CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>W′ and Z′ bosons - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"5eb8c157-04d3-476e-963f-a74c7fe70ffe","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"W′_and_Z′_bosons","wgTitle":"W′ and Z′ bosons","wgCurRevisionId":1193745727,"wgRevisionId":1193745727,"wgArticleId":24569206,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Articles needing additional references from March 2021","All articles needing additional references","All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases","Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from March 2021","Gauge bosons","Hypothetical elementary particles","Force carriers","Subatomic particles with spin 1"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage": "en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"W′_and_Z′_bosons","wgRelevantArticleId":24569206,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":20000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q2425590","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi" :["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","ext.math.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP", "ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.math.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="W′ and Z′ bosons - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%E2%80%B2_and_Z%E2%80%B2_bosons"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=W%E2%80%B2_and_Z%E2%80%B2_bosons&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%E2%80%B2_and_Z%E2%80%B2_bosons"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-W′_and_Z′_bosons rootpage-W′_and_Z′_bosons skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=W%E2%80%B2+and+Z%E2%80%B2+bosons" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=W%E2%80%B2+and+Z%E2%80%B2+bosons" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=W%E2%80%B2+and+Z%E2%80%B2+bosons" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=W%E2%80%B2+and+Z%E2%80%B2+bosons" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Types</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Types subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Types_of_W′_bosons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types_of_W′_bosons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Types of W′ bosons</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types_of_W′_bosons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types_of_Z′_bosons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types_of_Z′_bosons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Types of Z′ bosons</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types_of_Z′_bosons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Searches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Searches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Searches</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Searches-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Searches subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Searches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Direct_searches_for_"wide_resonance-width"_models" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Direct_searches_for_"wide_resonance-width"_models"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Direct searches for "wide resonance-width" models</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Direct_searches_for_"wide_resonance-width"_models-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Direct_searches_for_"narrow_resonance-width"_models" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Direct_searches_for_"narrow_resonance-width"_models"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Direct searches for "narrow resonance-width" models</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Direct_searches_for_"narrow_resonance-width"_models-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Z′–Y_mixings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Z′–Y_mixings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Z′–Y mixings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Z′–Y_mixings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">W′ and Z′ bosons</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 8 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-8" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">8 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosons_W%27_i_Z%27" title="Bosons W' i Z' – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Bosons W' i Z'" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosones_W%27_y_Z%27" title="Bosones W' y Z' – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Bosones W' y Z'" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%27_Z%27_%EB%B3%B4%EC%86%90" title="W' Z' 보손 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="W' Z' 보손" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosoni_W%27_e_Z%27" title="Bosoni W' e Z' – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Bosoni W' e Z'" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%27%E3%83%9C%E3%82%BD%E3%83%B3%E3%81%A8Z%27%E3%83%9C%E3%82%BD%E3%83%B3" title="W'ボソンとZ'ボソン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="W'ボソンとZ'ボソン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B3sons_W%27_e_Z%27" title="Bósons W' e Z' – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Bósons W' e Z'" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bozoni_W%27_in_Z%27" title="Bozoni W' in Z' – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Bozoni W' in Z'" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mga_boson_na_W%27_at_Z%27" title="Mga boson na W' at Z' – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Mga boson na W' at Z'" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2425590#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/W%E2%80%B2_and_Z%E2%80%B2_bosons" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:W%E2%80%B2_and_Z%E2%80%B2_bosons" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/W%E2%80%B2_and_Z%E2%80%B2_bosons"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=W%E2%80%B2_and_Z%E2%80%B2_bosons&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=W%E2%80%B2_and_Z%E2%80%B2_bosons&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/W%E2%80%B2_and_Z%E2%80%B2_bosons"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=W%E2%80%B2_and_Z%E2%80%B2_bosons&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=W%E2%80%B2_and_Z%E2%80%B2_bosons&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/W%E2%80%B2_and_Z%E2%80%B2_bosons" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/W%E2%80%B2_and_Z%E2%80%B2_bosons" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=W%E2%80%B2_and_Z%E2%80%B2_bosons&oldid=1193745727" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=W%E2%80%B2_and_Z%E2%80%B2_bosons&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=W%E2%80%B2_and_Z%E2%80%B2_bosons&id=1193745727&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FW%25E2%2580%25B2_and_Z%25E2%2580%25B2_bosons"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FW%25E2%2580%25B2_and_Z%25E2%2580%25B2_bosons"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=W%E2%80%B2_and_Z%E2%80%B2_bosons&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=W%E2%80%B2_and_Z%E2%80%B2_bosons&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2425590" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Hypothetical particles in physics</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">W′ and Z′ bosons</caption><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Particle#Composition" title="Particle">Composition</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Elementary_particle" title="Elementary particle">Elementary particle</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Particle_statistics" title="Particle statistics">Statistics</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bosonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosonic">Bosonic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Family</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gauge_boson" title="Gauge boson">Gauge boson</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Fundamental_interaction" title="Fundamental interaction">Interactions</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Standard-Model_Extension" title="Standard-Model Extension">Standard-Model Extension</a><sup id="cite_ref-pdg_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pdg-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data">Hypothetical</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Invariant_mass" title="Invariant mass">Mass</a></th><td class="infobox-data">unknown</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Particle_decay" title="Particle decay">Decays into</a></th><td class="infobox-data">similar to <a href="/wiki/W_and_Z_bosons" title="W and Z bosons">W and Z bosons</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Electric_charge" title="Electric charge">Electric charge</a></th><td class="infobox-data">W′: ±1 <a href="/wiki/Elementary_charge" title="Elementary charge"><i>e</i></a><br /> Z′: 0 <i>e</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Spin_(physics)" title="Spin (physics)">Spin</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1<sup id="cite_ref-pdg_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pdg-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spin states</th><td