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class="banner-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="pre-content heading-holder"> <div class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Dynamics (music)</h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <ul id="p-associated-pages" class="minerva__tab-container"> <li class="minerva__tab selected"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Dynamics_(music)" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.subject">Article</a> </li> <li class="minerva__tab "> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Talk:Dynamics_(music)" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a> </li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" href="#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> Language </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-watch" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-watch" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Dynamics+%28music%29" data-event-name="menu.watch" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet menu__item--page-actions-watch"> Watch </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-edit" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-edit" href="/w/index.php?title=Dynamics_(music)&action=edit" data-event-name="menu.edit" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> Edit </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Fortissimo" and "Pianissimo" redirect here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Fortissimo_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Fortissimo (disambiguation)">Fortissimo (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pianissimo_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Pianissimo (disambiguation)">Pianissimo (disambiguation)</a>.</div> In music, the dynamics of a piece are the variation in <a href="/wiki/Loudness" title="Loudness">loudness</a> between <a href="/wiki/Note_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Note (music)">notes</a> or <a href="/wiki/Phrase_(music)" title="Phrase (music)">phrases</a>. Dynamics are indicated by specific <a href="/wiki/Musical_notation" title="Musical notation">musical notation</a>, often in some detail. However, dynamics markings require interpretation by the performer depending on the musical context: a specific marking may correspond to a different volume between pieces or even sections of one piece. The execution of dynamics also extends beyond loudness to include changes in <a href="/wiki/Timbre" title="Timbre">timbre</a> and sometimes <a href="/wiki/Tempo_rubato" title="Tempo rubato">tempo rubato</a>. <div class="thumb tright" style=""><div class="thumbinner" style="width:432px"><div class="thumbimage noresize" style="width:430px;"> <div class="mw-ext-score noresize" data-midi="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/r/r/rrrmufiwsknoaii2j8utr9qk68hvhmd/rrrmufiw.midi"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/r/r/rrrmufiwsknoaii2j8utr9qk68hvhmd/rrrmufiw.png" width="419" height="65" alt=" \relative c' { \set Score.currentBarNumber = #37 \key f \major \time 6/8 f4.\pp f8( g a) bes4( g8) bes( a g) \override DynamicLineSpanner.staff-padding = #2 f(\< f'4)\sf f8(\> e d)\! d4.( c8) } "></div></div><div class="thumbcaption">The beginning of the principal <a href="/wiki/Theme_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Theme (music)">theme</a> to the third movement of <a href="/wiki/Berlioz" class="mw-redirect" title="Berlioz">Berlioz</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Symphonie_fantastique" title="Symphonie fantastique">Symphonie fantastique</a> showing examples of pianissimo (pp) and hairpins</div></div></div> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Purpose_and_interpretation">1 Purpose and interpretation</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Dynamic_markings">2 Dynamic markings</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Changes">2.1 Changes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Extreme_dynamic_markings">2.2 Extreme dynamic markings</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#History">3 History</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Interpretation_by_notation_programs">4 Interpretation by notation programs</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Relation_to_audio_dynamics">5 Relation to audio dynamics</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#See_also">6 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Notes">7 Notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#References">8 References</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Purpose_and_interpretation">Purpose and interpretation</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Dynamics_(music)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Purpose and interpretation" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Dynamics_(music)" title="Special:EditPage/Dynamics (music)">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2023) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> Dynamics are one of the <a href="/wiki/Musical_expression" title="Musical expression">expressive elements of music</a>. Used effectively, dynamics help musicians sustain variety and interest in a musical performance, and communicate a particular emotional state or feeling. Dynamic markings are always relative.