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on emission in CDs</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: size effects on emission in CDs"> <meta name="keywords" content="size effects on emission in CDs"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> 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action="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search"> <div id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="size effects on emission in CDs"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 16641</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: size effects on emission in CDs</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">16641</span> White Light Emitting Carbon Dots- Surface Modification of Carbon Dots Using Auxochromes</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Manasa%20Perikala">Manasa Perikala</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Asha%20Bhardwaj"> Asha Bhardwaj</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Fluorescent carbon dots (CDs), a young member of Carbon nanomaterial family, has gained a lot of research attention across the globe due to its highly luminescent emission properties, non-toxic behavior, stable emission properties, and zero re-absorption lose. These dots have the potential to replace the use of traditional semiconductor quantum dots in light-emitting devices (LED’s, fiber lasers) and other photonic devices (temperature sensor, UV detector). However, One major drawback of Carbon dots is that, till date, the actual mechanism of photoluminescence (PL) in carbon dots is still an open topic of discussion among various researchers across the globe. PL mechanism of CDs based on wide particle size distribution, the effect of surface groups, hybridization in carbon, and charge transfer mechanisms have been proposed. Although these mechanisms explain PL of CDs to an extent, no universally accepted mechanism to explain complete PL behavior of these dots is put forth. In our work, we report parameters affecting the size and surface of CDs, such as time of the reaction, synthesis temperature and concentration of precursors and their effects on the optical properties of the carbon dots. The effect of auxochromes on the emission properties and re-modification of carbon surface using an external surface functionalizing agent is discussed in detail. All the explanations have been supported by UV-Visible absorption, emission spectroscopies, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and Transmission electron microscopy and X-Ray diffraction techniques. Once the origin of PL in CDs is understood, parameters affecting PL centers can be modified to tailor the optical properties of these dots, which can enhance their applications in the fabrication of LED’s and other photonic devices out of these carbon dots. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=carbon%20dots" title="carbon dots">carbon dots</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=photoluminescence" title=" photoluminescence"> photoluminescence</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=size%20effects%20on%20emission%20in%20CDs" title=" size effects on emission in CDs"> size effects on emission in CDs</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=surface%20modification%20of%20carbon%20dots" title=" surface modification of carbon dots"> surface modification of carbon dots</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/116515/white-light-emitting-carbon-dots-surface-modification-of-carbon-dots-using-auxochromes" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/116515.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">135</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">16640</span> Mitigation of Size Effects in Woven Fabric Composites Using Finite Element Analysis Approach</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Azeez%20Shaik">Azeez Shaik</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yagnik%20Kalariya"> Yagnik Kalariya</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Amit%20Salvi"> Amit Salvi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> High-performance requirements and emission norms were forcing the automobile industry to opt for lightweight materials which improve the fuel efficiency and absorb energy during crash applications. In such scenario, the woven fabric composites are providing better energy absorption compared to metals. Woven fabric composites have a repetitive unit cell (RUC) and the mechanical properties of these materials are highly dependent on RUC. This work investigates the importance of detailed modelling of the RUC, the size effects associated and the mitigation techniques to avoid them using Finite element analysis approach. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=repetitive%20unit%20cell" title="repetitive unit cell">repetitive unit cell</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=representative%20volume%20element" title=" representative volume element"> representative volume element</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=size%20effects" title=" size effects"> size effects</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cohesive%20zone" title=" cohesive zone"> cohesive zone</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=finite%20element%20analysis" title=" finite element analysis"> finite element analysis</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/57631/mitigation-of-size-effects-in-woven-fabric-composites-using-finite-element-analysis-approach" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/57631.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">255</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">16639</span> Sliver Nanoparticles Enhanced Visible and Near Infrared Emission of Er³+ Ions Doped Lithium Tungsten Tellurite Glasses </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sachin%20Mahajan">Sachin Mahajan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ghizal%20Ansari"> Ghizal Ansari</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> TeO2-WO3-Li2O glass doped erbium ions (1mol %) and embedded silver nanoparticles( Ag NPs) has successfully been prepared by melt quenching technique and increasing the heat-treatment duration. The amorphous nature of the glass is determined by X-ray diffraction method, and the presences of silver nanoparticles are confirmed using Transmission Electron Microscopy analysis. TEM image reveals that the Ag NPs are dispersed homogeneously with average size 18 nm. From the UV-Vis absorption spectra, the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) peaks are detected at 550 and 578 nm. Under 980 nm excitation wavelengths, enhancement of red upconversion fluorescence and near-infrared broadband emission around 1550nm of Er3+ ions doped tellurite glasses containing Ag NPs have been observed. The observed enhancement of Er3+ emission is mainly attributed to the local field effects of Ag NPs causes an intensified electromagnetic field around NPs. For observed enhancement involved mechanisms are discussed. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=erbium%20ions" title="erbium ions">erbium ions</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=silver%20nanoparticle" title=" silver nanoparticle"> silver nanoparticle</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=surface%20plasmon%20resonance" title=" surface plasmon resonance"> surface plasmon resonance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=upconversion%20emission" title=" upconversion emission"> upconversion emission</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/54627/sliver-nanoparticles-enhanced-visible-and-near-infrared-emission-of-er3-ions-doped-lithium-tungsten-tellurite-glasses" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/54627.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">590</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">16638</span> Real-World PM, PN and NOx Emission Differences among DOC+CDPF Retrofit Diesel-, Diesel- And Natural Gas-Fueled Bus</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zhiwen%20Yang">Zhiwen Yang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jingyuan%20Li"> Jingyuan Li</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zhenkai%20Xie"> Zhenkai Xie</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jian%20Ling"> Jian Ling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jiguang%20Wang"> Jiguang Wang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mengliang%20Li"> Mengliang Li</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> To reflect the effects of different emission control strategies, such as retrofitting after-treatment system and replacing with natural gas-fueled vehicles, on particle number (PN), particle mass (PM) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions emitted by urban bus, a portable emission measurement system (PEMS) was employed herein to conduct real-world driving emission measurements on a diesel oxidation catalytic converter (DOC) and catalyzed diesel particulate filter (CDPF) retrofitting China IV diesel bus, a China IV diesel bus, and a China V natural gas bus. The results show that both tested diesel buses possess markedly advantages in NOx emission control when compared to the lean-burn natural gas bus equipped without any NOx after-treatment system. As to PN and PM, only the DOC+CDPF retrofitting diesel bus exhibits enormous benefits on emission control relate to the natural gas bus, especially the normal diesel bus. Meanwhile, the differences in PM and PN emissions between retrofitted and normal diesel buses generally increase with the increase in vehicle-specific power (VSP). Furthermore, the differences in PM emissions, especially those in the higher VSP ranges, are more significant than those in PN. In addition, the maximum peak PN particle size (32 nm) of the retrofitted diesel bus was significantly lower than that of the normal diesel bus (100 nm). These phenomena indicate that the CDPF retrofitting can effectively reduce diesel bus exhaust particle emissions, especially those with large particle sizes. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=CDPF" title="CDPF">CDPF</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=diesel" title=" diesel"> diesel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=natural%20gas" title=" natural gas"> natural gas</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=real-world%20emissions" title=" real-world emissions"> real-world emissions</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/142422/real-world-pm-pn-and-nox-emission-differences-among-doccdpf-retrofit-diesel-diesel-and-natural-gas-fueled-bus" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/142422.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">297</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">16637</span> Transport Emission Inventories and Medical Exposure Modeling: A Missing Link for Urban Health</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Frederik%20Schulte">Frederik Schulte</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Stefan%20Vo%C3%9F"> Stefan Voß</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The adverse effects of air pollution on public health are an increasingly vital problem in planning for urban regions in many parts of the world. The issue is addressed from various angles and by distinct disciplines in research. Epidemiological studies model the relative increase of numerous diseases in response to an increment of different forms of air pollution. A significant share of air pollution in urban regions is related to transport emissions that are often measured and stored in emission inventories. Though, most approaches in transport planning, engineering, and operational design of transport activities are restricted to general emission limits for specific air pollutants and do not consider more nuanced exposure models. We conduct an extensive literature review on exposure models and emission inventories used to study the health impact of transport emissions. Furthermore, we review methods applied in both domains and use emission inventory data of transportation hubs such as ports, airports, and urban traffic for an in-depth analysis of public health impacts deploying medical exposure models. The results reveal specific urban health risks related to transport emissions that may improve urban planning for environmental health by providing insights in actual health effects instead of only referring to general emission limits. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=emission%20inventories" title="emission inventories">emission inventories</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=exposure%20models" title=" exposure models"> exposure models</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=transport%20emissions" title=" transport emissions"> transport emissions</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=urban%20health" title=" urban health"> urban health</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/58125/transport-emission-inventories-and-medical-exposure-modeling-a-missing-link-for-urban-health" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/58125.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">389</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">16636</span> Research of Intrinsic Emittance of Thermal Cathode with Emission Nonuniformity</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yufei%20Peng">Yufei Peng</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zhen%20Qin"> Zhen Qin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jianbe%20Li"> Jianbe Li</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jidong%20Long"> Jidong Long</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The thermal cathode is widely used in accelerators, FELs and kinds of vacuum electronics. However, emission nonuniformity exists due to surface profile, material distribution, temperature variation, crystal orientation, etc., which will cause intrinsic emittance growth, brightness decline, envelope size augment, device performance deterioration or even failure. To understand how emittance is manipulated by emission nonuniformity, an intrinsic emittance model consisting of contributions from macro and micro surface nonuniformity is developed analytically based on general thermal emission model at temperature limited regime according to a real 3mm cathode. The model shows relative emittance increased about 50% due to temperature variation, and less than 5% from several kinds of micro surface nonuniformity which is much smaller than other research. Otherwise, we also calculated emittance growth combining with Monte Carlo method and PIC simulation, experiments of emission uniformity and emittance measurement are going to be carried out separately. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=thermal%20cathode" title="thermal cathode">thermal cathode</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electron%20emission%20fluctuation" title=" electron emission fluctuation"> electron emission fluctuation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=intrinsic%20emittance" title=" intrinsic emittance"> intrinsic emittance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=surface%20nonuniformity" title=" surface nonuniformity"> surface nonuniformity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cathode%20lifetime" title=" cathode lifetime"> cathode lifetime</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/64153/research-of-intrinsic-emittance-of-thermal-cathode-with-emission-nonuniformity" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/64153.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">298</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">16635</span> Modeling of Thermally Induced Acoustic Emission Memory Effects in Heterogeneous Rocks with Consideration for Fracture Develo</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Vladimir%20A.%20Vinnikov">Vladimir A. Vinnikov</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The paper proposes a model of an inhomogeneous rock mass with initially random distribution of microcracks on mineral grain boundaries. It describes the behavior of cracks in a medium under the effect of thermal field, the medium heated instantaneously to a predetermined temperature. Crack growth occurs according to the concept of fracture mechanics provided that the stress intensity factor K exceeds the critical value of Kc. The modeling of thermally induced acoustic emission memory effects is based on the assumption that every event of crack nucleation or crack growth caused by heating is accompanied by a single acoustic emission event. Parameters of the thermally induced acoustic emission memory effect produced by cyclic heating and cooling (with the temperature amplitude increasing from cycle to cycle) were calculated for several rock texture types (massive, banded, and disseminated). The study substantiates the adaptation of the proposed model to humidity interference with the thermally induced acoustic emission memory effect. The influence of humidity on the thermally induced acoustic emission memory effect in quasi-homogeneous and banded rocks is estimated. It is shown that such modeling allows the structure and texture of rocks to be taken into account and the influence of interference factors on the distinctness of the thermally induced acoustic emission memory effect to be estimated. The numerical modeling can be used to obtain information about the thermal impacts on rocks in the past and determine the degree of rock disturbance by means of non-destructive testing. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=degree%20of%20rock%20disturbance" title="degree of rock disturbance">degree of rock disturbance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=non-destructive%20testing" title=" non-destructive testing"> non-destructive testing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=thermally%20induced%20acoustic%20emission%20memory%20effects" title=" thermally induced acoustic emission memory effects"> thermally induced acoustic emission memory effects</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=structure%20and%20texture%20of%20rocks" title=" structure and texture of rocks"> structure and texture of rocks</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/56478/modeling-of-thermally-induced-acoustic-emission-memory-effects-in-heterogeneous-rocks-with-consideration-for-fracture-develo" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/56478.