class="infobox-data">2</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Particle_physics" title="Particle physics">particle physics</a>, <b>W′ and Z′ bosons</b> (or <b>W-prime and Z-prime bosons</b>) refer to hypothetical <a href="/wiki/Gauge_boson" title="Gauge boson">gauge bosons</a> that arise from extensions of the <a href="/wiki/Electroweak_interaction" title="Electroweak interaction">electroweak symmetry</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Standard_Model" title="Standard Model">Standard Model</a>. They are named in analogy with the Standard Model <a href="/wiki/W_and_Z_bosons" title="W and Z bosons">W and Z bosons</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=W%E2%80%B2_and_Z%E2%80%B2_bosons&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/W%E2%80%B2_and_Z%E2%80%B2_bosons" title="Special:EditPage/W′ and Z′ bosons">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Types_of_W′_bosons"><span id="Types_of_W.E2.80.B2_bosons"></span>Types of W′ bosons</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=W%E2%80%B2_and_Z%E2%80%B2_bosons&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Types of W′ bosons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>W′ bosons often arise in models with an extra <a href="/wiki/SU(2)" class="mw-redirect" title="SU(2)">SU(2)</a> <a href="/wiki/Gauge_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Gauge group">gauge group</a> relative to the full <a href="/wiki/Standard_Model" title="Standard Model">Standard Model</a> gauge group <span class="texhtml"><a href="/wiki/Special_unitary_group" title="Special unitary group">SU</a>(3) × SU(2) × <a href="/wiki/U(1)" class="mw-redirect" title="U(1)">U(1)</a></span>. The extended <span class="nowrap">SU(2) × SU(2)</span> symmetry spontaneously breaks into the <a href="/wiki/Diagonal_subgroup" title="Diagonal subgroup">diagonal subgroup</a> SU(2)<sub>W</sub> which corresponds to the conventional SU(2) in electroweak theory. </p><p>More generally, there could be <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">n</span> copies of SU(2), which are then broken down to a diagonal SU(2)<sub>W</sub>. This gives rise to <span class="nowrap"> <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">n</span><sup>2</sup> − 1 </span> different W′<sup>+</sup>, W′<sup>−</sup>, and Z′ bosons. Such models might arise from a <a href="/wiki/Quiver_diagram" title="Quiver diagram">quiver diagram</a>, for example. </p><p>In order for the W′ bosons to couple to <a href="/wiki/Weak_isospin" title="Weak isospin">weak isospin</a>, the extra SU(2) and the Standard Model SU(2) must mix; one copy of SU(2) must break around the <a href="/wiki/TeV" class="mw-redirect" title="TeV">TeV</a> scale (to get W′ bosons with a TeV mass) leaving a second SU(2) for the Standard Model. This happens in <a href="/wiki/Little_Higgs" title="Little Higgs">Little Higgs</a> models that contain more than one copy of SU(2). Because the W′ comes from the breaking of an SU(2), it is generically accompanied by a Z′ boson of (almost) the same mass and with couplings related to the W′ couplings. </p><p>Another model with W′ bosons but without an additional SU(2) factor is the so-called <a href="/wiki/331_model" title="331 model">331 model</a> with <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \;\beta =\pm {\tfrac {1}{\sqrt {3\;}}}~.}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mspace width="thickmathspace" /> <mi>β</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mo>±</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <msqrt> <mn>3</mn> <mspace width="thickmathspace" /> </msqrt> </mfrac> </mstyle> </mrow> <mtext> </mtext> <mo>.</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \;\beta =\pm {\tfrac {1}{\sqrt {3\;}}}~.}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a5015cd6cf154866c3d19cd977651bd8483801dd" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:11.783ex; height:4.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \;\beta =\pm {\tfrac {1}{\sqrt {3\;}}}~.}"></span> The symmetry breaking chain <span class="nowrap">SU(3)<sub>L</sub> × U(1)<sub>W</sub> → SU(2)<sub>W</sub> × U(1)<sub>Y</sub></span> leads to a pair of W′<sup>±</sup> bosons and three Z′ bosons. </p><p>W′ bosons also arise in <a href="/wiki/Kaluza%E2%80%93Klein" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaluza–Klein">Kaluza–Klein</a> theories with SU(2) in the <a href="/wiki/Brane_cosmology" title="Brane cosmology">bulk</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Types_of_Z′_bosons"><span id="Types_of_Z.E2.80.B2_bosons"></span>Types of Z′ bosons</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=W%E2%80%B2_and_Z%E2%80%B2_bosons&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Types of Z′ bosons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Various models of physics <a href="/wiki/Beyond_the_Standard_Model" class="mw-redirect" title="Beyond the Standard Model">beyond the Standard Model</a> predict different kinds of Z′ bosons. </p> <dl><dt>Models with a new <a href="/wiki/U(1)" class="mw-redirect" title="U(1)">U(1)</a> gauge symmetry<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too vague attribution or weasel words. (March 2021)">which?</span></a></i>]</sup></dt> <dd>The Z′ is the gauge boson of the (broken) U(1) symmetry.</dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/E6_(mathematics)" title="E6 (mathematics)">E<sub>6</sub></a> models</dt> <dd>This type of model contains two Z′ bosons, which can mix in general.</dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Pati%E2%80%93Salam_model" title="Pati–Salam model">Pati–Salam</a></dt> <dd>In addition to a fourth leptonic "color", Pati–Salam includes a right handed weak interaction with W′ and Z′ bosons.</dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Topcolor" title="Topcolor">Topcolor</a> and Top Seesaw Models of Dynamical Electroweak Symmetry Breaking</dt> <dd>Both these models have Z′ bosons that select the formation of particular condensates.</dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Little_Higgs" title="Little Higgs">Little Higgs</a> models</dt> <dd>These models typically include an enlarged gauge sector, which is broken down to the Standard Model gauge symmetry around the TeV scale. In addition to one or more Z′ bosons, these models often contain W′ bosons.</dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Kaluza%E2%80%93Klein" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaluza–Klein">Kaluza–Klein</a> models</dt> <dd>The Z′ boson are the excited modes of a neutral bulk gauge symmetry.</dd> <dt>Stueckelberg Extensions</dt> <dd>The Z′ boson is sourced from couplings found in <a href="/wiki/String_(physics)" title="String (physics)">string</a> theories with intersecting <a href="/wiki/D-brane" title="D-brane">D-branes</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Stueckelberg_action" title="Stueckelberg action">Stueckelberg action</a>).</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Searches">Searches</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=W%E2%80%B2_and_Z%E2%80%B2_bosons&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Searches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Direct_searches_for_"wide_resonance-width"_models"><span id="Direct_searches_for_.22wide_resonance-width.22_models"></span>Direct searches for "wide resonance-width" models</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=W%E2%80%B2_and_Z%E2%80%B2_bosons&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Direct searches for "wide resonance-width" models"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following statements pertain only to "wide <a href="/wiki/Resonance_width" class="mw-redirect" title="Resonance width">resonance width</a>" models. </p><p>A W′-boson could be detected at hadron colliders through its decay to <a href="/wiki/Lepton" title="Lepton">lepton</a> plus <a href="/wiki/Neutrino" title="Neutrino">neutrino</a> or <a href="/wiki/Top_quark" title="Top quark">top quark</a> plus <a href="/wiki/Bottom_quark" title="Bottom quark">bottom quark</a>, after being produced in quark–antiquark <a href="/wiki/Annihilation" title="Annihilation">annihilation</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Large_Hadron_Collider" title="Large Hadron Collider">LHC</a> reach for W′ discovery is expected to be a few <a href="/wiki/TeV" class="mw-redirect" title="TeV">TeV</a>. </p><p>Direct searches for Z′-bosons are carried out at <a href="/wiki/Hadron" title="Hadron">hadron</a> colliders, since these give access to the highest energies available. The search looks for high-mass dilepton <a href="/wiki/Resonance_(particle_physics)" title="Resonance (particle physics)">resonances</a>: the Z′-boson would be produced by quark–antiquark annihilation and decay to an <a href="/wiki/Electron" title="Electron">electron</a>–<a href="/wiki/Positron" title="Positron">positron</a> pair or a pair of opposite-charged <a href="/wiki/Muon" title="Muon">muons</a>. The most stringent current limits come from the <a href="/wiki/Fermilab" title="Fermilab">Fermilab</a> <a href="/wiki/Tevatron" title="Tevatron">Tevatron</a>, and depend on the couplings of the Z′-boson (which control the production <a href="/wiki/Cross_section_(physics)" title="Cross section (physics)">cross section</a>); as of 2006, the <a href="/wiki/Tevatron" title="Tevatron">Tevatron</a> excludes Z′-bosons up to masses of about 800 <a href="/wiki/GeV" class="mw-redirect" title="GeV">GeV</a> for "typical" cross sections predicted in various models.