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> p (piano - "soft") never indicates a precise level of <a href="/wiki/Loudness" title="Loudness">loudness</a>; it merely indicates that music in a passage so marked should be considerably quieter than f (forte - "loud"). There are many factors affecting the interpretation of a dynamic marking. For instance, the middle of a <a href="/wiki/Phrase_(music_theory)" class="mw-redirect" title="Phrase (music theory)">musical phrase</a> will normally be played louder than the beginning or end, to ensure the phrase is properly shaped, even where a passage is marked p throughout. Similarly, in <a href="/wiki/Polyphony" title="Polyphony">multi-part music</a>, some <a href="/wiki/Part_(music)" title="Part (music)">voices</a> will naturally be played louder than others, for instance, to emphasize the melody and the bass line, even if a whole passage is marked at one dynamic level. Some instruments are naturally louder than others – for instance, a <a href="/wiki/Tuba" title="Tuba">tuba</a> playing mezzo-piano will likely be louder than a guitar playing forte, while a high-pitched instrument like the <a href="/wiki/Piccolo" title="Piccolo">piccolo</a> playing in its upper <a href="/wiki/Register_(music)" title="Register (music)">register</a> can sound loud even when its actual decibel level is lower than that of other instruments. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Dynamic_markings">Dynamic markings</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Dynamics_(music)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Dynamic markings" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_musical_terminology" class="mw-redirect" title="Glossary of musical terminology">Glossary of musical terminology</a></div> <table class="wikitable floatright"> <caption>Scale of dynamic markings<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Name</th> <th>Letters</th> <th>Level </th></tr> <tr> <td><div style="float:right;">fortississimo</div> </td> <td>fff </td> <td>very very loud </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="float:right;">fortissimo</div> </td> <td>ff </td> <td>very loud </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="float:right;">forte</div> </td> <td>f </td> <td>loud </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="float:right;">mezzo-forte</div> </td> <td>mf </td> <td>moderately loud </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="float:right;">mezzo-piano</div> </td> <td>mp </td> <td>moderately quiet </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="float:right;">piano</div> </td> <td>p </td> <td>quiet </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="float:right;">pianissimo</div> </td> <td>pp </td> <td>very quiet </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="float:right;">pianississimo</div> </td> <td>ppp </td> <td>very very quiet </td></tr></tbody></table> The two basic dynamic indications in music are: <ul><li>p or piano, meaning "soft or quiet".<a href="#cite_note-harvard-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-vtp-4">[4]</a></li> <li>f or forte, meaning "loud or strong".<a href="#cite_note-harvard-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-vtf-5">[5]</a></li></ul> More subtle degrees of loudness or softness are indicated by: <ul><li>mp, standing for mezzo-piano, meaning "moderately quiet".</li> <li>mf, standing for mezzo-forte, meaning "moderately loud".<a href="#cite_note-vtd-6">[6]</a></li> <li>più p, standing for più piano and meaning "quieter".</li> <li>più f, standing for più forte and meaning "louder".</li></ul> Use of up to three consecutive fs or ps is also common: <ul><li>pp, standing for pianissimo and meaning "very quiet".</li> <li>ff, standing for fortissimo and meaning "very loud".</li> <li>ppp ("triple piano"), standing for pianississimo or piano pianissimo and meaning "very very quiet".</li> <li>fff ("triple forte"), standing for fortississimo or forte fortissimo and meaning "very very loud".<a href="#cite_note-vtd-6">[6]</a></li></ul> There are additional special markings that are not very common: <ul><li>sfz or sf, standing for sforzando and meaning "suddenly very loud", which only applies to a given beat.</li> <li>rfz or rf, standing for rinforzando and meaning "reinforced", which refers to a sudden increase in volume that only applies to a given phrase.</li> <li>n or ø, standing for niente and meaning "nothing", which refers to silence; it is generally used in combination with other markings for special effect.