renville_Agreement_Indonesian_Delegation.jpg/460px-Renville_Agreement_Indonesian_Delegation.jpg 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="413" /></a><figcaption>Leimena (third from right) aboard the <a href="/wiki/USS_Renville_(APA-227)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS Renville (APA-227)">USS <i>Renville</i></a> during <a href="/wiki/Renville_Agreement" title="Renville Agreement">negotiations with the Dutch</a></figcaption></figure> <p>When the <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Revolution" title="Indonesian National Revolution">Indonesian National Revolution</a> broke out, Leimena had been working at a hospital in <a href="/wiki/Tangerang" title="Tangerang">Tangerang</a>. In the wake of the <a href="/wiki/Lengkong_incident" title="Lengkong incident">Lengkong incident</a> – which saw over 30 Indonesian Army cadets killed – Leimena treated some of the injured, and he met Sukarno when the latter visited the injured cadets at the hospital.<sup id="cite_ref-fondasi_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fondasi-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two months after the incident, he accepted an offer to become a Junior Minister for Health in <a href="/wiki/Sutan_Sjahrir" title="Sutan Sjahrir">Sutan Sjahrir</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Second_Sjahrir_Cabinet" title="Second Sjahrir Cabinet">second cabinet</a> formed in 1946, under Health Minister <a href="/wiki/Darma_Setiawan" title="Darma Setiawan">Darma Setiawan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHitipeuw198692_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitipeuw198692-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to accounts by his colleagues, Leimena initially rejected the appointment, citing his desire to work as a doctor, but he was convinced by his friend Amir Sjarifuddin, who was by then Minister of Information.<sup id="cite_ref-fondasi_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fondasi-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHitipeuw198692_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitipeuw198692-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Leimena was first appointed as a full health minister in the <a href="/wiki/First_Amir_Sjarifuddin_Cabinet" title="First Amir Sjarifuddin Cabinet">First Amir Sjarifuddin Cabinet</a>, which was formed on 3 July 1947. He retained the post until 1953, when the <a href="/wiki/Wilopo_Cabinet" title="Wilopo Cabinet">Wilopo Cabinet</a> collapsed, for a total of eight cabinets.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHitipeuw1986176_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitipeuw1986176-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was also a founding member of the <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Christian_Party" title="Indonesian Christian Party">Indonesian Christian Party</a> (Parkindo), being appointed as part of the leadership committee upon Parkindo's formation in September 1947.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHitipeuw198697_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitipeuw198697-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurakami201538_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurakami201538-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He would later be elected as Parkindo's chairman following the party's 3rd Congress on 6–9 April 1950.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beyond his cabinet position, Leimena agreed to chair the <i>Pemuda Indonesia Maluku</i> (PIM), a pro-Indonesian Ambonese organization formed by <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Latuharhary" title="Johannes Latuharhary">Johannes Latuharhary</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHitipeuw1986101–102_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitipeuw1986101–102-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While both Leimena and Latuharhary were respected, they held little control over PIM's activities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChauvel2008295_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChauvel2008295-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Leimena was based in Jakarta in the early days of the revolution, but moved alongside the rest of Sjahrir's cabinet in 1946 to <a href="/wiki/Yogyakarta" title="Yogyakarta">Yogyakarta</a> as Jakarta was being increasingly controlled by the Dutch.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHitipeuw1986101–102_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitipeuw1986101–102-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Leimena was an important member of the Indonesian negotiating team in agreements with the Dutch.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChauvel2008203_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChauvel2008203-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was part of the Indonesian delegation to the <a href="/wiki/Linggadjati_Agreement" title="Linggadjati Agreement">Linggadjati Agreement</a> of November 1946,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnwar201081_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnwar201081-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Renville_Agreement" title="Renville Agreement">Renville Agreement</a> of January 1948 (during which, Leimena remarked, the Indonesian side accepted the Dutch terms under American pressure).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKahin2003228_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKahin2003228-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After <a href="/wiki/Operation_Kraai" title="Operation Kraai">Operation Kraai</a>, Leimena evaded capture and attended talks in Jakarta with representatives from the federal states of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_of_Indonesia" title="United States of Indonesia">United States of Indonesia</a> in January 1949.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnwar2010122_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnwar2010122-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Roem%E2%80%93Van_Roijen_Agreement" title="Roem–Van Roijen Agreement">Roem–Van Roijen Agreement</a>, Leimena also participated in negotiations, and he further participated in the <a href="/wiki/Dutch%E2%80%93Indonesian_Round_Table_Conference" title="Dutch–Indonesian Round Table Conference">Dutch–Indonesian Round Table Conference</a> in <a href="/wiki/The_Hague" title="The Hague">The Hague</a>, leading Indonesia's military delegation.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_Maluku_Affair">South Maluku Affair</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johannes_Leimena&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: South Maluku Affair"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/South_Maluku_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="South Maluku Republic">South Maluku Republic</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Djokjakarta_Kol._Julian_met_dr._Leinema_op_het_vliegveld,_Bestanddeelnr_508-4-4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Djokjakarta_Kol._Julian_met_dr._Leinema_op_het_vliegveld%2C_Bestanddeelnr_508-4-4.jpg/310px-Djokjakarta_Kol._Julian_met_dr._Leinema_op_het_vliegveld%2C_Bestanddeelnr_508-4-4.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Djokjakarta_Kol._Julian_met_dr._Leinema_op_het_vliegveld%2C_Bestanddeelnr_508-4-4.jpg/465px-Djokjakarta_Kol._Julian_met_dr._Leinema_op_het_vliegveld%2C_Bestanddeelnr_508-4-4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Djokjakarta_Kol._Julian_met_dr._Leinema_op_het_vliegveld%2C_Bestanddeelnr_508-4-4.jpg/620px-Djokjakarta_Kol._Julian_met_dr._Leinema_op_het_vliegveld%2C_Bestanddeelnr_508-4-4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3715" data-file-height="2459" /></a><figcaption>Leimena shaking hands with <a href="/wiki/Hubert_Julian" title="Hubert Julian">Hubert Julian</a>, 1949</figcaption></figure> <p>When the <a href="/wiki/South_Maluku_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="South Maluku Republic">South Maluku Republic</a> (RMS) was declared in Ambon in the aftermath of the Dutch recognition of Indonesian sovereignty, Leimena was dispatched to Ambon to lead the Indonesian government's initial negotiating party ("Leimena mission") with RMS leaders aboard the corvette <i><a href="/wiki/HMAS_Ipswich_(J186)" title="HMAS Ipswich (J186)">Hang Tuah</a></i>. While Leimena attempted to convince RMS leaders in Ambon (where they arrived on 1 May 1950) and <a href="/wiki/Saparua" title="Saparua">Saparua</a> to come aboard <i>Hang Tuah</i> to negotiate, the leaders refused, wanting to negotiate on board neutral vessels while under <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> supervision.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChauvel2008381_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChauvel2008381-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, the RMS leaders wanted to be recognized as representatives of an independent state, a request that was refused.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeith200670_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeith200670-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Leimena had initially intended to travel to Ambon aboard a <a href="/wiki/KNIL" class="mw-redirect" title="KNIL">KNIL</a> aircraft, but this was overridden by the Defense Minister at that time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChauvel2008381_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChauvel2008381-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After further attempts at negotiation failed, tensions continued to rise between the Indonesian government and RMS, with another attempt in June endorsed by Leimena failing due to difficulty in securing transport. A last-ditch effort at establishing contact was attempted by sending Leimena to <a href="/wiki/Namlea" title="Namlea">Namlea</a> on 27 September, reportedly giving him wide authority in the negotiations including amnesty and autonomy for the region, but the mission was interrupted by <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Ambon" title="Invasion of Ambon">TNI's landings in Ambon</a> the day after Leimena's departure.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChauvel2008387–388_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChauvel2008387–388-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-war_health_minister">Post-war health minister</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johannes_Leimena&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Post-war health minister"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dr_Johannes_Leimena,_Pekan_Buku_Indonesia_1954,_p243.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Dr_Johannes_Leimena%2C_Pekan_Buku_Indonesia_1954%2C_p243.jpg/170px-Dr_Johannes_Leimena%2C_Pekan_Buku_Indonesia_1954%2C_p243.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Dr_Johannes_Leimena%2C_Pekan_Buku_Indonesia_1954%2C_p243.jpg/255px-Dr_Johannes_Leimena%2C_Pekan_Buku_Indonesia_1954%2C_p243.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2f/Dr_Johannes_Leimena%2C_Pekan_Buku_Indonesia_1954%2C_p243.jpg 2x" data-file-width="327" data-file-height="515" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of Leimena in 1954</figcaption></figure> <p>Due to underinvestment in public health during the Dutch colonial period, military takeover of health infrastructure during the Japanese occupation, general malnutrition, and disruptions by the military actions during the Revolution, the Indonesian public health sector in 1949 had failed to become what had been envisioned by nationalist leaders.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeelakantan201739–42_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeelakantan201739–42-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Leimena viewed public health as a necessity in the reconstruction of Indonesia and in socioeconomic development, and during his time as health minister he put significant efforts into <a href="/wiki/Preventive_healthcare" title="Preventive healthcare">preventive healthcare</a> and hygiene in rural Indonesia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeelakantan201747_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeelakantan201747-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was directly in contrast to the pre-independence Dutch health policy, which focused on healthcare in urban areas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurakami201538–39_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurakami201538–39-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1950, the municipal government of Bandung initiated a project based on missionary hospital networks, under which an urban central hospital would be supported by a number of smaller clinics in surrounding villages. The hospital and the clinics would be run under a singular system, directed by a head physician at the regency (subprovincial) level.