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Direct_searches_for_"narrow_resonance-width"_models"><span id="Direct_searches_for_.22narrow_resonance-width.22_models"></span>Direct searches for "narrow resonance-width" models</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=W%E2%80%B2_and_Z%E2%80%B2_bosons&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Direct searches for "narrow resonance-width" models"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Recent classes of models have emerged that naturally provide cross section signatures that fall on the edge, or slightly below the 95% confidence level limits set by the Tevatron, and hence can produce detectable cross section signals for a Z′ boson in a mass range much closer to the Z pole-mass than the "wide width" models discussed above. </p><p>These "narrow width" models which fall into this category are those that predict a Stückelberg Z′ as well as a Z′ from a universal extra dimension (see <i><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sites.google.com/site/zprimeguide/">"The Z′ hunters' guide"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Z%26prime%3B+hunters%27+guide&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsites.google.com%2Fsite%2Fzprimeguide%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AW%E2%80%B2+and+Z%E2%80%B2+bosons" class="Z3988"></span></i> for links to these papers). </p><p>On 7 April 2011, the <a href="/wiki/Collider_Detector_at_Fermilab" title="Collider Detector at Fermilab">CDF collaboration</a> at the Tevatron reported an excess in proton–<a href="/wiki/Antiproton" title="Antiproton">antiproton</a> collision <a href="/wiki/Event_(particle_physics)" title="Event (particle physics)">events</a> that produce a W boson accompanied by two hadronic <a href="/wiki/Jet_(particle_physics)" title="Jet (particle physics)">jets</a>. This could possibly be interpreted in terms of a Z′ boson.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 2 June 2015, the <a href="/wiki/ATLAS_experiment" title="ATLAS experiment">ATLAS experiment</a> at the LHC reported evidence for W′-bosons at significance 3.4 <a href="/wiki/Standard_deviation" title="Standard deviation"><span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">σ</span></a>, still too low to claim a formal discovery.<sup id="cite_ref-W'-NewScientist_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-W'-NewScientist-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Researchers at the <a href="/wiki/CMS_experiment" class="mw-redirect" title="CMS experiment">CMS experiment</a> also independently reported signals that corroborate ATLAS's findings. </p><p>In March 2021, there were some reports to hint at the possible existence of Z′ bosons as an unexpected difference in how <a href="/wiki/Bottom_quark" title="Bottom quark">beauty quarks</a> decay to create electrons or muons. The measurement has been made at a statistical significance of 3.1 <a href="/wiki/Standard_deviation" title="Standard deviation"><span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">σ</span></a>, which is well below the 5 <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">σ</span> level that is conventionally considered sufficient proof of a discovery.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Z′–Y_mixings"><span id="Z.E2.80.B2.E2.80.93Y_mixings"></span>Z′–Y mixings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=W%E2%80%B2_and_Z%E2%80%B2_bosons&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Z′–Y mixings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>We might have gauge <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kinetic_mixing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kinetic mixing (page does not exist)">kinetic mixings</a> between the U(1)′ of the Z′ boson and U(1)<sub>Y</sub> of <a href="/wiki/Hypercharge" title="Hypercharge">hypercharge</a>. This mixing leads to a <a href="/wiki/Feynman_diagram" title="Feynman diagram">tree level</a> modification of the <a href="/wiki/Peskin%E2%80%93Takeuchi_parameter" title="Peskin–Takeuchi parameter">Peskin–Takeuchi parameters</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=W%E2%80%B2_and_Z%E2%80%B2_bosons&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/X_and_Y_bosons" title="X and Y bosons">X and Y bosons</a> – Hypothetical elementary particles</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=W%E2%80%B2_and_Z%E2%80%B2_bosons&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-pdg-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pdg_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pdg_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._Beringer_et_al._(Particle_Data_Group)2012" class="citation journal cs1">J. Beringer et al. (<a href="/wiki/Particle_Data_Group" title="Particle Data Group">Particle Data Group</a>) (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pdg.lbl.gov/2012/reviews/contents_minireviews.html">"Review of Particle Physics"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Physical_Review_D" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical Review D">Physical Review D</a></i>. <b>86</b> (1): 010001. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012PhRvD..86a0001B">2012PhRvD..86a0001B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevD.86.010001">10.1103/PhysRevD.86.010001</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10481%2F34377">10481/34377</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review+D&rft.atitle=Review+of+Particle+Physics&rft.volume=86&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=010001&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10481%2F34377&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRevD.86.010001&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012PhRvD..86a0001B&rft.au=J.+Beringer+et+al.+%28Particle+Data+Group%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpdg.lbl.gov%2F2012%2Freviews%2Fcontents_minireviews.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AW%E2%80%B2+and+Z%E2%80%B2+bosons" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA._Abulencia_et_al._(CDF_collaboration)2006" class="citation journal cs1">A. Abulencia et al. (<a href="/wiki/CDF_collaboration" class="mw-redirect" title="CDF collaboration">CDF collaboration</a>) (2006). "Search for Z′ → e<sup>+</sup>e<sup>−</sup> using dielectron mass and angular distribution". <i><a href="/wiki/Physical_Review_Letters" title="Physical Review Letters">Physical Review Letters</a></i>. <b>96</b> (21): 211801. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/hep-ex/0602045">hep-ex/0602045</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006PhRvL..96u1801A">2006PhRvL..96u1801A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.96.211801">10.1103/PhysRevLett.96.211801</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16803227">16803227</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review+Letters&rft.atitle=Search+for+Z%26prime%3B+%E2%86%92+e%3Csup%3E%2B%3C%2Fsup%3Ee%3Csup%3E%E2%88%92%3C%2Fsup%3E+using+dielectron+mass+and+angular+distribution&rft.volume=96&rft.issue=21&rft.pages=211801&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fhep-ex%2F0602045&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16803227&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.96.211801&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006PhRvL..96u1801A&rft.au=A.+Abulencia+et+al.+%28CDF+collaboration%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AW%E2%80%B2+and+Z%E2%80%B2+bosons" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoollacott2011" class="citation web cs1">Woollacott, Emma (2011-04-07). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tgdaily.com/general-sciences-features/55233-tevatron-data-indicates-unknown-new-particle">"Tevatron data indicates unknown new particle"</a>. <i>TG Daily</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TG+Daily&rft.atitle=Tevatron+data+indicates+unknown+new+particle&rft.date=2011-04-07&rft.aulast=Woollacott&rft.aufirst=Emma&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tgdaily.com%2Fgeneral-sciences-features%2F55233-tevatron-data-indicates-unknown-new-particle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AW%E2%80%B2+and+Z%E2%80%B2+bosons" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.symmetrymagazine.org/breaking/2011/04/07/fermilabs-data-peak-that-causes-excitement">"Fermilab's data peak that causes excitement"</a>. <i>Symmetry Magazine</i>. Fermilab/SLAC. 2011-04-07.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Symmetry+Magazine&rft.atitle=Fermilab%27s+data+peak+that+causes+excitement&rft.date=2011-04-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.symmetrymagazine.org%2Fbreaking%2F2011%2F04%2F07%2Ffermilabs-data-peak-that-causes-excitement&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AW%E2%80%B2+and+Z%E2%80%B2+bosons" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-W'-NewScientist-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-W'-NewScientist_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSlezak2015" class="citation news cs1">Slezak, Michael (22 August 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg22730354-600-possible-new-particle-hints-that-universe-may-not-be-left-handed/">"Possible new particle hints that universe may not be left-handed"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_Scientist" title="New Scientist">New Scientist</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Scientist&rft.atitle=Possible+new+particle+hints+that+universe+may+not+be+left-handed&rft.date=2015-08-22&rft.aulast=Slezak&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newscientist.com%2Farticle%2Fmg22730354-600-possible-new-particle-hints-that-universe-may-not-be-left-handed%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AW%E2%80%B2+and+Z%E2%80%B2+bosons" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnston2021" class="citation magazine cs1">Johnston, Hamish (23 March 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210324054334/https://physicsworld.com/a/has-a-new-particle-called-a-leptoquark-been-spotted-at-cern/">"Has a new particle called a 'leptoquark' been spotted at CERN?"