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Changes">Changes</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Dynamics_(music)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Changes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Crescendo" and "Diminuendo" redirect here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Crescendo_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Crescendo (disambiguation)">Crescendo (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diminuendo_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Diminuendo (disambiguation)">Diminuendo (disambiguation)</a>.</div> Three Italian words are used to show gradual changes in volume: <ul><li>crescendo (abbreviated cresc.) translates as "increasing" (literally "growing")</li> <li>decrescendo (abbreviated to decresc.) translates as "decreasing".</li> <li>diminuendo (abbreviated dim.) translates as "diminishing".</li></ul> Dynamic changes can be indicated by angled symbols. A crescendo symbol consists of two lines that open to the right (<a href="/wiki/File:Music-crescendo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Music-crescendo.svg/15px-Music-crescendo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 15px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Music-crescendo.svg/15px-Music-crescendo.svg.png" data-width="15" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Music-crescendo.svg/23px-Music-crescendo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Music-crescendo.svg/30px-Music-crescendo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a>); a decrescendo symbol starts open on the left and closes toward the right (<a href="/wiki/File:Music-diminuendo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Music-diminuendo.svg/15px-Music-diminuendo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 15px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Music-diminuendo.svg/15px-Music-diminuendo.svg.png" data-width="15" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Music-diminuendo.svg/23px-Music-diminuendo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Music-diminuendo.svg/30px-Music-diminuendo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a>). These symbols are sometimes referred to as <a href="/wiki/Hairpin" title="Hairpin">hairpins</a> or wedges.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> The following notation indicates music starting moderately strong, then becoming gradually stronger and then gradually quieter: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r996643573">.mw-parser-output .block-indent{padding-left:3em;padding-right:0;overflow:hidden}</style><div class="block-indent"><div class="mw-ext-score noresize" data-midi="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/j/s/jsu9tr1iz30ibqhltyi49cau8fvz0oi/jsu9tr1i.midi"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/j/s/jsu9tr1iz30ibqhltyi49cau8fvz0oi/jsu9tr1i.png" width="244" height="68" alt=" \relative c'' { \time 4/4 \override DynamicLineSpanner.staff-padding = #2.5 a4._\mf\< gis16 a\! c4.\> b8\! a4 } "></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 244px;height: 68px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/j/s/jsu9tr1iz30ibqhltyi49cau8fvz0oi/jsu9tr1i.png" data-alt=" \relative c'' { \time 4/4 \override DynamicLineSpanner.staff-padding = #2.5 a4._\mf\< gis16 a\! c4.\> b8\! a4 } " data-width="244" data-height="68"> </div></div> Hairpins are typically positioned below the <a href="/wiki/Staff_(music)" title="Staff (music)">staff</a> (or between the two staves in a <a href="/wiki/Grand_staff" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand staff">grand staff</a>), though they may appear above, especially in vocal music or when a single performer plays multiple melody lines. They denote dynamic changes over a short duration (up to a few <a href="/wiki/Bar_(music)" title="Bar (music)">bars</a>), whereas cresc., decresc., and dim. signify more gradual changes. Word directions can be extended with dashes to indicate the temporal span of the change, which can extend across multiple pages. The term morendo ("dying") may also denote a gradual reduction in both dynamics and tempo. For pronounced dynamic shifts, cresc. molto and dim. molto are commonly used, with molto meaning "much". Conversely, poco cresc. and poco dim. indicate gentler changes, with "poco" translating to a little, or alternatively poco a poco meaning "little by little". Sudden dynamic changes are often indicated by prefixing or suffixing subito (meaning "suddenly") to the new dynamic notation. Subito piano (abbreviated as sub. p or sp) ("suddenly soft") implies a quick, almost abrupt reduction in volume to around the p range, often employed to subvert listener expectations, signaling a more intimate expression. Although it incorporates the piano p dynamic symbol, performers have slight interpretive leeway, allowing variations based on the preceding loudness or character of the piece. Likewise, subito can mark sudden increases in volume, as in subito forte sf or subito fortissimo sff, typically accentuating a single note or chord. <a href="/wiki/Accent_(music)" title="Accent (music)">Accented notes</a> are generally marked with an accent sign > placed above or below the note, emphasizing the <a href="/wiki/Attack_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Attack (music)">attack</a> relative to the prevailing dynamics. A sharper and briefer emphasis is denoted with a marcato mark ^ above the note. If a specific emphasis is required, variations of subito, forzando/forzato, or fortepiano can be used. forzando/forzato signifies a forceful accent, abbreviated as fz. To enhance the effect, subito often precedes it as sfz (subito forzato/forzando, sforzando/sforzato). The interpretation and execution of these markings are at the performer's discretion, with forzato/forzando typically seen as a variation of marcato and subito forzando/forzato as a marcato with added tenuto.