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">263</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">16634</span> NOx Emission and Computational Analysis of Jatropha Curcus Fuel and Crude Oil</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Vipan%20Kumar%20Sohpal">Vipan Kumar Sohpal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rajesh%20K%20Sharma"> Rajesh K Sharma</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Diminishing of conventional fuels and hysterical vehicles emission leads to deterioration of the environment, which emphasize the research to work on biofuels. Biofuels from different sources attract the attention of research due to low emission and biodegradability. Emission of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and H-C reduced drastically using Biofuels (B-20) combustion. Contrary to the conventional fuel, engine emission results indicated that nitrous oxide emission is higher in Biofuels. So this paper examines and compares the nitrogen oxide emission of Jatropha Curcus (JCO) B-20% blends with the vegetable oil. In addition to that computational analysis of crude non edible oil performed to assess the impact of composition on emission quality. In conclusion, JCO have the potential feedstock for the biodiesel production after the genetic modification in the plant. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=jatropha%20curcus" title="jatropha curcus">jatropha curcus</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=computational%20analysis" title=" computational analysis"> computational analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=emissions" title=" emissions"> emissions</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=NOx%20biofuels" title=" NOx biofuels"> NOx biofuels</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/48173/nox-emission-and-computational-analysis-of-jatropha-curcus-fuel-and-crude-oil" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/48173.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">586</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">16633</span> Class Size Effects on Reading Achievement in Europe: Evidence from Progress in International Reading Literacy Study</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ting%20Shen">Ting Shen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Spyros%20Konstantopoulos"> Spyros Konstantopoulos</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> During the past three decades, class size effects have been a focal debate in education. The idea of having smaller class is enormously popular among parents, teachers and policy makers. The rationale of its popularity is that small classroom could provide a better learning environment in which there would be more teacher-pupil interaction and more individualized instruction. This early stage benefits would also have a long-term positive effect. It is a common belief that reducing class size may result in increases in student achievement. However, the empirical evidence about class-size effects from experimental or quasi-experimental studies has been mixed overall. This study sheds more light on whether class size reduction impacts reading achievement in eight European countries: Bulgaria, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Lithuania, Romania, Slovakia, and Slovenia. We examine class size effects on reading achievement using national probability samples of fourth graders. All eight European countries had participated in the Progress in International Reading Literacy Study (PIRLS) in 2001, 2006 and 2011. Methodologically, the quasi-experimental method of instrumental variables (IV) has been utilized to facilitate causal inference of class size effects. Overall, the results indicate that class size effects on reading achievement are not significant across countries and years. However, class size effects are evident in Romania where reducing class size increases reading achievement. In contrast, in Germany, increasing class size seems to increase reading achievement. In future work, it would be valuable to evaluate differential class size effects for minority or economically disadvantaged student groups or low- and high-achievers. Replication studies with different samples and in various settings would also be informative. Future research should continue examining class size effects in different age groups and countries using rich international databases. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=class%20size" title="class size">class size</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reading%20achievement" title=" reading achievement"> reading achievement</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=instrumental%20variables" title=" instrumental variables"> instrumental variables</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=PIRLS" title=" PIRLS"> PIRLS</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/68068/class-size-effects-on-reading-achievement-in-europe-evidence-from-progress-in-international-reading-literacy-study" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/68068.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">290</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">16632</span> Vehicular Emission Estimation of Islamabad by Using Copert-5 Model</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Muhammad%20Jahanzaib">Muhammad Jahanzaib</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Muhammad%20Z.%20A.%20Khan"> Muhammad Z. A. Khan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Junaid%20Khayyam"> Junaid Khayyam</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Islamabad is the capital of Pakistan with the population of 1.365 million people and with a vehicular fleet size of 0.75 million. The vehicular fleet size is growing annually by the rate of 11%. Vehicular emissions are major source of Black carbon (BC). In developing countries like Pakistan, most of the vehicles consume conventional fuels like Petrol, Diesel, and CNG. These fuels are the major emitters of pollutants like CO, CO2, NOx, CH4, VOCs, and particulate matter (PM10). Carbon dioxide and methane are the leading contributor to the global warming with a global share of 9-26% and 4-9% respectively. NOx is the precursor of nitrates which ultimately form aerosols that are noxious to human health. In this study, COPERT (Computer program to Calculate Emissions from Road Transport) was used for vehicular emission estimation in Islamabad. COPERT is a windows based program which is developed for the calculation of emissions from the road transport sector. The emissions were calculated for the year of 2016 include pollutants like CO, NOx, VOC, and PM and energy consumption. The different variable was input to the model for emission estimation including meteorological parameters, average vehicular trip length and respective time duration, fleet configuration, activity data, degradation factor, and fuel effect. The estimated emissions for CO, CH4, CO2, NOx, and PM10 were found to be 9814.2, 44.9, 279196.7, 3744.2 and 304.5 tons respectively. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=COPERT%20Model" title="COPERT Model">COPERT Model</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=emission%20estimation" title=" emission estimation"> emission estimation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=PM10" title=" PM10"> PM10</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vehicular%20emission" title=" vehicular emission"> vehicular emission</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/77778/vehicular-emission-estimation-of-islamabad-by-using-copert-5-model" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/77778.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">261</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">16631</span> Effects of China's Urban Form on Urban Carbon Emission</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lu%20Lin">Lu Lin</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Urbanization has reshaped physical environment, energy consumption and carbon emission of the urban area. China is a typical developing country under a rapid urbanization process and is the world largest carbon emission country. This study aims to explore the correlation between urban form and carbon emission caused by urban energy consumption in China. 287 provincial-level and prefecture-level cities are studied in 2000, 2005, and 2010. Compact ratio index, shape index, and fractal dimension index are used to quantify urban form. Geographically weighted regression (GWR) model is employed to explore the relationship between urban form, energy consumption, and related carbon emission. The results show the average compact ratio index decreased from 2000 to 2010 which indicates urban in China sprawled. The average fractal dimension index increases by 3%, indicating the spatial layouts of China's cities were more complicated. The results by the GWR model show that shape index and fractal dimension index had a non-significant relationship with carbon emission by urban energy consumption. However, compact urban form reduced carbon emission. The findings of this study will help policy-makers make sustainable urban planning and reduce urban carbon emission. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=carbon%20emission" title="carbon emission">carbon emission</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=GWR%20model" title=" GWR model"> GWR model</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=urban%20energy%20consumption" title=" urban energy consumption"> urban energy consumption</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=urban%20form" title=" urban form"> urban form</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/88643/effects-of-chinas-urban-form-on-urban-carbon-emission" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/88643.