</a>. <i>Physics World</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://physicsworld.com/a/has-a-new-particle-called-a-leptoquark-been-spotted-at-cern/">the original</a> on 24 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physics+World&rft.atitle=Has+a+new+particle+called+a+%27leptoquark%27+been+spotted+at+CERN%3F&rft.date=2021-03-23&rft.aulast=Johnston&rft.aufirst=Hamish&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphysicsworld.com%2Fa%2Fhas-a-new-particle-called-a-leptoquark-been-spotted-at-cern%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AW%E2%80%B2+and+Z%E2%80%B2+bosons" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=W%E2%80%B2_and_Z%E2%80%B2_bosons&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFT.G._Rizzo2006" class="citation arxiv cs1">T.G. Rizzo (2006). "Z′ Phenomenology and the LHC". <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/hep-ph/0610104">hep-ph/0610104</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=preprint&rft.jtitle=arXiv&rft.atitle=Z%26prime%3B+Phenomenology+and+the+LHC&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fhep-ph%2F0610104&rft.au=T.G.+Rizzo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AW%E2%80%B2+and+Z%E2%80%B2+bosons" class="Z3988"></span>, a pedagogical overview of Z′ phenomenology (<a href="/wiki/Theoretical_Advanced_Study_Institute" title="Theoretical Advanced Study Institute">TASI 2006</a> lectures)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFP._Rincon2010" class="citation news cs1">P. Rincon (17 May 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/8685541.stm">"LHC particle search 'nearing', says physicist"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=LHC+particle+search+%27nearing%27%2C+says+physicist&rft.date=2010-05-17&rft.au=P.+Rincon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fsci%2Ftech%2F8685541.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AW%E2%80%B2+and+Z%E2%80%B2+bosons" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <p>More advanced: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbulencia,_A.CDF_Collaboration2006" class="citation journal cs1">Abulencia, A.; CDF Collaboration; et al. (2006). "Search for Z′ → e<sup>+</sup>e<sup>−</sup> using dielectron mass and angular distribution". <i>Physical Review Letters</i>. <b>96</b> (211801): 211801. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/hep-ex/0602045">hep-ex/0602045</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006PhRvL..96u1801A">2006PhRvL..96u1801A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.96.211801">10.1103/PhysRevLett.96.211801</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16803227">16803227</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review+Letters&rft.atitle=Search+for+Z%26prime%3B+%E2%86%92+e%3Csup%3E%2B%3C%2Fsup%3Ee%3Csup%3E%E2%88%92%3C%2Fsup%3E+using+dielectron+mass+and+angular+distribution&rft.volume=96&rft.issue=211801&rft.pages=211801&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fhep-ex%2F0602045&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16803227&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.96.211801&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006PhRvL..96u1801A&rft.au=Abulencia%2C+A.&rft.au=CDF+Collaboration&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AW%E2%80%B2+and+Z%E2%80%B2+bosons" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmini,_Hassib2003" class="citation journal cs1">Amini, Hassib (2003). "Radiative corrections to Higgs masses in Z′ models". <i>New Journal of Physics</i>. <b>5</b> (49): 49. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/hep-ph/0210086">hep-ph/0210086</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003NJPh....5...49A">2003NJPh....5...49A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F1367-2630%2F5%2F1%2F349">10.1088/1367-2630/5/1/349</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:15264222">15264222</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Journal+of+Physics&rft.atitle=Radiative+corrections+to+Higgs+masses+in+Z%26prime%3B+models&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=49&rft.pages=49&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fhep-ph%2F0210086&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A15264222%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1088%2F1367-2630%2F5%2F1%2F349&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003NJPh....5...49A&rft.au=Amini%2C+Hassib&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AW%E2%80%B2+and+Z%E2%80%B2+bosons" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAoki,_MayumiOshimo,_Noriyuki2000" class="citation journal cs1">Aoki, Mayumi; Oshimo, Noriyuki (2000). "Supersymmetric extension of the standard model with naturally stable proton". <i>Physical Review D</i>. <b>62</b> (55013): 55013. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/hep-ph/0003286">hep-ph/0003286</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000PhRvD..62e5013A">2000PhRvD..62e5013A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevD.62.055013">10.1103/PhysRevD.62.055013</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14168936">14168936</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review+D&rft.atitle=Supersymmetric+extension+of+the+standard+model+with+naturally+stable+proton&rft.volume=62&rft.issue=55013&rft.pages=55013&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fhep-ph%2F0003286&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A14168936%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRevD.62.055013&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2000PhRvD..62e5013A&rft.au=Aoki%2C+Mayumi&rft.au=Oshimo%2C+Noriyuki&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AW%E2%80%B2+and+Z%E2%80%B2+bosons" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAoki,_MayumiOshimo,_Noriyuki2000" class="citation journal cs1">Aoki, Mayumi; Oshimo, Noriyuki (2000). "A supersymmetric model with an extra U(1) gauge symmetry". <i>Physical Review Letters</i>. <b>84</b> (23): 5269–5272. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/hep-ph/9907481">hep-ph/9907481</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000PhRvL..84.5269A">2000PhRvL..84.5269A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.84.5269">10.1103/PhysRevLett.84.5269</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10990921">10990921</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:15033987">15033987</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review+Letters&rft.atitle=A+supersymmetric+model+with+an+extra+U%281%29+gauge+symmetry&rft.volume=84&rft.issue=23&rft.pages=5269-5272&rft.date=2000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A15033987%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2000PhRvL..84.5269A&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fhep-ph%2F9907481&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10990921&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.84.5269&rft.au=Aoki%2C+Mayumi&rft.au=Oshimo%2C+Noriyuki&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AW%E2%80%B2+and+Z%E2%80%B2+bosons" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAppelquist,_ThomasDobrescu,_Bogdan_A.Hopper,_Adam_R.2003" class="citation journal cs1">Appelquist, Thomas; Dobrescu, Bogdan A.; Hopper, Adam R. (2003). "Nonexotic neutral gauge bosons". <i>Physical Review D</i>. <b>68</b> (35012): 35012. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/hep-ph/0212073">hep-ph/0212073</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003PhRvD..68c5012A">2003PhRvD..68c5012A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevD.68.035012">10.1103/PhysRevD.68.035012</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:119091245">119091245</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review+D&rft.atitle=Nonexotic+neutral+gauge+bosons&rft.volume=68&rft.issue=35012&rft.pages=35012&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fhep-ph%2F0212073&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A119091245%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRevD.68.035012&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003PhRvD..68c5012A&rft.au=Appelquist%2C+Thomas&rft.au=Dobrescu%2C+Bogdan+A.&rft.au=Hopper%2C+Adam+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AW%E2%80%B2+and+Z%E2%80%B2+bosons" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBabu,_K._S.Kolda,_Christopher_F.March-Russell,_John1996" class="citation journal cs1">Babu, K. S.; Kolda, Christopher F.; March-Russell, John (1996). "Leptophobic U(1)s and the R<sub>b</sub>–R<sub>c</sub> crisis". <i>Physical Review D</i>. <b>54</b> (7): 4635–4647. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/hep-ph/9603212">hep-ph/9603212</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996PhRvD..54.4635B">1996PhRvD..54.4635B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevD.54.4635">10.1103/PhysRevD.54.4635</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10021145">10021145</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:38299279">38299279</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review+D&rft.atitle=Leptophobic+U%281%29s+and+the+R%3Csub%3Eb%3C%2Fsub%3E%E2%80%93R%3Csub%3Ec%3C%2Fsub%3E+crisis&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=4635-4647&rft.date=1996&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A38299279%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1996PhRvD..54.4635B&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fhep-ph%2F9603212&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10021145&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRevD.54.4635&rft.au=Babu%2C+K.+S.&rft.au=Kolda%2C+Christopher+F.&rft.au=March-Russell%2C+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AW%E2%80%B2+and+Z%E2%80%B2+bosons" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarger,_Vernon_D.Whisnant,_K.1987" class="citation journal cs1">Barger, Vernon D.; Whisnant, K. (1987). "Use of Z lepton asymmetry to determine mixing between Z boson and Z′ boson of E<sub>6</sub> superstrings". <i>Physical Review D</i>. <b>36</b> (3): 979–82. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1987PhRvD..36..979B">1987PhRvD..36..979B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevD.36.979">10.1103/PhysRevD.36.979</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9958259">9958259</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review+D&rft.atitle=Use+of+Z+lepton+asymmetry+to+determine+mixing+between+Z+boson+and+Z%26prime%3B+boson+of+E%3Csub%3E6%3C%2Fsub%3E+superstrings&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=979-82&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9958259&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRevD.36.979&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1987PhRvD..36..979B&rft.au=Barger%2C+Vernon+D.&rft.au=Whisnant%2C+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AW%E2%80%B2+and+Z%E2%80%B2+bosons" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarr,_S.M.Dorsner,_I.2005" class="citation journal cs1">Barr, S.M.; Dorsner, I. (2005). "The origin of a peculiar extra U(1)". <i>Physical Review D</i>. <b>72</b> (15011): 015011. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/hep-ph/0503186">hep-ph/0503186</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005PhRvD..72a5011B">2005PhRvD..72a5011B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevD.72.015011">10.1103/PhysRevD.72.015011</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:119492913">119492913</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review+D&rft.atitle=The+origin+of+a+peculiar+extra+U%281%29&rft.volume=72&rft.issue=15011&rft.pages=015011&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fhep-ph%2F0503186&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A119492913%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRevD.72.015011&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005PhRvD..72a5011B&rft.au=Barr%2C+S.M.&rft.au=Dorsner%2C+I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AW%E2%80%B2+and+Z%E2%80%B2+bosons" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBatra,_PuneetDobrescu,_Bogdan_A.Spivak,_David2006" class="citation journal cs1">Batra, Puneet; Dobrescu, Bogdan A.; Spivak, David (2006). "Anomaly-free sets of fermions". <i>Journal of Mathematical Physics</i>. <b>47</b> (82301): 2301. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/hep-ph/0510181">hep-ph/0510181</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006JMP....47h2301B">2006JMP....47h2301B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1063%2F1.2222081">10.1063/1.2222081</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:9830964">9830964</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Mathematical+Physics&rft.atitle=Anomaly-free+sets+of+fermions&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=82301&rft.pages=2301&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fhep-ph%2F0510181&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A9830964%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1063%2F1.2222081&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006JMP....47h2301B&rft.au=Batra%2C+Puneet&rft.au=Dobrescu%2C+Bogdan+A.&rft.au=Spivak%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AW%E2%80%B2+and+Z%E2%80%B2+bosons" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarena,_Marcela_S.Daleo,_AlejandroDobrescu,_Bogdan_A.Tait,_Tim_M._P.2004" class="citation journal cs1">Carena, Marcela S.; Daleo, Alejandro; Dobrescu, Bogdan A.; Tait, Tim M. P. (2004). "Z′ gauge bosons at the Tevatron". <i>Physical Review D</i>. <b>70</b> (93009): 093009. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/hep-ph/0408098">hep-ph/0408098</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004PhRvD..70i3009C">2004PhRvD..70i3009C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevD.70.093009">10.1103/PhysRevD.70.093009</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:118616267">118616267</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review+D&rft.atitle=Z%26prime%3B+gauge+bosons+at+the+Tevatron&rft.volume=70&rft.issue=93009&rft.pages=093009&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fhep-ph%2F0408098&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A118616267%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRevD.70.093009&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004PhRvD..70i3009C&rft.au=Carena%2C+Marcela+S.&rft.au=Daleo%2C+Alejandro&rft.au=Dobrescu%2C+Bogdan+A.&rft.au=Tait%2C+Tim+M.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AW%E2%80%B2+and+Z%E2%80%B2+bosons" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDemir,_Durmus_A.Kane,_Gordon_L.Wang,_Ting_T.2005" class="citation journal cs1">Demir, Durmus A.; Kane, Gordon L.; Wang, Ting T. (2005). "The Minimal U(1)′ extension of the MSSM". <i>Physical Review D</i>. <b>72</b> (15012): 015012. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/hep-ph/0503290">hep-ph/0503290</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005PhRvD..72a5012D">2005PhRvD..72a5012D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevD.72.015012">10.1103/PhysRevD.72.015012</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:17656689">17656689</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review+D&rft.atitle=The+Minimal+U%281%29%E2%80%B2+extension+of+the+MSSM&rft.volume=72&rft.issue=15012&rft.pages=015012&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fhep-ph%2F0503290&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A17656689%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRevD.72.015012&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005PhRvD..72a5012D&rft.au=Demir%2C+Durmus+A.&rft.au=Kane%2C+Gordon+L.&rft.au=Wang%2C+Ting+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AW%E2%80%B2+and+Z%E2%80%B2+bosons" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDittmar,_MichaelNicollerat,_Anne-SylvieDjouadi,_Abdelhak2004" class="citation journal cs1">Dittmar, Michael; Nicollerat, Anne-Sylvie; Djouadi, Abdelhak (2004). "Z′ studies at the LHC: an update". <i>Physics Letters B</i>. <b>583</b> (1–2): 111–120. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/hep-ph/0307020">hep-ph/0307020</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004PhLB..583..111D">2004PhLB..583..111D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.physletb.2003.09.103">10.1016/j.physletb.2003.09.103</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:15749848">15749848</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physics+Letters+B&rft.atitle=Z%26prime%3B+studies+at+the+LHC%3A+an+update&rft.volume=583&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=111-120&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fhep-ph%2F0307020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A15749848%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.physletb.2003.09.103&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004PhLB..583..111D&rft.au=Dittmar%2C+Michael&rft.au=Nicollerat%2C+Anne-Sylvie&rft.au=Djouadi%2C+Abdelhak&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AW%E2%80%B2+and+Z%E2%80%B2+bosons" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmam,_W.Khalil,_S.2007" class="citation journal cs1">Emam, W.; Khalil, S. (2007). "Higgs and Z′ phenomenology in <i>B</i>−<i>L</i> extension of the standard model at LHC". <i>European Physical Journal C</i>. <b>522</b> (3): 625–633. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/0704.1395">0704.1395</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007EPJC...52..625E">2007EPJC...52..625E</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1140%2Fepjc%2Fs10052-007-0411-7">10.1140/epjc/s10052-007-0411-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:18985438">18985438</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Physical+Journal+C&rft.atitle=Higgs+and+Z%26prime%3B+phenomenology+in+B%E2%88%92L+extension+of+the+standard+model+at+LHC&rft.volume=522&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=625-633&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F0704.1395&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A18985438%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1140%2Fepjc%2Fs10052-007-0411-7&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007EPJC...52..625E&rft.au=Emam%2C+W.