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeelakantan201747_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeelakantan201747-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurakami201540_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurakami201540-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This program, dubbed the "Bandung Plan", received strong support from Leimena,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeelakantan201747_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeelakantan201747-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurakami201540_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurakami201540-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was strongly inspired by Leimena's experience at the Imanuel Hospital.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeelakantan201774_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeelakantan201774-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHitipeuw1986124_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitipeuw1986124-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Bandung Plan (or its later name, the "Leimena Plan"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeelakantan201773_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeelakantan201773-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) was initially slated to be launched across Indonesia in 1954, but encountered administrative bottlenecks and financial constraints.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeelakantan201747_39-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeelakantan201747-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another important factor complicating the implementation was a lack of doctors; European doctors were leaving Indonesia and many local doctors were leaving their practices for revolutionary careers in the military or politics.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurakami201541_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurakami201541-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite these issues, the Bandung Plan became the basis of the <a href="/wiki/Puskesmas" title="Puskesmas">Puskesmas</a> system established in the late 1960s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeelakantan201787_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeelakantan201787-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Three laws related to healthcare, presented to the government by Leimena's ministry, were passed in June 1951. These laws required new doctors and dentists to work for the government for three years before being allowed to open a practice, permitted the government to ban new private practices in certain areas (aimed at urban centers), and authorized the government to requisition private doctor services during times of crisis.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurakami201542–43_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurakami201542–43-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Leimena in 1952 also announced that medical practice was designated specifically for qualified doctors, hence excluding auxiliary medical personnel from opening their own practices.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurakami201550_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurakami201550-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also formed the Public Food Board (<i>Lembaga Makanan Rakyat</i>), which advised the general public on nutrition.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under a fellowship from the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a>, Leimena travelled to Europe in 1953, where he observed the healthcare systems of <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> (<a href="/wiki/National_Health_Service" title="National Health Service">NHS</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a>. He also went to <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> and <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Singapore" title="Colony of Singapore">Singapore</a>, where he also attended lectures and discussions in addition to observing existing health services. The Norwegian health system, which envisioned raising the standards of living through the improvement of nutrition and working conditions, left an impression on Leimena.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeelakantan201748_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeelakantan201748-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Leimena had concerns regarding foreign aid being used to influence Indonesian foreign policy and politics through terms and conditions, and called for unconditional aid for health services from developed countries.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeelakantan201772_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeelakantan201772-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Leimena's first tenure as health minister came to an end on 30 July 1953, though he served another few months as Health Minister under the <a href="/wiki/Burhanuddin_Harahap_Cabinet" title="Burhanuddin Harahap Cabinet">Burhanuddin Harahap Cabinet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHitipeuw1986177_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitipeuw1986177-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the last months of the Harahap cabinet, Leimena was dispatched to <a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a> to negotiate regarding the <a href="/wiki/West_New_Guinea_dispute" title="West New Guinea dispute">West New Guinea dispute</a>. While the delegation managed to secure Dutch recognition of the dissolution of the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands-Indonesian_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Netherlands-Indonesian Union">Netherlands-Indonesian Union</a>, and gained some concessions on bilateral financial and economic agreements, domestic political pressure resulted in most of the delegation being called home. Leimena, who stayed in Geneva, apparently intended to resign and reportedly said that he felt like "a fisherman who has caught something and is told to throw it back into the water".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeith2006451–454_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeith2006451–454-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the Harahap Cabinet's collapse, <a href="/wiki/Ali_Sastroamidjojo" title="Ali Sastroamidjojo">Ali Sastroamidjojo</a> intentionally excluded all ministers who served the entire length of the Harahap cabinet, including Leimena, from his cabinet.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeith2006467_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeith2006467-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At that time, Leimena had also been elected as a member of the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Representative_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Representative Council">People's Representative Council</a> representing Maluku in the <a href="/wiki/1955_Indonesian_legislative_election" title="1955 Indonesian legislative election">1955 elections</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was then appointed into the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Assembly_of_Indonesia" title="Constitutional Assembly of Indonesia">Constitutional Assembly of Indonesia</a>, as a deputy speaker, until he became inactive due to further appointment as minister.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aside from his work as health minister, Leimena also participated in the newly formed <a href="/wiki/Communion_of_Churches_in_Indonesia" title="Communion of Churches in Indonesia">Communion of Churches in Indonesia</a> (<i>Dewan Gereja Indonesia</i> or DGI, later PGI). He was elected its deputy chairman in 1950, and he remained in that position until 1964, when he instead became an honorary chairman until his death.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHitipeuw1986176_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitipeuw1986176-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also founded the <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Christian_Student_Movement" title="Indonesian Christian Student Movement">Indonesian Christian Student Movement</a> (GMKI) in 1950.<sup id="cite_ref-tirto_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tirto-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Guided_Democracy_period">Guided Democracy period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johannes_Leimena&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Guided Democracy period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Guided_Democracy_in_Indonesia" title="Guided Democracy in Indonesia">Guided Democracy in Indonesia</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sahala_Hamonangan_Simatupang_with_Johannes_Leimena,_Volume_IV_of_Sejarah_Pos_dan_Telekomunikasi_di_Indonesia_(1980),_p151.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Sahala_Hamonangan_Simatupang_with_Johannes_Leimena%2C_Volume_IV_of_Sejarah_Pos_dan_Telekomunikasi_di_Indonesia_%281980%29%2C_p151.jpg/200px-Sahala_Hamonangan_Simatupang_with_Johannes_Leimena%2C_Volume_IV_of_Sejarah_Pos_dan_Telekomunikasi_di_Indonesia_%281980%29%2C_p151.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Sahala_Hamonangan_Simatupang_with_Johannes_Leimena%2C_Volume_IV_of_Sejarah_Pos_dan_Telekomunikasi_di_Indonesia_%281980%29%2C_p151.jpg/300px-Sahala_Hamonangan_Simatupang_with_Johannes_Leimena%2C_Volume_IV_of_Sejarah_Pos_dan_Telekomunikasi_di_Indonesia_%281980%29%2C_p151.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Sahala_Hamonangan_Simatupang_with_Johannes_Leimena%2C_Volume_IV_of_Sejarah_Pos_dan_Telekomunikasi_di_Indonesia_%281980%29%2C_p151.jpg/400px-Sahala_Hamonangan_Simatupang_with_Johannes_Leimena%2C_Volume_IV_of_Sejarah_Pos_dan_Telekomunikasi_di_Indonesia_%281980%29%2C_p151.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1447" data-file-height="1841" /></a><figcaption>Leimena (right) with <a href="/wiki/Sahala_Hamonangan_Simatupang" title="Sahala Hamonangan Simatupang">Sahala Hamonangan Simatupang</a> in a ceremony launching <a href="/wiki/Telex" title="Telex">telex</a> in Indonesia, 1961</figcaption></figure> <p>After the collapse of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Ali_Sastroamidjojo_Cabinet" title="Second Ali Sastroamidjojo Cabinet">Second Ali Sastroamidjojo Cabinet</a> in 1957, Leimena took a position where he stated that further collapses of cabinets could only be prevented by a more inclusive government, including political parties and groups previously excluded.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHitipeuw1986141_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitipeuw1986141-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within the <a href="/wiki/Djuanda_Cabinet" title="Djuanda Cabinet">Djuanda Cabinet</a>, which started on 9 April 1957, Leimena was initially appointed as Social Minister, but by that year as well he was relieved from that post and instead became a Deputy Prime Minister.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHitipeuw1986177_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitipeuw1986177-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Leimena joined the "National Council" which was formed in May 1957,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELev200940_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELev200940-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and late in 1957, Leimena was also appointed into a "Committee of Seven" intended to manage undergoing issues with the <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Army" title="Indonesian Army">Indonesian Army</a>. Other members of the committee were Sukarno, <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Hatta" title="Mohammad Hatta">Mohammad Hatta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Djuanda_Kartawidjaja" title="Djuanda Kartawidjaja">Djuanda Kartawidjaja</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Haris_Nasution" title="Abdul Haris Nasution">Abdul Haris Nasution</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hamengkubuwono_IX" title="Hamengkubuwono IX">Hamengkubuwono IX</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Azis_Saleh" title="Abdul Azis Saleh">Azis Saleh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELev200947_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELev200947-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Leimena was a loyalist of Sukarno, including after <a href="/wiki/President_Sukarno%27s_1959_Decree" title="President Sukarno's 1959 Decree">Sukarno's 1959 Decree</a>. From 1957 to 1959, he largely passed over the work of being Parkindo chairman to <a href="/wiki/Albert_Mangaratua_Tambunan" title="Albert Mangaratua Tambunan">A.M. Tambunan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHitipeuw1986141–143_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitipeuw1986141–143-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the 1959 Decree, Leimena was appointed Distribution Minister, and shortly afterwards also became Deputy First Minister.