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">339</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">16630</span> Innovative Acoustic Emission Techniques for Concrete Health Monitoring</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rahmat%20Ali">Rahmat Ali</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Beenish%20Khan"> Beenish Khan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aftabullah"> Aftabullah</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abid%20A.%20Shah"> Abid A. Shah</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This research is an attempt to investigate the wide range of events using acoustic emission (AE) sensors of the concrete cubes subjected to different stress condition loading and unloading of concrete cubes. A total of 27 specimens were prepared and tested including 18 cubic (6”x6”x6”) and nine cylindrical (4”x8”) specimens were molded from three batches of concrete using w/c of 0.40, 0.50, and 0.60. The compressive strength of concrete was determined from concrete cylinder specimens. The deterioration of concrete was evaluated using the occurrence of felicity and Kaiser effects at each stress condition. It was found that acoustic emission hits usually exceeded when damage increases. Additionally, the correlation between AE techniques and the load applied were determined by plotting the normalized values. The influence of w/c on sensitivity of the AE technique in detecting concrete damages was also investigated. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=acoustic%20emission" title="acoustic emission">acoustic emission</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=concrete" title=" concrete"> concrete</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=felicity%20ratio" title=" felicity ratio"> felicity ratio</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sensors" title=" sensors"> sensors</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/53667/innovative-acoustic-emission-techniques-for-concrete-health-monitoring" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/53667.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">362</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">16629</span> Synthesis of Rare Earth Doped Nano-Phosphors through the Use of Isobutyl Nitrite and Urea Fuels: Study of Microstructure and Luminescence Properties</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Seyed%20Mahdi%20Rafiaei">Seyed Mahdi Rafiaei</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this investigation, red emitting Eu³⁺ doped YVO₄ nano-phosphors have been synthesized via the facile combustion method using isobutyl nitrite and urea fuels, individually. Field-emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM) images, high resolution transmission electron microscope (TEM) images and X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectra reveal that the mentioned fuels can be used successfully to synthesis YVO₄: Eu³⁺ nano-particles. Interestingly, the fuels have a large effect on the size and morphology of nano-phosphors as well as luminescence properties. Noteworthy the use of isobutyl nitrite provides an average particle size of 65 nm, while the employment of urea, results in the formation of larger particles and also provides higher photoluminescence emission intensity. The improved luminescence performance is attributed to the condition of chemical reaction via the combustion synthesis and the size of synthesized phosphors. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=phosphors" title="phosphors">phosphors</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=combustion" title=" combustion"> combustion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fuels" title=" fuels"> fuels</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=luminescence" title=" luminescence"> luminescence</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nanostructure" title=" nanostructure"> nanostructure</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/93632/synthesis-of-rare-earth-doped-nano-phosphors-through-the-use-of-isobutyl-nitrite-and-urea-fuels-study-of-microstructure-and-luminescence-properties" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/93632.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">138</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">16628</span> Determinants of Intensity of Greenhouse Gas Emission in Lithuanian Agriculture</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=D.%20Makuteniene">D. Makuteniene</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Agriculture, as one of the human activities, emits a significant amount of greenhouse gas emission and undoubtedly has an impact on climate change. The main gaseous products of agricultural greenhouse gases are carbon dioxide, methane, and nitroxadoxide. The sources and emission of these gases depend on land use, soil, crops, manure, livestock, and energy consumption. One of the indicators showing the agricultural impact on climate change is an intensity of GHG emission and its dynamics. This study analyzed the determinants of an intensity of greenhouse gas emission in Lithuanian agriculture using data decomposition. The research revealed that, although greenhouse gas emission increased during the research period, however, agricultural net value added grew more rapidly, which contributed to a reduction of intensity of greenhouse gas emission in Lithuania between 2000 and 2015. It was identified that during the research period intensity of greenhouse gas emission was mostly increased by the change of the use of nitrogen in agriculture, as compared to the change of the area of agricultural land, and by the change of the number of full-time employees, as compared to the change of net value added. Conversely, the change of energy consumption in agriculture, as compared to the change of the use of nitrogen in agriculture, had a bigger impact in decreasing intensity of greenhouse gas emission. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=agriculture" title="agriculture">agriculture</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=determinants%20of%20intensity" title=" determinants of intensity"> determinants of intensity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=greenhouse%20gas%20emission" title=" greenhouse gas emission"> greenhouse gas emission</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=intensity" title=" intensity"> intensity</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/97199/determinants-of-intensity-of-greenhouse-gas-emission-in-lithuanian-agriculture" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/97199.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">183</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">16627</span> Damage Analysis in Open Hole Composite Specimens by Acoustic Emission: Experimental Investigation</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Youcef%20Faci">Youcef Faci</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ahmed%20Mebtouche"> Ahmed Mebtouche</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Badredine%20Maalem"> Badredine Maalem</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> n the present work, an experimental study is carried out using acoustic emission and DIC techniques to analyze the damage of open hole woven composite carbon/epoxy under solicitations. Damage mechanisms were identified based on acoustic emission parameters such as amplitude, energy, and cumulative account. The findings of the AE measurement were successfully identified by digital image correlation (DIC) measurements. The evolution value of bolt angle inclination during tensile tests was studied and analyzed. Consequently, the relationship between the bolt inclination angles during tensile tests associated with failure modes of fastened joints of composite materials is determined. Moreover, there is an interaction between laminate pattern, laminate thickness, fastener size and type, surface strain concentrations, and out-of-plane displacement. Conclusions are supported by microscopic visualizations of the composite specimen. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tensile%20test" title="tensile test">tensile test</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=damage" title=" damage"> damage</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=acoustic%20emission" title=" acoustic emission"> acoustic emission</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=digital%20image%20correlation" title=" digital image correlation"> digital image correlation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/170900/damage-analysis-in-open-hole-composite-specimens-by-acoustic-emission-experimental-investigation" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/170900.