&rft.au=Khalil%2C+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AW%E2%80%B2+and+Z%E2%80%B2+bosons" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErler,_Jens2000" class="citation journal cs1">Erler, Jens (2000). "Chiral models of weak scale supersymmetry". <i>Nuclear Physics B</i>. <b>586</b> (1): 73–91. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/hep-ph/0006051">hep-ph/0006051</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000NuPhB.586...73E">2000NuPhB.586...73E</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0550-3213%2800%2900427-2">10.1016/S0550-3213(00)00427-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:16728305">16728305</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nuclear+Physics+B&rft.atitle=Chiral+models+of+weak+scale+supersymmetry&rft.volume=586&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=73-91&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fhep-ph%2F0006051&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A16728305%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0550-3213%2800%2900427-2&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2000NuPhB.586...73E&rft.au=Erler%2C+Jens&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AW%E2%80%B2+and+Z%E2%80%B2+bosons" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEverett,_Lisa_L.Langacker,_PaulPlumacher,_MichaelWang,_Jing2000" class="citation journal cs1">Everett, Lisa L.; Langacker, Paul; Plumacher, Michael; Wang, Jing (2000). "Alternative supersymmetric spectra". <i>Physics Letters B</i>. <b>477</b> (1–3): 233–241. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/hep-ph/0001073">hep-ph/0001073</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000PhLB..477..233E">2000PhLB..477..233E</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0370-2693%2800%2900187-8">10.1016/S0370-2693(00)00187-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:16294141">16294141</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physics+Letters+B&rft.atitle=Alternative+supersymmetric+spectra&rft.volume=477&rft.issue=1%E2%80%933&rft.pages=233-241&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fhep-ph%2F0001073&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A16294141%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0370-2693%2800%2900187-8&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2000PhLB..477..233E&rft.au=Everett%2C+Lisa+L.&rft.au=Langacker%2C+Paul&rft.au=Plumacher%2C+Michael&rft.au=Wang%2C+Jing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AW%E2%80%B2+and+Z%E2%80%B2+bosons" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFajfer,_S.Singer,_P.2002" class="citation journal cs1">Fajfer, S.; Singer, P. (2002). "Constraints on heavy Z′ couplings from Δ<i>S</i> = 2 B<sup>−</sup> → K<sup>−</sup>K<sup>−</sup>π<sup>+</sup> decay". <i>Physical Review D</i>. <b>65</b> (17301): 017301. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/hep-ph/0110233">hep-ph/0110233</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001PhRvD..65a7301F">2001PhRvD..65a7301F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevD.65.017301">10.1103/PhysRevD.65.017301</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:117080415">117080415</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review+D&rft.atitle=Constraints+on+heavy+Z%26prime%3B+couplings+from+%CE%94S+%3D+2+B%3Csup%3E%E2%88%92%3C%2Fsup%3E+%E2%86%92+K%3Csup%3E%E2%88%92%3C%2Fsup%3EK%3Csup%3E%E2%88%92%3C%2Fsup%3E%CF%80%3Csup%3E%2B%3C%2Fsup%3E+decay&rft.volume=65&rft.issue=17301&rft.pages=017301&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fhep-ph%2F0110233&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A117080415%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRevD.65.017301&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2001PhRvD..65a7301F&rft.au=Fajfer%2C+S.&rft.au=Singer%2C+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AW%E2%80%B2+and+Z%E2%80%B2+bosons" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerroglia,_A.Lorca,_A.van_der_Bij,_J._J.2007" class="citation journal cs1">Ferroglia, A.; Lorca, A.; van der Bij, J. J. (2007). "The Z′ reconsidered". <i>Annalen der Physik</i>. <b>16</b> (7–8): 563–578. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/hep-ph/0611174">hep-ph/0611174</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007AnP...519..563F">2007AnP...519..563F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fandp.200710249">10.1002/andp.200710249</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:17347199">17347199</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annalen+der+Physik&rft.atitle=The+Z%26prime%3B+reconsidered&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=7%E2%80%938&rft.pages=563-578&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fhep-ph%2F0611174&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A17347199%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fandp.200710249&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007AnP...519..563F&rft.au=Ferroglia%2C+A.&rft.au=Lorca%2C+A.&rft.au=van+der+Bij%2C+J.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AW%E2%80%B2+and+Z%E2%80%B2+bosons" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayreter,_Alper2007" class="citation journal cs1">Hayreter, Alper (2007). "Dilepton signatures of family non-universal U(1)′". <i>Physics Letters B</i>. <b>649</b> (2–3): 191–196. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/hep-ph/0703269">hep-ph/0703269</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007PhLB..649..191H">2007PhLB..649..191H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.physletb.2007.03.049">10.1016/j.physletb.2007.03.049</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:16059648">16059648</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physics+Letters+B&rft.atitle=Dilepton+signatures+of+family+non-universal+U%281%29%E2%80%B2&rft.volume=649&rft.issue=2%E2%80%933&rft.pages=191-196&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fhep-ph%2F0703269&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A16059648%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.physletb.2007.03.049&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007PhLB..649..191H&rft.au=Hayreter%2C+Alper&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AW%E2%80%B2+and+Z%E2%80%B2+bosons" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKang,_JunhaiLangacker,_Paul2005" class="citation journal cs1">Kang, Junhai; Langacker, Paul (2005). "Z′ discovery limits for supersymmetric E<sub>6</sub> models". <i>Physical Review D</i>. <b>71</b> (35014): 035014. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/hep-ph/0412190">hep-ph/0412190</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005PhRvD..71c5014K">2005PhRvD..71c5014K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevD.71.035014">10.1103/PhysRevD.71.035014</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:9649745">9649745</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review+D&rft.atitle=Z%26prime%3B+discovery+limits+for+supersymmetric+E%3Csub%3E6%3C%2Fsub%3E+models&rft.volume=71&rft.issue=35014&rft.pages=035014&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fhep-ph%2F0412190&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A9649745%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRevD.71.035014&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005PhRvD..71c5014K&rft.au=Kang%2C+Junhai&rft.au=Langacker%2C+Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AW%E2%80%B2+and+Z%E2%80%B2+bosons" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorrissey,_David_E.Wells,_James_D.2006" class="citation journal cs1">Morrissey, David E.; Wells, James D. (2006). "The tension between gauge coupling unification, the Higgs boson mass, and a gauge-breaking origin of the supersymmetric μ-term". <i>Physical Review D</i>. <b>74</b> (15008): 15008. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/hep-ph/0512019">hep-ph/0512019</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006PhRvD..74a5008M">2006PhRvD..74a5008M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevD.74.015008">10.1103/PhysRevD.74.015008</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:119467594">119467594</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review+D&rft.atitle=The+tension+between+gauge+coupling+unification%2C+the+Higgs+boson+mass%2C+and+a+gauge-breaking+origin+of+the+supersymmetric+%CE%BC-term&rft.volume=74&rft.issue=15008&rft.pages=15008&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fhep-ph%2F0512019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A119467594%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRevD.74.015008&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006PhRvD..74a5008M&rft.au=Morrissey%2C+David+E.