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHitipeuw1986177_51-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitipeuw1986177-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within his capacity as Distribution Minister, he saw nutritional intake as vital in improving worker productivity and desired to achieve rice self-sufficiency for the growing population through intensification of rice cultivation in Java while expanding farmlands elsewhere. However, his plans stalled due to issues regarding coordination with the Ministries of Agriculture, Transmigration and Labor.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeelakantan201749_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeelakantan201749-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Leimena was part of the Supreme Operations Command (<i>Komando Operasi Tertinggi</i>/KOTI) in 1962 during the <a href="/wiki/West_New_Guinea_dispute" title="West New Guinea dispute">West New Guinea dispute</a>. He was given a titular rank of a <a href="/wiki/Vice_admiral" title="Vice admiral">vice admiral</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Navy" title="Indonesian Navy">Indonesian Navy</a> in 1962, and was promoted to admiral on 17 August 1964.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In November 1963, following the unexpected death of Djuanda, a <a href="/wiki/Presidium" title="Presidium">presidium</a> was appointed by Sukarno to manage the cabinet, consisting of Leimena, <a href="/wiki/Subandrio" title="Subandrio">Subandrio</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chaerul_Saleh" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaerul Saleh">Chaerul Saleh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrouch200777_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrouch200777-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the whole of the <a href="/wiki/Guided_Democracy_(Indonesia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Guided Democracy (Indonesia)">Guided Democracy</a> period, Leimena remained a close ally of Sukarno, being skilled with handling the political elite, though he lacked the ability to organize large-scale popular support.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrouch200748_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrouch200748-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to his position as Deputy First Minister, he took over presidential duties as acting president seven times.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAritonangSteenbrink2008654–656_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAritonangSteenbrink2008654–656-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1965_coup_and_Supersemar">1965 coup and Supersemar</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johannes_Leimena&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: 1965 coup and Supersemar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leimena_Nasional_1_Jul_1960_p1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Leimena_Nasional_1_Jul_1960_p1.jpg/220px-Leimena_Nasional_1_Jul_1960_p1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Leimena_Nasional_1_Jul_1960_p1.jpg/330px-Leimena_Nasional_1_Jul_1960_p1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/49/Leimena_Nasional_1_Jul_1960_p1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="387" data-file-height="401" /></a><figcaption>Leimena as Deputy First Minister giving an airman his wings</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:25em; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>Let me die here, I will not run away, for if they entered this door... let me die, because my son, <a href="/wiki/Karel_Satsuit_Tubun" title="Karel Satsuit Tubun">Karel Satsuit Tubun</a> has died on his duty to guard me. </p> </blockquote> <p style="padding-bottom: 0;"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">— Leimena to his wife after hearing of Tubun's death, 1 October 1965<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></p> </div> <p>At the time of the <a href="/wiki/30_September_Movement" title="30 September Movement">30 September Movement</a>, Leimena's house was located two houses down and across the street from Army General <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Haris_Nasution" title="Abdul Haris Nasution">Abdul Haris Nasution</a>, who was a key target for the coup organizers. Around one hundred men were involved in the early morning operations against Nasution's house, and as Leimena had three men assigned to him as personal bodyguards due to his position, the rebel soldiers wanted to prevent them from interfering in the kidnapping of Nasution. In the ensuing scuffle, one of Leimena's guards, <a href="/wiki/Karel_Satsuit_Tubun" title="Karel Satsuit Tubun">Karel Satsuit Tubun</a>, was killed, but no further attempts were made by rebels to enter his residence or to take Leimena into custody.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndersonMcvey200936–37_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndersonMcvey200936–37-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHunter20075–6_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHunter20075–6-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Leimena, upon learning that Tubun had been killed, refused to flee the house.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The incident at Leimena's home received more attention than some of the attacks on the generals' homes, and it was assumed then that Leimena was a target for the rebels, though he was not.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHunter20075–6_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHunter20075–6-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Initial reports of the attack which <a href="/wiki/Suharto" title="Suharto">Suharto</a> received from <a href="/wiki/Umar_Wirahadikusumah" title="Umar Wirahadikusumah">Umar Wirahadikusumah</a> erroneously reported that Leimena had been captured along with the generals.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHunter20077_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHunter20077-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the immediate aftermath of the incident, still on the morning of 1 October, Leimena was summoned by Sukarno to <a href="/wiki/Halim_Perdanakusuma_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Halim Perdanakusuma Airport">Halim Perdanakusuma airforce Airbase</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndersonMcvey200963_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndersonMcvey200963-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where he had gone to speak with the coup leaders.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHunter200724_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHunter200724-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Leimena first consulted with Suharto before heading to Halim, and he delivered a message from Suharto to Sukarno requesting the latter leave Halim before 16:30 that day, as that was the time limit Suharto gave the coup forces to surrender before he would launch an attack on Halim.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHunter200724_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHunter200724-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Leimena remained with Sukarno all afternoon in Halim.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHunter200735_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHunter200735-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After discussions there resulted in the appointment of <a href="/wiki/Pranoto_Reksosamudro" title="Pranoto Reksosamudro">Pranoto Reksosamudro</a> as acting <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Staff_of_the_Indonesian_Army" title="Chief of Staff of the Indonesian Army">Army Chief of Staff</a> to replace the late <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Yani" title="Ahmad Yani">Ahmad Yani</a>, they were informed that <a href="/wiki/Kostrad" title="Kostrad">Kostrad</a> (Army Strategic Command) under Suharto was preparing the attack on the airbase. Apparently, while Sukarno was nearly convinced to head east for <a href="/wiki/Madiun" title="Madiun">Madiun</a>, East Java or Bali as suggested by coup leaders such as <a href="/wiki/Omar_Dani" class="mw-redirect" title="Omar Dani">Omar Dani</a>, Leimena convinced Sukarno not to do so, fearing an imminent civil war.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHunter200735_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHunter200735-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrouch2007128–132_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrouch2007128–132-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In following Leimena's advice, Sukarno had foiled the coup's primary objective of getting Sukarno to a place where he would be under the coup's control. The <a href="/wiki/Bogor_Palace" title="Bogor Palace">Bogor Palace</a> was a "neutral" area,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHitipeuw1986144–145_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitipeuw1986144–145-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndersonMcvey200985_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndersonMcvey200985-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> so heading to Bogor according to Sukarno's weekly routine would disassociate Sukarno from the coup.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHunter200735_73-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHunter200735-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Leimena was named by the coup plotters as part of an "Indonesian Revolution Council" (nearly half of which was sitting government officials) on the afternoon of 1 October.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndersonMcvey2009171_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndersonMcvey2009171-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHunter200720_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHunter200720-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 3 March 1966, as acting minister for higher education and science, Leimena ordered the closure of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Indonesia" title="University of Indonesia">University of Indonesia</a>, but his order was ignored by the army units guarding the university.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrouch2007185_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrouch2007185-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Leimena was present during a cabinet meeting on 11 March in Jakarta during which troops took up positions in front of the palace. Later in the afternoon, Leimena joined Sukarno and two other Deputy Prime Ministers (<a href="/wiki/Subandrio" title="Subandrio">Subandrio</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chaerul_Saleh" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaerul Saleh">Chaerul Saleh</a>) in meeting with Army generals <a href="/wiki/Amirmachmud" class="mw-redirect" title="Amirmachmud">Amirmachmud</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Jusuf" title="Mohammad Jusuf">Mohammad Jusuf</a> and <a href="/wiki/Basuki_Rahmat" title="Basuki Rahmat">Basuki Rahmat</a> at the Bogor Palace. The outcome of that meeting was the <a href="/wiki/Supersemar" title="Supersemar">Supersemar</a>, which handed over considerable powers to Suharto.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrouch2007188–189_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrouch2007188–189-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Leimena attended another meeting on 16 March during which Sukarno refused demands to reorganize his cabinet.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrouch2007193–194_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrouch2007193–194-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Regardless, on 18 March, fifteen cabinet ministers were dismissed and arrested, but Leimena alone initially retained his position in a newly formed five-member cabinet presidium (himself, Hamengkubuwono IX, <a href="/wiki/Idham_Chalid" title="Idham Chalid">Idham Chalid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adam_Malik" title="Adam Malik">Adam Malik</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ruslan_Abdulgani" title="Ruslan Abdulgani">Ruslan Abdulgani</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrouch2007200_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrouch2007200-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He had, at that time, served as government minister for nearly twenty years in a similar number of cabinets.<sup id="cite_ref-historia_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-historia-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Order">New Order</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johannes_Leimena&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: New Order"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/New_Order_(Indonesia)" title="New Order (Indonesia)">New Order</a>, Suharto reportedly intended to retain Leimena as a minister, but the latter politely refused the position by going through Hamengkubuwono IX.