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Fortepiano_(musical_dynamic)" title="Fortepiano (musical dynamic)">fortepiano</a> notation fp denotes a forte followed immediately by piano. Contrastingly, pf abbreviates poco forte, translating to "a little loud", but according to Brahms, implies a forte character with a piano sound, although rarely used due to potential confusion with pianoforte.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> <a href="/wiki/Messa_di_voce" title="Messa di voce">Messa di voce</a> is a singing technique and musical ornament on a single pitch while executing a crescendo and diminuendo. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Extreme_dynamic_markings">Extreme dynamic markings</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Dynamics_(music)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Extreme dynamic markings" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <div class="thumb tright" style=""><div class="thumbinner" style="width:377px"><div class="thumbimage noresize" style="width:375px;"> <div class="mw-ext-score noresize" data-midi="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/c/w/cwzmmrt5zao2ie19yeh67iege25hb0a/cwzmmrt5.midi"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/c/w/cwzmmrt5zao2ie19yeh67iege25hb0a/cwzmmrt5.png" width="363" height="342" alt=" { #(set-global-staff-size 14) \new StaffGroup \with { \omit SystemStartBracket \override StaffGrouper.staffgroup-staff-spacing.basic-distance = #15 } << \new PianoStaff << \new Staff \with { \magnifyStaff #3/4 } << \relative c'' { \time 4/4 \clef treble \key cis \minor \tempo "Tempo I" \tempo 4 = 50 \set Staff.extraNatural = ##f r8\fff _\markup {\left-align \italic m.d.} <cis e gis cis>-> <e gis b e>->_\markup { \italic pesante} <dis fisis ais dis>-> r <d fis bis d>-> r <bis dis fis bis>-> r <cis e gis cis>->_\markup {\dynamic sffff} <e gis b e>-> <dis fisis ais dis>-> r <d fis bis d>-> r <bis dis fis bis>->} >> \new Staff \with { \magnifyStaff #3/4 } << \relative c { \time 4/4 \clef treble \key cis \minor <cis e gis cis>2-> <a' a'>4-> <gis gis'>-> <cis, e gis cis>2-> <a' a'>4-> <gis gis'>->} >> >> \new PianoStaff << \new Staff \with { \magnifyStaff #3/4 } << \relative c { \time 4/4 \clef bass \key cis \minor \set Staff.extraNatural = ##f r8\fff _\markup {\left-align \italic m.s.} <e gis cis e>-> <gis b e gis>->_\markup { \italic pesante} <fisis ais dis fisis>-> r <fis bis d fis>-> r <dis fis bis dis>-> r <e gis cis e>->_\markup {\dynamic sffff} <gis b e gis>-> <fisis ais dis fisis>-> r <fis bis d fis>-> r <dis fis bis dis>->} >> \new Staff \with { \magnifyStaff #3/4 } << \relative c,, { \time 4/4 \clef bass \key cis \minor <cis e gis cis>2->\sustainOn <a' a'>4-> \sustainOff \sustainOn <gis gis'>->\sustainOn <cis, e gis cis>2-> \sustainOn <a' a'>4->\sustainOff \sustainOn <gis gis'>->\sustainOn} >> >> >> } "></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 363px;height: 342px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/c/w/cwzmmrt5zao2ie19yeh67iege25hb0a/cwzmmrt5.png" data-alt=" { #(set-global-staff-size 14) \new StaffGroup \with { \omit SystemStartBracket \override StaffGrouper.staffgroup-staff-spacing.basic-distance = #15 } << \new PianoStaff << \new Staff \with { \magnifyStaff #3/4 } << \relative c'' { \time 4/4 \clef treble \key cis \minor \tempo "Tempo I" \tempo 4 = 50 \set Staff.extraNatural = ##f r8\fff _\markup {\left-align \italic m.d.} <cis e gis cis>-> <e gis b e>->_\markup { \italic pesante} <dis fisis ais dis>-> r <d fis bis d>-> r <bis dis fis bis>-> r <cis e gis cis>->_\markup {\dynamic sffff} <e gis b e>-> <dis fisis ais dis>-> r <d fis bis d>-> r <bis dis fis bis>->} >> \new Staff \with { \magnifyStaff #3/4 } << \relative c { \time 4/4 \clef treble \key cis \minor <cis e gis cis>2-> <a' a'>4-> <gis gis'>-> <cis, e gis cis>2-> <a' a'>4-> <gis gis'>->} >> >> \new PianoStaff << \new Staff \with { \magnifyStaff #3/4 } << \relative c { \time 4/4 \clef bass \key cis \minor \set Staff.extraNatural = ##f r8\fff _\markup {\left-align \italic m.s.