&rft.au=Wells%2C+James+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AW%E2%80%B2+and+Z%E2%80%B2+bosons" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=W%E2%80%B2_and_Z%E2%80%B2_bosons&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sites.google.com/site/zprimeguide/">The Z′ Hunter's Guide</a>, a collection of papers and talks regarding Z′ physics</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://xstructure.inr.ac.ru/x-bin/theme3.py?level=1&index1=236694">Z′ physics on arxiv.org</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Particles_in_physics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Particles" title="Template:Particles"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Particles" title="Template talk:Particles"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Particles" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Particles"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Particles_in_physics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Particle_physics" title="Particle physics">Particles in physics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Elementary_particle" title="Elementary particle">Elementary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Fermion" title="Fermion">Fermions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Quark" title="Quark">Quarks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Up_quark" title="Up quark">Up (quark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Up_antiquark" class="mw-redirect" title="Up antiquark">antiquark)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Down_quark" title="Down quark">Down (quark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Down_antiquark" class="mw-redirect" title="Down antiquark">antiquark)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charm_quark" title="Charm quark">Charm (quark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charm_antiquark" class="mw-redirect" title="Charm antiquark">antiquark)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strange_quark" title="Strange quark">Strange (quark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strange_antiquark" class="mw-redirect" title="Strange antiquark">antiquark)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Top_quark" title="Top quark">Top (quark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Top_antiquark" class="mw-redirect" title="Top antiquark">antiquark)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bottom_quark" title="Bottom quark">Bottom (quark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bottom_antiquark" class="mw-redirect" title="Bottom antiquark">antiquark)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Lepton" title="Lepton">Leptons</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electron" title="Electron">Electron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positron" title="Positron">Positron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muon" title="Muon">Muon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muon" title="Muon">Antimuon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tau_(particle)" title="Tau (particle)">Tau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tau_(particle)" title="Tau (particle)">Antitau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutrino" title="Neutrino">Neutrino</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electron_neutrino" title="Electron neutrino">Electron neutrino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutrino#Antineutrinos" title="Neutrino">Electron antineutrino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muon_neutrino" title="Muon neutrino">Muon neutrino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutrino#Antineutrinos" title="Neutrino">Muon antineutrino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tau_neutrino" title="Tau neutrino">Tau neutrino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutrino#Antineutrinos" title="Neutrino">Tau antineutrino</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Boson" title="Boson">Bosons</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Gauge_boson" title="Gauge boson">Gauge</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Photon" title="Photon">Photon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gluon" title="Gluon">Gluon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W_and_Z_bosons" title="W and Z bosons">W and Z bosons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Scalar_boson" title="Scalar boson">Scalar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Higgs_boson" title="Higgs boson">Higgs boson </a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;;font-weight:normal; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Ghost_(physics)" title="Ghost (physics)">Ghost fields</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faddeev%E2%80%93Popov_ghost" title="Faddeev–Popov ghost">Faddeev–Popov ghosts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Hypothetical_particles" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypothetical particles">Hypothetical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Superpartner" title="Superpartner">Superpartners</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Gaugino" title="Gaugino">Gauginos</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gluino" title="Gluino">Gluino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravitino" title="Gravitino">Gravitino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photino" title="Photino">Photino</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align: center;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Axino" title="Axino">Axino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chargino" title="Chargino">Chargino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higgsino" title="Higgsino">Higgsino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutralino" title="Neutralino">Neutralino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sfermion" title="Sfermion">Sfermion</a> (<a href="/wiki/Stop_squark" title="Stop squark">Stop squark</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align: center;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Axion" title="Axion">Axion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curvaton" title="Curvaton">Curvaton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dilaton" title="Dilaton">Dilaton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_graviton" title="Dual graviton">Dual graviton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graviphoton" title="Graviphoton">Graviphoton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graviton" title="Graviton">Graviton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inflaton" title="Inflaton">Inflaton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leptoquark" title="Leptoquark">Leptoquark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_monopole" title="Magnetic monopole">Magnetic monopole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majoron" title="Majoron">Majoron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majorana_fermion" title="Majorana fermion">Majorana fermion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_photon" title="Dark photon">Dark photon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preon" title="Preon">Preon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sterile_neutrino" title="Sterile neutrino">Sterile neutrino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tachyon" title="Tachyon">Tachyon</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">W′ and Z′ bosons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X_and_Y_bosons" title="X and Y bosons">X and Y bosons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bound_state" title="Bound state">Composite</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Hadrons" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Hadron" title="Hadron">Hadrons</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Baryon" title="Baryon">Baryons</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nucleon" title="Nucleon">Nucleon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proton" title="Proton">Proton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiproton" title="Antiproton">Antiproton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">Neutron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antineutron" title="Antineutron">Antineutron</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_baryon" title="Delta baryon">Delta baryon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambda_baryon" title="Lambda baryon">Lambda baryon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigma_baryon" title="Sigma baryon">Sigma baryon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi_baryon" title="Xi baryon">Xi baryon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omega_baryon" title="Omega baryon">Omega baryon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Meson" title="Meson">Mesons</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pion" title="Pion">Pion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rho_meson" title="Rho meson">Rho meson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eta_meson" class="mw-redirect" title="Eta meson">Eta and eta prime mesons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bottom_eta_meson" title="Bottom eta meson">Bottom eta meson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phi_meson" title="Phi meson">Phi meson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J/psi_meson" title="J/psi meson">J/psi meson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omega_meson" title="Omega meson">Omega meson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upsilon_meson" title="Upsilon meson">Upsilon meson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaon" title="Kaon">Kaon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B_meson" title="B meson">B meson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D_meson" title="D meson">D meson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quarkonium" title="Quarkonium">Quarkonium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Exotic_hadron" title="Exotic hadron">Exotic hadrons</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tetraquark" title="Tetraquark">Tetraquark</a> (<a href="/wiki/Double-charm_tetraquark" title="Double-charm tetraquark">Double-charm