<sup id="cite_ref-historia_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-historia-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead, he was appointed as the acting deputy speaker of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Advisory_Council" title="Supreme Advisory Council">Supreme Advisory Council</a> (DPA) from 1966 until 1968. After his acting deputy speaker term had expired, he remained a member of the council until 1973. During his time in the council, he resolved several internal disputes of the DPA, on topics such as tax inequality, nationwide education, and the question of who should become acting president when the president was abroad.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHitipeuw1986144–145_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitipeuw1986144–145-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was also appointed as the director of the <a href="/wiki/Cikini_Hospital" title="Cikini Hospital">Cikini Hospital</a> on 11 December 1968.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Leimena was one of the few politicians in this period who did not distance himself from Sukarno.<sup id="cite_ref-KOMPAS020807_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KOMPAS020807-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Leimena was elected into the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Representative_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Representative Council">People's Representative Council</a> following the <a href="/wiki/1971_Indonesian_legislative_election" title="1971 Indonesian legislative election">1971 election</a>, but he did not take office.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHitipeuw1986179_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitipeuw1986179-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the fusion of the <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Christian_Party" title="Indonesian Christian Party">Indonesian Christian Party</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Democratic_Party" title="Indonesian Democratic Party">Indonesian Democratic Party</a> in 1973, Leimena was appointed as the deputy chairman of the party's advisory council.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Views">Views</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johannes_Leimena&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Views"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Prior to Indonesia's independence, Leimena had been speaking about the differences between the international Christian movement and the nationalist Indonesian independence movement. Sukarno described him as having "a <a href="/wiki/Minister_(Christianity)" title="Minister (Christianity)">dominee</a> soul, but against the colonialism-imperialism he never ceased to combat and to strive". After independence, Leimena wrote against the <a href="/wiki/Darul_Islam_(Indonesia)" title="Darul Islam (Indonesia)">Darul Islam</a> movement, and also opposed <a href="/wiki/Separatism" title="Separatism">separatism</a> and communism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAritonangSteenbrink2008195_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAritonangSteenbrink2008195-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This opposition to both positions partly led to Leimena's strong affinity toward Sukarno, who leaned toward a <a href="/wiki/Pancasila_(politics)" title="Pancasila (politics)">Pancasila</a>-based state.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHitipeuw1986141–143_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitipeuw1986141–143-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite this view, Leimena found much common ground with some of the more socialist-leaning Islamic <a href="/wiki/Masyumi" class="mw-redirect" title="Masyumi">Masyumi</a> leaders such as <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Natsir" title="Mohammad Natsir">Mohammad Natsir</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sjafruddin_Prawiranegara" title="Sjafruddin Prawiranegara">Sjafruddin Prawiranegara</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKahin2003157_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKahin2003157-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Leimena gave two addresses to meetings of the DGI in 1950 and 1964, where he promoted the idea where the interests and aims of the church are parallel with that of the country.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAritonangSteenbrink2008785_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAritonangSteenbrink2008785-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He had written a piece for the Christian magazine <i>Eltheto</i> during his time in the Netherlands, in which he mentioned that "the duty of an Indonesian Christian is to show how Christianity has nothing to do with colonialism".<sup id="cite_ref-seratus_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-seratus-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life_and_family">Personal life and family</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johannes_Leimena&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Personal life and family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tjitjih_Wiyarsih_Leimena.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Tjitjih_Wiyarsih_Leimena.jpg/150px-Tjitjih_Wiyarsih_Leimena.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Tjitjih_Wiyarsih_Leimena.jpg/225px-Tjitjih_Wiyarsih_Leimena.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Tjitjih_Wiyarsih_Leimena.jpg/300px-Tjitjih_Wiyarsih_Leimena.jpg 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="886" /></a><figcaption>Leimena's wife, Wijarsih Prawiradilaga</figcaption></figure> <p>During his time at STOVIA, Leimena was a football player on the school's team and several locally famous teams.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHitipeuw198634_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitipeuw198634-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Leimena married his wife, Wijarsih Prawiradilaga, an ethnic <a href="/wiki/Javanese_people" title="Javanese people">Javanese</a> Muslim woman, during his time working as a doctor in Bandung.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHitipeuw198655_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitipeuw198655-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The couple had four sons and four daughters.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHitipeuw1986174–175_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitipeuw1986174–175-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of his daughters, <a href="/wiki/Melani_Leimena_Suharli" title="Melani Leimena Suharli">Melani Leimena Suharli</a>, would serve as a deputy speaker of the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Consultative_Assembly" title="People's Consultative Assembly">People's Consultative Assembly</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-monumen_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-monumen-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His family noted Leimena's tendency to dress in simple clothing, especially white-colored attire.<sup id="cite_ref-tempo_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tempo-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his autobiography, Sukarno noted how Leimena, while on diplomatic missions during the Indonesian Revolution, lacked formal clothes and had to borrow sets of a suit and tie from colleagues.<sup id="cite_ref-tirto_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tirto-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johannes_Leimena&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Leimena died in Jakarta on 29 March 1977, at around 07:30<span class="nowrap"> </span>a.m. He had been suffering from an illness during a recent trip to Europe, when he was forced to return to Indonesia on a wheelchair. After his funeral service, he received a <a href="/wiki/Military_funeral" title="Military funeral">military funeral</a> at <a href="/wiki/Kalibata_Heroes%27_Cemetery" title="Kalibata Heroes' Cemetery">Kalibata Heroes' Cemetery</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHitipeuw1986169–170_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitipeuw1986169–170-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honours">Honours</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johannes_Leimena&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Honours"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National">National</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johannes_Leimena&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: National"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Star_of_the_Republic_of_Indonesia" title="Star of the Republic of Indonesia">Star of the Republic of Indonesia</a>, 2nd Class (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_Indonesia" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of Indonesia">Guerrilla Star</a> (1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_Indonesia" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of Indonesia">Development Medal</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_Indonesia" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of Indonesia">Independence Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_Indonesia" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of Indonesia">Civil Service Long Service Medals</a>, 1st Class</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign">Foreign</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johannes_Leimena&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Foreign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Sikatuna" title="Order of Sikatuna">Commander of the Order of Sikatuna</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/34px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="750" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a>: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Condor_of_the_Andes" title="Order of the Condor of the Andes">Grand Cross of the Order of the Condor of the Andes</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_Romania_%281965%E2%80%931989%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania_%281965%E2%80%931989%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_Romania_%281965%E2%80%931989%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania_%281965%E2%80%931989%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_Romania_%281965%E2%80%931989%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania_%281965%E2%80%931989%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>: <a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_Romania" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of Romania">Order of 23 August</a>, 2nd Class</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a>: <a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_the_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Order of the Yugoslav Flag</a>, 1st Class</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ecuador.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ecuador.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ecuador.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="960" /></span></span> </span>Ecuador: <a href="/wiki/National_Order_of_Merit_(Ecuador)" title="National Order of Merit (Ecuador)">Grand Cross of the National Order of Merit</a></li></ul> <p><i>Source</i>:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHitipeuw1986179–180_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitipeuw1986179–180-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johannes_Leimena&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sukarno and <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Roem" title="Mohammad Roem">Mohammad Roem</a> said that Leimena was an honest politician and a skilled diplomat.<sup id="cite_ref-seratus_92-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-seratus-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tirto_56-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tirto-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sutan_Sjahrir" title="Sutan Sjahrir">Sutan Sjahrir</a> described Leimena's relationship with Sukarno as "telling what he felt sincerely to Sukarno, but he wouldn't leave Sukarno by all by himself".<sup id="cite_ref-seratus_92-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-seratus-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of his colleagues saw him as a senior figure, hence his nickname "Om Jo" (i.e. "Uncle Jo"), in contrast to many contemporary figures referred to with the more egalitarian "Bung".