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">70</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">16626</span> A Simple Light-Outcoupling Enhancement Method for Organic Light-Emitting Diodes</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ho-Nyeon%20Lee">Ho-Nyeon Lee</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> We propose to use a gradual-refractive-index dielectric (GRID) as a simple and efficient light-outcoupling method for organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). Using the simple GRIDs, we could improve the light outcoupling efficiency of OLEDs rather than relying on difficult nano-patterning processes. Through numerical simulations using a finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method, the feasibility of the GRID structure was examined and the design parameters were extracted. The outcoupling enhancement effects due to the GRIDs were proved through severe experimental works. The GRIDs were adapted to bottom-emission OLEDs and top-emission OLEDs. For bottom-emission OLEDs, the efficiency was improved more than 20%, and for top-emission OLEDs, more than 40%. The detailed numerical and experimental results will be presented at the conference site. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=efficiency" title="efficiency">efficiency</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=GRID" title=" GRID"> GRID</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=light%20outcoupling" title=" light outcoupling"> light outcoupling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=OLED" title=" OLED"> OLED</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/37501/a-simple-light-outcoupling-enhancement-method-for-organic-light-emitting-diodes" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/37501.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">422</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">16625</span> Environmental Policy Instruments and Greenhouse Gas Emissions: VAR Analysis</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Veronika%20Solilov%C3%A1">Veronika Solilová</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Danu%C5%A1e%20Nerudov%C3%A1"> Danuše Nerudová</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The paper examines the interaction between the environmental taxation, size of government spending on environmental protection and greenhouse gas emissions and gross inland energy consumption. The aim is to analyze the effects of environmental taxation and government spending on environmental protection as an environmental policy instruments on greenhouse gas emissions and gross inland energy consumption in the EU15. The empirical study is performed using a VAR approach with the application of aggregated data of EU15 over the period 1995 to 2012. The results provide the evidence that the reactions of greenhouse gas emission and gross inland energy consumption to the shocks of environmental policy instruments are strong, mainly in the short term and decay to zero after about 8 years. Further, the reactions of the environmental policy instruments to the shocks of greenhouse gas emission and gross inland energy consumption are also strong in the short term, however with the deferred effects. In addition, the results show that government spending on environmental protection together with gross inland energy consumption has stronger effect on greenhouse gas emissions than environmental taxes in EU15 over the examined period. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=VAR%20analysis" title="VAR analysis">VAR analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=greenhouse%20gas%20emissions" title=" greenhouse gas emissions"> greenhouse gas emissions</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=environmental%20taxation" title=" environmental taxation"> environmental taxation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=government%20spending" title=" government spending"> government spending</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/17332/environmental-policy-instruments-and-greenhouse-gas-emissions-var-analysis" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/17332.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">293</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">16624</span> Particle Size Dependent Magnetic Properties of CuFe2O4 Spinel Ferrite Nanoparticles Synthesized by Starch-Assisted Sol-Gel Auto-Combustion Method</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=R.%20S.%20Yadav">R. S. Yadav</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=J.%20Havlica"> J. Havlica</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=I.%20Ku%C5%99itka"> I. Kuřitka</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Z.%20Kozakova"> Z. Kozakova</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=J.%20Masilko"> J. Masilko</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=L.%20Kalina"> L. Kalina</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Hajd%C3%BAchov%C3%A1"> M. Hajdúchová</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=V.%20Enev"> V. Enev</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=J.%20Wasserbauer"> J. Wasserbauer</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this work, copper ferrite CuFe2O4 spinel ferrite nanoparticles with different particle size at different annealing temperature were synthesized using the starch-assisted sol-gel auto-combustion method. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized by conventional powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectroscopy, Raman Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, Field-Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy, X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy, and Vibrating Sample Magnetometer. The XRD patterns confirmed the formation of CuFe2O4 spinel ferrite nanoparticles. Field-Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy revealed that particles are of spherical morphology with particle size 5-20 nm at lower annealing temperature. An infrared spectroscopy study showed the presence of two principal absorption bands in the frequency range around 530 cm-1 (ν1) and around 360 cm-1 (ν2); which indicate the presence of tetrahedral and octahedral group complexes, respectively, within the spinel ferrite nanoparticles. Raman spectroscopy study also indicated the change in octahedral and tetrahedral site related Raman modes in copper ferrite nanoparticles with change of particle size. This change in magnetic behavior with change of particle size of CuFe2O4 nanoparticles was also observed. The change in magnetic properties with change of particle size is due to cation redistribution, which was confirmed by X-Ray photoelectron study. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=copper%20ferrite" title="copper ferrite">copper ferrite</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nanoparticles" title=" nanoparticles"> nanoparticles</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=magnetic%20property" title=" magnetic property"> magnetic property</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=CuFe2O4" title=" CuFe2O4"> CuFe2O4</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/19923/particle-size-dependent-magnetic-properties-of-cufe2o4-spinel-ferrite-nanoparticles-synthesized-by-starch-assisted-sol-gel-auto-combustion-method" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/19923.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">460</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">16623</span> Effects of Diluent Gas Velocity on Formation of Moderate or Intense Low-Oxygen Dilution Combustion with Fuel Spray for Gas Turbine </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ChunLoon%20Cha">ChunLoon Cha</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=HoYeon%20Lee"> HoYeon Lee</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=SangSoon%20Hwang"> SangSoon Hwang</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Mild combustion is characterized with its distinguished features, such as suppressed pollutant emission, homogeneous temperature distribution, reduced noise and thermal stress. However, most studies for MILD combustion have been focused on gas phase fuel. Therefore further study on MILD combustion using liquid fuel is needed for the application to liquid fueled gas turbine especially. In this work, we will focus on numerical simulation of the effects of diluent gas velocity on the formation of liquid fuel MILD combustion used in gas turbine area. A series of numerical simulations using Ansys fluent 18.2 have been carried out in order to investigate the detail effect of the flow field in the furnace on the formation of MILD combustion. The operating conditions were fixed at relatively lower heat intensity of 1.28 MW/m³ atm and various global equivalence ratios were changed. The results show that the local high temperature region was decreased and the flame temperature was uniformly distributed due to high velocity of diluted burnt gas. The increasing of diluted burnt gas velocity can be controlled by open ratio of adapter size. It was found that the maximum temperature became lower than 1800K and the average temperature was lower than 1500K that thermal NO formation was suppressed. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=MILD%20combustion" title="MILD combustion">MILD combustion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=spray%20combustion" title=" spray combustion"> spray combustion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=liquid%20fuel" title=" liquid fuel"> liquid fuel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=diluent%20gas%20velocity" title=" diluent gas velocity"> diluent gas velocity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=low%20NOx%20emission" title=" low NOx emission"> low NOx emission</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/88047/effects-of-diluent-gas-velocity-on-formation-of-moderate-or-intense-low-oxygen-dilution-combustion-with-fuel-spray-for-gas-turbine" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/88047.