tetraquark</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentaquark" title="Pentaquark">Pentaquark</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;;font-weight:normal; text-align: center;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_nucleus" title="Atomic nucleus">Atomic nuclei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">Atoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exotic_atom" title="Exotic atom">Exotic atoms</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Positronium" title="Positronium">Positronium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muonium" title="Muonium">Muonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tauonium" class="mw-redirect" title="Tauonium">Tauonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onium" title="Onium">Onia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pionium" title="Pionium">Pionium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protonium" title="Protonium">Protonium</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superatom" title="Superatom">Superatoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecule" title="Molecule">Molecules</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Hypothetical_composite_particles" title="Category:Hypothetical composite particles">Hypothetical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Baryons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hexaquark" title="Hexaquark">Hexaquark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heptaquark" title="Heptaquark">Heptaquark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skyrmion" title="Skyrmion">Skyrmion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Mesons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glueball" title="Glueball">Glueball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theta_meson" title="Theta meson">Theta meson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T_meson" title="T meson">T meson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align: center;;font-weight:normal; text-align: center;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mesonic_molecule" title="Mesonic molecule">Mesonic molecule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomeron" title="Pomeron">Pomeron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diquark" title="Diquark">Diquark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R-hadron" title="R-hadron">R-hadron</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Quasiparticle" title="Quasiparticle">Quasiparticles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anyon" title="Anyon">Anyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davydov_soliton" title="Davydov soliton">Davydov soliton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dropleton" title="Dropleton">Dropleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exciton" title="Exciton">Exciton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fracton_(subdimensional_particle)" title="Fracton (subdimensional particle)">Fracton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electron_hole" title="Electron hole">Hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnon" title="Magnon">Magnon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonon" title="Phonon">Phonon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plasmaron" title="Plasmaron">Plasmaron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plasmon" title="Plasmon">Plasmon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polariton" title="Polariton">Polariton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polaron" title="Polaron">Polaron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roton" title="Roton">Roton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trion_(physics)" title="Trion (physics)">Trion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_baryons" title="List of baryons">Baryons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mesons" title="List of mesons">Mesons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_particles" title="List of particles">Particles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_quasiparticles" title="List of quasiparticles">Quasiparticles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_particle_discoveries" title="Timeline of particle discoveries">Timeline of particle discoveries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_subatomic_physics" title="History of subatomic physics">History of subatomic physics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_atomic_and_subatomic_physics" title="Timeline of atomic and subatomic physics">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Model" title="Standard Model">Standard Model</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_formulation_of_the_Standard_Model" title="Mathematical formulation of the Standard Model">mathematical formulation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subatomic_particle" title="Subatomic particle">Subatomic particles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Particle" title="Particle">Particles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiparticle" title="Antiparticle">Antiparticles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_physics" title="Nuclear physics">Nuclear physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eightfold_way_(physics)" title="Eightfold way (physics)">Eightfold way</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quark_model" title="Quark model">Quark model</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exotic_matter" title="Exotic matter">Exotic matter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massless_particle" title="Massless particle">Massless particle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relativistic_particle" title="Relativistic particle">Relativistic particle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_particle" title="Virtual particle">Virtual particle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave%E2%80%93particle_duality" title="Wave–particle duality">Wave–particle duality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Particle_chauvinism" title="Particle chauvinism">Particle chauvinism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Physics" title="Portal:Physics">Physics portal</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=W′_and_Z′_bosons&oldid=1193745727">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=W′_and_Z′_bosons&oldid=1193745727</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Gauge_bosons" title="Category:Gauge bosons">Gauge bosons</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hypothetical_elementary_particles" title="Category:Hypothetical elementary particles">Hypothetical elementary particles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Force_carriers" title="Category:Force carriers">Force carriers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Subatomic_particles_with_spin_1" title="Category:Subatomic particles with spin 1">Subatomic particles with spin 1</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_March_2021" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from March 2021">Articles needing additional references from March 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_specifically_marked_weasel-worded_phrases" title="Category:All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases">All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_specifically_marked_weasel-worded_phrases_from_March_2021" title="Category:Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from March 2021">Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from March 2021</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 5 January 2024, at 11:45<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=W%E2%80%B2_and_Z%E2%80%B2_bosons&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-6b8d669998-56pxm","wgBackendResponseTime":152,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.789","walltime":"0.954","ppvisitednodes":{"value":2705,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":155259,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":1875,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":12,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":3,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":85658,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 799.786 1 -total"," 22.55% 180.357 10 Template:Navbox"," 20.36% 162.835 22 Template:Cite_journal"," 17.72% 141.741 1 Template:Particles"," 14.84% 118.705 1 Template:Annotated_link"," 13.59% 108.691 3 Template:Cite_web"," 9.35% 74.741 1 Template:Reflist"," 9.25% 73.996 1 Template:Short_description"," 7.10% 56.753 1 Template:Citation_needed_section"," 6.16% 49.245 1 Template:Unreferenced"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.551","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":17293987,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-57488d5c7d-rk8mm","timestamp":"20241128020919","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"W\u2032 and Z\u2032 bosons","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/W%E2%80%B2_and_Z%E2%80%B2_bosons","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q2425590","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q2425590","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2009-10-04T09:17:41Z","dateModified":"2024-01-05T11:45:58Z","headline":"hypothetical gauge bosons that arise from extensions of the electroweak symmetry of the Standard Model"}</script> </body> </html>