<sup id="cite_ref-fondasi_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fondasi-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2010, 33 years after his death, Leimena was awarded the title of <a href="/wiki/National_Hero_of_Indonesia" title="National Hero of Indonesia">National Hero of Indonesia</a> by President <a href="/wiki/Susilo_Bambang_Yudhoyono" title="Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono">Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A public hospital in Ambon, RSUP Dr Johannes Leimena, was named after him in 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A statue of Leimena, inaugurated in 2012, is also present in Ambon next to <a href="/wiki/Pattimura_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Pattimura University">Pattimura University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-monumen_96-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-monumen-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Leimena_Institute&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leimena Institute (page does not exist)">Leimena Institute</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institut_Leimena" class="extiw" title="id:Institut Leimena">id</a>]</span>, operated by the DGI, had been established in 2004, having been previously founded as the Leimena Academy in 1984 as a <a href="/wiki/Think_tank" title="Think tank">think tank</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAritonangSteenbrink2008803_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAritonangSteenbrink2008803-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Writings">Writings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johannes_Leimena&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Writings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>The Dutch-Indonesian Conflict</i> (1949)</li> <li><i>Public Health in Indonesia: Problems and Planning</i> (1955)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johannes_Leimena&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johannes_Leimena&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:1-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onesearch.id/Record/IOS1.INLIS000000000054682">"Presiden Sukarno melantik Dr. Subandrio sebagai Laksamana Udara, Dr. Leimena sebagai Laksamana Laut dan Dr. H.C. Chaerul Saleh sebagai Jenderal TNI pada tgl. 17/8/1964"</a>. Indonesia OneSearch. 17 August 1964.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Presiden+Sukarno+melantik+Dr.+Subandrio+sebagai+Laksamana+Udara%2C+Dr.+Leimena+sebagai+Laksamana+Laut+dan+Dr.+H.C.+Chaerul+Saleh+sebagai+Jenderal+TNI+pada+tgl.+17%2F8%2F1964&rft.pub=Indonesia+OneSearch&rft.date=1964-08-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonesearch.id%2FRecord%2FIOS1.INLIS000000000054682&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohannes+Leimena" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitipeuw19867–8-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHitipeuw19867–8_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHitipeuw1986">Hitipeuw 1986</a>, pp. 7–8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitipeuw198615-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHitipeuw198615_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHitipeuw1986">Hitipeuw 1986</a>, p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitipeuw198620-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHitipeuw198620_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHitipeuw1986">Hitipeuw 1986</a>, p. 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitipeuw198624-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHitipeuw198624_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHitipeuw1986">Hitipeuw 1986</a>, p. 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitipeuw198625–27-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHitipeuw198625–27_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHitipeuw1986">Hitipeuw 1986</a>, pp. 25–27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitipeuw198628–31-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHitipeuw198628–31_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHitipeuw1986">Hitipeuw 1986</a>, pp. 28–31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.delpher.nl/nl/kranten/view?query=STOVIA+Leimena&coll=ddd&page=1&sortfield=date&maxperpage=50&identifier=ddd:010221464:mpeg21:a0133&resultsidentifier=ddd:010221464:mpeg21:a0133&rowid=31">"Stovia-overgangs-examens Weltevreden"</a>. <i>Het nieuws van den dag voor Nederlandsch-Indië</i>. 8 May 1929<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Het+nieuws+van+den+dag+voor+Nederlandsch-Indi%C3%AB&rft.atitle=Stovia-overgangs-examens+Weltevreden.&rft.date=1929-05-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.delpher.nl%2Fnl%2Fkranten%2Fview%3Fquery%3DSTOVIA%2BLeimena%26coll%3Dddd%26page%3D1%26sortfield%3Ddate%26maxperpage%3D50%26identifier%3Dddd%3A010221464%3Ampeg21%3Aa0133%26resultsidentifier%3Dddd%3A010221464%3Ampeg21%3Aa0133%26rowid%3D31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohannes+Leimena" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitipeuw198633-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHitipeuw198633_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHitipeuw1986">Hitipeuw 1986</a>, p. 33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitipeuw198637–38-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHitipeuw198637–38_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHitipeuw1986">Hitipeuw 1986</a>, pp. 37–38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitipeuw198640-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHitipeuw198640_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHitipeuw1986">Hitipeuw 1986</a>, p. 40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitipeuw198641–42-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHitipeuw198641–42_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHitipeuw1986">Hitipeuw 1986</a>, pp. 41–42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitipeuw198642–45-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHitipeuw198642–45_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHitipeuw1986">Hitipeuw 1986</a>, pp. 42–45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitipeuw198652-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHitipeuw198652_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHitipeuw198652_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHitipeuw1986">Hitipeuw 1986</a>, p. 52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dM8LAAAAIAAJ"><i>Orang Indonesia jang terkemoeka di Djawa</i></a> (in Indonesian). Gunseikanbu. 1944. p. 324.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Orang+Indonesia+jang+terkemoeka+di+Djawa&rft.pages=324&rft.pub=Gunseikanbu&rft.date=1944&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdM8LAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohannes+Leimena" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAritonangSteenbrink2008654–656-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAritonangSteenbrink2008654–656_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAritonangSteenbrink2008654–656_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAritonangSteenbrink2008">Aritonang & Steenbrink 2008</a>, pp. 654–656.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitipeuw198654-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHitipeuw198654_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHitipeuw1986">Hitipeuw 1986</a>, p. 54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENeelakantan201774-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeelakantan201774_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeelakantan201774_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNeelakantan2017">Neelakantan 2017</a>, p. 74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitipeuw198662-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHitipeuw198662_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHitipeuw1986">Hitipeuw 1986</a>, p. 62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitipeuw198682–83-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHitipeuw198682–83_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHitipeuw1986">Hitipeuw 1986</a>, pp. 82–83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitipeuw198685–86-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHitipeuw198685–86_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHitipeuw1986">Hitipeuw 1986</a>, pp. 85–86.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fondasi-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fondasi_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fondasi_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fondasi_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://majalah.tempo.co/read/laporan-khusus/161193/meletakkan-fondasi-puskesmas-sumbangan-dokter-leimena-bagi-dunia-kesehatan-indonesia">"Meletakkan Fondasi Puskesmas, Sumbangan Dokter Leimena bagi Dunia Kesehatan Indonesia"</a>. <i>Tempo</i> (in Indonesian). 15 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Teras+Maluku&rft.atitle=Anak+Johannes+Leimena+Hadir+Saat+Peresmian+RSUP&rft.date=2019-10-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fterasmaluku.com%2Fanak-johannes-leimena-hadir-saat-peresmian-rsup%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohannes+Leimena" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.setneg.go.id/baca/index/sambutan_presiden_ri_pada_peresmian_patung_pahlawan_nasional_dr_j_leimena_ambon_9_juni_2012">"Sambutan Presiden RI pada Peresmian Patung Pahlawan Nasional Dr. J Leimena, Ambon, 9 Juni 2012"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_State_Secretariat_(Indonesia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of State Secretariat (Indonesia)">Ministry of State Secretariat</a></i> (in Indonesian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tentang+Kami+%7C+Institut+Leimena&rft.date=2016-11-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fleimena.org%2Ftentang-kami%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohannes+Leimena" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAritonangSteenbrink2008803-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAritonangSteenbrink2008803_104-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAritonangSteenbrink2008">Aritonang & Steenbrink 2008</a>, p. 803.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johannes_Leimena&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndersonMcvey2009" class="citation book cs1">Anderson, Benedict; Mcvey, Ruth T. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CVcwPV3NvDMC"><i>A Preliminary Analysis of the October 1, 1965 Coup in Indonesia</i></a>. Equinox Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-602-8397-52-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-602-8397-52-0"><bdi>978-602-8397-52-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Preliminary+Analysis+of+the+October+1%2C+1965+Coup+in+Indonesia&rft.pub=Equinox+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-602-8397-52-0&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Benedict&rft.au=Mcvey%2C+Ruth+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCVcwPV3NvDMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohannes+Leimena" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnwar2010" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Anwar, Rosihan (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h3iRh13znRUC"><i>Sutan Sjahrir, True Democrat, Fighter for Humanity, 1909-1966</i></a> (in Indonesian). Penerbit Buku Kompas. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-979-709-468-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-979-709-468-3"><bdi>978-979-709-468-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sutan+Sjahrir%2C+True+Democrat%2C+Fighter+for+Humanity%2C+1909-1966&rft.pub=Penerbit+Buku+Kompas&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-979-709-468-3&rft.aulast=Anwar&rft.aufirst=Rosihan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dh3iRh13znRUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohannes+Leimena" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAritonangSteenbrink2008" class="citation book cs1">Aritonang, Jan Sihar; Steenbrink, Karel Adriaan (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cUoGJSs9yOUC"><i>A History of Christianity in Indonesia</i></a>. BRILL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-17026-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-17026-1"><bdi>978-90-04-17026-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Christianity+in+Indonesia&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-90-04-17026-1&rft.aulast=Aritonang&rft.aufirst=Jan+Sihar&rft.au=Steenbrink%2C+Karel+Adriaan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcUoGJSs9yOUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohannes+Leimena" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChauvel2008" class="citation book cs1">Chauvel, Richard (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UbZiAAAAQBAJ"><i>Nationalists, Soldiers and Separatists: The Ambonese Islands from Colonialism to Revolt, 1880-1950</i></a>. BRILL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-25395-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-25395-7"><bdi>978-90-04-25395-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nationalists%2C+Soldiers+and+Separatists%3A+The+Ambonese+Islands+from+Colonialism+to+Revolt%2C+1880-1950&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-90-04-25395-7&rft.aulast=Chauvel&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUbZiAAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohannes+Leimena" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrouch2007" class="citation book cs1">Crouch, Harold (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TJptHWc4i1EC"><i>The Army and Politics in Indonesia</i></a>. Equinox Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-979-3780-50-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-979-3780-50-4"><bdi>978-979-3780-50-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Army+and+Politics+in+Indonesia&rft.pub=Equinox+Publishing&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-979-3780-50-4&rft.aulast=Crouch&rft.aufirst=Harold&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTJptHWc4i1EC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohannes+Leimena" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeith2006" class="citation book cs1">Feith, Herbert (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VAH0W9uxoqoC"><i>The Decline of Constitutional Democracy in Indonesia</i></a>. Equinox Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-979-3780-45-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-979-3780-45-0"><bdi>978-979-3780-45-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Decline+of+Constitutional+Democracy+in+Indonesia&rft.pub=Equinox+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-979-3780-45-0&rft.aulast=Feith&rft.aufirst=Herbert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVAH0W9uxoqoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohannes+Leimena" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHitipeuw1986" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hitipeuw, Frans (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TeGmTDmTFFQC"><i>Dr. Johannes Leimena, karya dan pengabdiannya</i></a> (in Indonesian). Jakarta: <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_and_Culture_(Indonesia)" title="Ministry of Education and Culture (Indonesia)">Ministry of Education and Culture</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dr.+Johannes+Leimena%2C+karya+dan+pengabdiannya&rft.place=Jakarta&rft.pub=Ministry+of+Education+and+Culture&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Hitipeuw&rft.aufirst=Frans&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTeGmTDmTFFQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohannes+Leimena" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHunter2007" class="citation book cs1">Hunter, Helen-Louise (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=33uXIgopoUEC"><i>Sukarno and the Indonesian Coup: The Untold Story</i></a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-97438-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-97438-1"><bdi>978-0-275-97438-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sukarno+and+the+Indonesian+Coup%3A+The+Untold+Story&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-275-97438-1&rft.aulast=Hunter&rft.aufirst=Helen-Louise&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D33uXIgopoUEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohannes+Leimena" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLev2009" class="citation book cs1">Lev, Daniel S. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ybL_CsT93w4C"><i>The Transition to Guided Democracy: Indonesian Politics, 1957 – 1959</i></a>. Equinox Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-602-8397-40-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-602-8397-40-7"><bdi>978-602-8397-40-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Transition+to+Guided+Democracy%3A+Indonesian+Politics%2C+1957+%E2%80%93+1959&rft.pub=Equinox+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-602-8397-40-7&rft.aulast=Lev&rft.aufirst=Daniel+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DybL_CsT93w4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohannes+Leimena" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKahin2003" class="citation book cs1">Kahin, George McTurnan (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WDgBBzWQ2DAC"><i>Nationalism and Revolution in Indonesia</i></a>. SEAP Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87727-734-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87727-734-7"><bdi>978-0-87727-734-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nationalism+and+Revolution+in+Indonesia&rft.pub=SEAP+Publications&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-87727-734-7&rft.aulast=Kahin&rft.aufirst=George+McTurnan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWDgBBzWQ2DAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohannes+Leimena" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurakami2015" class="citation book cs1">Murakami, Saki (2015). "Call for Doctors!: Uneven Medical Provision and the Modernization of State Health Care during the Decolonization of Indonesia, 1930s – 1950s". <i>Cars, Conduits, and Kampongs</i>. Brill. pp. 29–62. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-28072-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-28072-4"><bdi>978-90-04-28072-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1163/j.ctt1w76ts6.7">10.1163/j.ctt1w76ts6.7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Call+for+Doctors%21%3A+Uneven+Medical+Provision+and+the+Modernization+of+State+Health+Care+during+the+Decolonization+of+Indonesia%2C+1930s+%E2%80%93+1950s&rft.btitle=Cars%2C+Conduits%2C+and+Kampongs&rft.pages=29-62&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.1163%2Fj.ctt1w76ts6.7%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=978-90-04-28072-4&rft.aulast=Murakami&rft.aufirst=Saki&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohannes+Leimena" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeelakantan2017" class="citation book cs1">Neelakantan, Vivek (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3VwpDwAAQBAJ"><i>Science, Public Health and Nation-Building in Soekarno-Era Indonesia</i></a>. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4438-7849-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4438-7849-4"><bdi>978-1-4438-7849-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Science%2C+Public+Health+and+Nation-Building+in+Soekarno-Era+Indonesia&rft.pub=Cambridge+Scholars+Publishing&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-4438-7849-4&rft.aulast=Neelakantan&rft.aufirst=Vivek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3VwpDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohannes+Leimena" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template:National_Heroes_of_Indonesia" title="Template:National Heroes of Indonesia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:National_Heroes_of_Indonesia" title="Template talk:National Heroes of Indonesia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:National_Heroes_of_Indonesia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:National Heroes of Indonesia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="National_Heroes_of_Indonesia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/National_Hero_of_Indonesia" title="National Hero of Indonesia">National Heroes of Indonesia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Political</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdoel_Kahar_Moezakir" title="Abdoel Kahar Moezakir">Abdoel Kahar Moezakir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Halim_Majalengka" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdul Halim Majalengka">Abdul Halim Majalengka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdurrahman_Baswedan" title="Abdurrahman Baswedan">Abdurrahman Baswedan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achmad_Soebardjo" title="Achmad Soebardjo">Achmad Soebardjo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Malik" title="Adam Malik">Adam Malik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adnan_Kapau_Gani" title="Adnan Kapau Gani">Adnan Kapau Gani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Andries_Maramis" title="Alexander Andries Maramis">Alexander Andries Maramis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andi_Djemma" title="Andi Djemma">Andi Djemma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andi_Sultan_Daeng_Radja" title="Andi Sultan Daeng Radja">Andi Sultan Daeng Radja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arie_Frederik_Lasut" title="Arie Frederik Lasut">Arie Frederik Lasut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Mononutu" title="Arnold Mononutu">Arnold Mononutu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagindo_Azizchan" title="Bagindo Azizchan">Bagindo Azizchan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B.W._Lapian" class="mw-redirect" title="B.W. Lapian">B.W. Lapian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tjilik_Riwut" title="Tjilik Riwut">Tjilik Riwut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djuanda_Kartawidjaja" title="Djuanda Kartawidjaja">Djoeanda Kartawidjaja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Douwes_Dekker" title="Ernest Douwes Dekker">Ernest Douwes Dekker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Lumbantobing" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdinand Lumbantobing">Ferdinand Lumbantobing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gatot_Mangkoepradja" title="Gatot Mangkoepradja">Gatot Mangkoepradja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamengkubuwono_IX" title="Hamengkubuwono IX">Hamengkubuwono IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazairin" title="Hazairin">Hazairin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idham_Chalid" title="Idham Chalid">Idham Chalid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ide_Anak_Agung_Gde_Agung" title="Ide Anak Agung Gde Agung">Ida Anak Agung Gde Agung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_Joseph_Kasimo_Hendrowahyono" title="Ignatius Joseph Kasimo Hendrowahyono">Ignatius Joseph Kasimo Hendrowahyono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I_Gusti_Ketut_Pudja" title="I Gusti Ketut Pudja">I Gusti Ketut Pudja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iwa_Koesoemasoemantri" title="Iwa Koesoemasoemantri">Iwa Koesoemasoemantri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izaak_Huru_Doko" title="Izaak Huru Doko">Izaak Huru Doko</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Johannes Leimena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasman_Singodimedjo" title="Kasman Singodimedjo">Kasman Singodimedjo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kusumah_Atmaja" title="Kusumah Atmaja">Kusumah Atmaja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambertus_Nicodemus_Palar" title="Lambertus Nicodemus Palar">Lambertus Nicodemus Palar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maskoen_Soemadiredja" title="Maskoen Soemadiredja">Maskoen Soemadiredja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masjkur" title="Masjkur">Masjkur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Hatta" title="Mohammad Hatta">Mohammad Hatta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Husni_Thamrin" title="Mohammad Husni Thamrin">Mohammad Husni Thamrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Natsir" title="Mohammad Natsir">Mohammad Natsir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moewardi" title="Moewardi">Moewardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nani_Wartabone" title="Nani Wartabone">Nani Wartabone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opu_Daeng_Risaju" title="Opu Daeng Risaju">Opu Daeng Risaju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oto_Iskandar_di_Nata" title="Oto Iskandar di Nata">Oto Iskandar di Nata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Mohammad_Noor" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Mohammad Noor">P. M. Noor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajiman_Wediodiningrat" title="Rajiman Wediodiningrat">Rajiman Wediodiningrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasuna_Said" title="Rasuna Said">Rasuna Said</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahardjo" title="Sahardjo">Sahardjo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Ratulangi" title="Sam Ratulangi">Sam Ratulangi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanhudi" title="Samanhudi">Samanhudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soekarni" class="mw-redirect" title="Soekarni">Soekarni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukarno" title="Sukarno">Sukarno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukarjo_Wiryopranoto" title="Sukarjo Wiryopranoto">Sukarjo Wiryopranoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supeno" title="Supeno">Supeno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soepomo" title="Soepomo">Soepomo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soeroso" title="Soeroso">Soeroso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ario_Soerjo" title="Ario Soerjo">Ario Soerjo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soerjopranoto" title="Soerjopranoto">Soerjopranoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutan_Mohammad_Amin_Nasution" title="Sutan Mohammad Amin Nasution">Sutan Mohammad Amin Nasution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutan_Sjahrir" title="Sutan Sjahrir">Sutan Sjahrir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sjafruddin_Prawiranegara" title="Sjafruddin Prawiranegara">Sjafruddin Prawiranegara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tan_Malaka" title="Tan Malaka">Tan Malaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teuku_Muhammad_Hasan" class="mw-redirect" title="Teuku Muhammad Hasan">Teuku Muhammad Hasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teuku_Nyak_Arif" title="Teuku Nyak Arif">Teuku Nyak Arif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oemar_Said_Tjokroaminoto" title="Oemar Said Tjokroaminoto">Oemar Said Tjokroaminoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wahid_Hasyim" title="Wahid Hasyim">Wahid Hasyim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zainul_Arifin" title="Zainul Arifin">Zainul Arifin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Haris_Nasution" title="Abdul Haris Nasution">Abdul Haris Nasution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Rahman_Saleh_(physician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdul Rahman Saleh (physician)">Abdul Rahman Saleh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agustinus_Adisucipto" class="mw-redirect" title="Agustinus Adisucipto">Adisucipto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andi_Abdullah_Bau_Massepe" title="Andi Abdullah Bau Massepe">Andi Abdullah Bau Massepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basuki_Rahmat" title="Basuki Rahmat">Basuki Rahmat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djamin_Ginting" title="Djamin Ginting">Djamin Ginting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djatikoesoemo" title="Djatikoesoemo">Djatikoesoemo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gatot_Soebroto" title="Gatot Soebroto">Gatot Soebroto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halim_Perdanakusuma" title="Halim Perdanakusuma">Halim Perdanakusuma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harun_Thohir" title="Harun Thohir">Harun Thohir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasan_Basry" title="Hasan Basry">Hasan Basry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iswahyudi" title="Iswahyudi">Iswahyudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I_Gusti_Ngurah_Rai" title="I Gusti Ngurah Rai">I Gusti Ngurah Rai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jahja_Daniel_Dharma" class="mw-redirect" title="Jahja Daniel Dharma">John Lie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keumalahayati" title="Keumalahayati">Keumalahayati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eddy_Martadinata" title="Eddy Martadinata">R. E. Martadinata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mas_Isman" title="Mas Isman">Mas Isman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moestopo" title="Moestopo">Moestopo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Mangundiprojo" title="Muhammad Mangundiprojo">Muhammad Mangundiprojo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Yasin" title="Muhammad Yasin">Muhammad Yasin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noer_Alie" title="Noer Alie">Noer Alie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oerip_Soemohardjo" title="Oerip Soemohardjo">Oerip Soemohardjo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slamet_Rijadi" title="Slamet Rijadi">Slamet Rijadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Said_Soekanto_Tjokrodiatmodjo" title="Said Soekanto Tjokrodiatmodjo">Soekanto Tjokrodiatmodjo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudirman" title="Sudirman">Sudirman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supriyadi" title="Supriyadi">Supriyadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutomo" title="Sutomo">Sutomo (Bung Tomo)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syam%27un" title="Syam'un">Syam'un</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._B._Simatupang" title="T. B. Simatupang">T. B. Simatupang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janatin" class="mw-redirect" title="Janatin">Usman Janatin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Wolter_Mongisidi" title="Robert Wolter Mongisidi">Robert Wolter Mongisidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yos_Sudarso" title="Yos Sudarso">Yos Sudarso</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fatmawati" title="Fatmawati">Fatmawati</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Revolutionaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Yani" title="Ahmad Yani">Ahmad Yani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karel_Satsuit_Tubun" title="Karel Satsuit Tubun">Karel Satsuit Tubun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mas_Tirtodarmo_Haryono" title="Mas Tirtodarmo Haryono">Mas Tirtodarmo Haryono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katamso_Darmokusumo" title="Katamso Darmokusumo">Katamso Darmokusumo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Izacus_Pandjaitan" class="mw-redirect" title="Donald Izacus Pandjaitan">Donald Izacus Pandjaitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Tendean" title="Pierre Tendean">Pierre Tendean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siswondo_Parman" title="Siswondo Parman">Siswondo Parman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugiyono_Mangunwiyoto" title="Sugiyono Mangunwiyoto">Sugiyono Mangunwiyoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soeprapto_(general)" title="Soeprapto (general)">Suprapto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutoyo_Siswomiharjo" title="Sutoyo Siswomiharjo">Sutoyo Siswomiharjo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Resistance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alimin" title="Alimin">Alimin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soetomo" title="Soetomo">Dr. Soetomo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tjipto_Mangoenkoesoemo" class="mw-redirect" title="Tjipto Mangoenkoesoemo">Tjipto Mangoenkoesoemo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wahidin_Soedirohoesodo" title="Wahidin Soedirohoesodo">Wahidin Soedirohoesodo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Muis" title="Abdul Muis">Abdoel Moeis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agus_Salim" title="Agus Salim">Agus Salim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amir_Hamzah" title="Amir Hamzah">Amir Hamzah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Yamin" title="Mohammad Yamin">Mohammad Yamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raja_Ali_Haji" title="Raja Ali Haji">Raja Ali Haji</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Art</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ismail_Marzuki" title="Ismail Marzuki">Ismail Marzuki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_Rudolf_Supratman" title="Wage Rudolf Supratman">Wage Rudolf Supratman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usmar_Ismail" title="Usmar Ismail">Usmar Ismail</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dewi_Sartika" title="Dewi Sartika">Dewi Sartika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herman_Johannes" title="Herman Johannes">Herman Johannes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartini" title="Kartini">Kartini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ki_Hajar_Dewantara" title="Ki Hajar Dewantara">Ki Hajar Dewantara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ki_Sarmidi_Mangunsarkoro" title="Ki Sarmidi Mangunsarkoro">Ki Sarmidi Mangunsarkoro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Walanda_Maramis" title="Maria Walanda Maramis">Maria Walanda Maramis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Integration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frans_Kaisiepo" title="Frans Kaisiepo">Frans Kaisiepo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Abraham_Dimara" title="Johannes Abraham Dimara">Johannes Abraham Dimara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marthen_Indey" title="Marthen Indey">Marthen Indey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pajonga_Daeng_Ngalie" class="mw-redirect" title="Pajonga Daeng Ngalie">Pajonga Daeng Ngalie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silas_Papare" title="Silas Papare">Silas Papare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syarif_Kasim_II" title="Syarif Kasim II">Syarif Kasim II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Press</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ilyas_Yakoub" title="Ilyas Yakoub">Ilyas Yakoub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Tabrani" title="Mohammad Tabrani">Mohammad Tabrani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruhana_Kuddus" title="Ruhana Kuddus">Ruhana Kuddus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirto_Adhi_Soerjo" title="Tirto Adhi Soerjo">Tirto Adhi Soerjo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Development</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suharso" title="Suharso">Suharso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siti_Hartinah" title="Siti Hartinah">Siti Hartinah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelmus_Zakaria_Johannes" title="Wilhelmus Zakaria Johannes">Wilhelmus Zakaria Johannes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abdul_Chalim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abdul Chalim (page does not exist)">Abdul Chalim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Wahab_Hasbullah" title="Abdul Wahab Hasbullah">Abdul Wahab Hasbullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Dahlan" title="Ahmad Dahlan">Ahmad Dahlan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahmad_Hanafiah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ahmad Hanafiah (page does not exist)">Ahmad Hanafiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Sanusi" title="Ahmad Sanusi">Ahmad Sanusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/As%27ad_Syamsul_Arifin" title="As'ad Syamsul Arifin">As'ad Syamsul Arifin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albertus_Soegijapranata" title="Albertus Soegijapranata">Albertus Soegijapranata</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ki_Bagus_Hadikusumo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ki Bagus Hadikusumo (page does not exist)">Bagoes Hadikoesoemo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KH_Fakhruddin" title="KH Fakhruddin">Fakhruddin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamka" title="Hamka">Haji Abdul Malik Karim Amrullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasyim_Asy%27ari" title="Hasyim Asy'ari">Hasyim Asy'ari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lafran_Pane" title="Lafran Pane">Lafran Pane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mas_Mansoer" title="Mas Mansoer">Mas Mansoer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyai_Ahmad_Dahlan" title="Nyai Ahmad Dahlan">Nyai Ahmad Dahlan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Struggle</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Kadir_Raden_Temenggung_Setia_Pahlawan" title="Abdul Kadir Raden Temenggung Setia Pahlawan">Abdul Kadir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achmad_Rifa%27i" title="Achmad Rifa'i">Achmad Rifa'i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirtayasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Tirtayasa">Ageng Tirtayasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andi_Depu" title="Andi Depu">Andi Depu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andi_Mappanyukki" title="Andi Mappanyukki">Andi Mappanyukki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aria_Wangsakara" title="Aria Wangsakara">Aria Wangsakara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Antasari" title="Prince Antasari">Prince Antasari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan_Agung_of_Mataram" title="Sultan Agung of Mataram">Sultan Agung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babullah_of_Ternate" title="Babullah of Ternate">Sultan Babullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bataha_Santiago" title="Bataha Santiago">Bataha Santiago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teungku_Chik_di_Tiro" title="Teungku Chik di Tiro">Teungku Chik di Tiro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cut_Nyak_Dhien" title="Cut Nyak Dhien">Cut Nyak Dhien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cut_Nyak_Meutia" title="Cut Nyak Meutia">Cut Nyak