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">232</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">16622</span> Study of Nanocrystalline Scintillator for Alpha Particles Detection</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Azadeh%20Farzaneh">Azadeh Farzaneh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohammad%20Reza%20Abdi"> Mohammad Reza Abdi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Quaranta"> A. Quaranta</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Matteo%20Dalla%20Palma"> Matteo Dalla Palma</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Seyedshahram%20Mortazavi"> Seyedshahram Mortazavi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> We report on the synthesis of cesium-iodide nanoparticles using sol-gel technique. The structural properties of CsI nanoparticles were characterized by X-ray diffraction and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) Also, optical properties were followed by optical absorption and UV–vis fluorescence. Intense photoluminescence is also observed, with some spectral tuning possible with ripening time getting a range of emission photon wavelength approximately from 366 to 350 nm. The size effect on CsI luminescence leads to an increase in scintillation light yield, a redshift of the emission bands of the on_center and off_center self_trapped excitons (STEs) and an increase in the contribution of the off_center STEs to the net intrinsic emission yield. The energy transfer from the matrix to CsI nanoparticles is a key characteristic for scintillation detectors. So the scintillation spectra to alpha particles of sample were monitored. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nanoparticles" title="nanoparticles">nanoparticles</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=luminescence" title=" luminescence"> luminescence</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sol%20gel" title=" sol gel"> sol gel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=scintillator" title=" scintillator"> scintillator</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/57403/study-of-nanocrystalline-scintillator-for-alpha-particles-detection" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/57403.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">599</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">16621</span> Studies of Substituent and Solvent Effect on Spectroscopic Properties Of 6-OH-4-CH3, 7-OH-4-CH3 and 7-OH-4-CF3 Coumarin</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sanjay%20Kumar">Sanjay Kumar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper reports the solvent effects on the electronic absorption and fluorescence emission spectra of 6-OH-4-CH3, 7-OH-4-CH3 and 7-OH-4-CF3 coumarin derivatives having -OH, -CH3 and -CF3 substituent at different positions in various solvents (Polar and Non-Polar). The first excited singlet state dipole moment and ground state dipole moment were calculated using Bakhshiev, Kawski-Chamma-Viallet and Reichardt-Dimroth equations and were compared for all the coumarin studied. In all cases the dipole moments were found to be higher in the excited singlet state than in the ground state indicating a substantial redistribution of Π-electron density in the excited state. The angle between the excited singlet state and ground state dipole moment is also calculated. The red shift of the absorption and fluorescence emission bands, observed for all the coumarin studied upon increasing the solvent polarity indicating that the electronic transitions were Π → Π* nature. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=coumarin" title="coumarin">coumarin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=solvent%20effects" title=" solvent effects"> solvent effects</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=absorption%20spectra" title=" absorption spectra"> absorption spectra</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=emission%20spectra" title=" emission spectra"> emission spectra</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=excited%20singlet%20state%20dipole%20moment" title=" excited singlet state dipole moment"> excited singlet state dipole moment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ground%20state%20dipole%20moment" title=" ground state dipole moment"> ground state dipole moment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=solvatochromism" title=" solvatochromism"> solvatochromism</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/29723/studies-of-substituent-and-solvent-effect-on-spectroscopic-properties-of-6-oh-4-ch3-7-oh-4-ch3-and-7-oh-4-cf3-coumarin" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/29723.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">833</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">16620</span> Modeling and Controlling Nonlinear Dynamical Effects in Non-Contact Superconducting and Diamagnetic Suspensions</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sergey%20Kuznetsov">Sergey Kuznetsov</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yuri%20Urman"> Yuri Urman</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> We present an approach to investigate non-linear dynamical effects occurring in the noncontact superconducting and diamagnetic suspensions, when levitated body has finite size. This approach is based on the calculation of interaction energy between spherical finite size superconducting or diamagnetic body with external magnetic field. Effects of small deviations from spherical shape may be also taken into account by introducing small corrections to the energy. This model allows investigating dynamical effects important for practical applications, such as nonlinear resonances, change of vibration plane, coupling of rotational and translational motions etc. We also show how the geometry of suspension affects various dynamical effects and how an inverse problem may be formulated to enforce or diminish various dynamical effects. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=levitation" title="levitation">levitation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=non-linear%20dynamics" title=" non-linear dynamics"> non-linear dynamics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=superconducting" title=" superconducting"> superconducting</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=diamagnetic%20stability" title=" diamagnetic stability "> diamagnetic stability </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/47249/modeling-and-controlling-nonlinear-dynamical-effects-in-non-contact-superconducting-and-diamagnetic-suspensions" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/47249.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">410</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">16619</span> The Effect of Global Value Chain Participation on Environment</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Piyaphan%20Changwatchai">Piyaphan Changwatchai</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Global value chain is important for current world economy through foreign direct investment. Multinational enterprises' efficient location seeking for each stage of production lead to global production network and more global value chain participation of several countries. Global value chain participation has several effects on participating countries in several aspects including the environment. The effect of global value chain participation on the environment is ambiguous. As a result, this research aims to study the effect of global value chain participation on countries' CO₂ emission and methane emission by using quantitative analysis with secondary panel data of sixty countries. The analysis is divided into two types of global value chain participation, which are forward global value chain participation and backward global value chain participation. The results show that, for forward global value chain participation, GDP per capita affects two types of pollutants in downward bell curve shape. Forward global value chain participation negatively affects CO₂ emission and methane emission. As for backward global value chain participation, GDP per capita affects two types of pollutants in downward bell curve shape. Backward global value chain participation negatively affects methane emission only. However, when considering Asian countries, forward global value chain participation positively affects CO₂ emission. The recommendations of this research are that countries participating in global value chain should promote production with effective environmental management in each stage of value chain. The examples of policies are providing incentives to private sectors, including domestic producers and MNEs, for green production technology and efficient environment management and engaging in international agreements in terms of green production. Furthermore, government should regulate each stage of production in value chain toward green production, especially for Asia countries. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=CO%E2%82%82%20emission" title="CO₂ emission">CO₂ emission</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=environment" title=" environment"> environment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=global%20value%20chain%20participation" title=" global value chain participation"> global value chain participation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=methane%20emission" title=" methane emission"> methane emission</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/86948/the-effect-of-global-value-chain-participation-on-environment" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/86948.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">191</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">16618</span> Modeling of Thermo Acoustic Emission Memory Effect in Rocks of Varying Textures</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Vladimir%20Vinnikov">Vladimir Vinnikov</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The paper proposes a model of an inhomogeneous rock mass with initially random distribution of microcracks on mineral grain boundaries. It describes the behavior of cracks in a medium under the effect of thermal field, the medium heated instantaneously to a predetermined temperature. Crack growth occurs according to the concept of fracture mechanics provided that the stress intensity factor K exceeds the critical value of Kc. The modeling of thermally induced acoustic emission memory effects is based on the assumption that every event of crack nucleation or crack growth caused by heating is accompanied with a single acoustic emission event. Parameters of the thermally induced acoustic emission memory effect produced by cyclic heating and cooling (with the temperature amplitude increasing from cycle to cycle) were calculated for several rock texture types (massive, banded, and disseminated). The study substantiates the adaptation of the proposed model to humidity interference with the thermally induced acoustic emission memory effect. The influence of humidity on the thermally induced acoustic emission memory effect in quasi-homogeneous and banded rocks is estimated. It is shown that such modeling allows the structure and texture of rocks to be taken into account and the influence of interference factors on the distinctness of the thermally induced acoustic emission memory effect to be estimated. The numerical modeling can be used to obtain information about the thermal impacts on rocks in the past and determine the degree of rock disturbance by means of non-destructive testing. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=crack%20growth" title="crack growth">crack growth</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cyclic%20heating%20and%20cooling" title=" cyclic heating and cooling"> cyclic heating and cooling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rock%20texture" title=" rock texture"> rock texture</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=thermo%20acoustic%20emission%20memory%20effect" title=" thermo acoustic emission memory effect"> thermo acoustic emission memory effect</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/61462/modeling-of-thermo-acoustic-emission-memory-effect-in-rocks-of-varying-textures" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/61462.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">271</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">16617</span> Test Research on Damage Initiation and Development of a Concrete Beam Using Acoustic Emission Technology</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Xiang%20Wang">Xiang Wang</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In order to validate the efficiency of recognizing the damage initiation and development of a concrete beam using acoustic emission technology, a concrete beam is built and tested in the laboratory. The acoustic emission signals are analyzed based on both parameter and wave information, which is also compared with the beam deflection measured by displacement sensors. The results indicate that using acoustic emission technology can detect damage initiation and development effectively, especially in the early stage of the damage development, which can not be detected by the common monitoring technology. Furthermore, the positioning of the damage based on the acoustic emission signals can be proved to be reasonable. This job can be an important attempt for the future long-time monitoring of the real concrete structure. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=acoustic%20emission%20technology" title="acoustic emission technology">acoustic emission technology</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=concrete%20beam" title=" concrete beam"> concrete beam</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=parameter%20analysis" title=" parameter analysis"> parameter analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wave%20analysis" title=" wave analysis"> wave analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=positioning" title=" positioning"> positioning</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/108497/test-research-on-damage-initiation-and-development-of-a-concrete-beam-using-acoustic-emission-technology" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/108497.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">141</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">16616</span> Electrification Strategy of Hybrid Electric Vehicle as a Solution to Decrease CO2 Emission in Cities</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Mourad">M. Mourad</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=K.%20Mahmoud"> K. Mahmoud</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Recently hybrid vehicles have become a major concern as one alternative vehicles. This type of hybrid vehicle contributes greatly to reducing pollution. Therefore, this work studies the influence of electrification phase of hybrid electric vehicle on emission of vehicle at different road conditions. To accomplish this investigation, a simulation model was used to evaluate the external characteristics of the hybrid electric vehicle according to variant conditions of road resistances. Therefore, this paper reports a methodology to decrease the vehicle emission especially greenhouse gas emission inside cities. The results show the effect of electrification on vehicle performance characteristics. The results show that CO<sub>2</sub> emission of vehicle decreases up to 50.6% according to an urban driving cycle due to applying the electrification strategy for hybrid electric vehicle. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electrification%20strategy" title="electrification strategy">electrification strategy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hybrid%20electric%20vehicle" title=" hybrid electric vehicle"> hybrid electric vehicle</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=driving%20cycle" title=" driving cycle"> driving cycle</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=CO2%20emission" title=" CO2 emission"> CO2 emission</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/50278/electrification-strategy-of-hybrid-electric-vehicle-as-a-solution-to-decrease-co2-emission-in-cities" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/50278.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">442</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">16615</span> Structural and Magnetic Properties of NiFe2O4 Spinel Ferrite Nanoparticles Synthesized by Starch-Assisted Sol-Gel Auto-Combustion Method</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=R.%20S.%20Yadav">R. S. Yadav</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=J.%20Havlica"> J. Havlica</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=I.%20Ku%C5%99itka"> I. Kuřitka</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Z.%20Kozakova"> Z. Kozakova</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=J.%20Masilko"> J. Masilko</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=L.%20Kalina"> L. Kalina</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Hajd%C3%BAchov%C3%A1"> M. Hajdúchová</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=V.%20Enev"> V. Enev</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=J.%20Wasserbauer"> J. Wasserbauer</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Nickel spinel ferrite NiFe2O4 nanoparticles with different particle size at different annealing temperature were synthesized using the starch-assisted sol-gel auto-combustion method. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized by conventional powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectroscopy, Raman Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, Field-Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy, X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy and Vibrating Sample Magnetometer. The XRD patterns confirmed the formation of NiFe2O4 spinel ferrite nanoparticles. Field-Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy revealed that particles are of spherical morphology with particle size 5-20 nm at lower annealing temperature. An infrared spectroscopy study showed the presence of two principal absorption bands in the frequency range around 525 cm-1 (ν1) and around 340 cm-1 (ν2); which indicate the presence of tetrahedral and octahedral group complexes, respectively, within the spinel ferrite nanoparticles. Raman spectroscopy study also indicated the change in octahedral and tetrahedral site related Raman modes in nickel ferrite nanoparticles with change of particle size. This change in magnetic behavior with change of particle size of NiFe2O4 nanoparticles was observed. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nickel%20ferrite" title="nickel ferrite">nickel ferrite</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nanoparticles" title=" nanoparticles"> nanoparticles</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=magnetic%20property" title=" magnetic property"> magnetic property</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=NiFe2O4" title=" NiFe2O4"> NiFe2O4</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/29332/structural-and-magnetic-properties-of-nife2o4-spinel-ferrite-nanoparticles-synthesized-by-starch-assisted-sol-gel-auto-combustion-method" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/29332.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">383</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">16614</span> Geo-Additive Modeling of Family Size in Nigeria</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Oluwayemisi%20O.%20Alaba">Oluwayemisi O. Alaba</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=John%20O.%20Olaomi"> John O. Olaomi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The 2013 Nigerian Demographic Health Survey (NDHS) data was used to investigate the determinants of family size in Nigeria using the geo-additive model. The fixed effect of categorical covariates were modelled using the diffuse prior, P-spline with second-order random walk for the nonlinear effect of continuous variable, spatial effects followed Markov random field priors while the exchangeable normal priors were used for the random effects of the community and household. The Negative Binomial distribution was used to handle overdispersion of the dependent variable. Inference was fully Bayesian approach. Results showed a declining effect of secondary and higher education of mother, Yoruba tribe, Christianity, family planning, mother giving birth by caesarean section and having a partner who has secondary education on family size. Big family size is positively associated with age at first birth, number of daughters in a household, being gainfully employed, married and living with partner, community and household effects. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bayesian%20analysis" title="Bayesian analysis">Bayesian analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=family%20size" title=" family size"> family size</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=geo-additive%20model" title=" geo-additive model"> geo-additive model</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=negative%20binomial" title=" negative binomial"> negative binomial</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/24439/geo-additive-modeling-of-family-size-in-nigeria" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/24439.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">541</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">16613</span> Eu+3 Ion as a Luminescent Probe in ZrO2: Gd+3 Co-Doped Nanophosphor</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Manjunatha">S. Manjunatha</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20S.%20Dharmaprakash"> M. S. Dharmaprakash</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Well-defined 2D Eu<sup>+3</sup> co-doped ZrO<sub>2</sub>: Gd<sup>+3</sup> nanoparticles were successfully synthesized by microwave assisted solution combustion technique for luminescent applications. The present investigation reports the rapid and effective method for the synthesis of the Eu<sup>+3</sup> co-doped ZrO<sub>2</sub>:Gd<sup>+3</sup> nanoparticles and study of the luminescence behavior of Eu<sup>+3</sup> ion in ZrO<sub>2</sub>:Gd<sup>+3</sup> nanostructures. The optical properties of the prepared nanostructures were investigated by using UV-visible spectroscopy and photoluminescence spectra. The phase formation and the morphology of the nanoplatelets were studied by XRD, FESEM and HRTEM. The average grain size was found to be 45-50 nm. The presence of Gd<sup>3+ </sup>ion increases the crystallinity of the material and hence acts as a good nucleating agent. The ZrO<sub>2</sub>:Gd<sup>3+</sup> co-doped with Eu<sup>+3</sup> nanoplatelets gives an emission at 607 nm, a strong red emission under the excitation wavelength of 255 nm. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nanoparticles" title="nanoparticles">nanoparticles</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=XRD" title=" XRD"> XRD</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=TEM" title=" TEM"> TEM</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=photoluminescence" title=" photoluminescence"> photoluminescence</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/62401/eu3-ion-as-a-luminescent-probe-in-zro2-gd3-co-doped-nanophosphor" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/62401.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">318</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">16612</span> Enhanced Field Emission from Plasma Treated Graphene and 2D Layered Hybrids</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=R.%20Khare">R. Khare</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=R.%20V.%20Gelamo"> R. V. Gelamo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20A.%20More"> M. A. More</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=D.%20J.%20Late"> D. J. Late</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chandra%20Sekhar%20Rout"> Chandra Sekhar Rout</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Graphene emerges out as a promising material for various applications ranging from complementary integrated circuits to optically transparent electrode for displays and sensors. The excellent conductivity and atomic sharp edges of unique two-dimensional structure makes graphene a propitious field emitter. Graphene analogues of other 2D layered materials have emerged in material science and nanotechnology due to the enriched physics and novel enhanced properties they present. There are several advantages of using 2D nanomaterials in field emission based devices, including a thickness of only a few atomic layers, high aspect ratio (the ratio of lateral size to sheet thickness), excellent electrical properties, extraordinary mechanical strength and ease of synthesis. Furthermore, the presence of edges can enhance the tunneling probability for the electrons in layered nanomaterials similar to that seen in nanotubes. Here we report electron emission properties of multilayer graphene and effect of plasma (CO2, O2, Ar and N2) treatment. The plasma treated multilayer graphene shows an enhanced field emission behavior with a low turn on field of 0.18 V/μm and high emission current density of 1.89 mA/cm2 at an applied field of 0.35 V/μm. Further, we report the field emission studies of layered WS2/RGO and SnS2/RGO composites. The turn on field required to draw a field emission current density of 1μA/cm2 is found to be 3.5, 2.3 and 2 V/μm for WS2, RGO and the WS2/RGO composite respectively. The enhanced field emission behavior observed for the WS2/RGO nanocomposite is attributed to a high field enhancement factor of 2978, which is associated with the surface protrusions of the single-to-few layer thick sheets of the nanocomposite. The highest current density of ~800 µA/cm2 is drawn at an applied field of 4.1 V/μm from a few layers of the WS2/RGO nanocomposite. Furthermore, first-principles density functional calculations suggest that the enhanced field emission may also be due to an overlap of the electronic structures of WS2 and RGO, where graphene-like states are dumped in the region of the WS2 fundamental gap. Similarly, the turn on field required to draw an emission current density of 1µA/cm2 is significantly low (almost half the value) for the SnS2/RGO nanocomposite (2.65 V/µm) compared to pristine SnS2 (4.8 V/µm) nanosheets. The field enhancement factor β (~3200 for SnS2 and ~3700 for SnS2/RGO composite) was calculated from Fowler-Nordheim (FN) plots and indicates emission from the nanometric geometry of the emitter. The field emission current versus time plot shows overall good emission stability for the SnS2/RGO emitter. The DFT calculations reveal that the enhanced field emission properties of SnS2/RGO composites are because of a substantial lowering of work function of SnS2 when supported by graphene, which is in response to p-type doping of the graphene substrate. Graphene and 2D analogue materials emerge as a potential candidate for future field emission applications. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=graphene" title="graphene">graphene</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=layered%20material" title=" layered material"> layered material</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=field%20emission" title=" field emission"> field emission</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=plasma" title=" plasma"> plasma</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=doping" title=" doping"> doping</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/39080/enhanced-field-emission-from-plasma-treated-graphene-and-2d-layered-hybrids" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/39080.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span 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