Meutia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diponegoro" title="Diponegoro">Diponegoro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raja_Haji_Fisabilillah" title="Raja Haji Fisabilillah">Raja Haji Fisabilillah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamengkubuwono_I" title="Hamengkubuwono I">Hamengkubuwono I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasanuddin_of_Gowa" title="Hasanuddin of Gowa">Hasanuddin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuanku_Imam_Bonjol" title="Tuanku Imam Bonjol">Tuanku Imam Bonjol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iskandar_Muda" title="Iskandar Muda">Iskandar Muda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I_Gusti_Ketut_Jelantik" title="I Gusti Ketut Jelantik">I Gusti Ketut Jelantik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I_Gusti_Ngurah_Made_Agung" title="I Gusti Ngurah Made Agung">I Gusti Ngurah Made Agung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiras_Bangun" title="Kiras Bangun">Kiras Bangun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Maddukelleng" title="La Maddukelleng">La Maddukelleng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machmud_Singgirei_Rumagesan" title="Machmud Singgirei Rumagesan">Machmud Singgirei Rumagesan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Badaruddin_II" title="Mahmud Badaruddin II">Mahmud Badaruddin II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Shah_III_of_Johor" title="Mahmud Shah III of Johor">Mahmud Shah III of Johor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangkunegara_I" title="Mangkunegara I">Mangkunegara I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Christina_Tiahahu" title="Martha Christina Tiahahu">Martha Christina Tiahahu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuku_Muhammad_Amiruddin" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuku Muhammad Amiruddin">Nuku Muhammad Amiruddin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyi_Ageng_Serang" title="Nyi Ageng Serang">Nyi Ageng Serang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakubuwono_VI" title="Pakubuwono VI">Pakubuwono VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakubuwono_X" title="Pakubuwono X">Pakubuwono X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pattimura" title="Pattimura">Pattimura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pong_Tiku" title="Pong Tiku">Pong Tiku</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raden_Mattaher&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Raden Mattaher (page does not exist)">Raden Mattaher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radin_Inten_II" title="Radin Inten II">Radin Inten II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranggong_Daeng_Romo" title="Ranggong Daeng Romo">Ranggong Daeng Romo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratu_Kalinyamat" title="Ratu Kalinyamat">Ratu Kalinyamat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisingamangaraja_XII" class="mw-redirect" title="Sisingamangaraja XII">Sisingamangaraja XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Yusuf" title="Sheikh Yusuf">Syech Yusuf Tajul Khalwati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuanku_Tambusai" title="Tuanku Tambusai">Tuanku Tambusai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teuku_Umar" title="Teuku Umar">Teuku Umar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaha_Syaifuddin" title="Thaha Syaifuddin">Thaha Syaifuddin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Untung_Surapati" title="Untung Surapati">Untung Surapati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zainal_Mustafa" title="Zainal Mustafa">Zainal Mustafa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Indonesian_Christian_Party" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#799BCB;color:#FFFFFF;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indonesian_Christian_Party" title="Template:Indonesian Christian Party"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:#FFFFFF">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indonesian_Christian_Party" title="Template talk:Indonesian Christian Party"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:#FFFFFF">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indonesian_Christian_Party" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indonesian Christian Party"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:#FFFFFF">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Indonesian_Christian_Party" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Christian_Party" title="Indonesian Christian Party"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FFFFFF">Indonesian Christian Party</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#799BCB;color:#FFFFFF;;width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Organization_of_the_Indonesian_Christian_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Organization of the Indonesian Christian Party (page does not exist)">Organization</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indonesian_Christian_Women%27s_Association&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Indonesian Christian Women's Association (page does not exist)">Indonesian Christian Women's Association</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indonesian_Christian_Youth_Movement&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Indonesian Christian Youth Movement (page does not exist)">Indonesian Christian Youth Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Christian_Student_Movement" title="Indonesian Christian Student Movement">Indonesian Christian Student Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indonesian_Christian_Pupil_Movement&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Indonesian Christian Pupil Movement (page does not exist)">Indonesian Christian Pupil Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indonesian_Christian_Workers%27_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Indonesian Christian Workers' Union (page does not exist)">Indonesian Christian Workers' Union</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indonesian_Christian_Farmers%27_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Indonesian Christian Farmers' Union (page does not exist)">Indonesian Christian Farmers' Union</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indonesian_Christian_Cultural_Institute&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Indonesian Christian Cultural Institute (page does not exist)">Indonesian Christian Cultural Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Association_of_Indonesian_Christian_Intelligence&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Association of Indonesian Christian Intelligence (page does not exist)">Association of Indonesian Christian Intelligence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#799BCB;color:#FFFFFF;;width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Congress_of_the_Indonesian_Christian_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Congress of the Indonesian Christian Party (page does not exist)">Congress</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1st_Congress_of_the_National_Christian_Party" title="1st Congress of the National Christian Party">1st (1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2nd_Congress_of_the_Indonesian_Christian_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2nd Congress of the Indonesian Christian Party (page does not exist)">2nd (1947)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=3rd_Congress_of_the_Indonesian_Christian_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="3rd Congress of the Indonesian Christian Party (page does not exist)">3rd (1950)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=4th_Congress_of_the_Indonesian_Christian_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="4th Congress of the Indonesian Christian Party (page does not exist)">4th (1952)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=5th_Congress_of_the_Indonesian_Christian_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="5th Congress of the Indonesian Christian Party (page does not exist)">5th (1954)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=6th_Congress_of_the_Indonesian_Christian_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="6th Congress of the Indonesian Christian Party (page does not exist)">6th (1956)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=7th_Congress_of_the_Indonesian_Christian_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="7th Congress of the Indonesian Christian Party (page does not exist)">7th (1961)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=8th_Congress_of_the_Indonesian_Christian_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="8th Congress of the Indonesian Christian Party (page does not exist)">8th (1962)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=9th_Congress_of_the_Indonesian_Christian_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="9th Congress of the Indonesian Christian Party (page does not exist)">9th (1967)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#799BCB;color:#FFFFFF;;width:1%">Party leadership</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#799BCB;color:#FFFFFF;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Indonesian_Christian_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Chairman of the Indonesian Christian Party">Chairman</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelmus_Zakaria_Johannes" title="Wilhelmus Zakaria Johannes">Wilhelmus Zakaria Johannes</a> (November 1945-December 1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basuki_Probowinoto" title="Basuki Probowinoto">Basuki Probowinoto</a> (1945-1950)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Johannes Leimena</a> (1950-1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Mangaratua_Tambunan" title="Albert Mangaratua Tambunan">Albert Mangaratua Tambunan</a> (1961-1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanchton_Siregar" title="Melanchton Siregar">Melanchton Siregar</a> (1967-1973)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#799BCB;color:#FFFFFF;;width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=General_Secretary_of_the_Indonesian_Christian_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="General Secretary of the Indonesian Christian Party (page does not exist)">General Secretary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maryoto&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maryoto (page does not exist)">Maryoto</a> (November 1945-December 1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Mangaratua_Tambunan" title="Albert Mangaratua Tambunan">Albert Mangaratua Tambunan</a> (1945-1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martinus_Abednego" title="Martinus Abednego">Martinus Abednego</a> (1947-1950)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadrianus_Sinaga" title="Hadrianus Sinaga">Hadrianus Sinaga</a> (1950-1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Sondakh" title="Manuel Sondakh">Manuel Sondakh</a> (1961-1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christoffel_Joseph_Mooy" title="Christoffel Joseph Mooy">Christoffel Joseph Mooy</a> (1962-1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabam_Sirait" title="Sabam Sirait">Sabam Sirait</a> (1967–1973)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#799BCB;color:#FFFFFF;;width:1%">Successor</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Christian_Party_1945" title="Indonesian Christian Party 1945">Indonesian Christian Party 1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosperous_Peace_Party" title="Prosperous Peace Party">Prosperous Peace Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#799BCB;color:#FFFFFF;;width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Indonesian_Christian_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of Indonesian Christian Party (page does not exist)">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Indonesian_Christian_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Indonesian Christian Party">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrow_Division" title="Arrow Division">Arrow Division</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2642883#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2642883#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2642883#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000063430762">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/72717061">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/76456/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJmXP9r98d98cPcXGYwgrq">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/1147235198">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n81082845">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p070661162">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810692082205606">Poland</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1276689">Trove</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/078781868">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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