} <e gis cis e>-> <gis b e gis>->_\markup { \italic pesante} <fisis ais dis fisis>-> r <fis bis d fis>-> r <dis fis bis dis>-> r <e gis cis e>->_\markup {\dynamic sffff} <gis b e gis>-> <fisis ais dis fisis>-> r <fis bis d fis>-> r <dis fis bis dis>->} >> \new Staff \with { \magnifyStaff #3/4 } << \relative c,, { \time 4/4 \clef bass \key cis \minor <cis e gis cis>2->\sustainOn <a' a'>4-> \sustainOff \sustainOn <gis gis'>->\sustainOn <cis, e gis cis>2-> \sustainOn <a' a'>4->\sustainOff \sustainOn <gis gis'>->\sustainOn} >> >> >> } " data-width="363" data-height="342"> <div style="margin-top: 3px;"><audio controls=""><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/c/w/cwzmmrt5zao2ie19yeh67iege25hb0a/cwzmmrt5.mp3" type="audio/mpeg"></source><div>Audio playback is not supported in your browser. You can <a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/c/w/cwzmmrt5zao2ie19yeh67iege25hb0a/cwzmmrt5.mp3">download the audio file</a>.</div></audio></div></div></div><div class="thumbcaption">Two measures of <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Vasilievich_Rachmaninoff" class="mw-redirect" title="Sergei Vasilievich Rachmaninoff">Sergei Rachmaninoff</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Prelude_in_C-sharp_minor_(Rachmaninoff)" title="Prelude in C-sharp minor (Rachmaninoff)">Prelude in C♯ minor</a> showing dynamic markings sffff. The top two staves are both played by the right hand, the bottom two by the left.</div></div></div> While the typical range of dynamic markings is from ppp to fff, some pieces use additional markings of further emphasis. Extreme dynamic markings imply either a very large dynamic range or very small differences of loudness within a normal range. This kind of usage is most common in orchestral works from the late 19th century onward. Generally, these markings are supported by the <a href="/wiki/Orchestration" title="Orchestration">orchestration</a> of the work, with heavy forte passages brought to life by having many loud instruments like brass and percussion playing at once. <ul><li>In <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Holst" title="Gustav Holst">Holst</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Planets" title="The Planets">The Planets</a>, ffff occurs twice in "Mars" and once in "Uranus", often punctuated by organ.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Igor_Stravinsky" title="Igor Stravinsky">Stravinsky</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Firebird" title="The Firebird">The Firebird Suite</a>, ffff is marked for the <a href="/wiki/String_section" title="String section">strings</a> and <a href="/wiki/Woodwind_section" title="Woodwind section">woodwinds</a> at the end of the Finale.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky" title="Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky">Tchaikovsky</a> marks a bassoon solo pppppp (6 ps) in his <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._6_(Tchaikovsky)" title="Symphony No. 6 (Tchaikovsky)">Pathétique Symphony</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> and uses ffff in passages of his <a href="/wiki/1812_Overture" title="1812 Overture">1812 Overture</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> and his <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._5_(Tchaikovsky)" title="Symphony No. 5 (Tchaikovsky)">Fifth Symphony</a>.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> <a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></li> <li>The baritone passage "Era la notte" from <a href="/wiki/Verdi" class="mw-redirect" title="Verdi">Verdi</a>'s opera <a href="/wiki/Otello_(Verdi)" class="mw-redirect" title="Otello (Verdi)">Otello</a> uses pppp, though the same spot is marked ppp in the full score.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Vasilievich_Rachmaninoff" class="mw-redirect" title="Sergei Vasilievich Rachmaninoff">Sergei Rachmaninoff</a> uses sffff in his <a href="/wiki/Prelude_in_C-sharp_minor_(Rachmaninoff)" title="Prelude in C-sharp minor (Rachmaninoff)">Prelude in C♯, Op. 3 No. 2</a>.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Mahler" title="Gustav Mahler">Gustav Mahler</a>, in the third movement of his <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._7_(Mahler)" title="Symphony No. 7 (Mahler)">Seventh Symphony</a>, gives the celli and basses a marking of fffff (5 fs), along with a footnote directing '<a href="/wiki/Bartok_pizzicato" class="mw-redirect" title="Bartok pizzicato">pluck so hard that the strings hit the wood</a>'.<a href="#cite_note-17">[a]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[17]</a></li> <li>On the other extreme, <a href="/wiki/Carl_Nielsen" title="Carl Nielsen">Carl Nielsen</a>, in the second movement of his <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._5_(Nielsen)" title="Symphony No. 5 (Nielsen)">Fifth Symphony</a>, marked a passage for woodwinds a diminuendo to ppppp (5 ps).<a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a>΄</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Ferneyhough" title="Brian Ferneyhough">Brian Ferneyhough</a>, in his <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lemma-Icon-Epigram&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lemma-Icon-Epigram (page does not exist)">Lemma-Icon-Epigram</a>, uses ffffff (6 fs).<a href="#cite_note-:17-20">[19]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Verdi" title="Giuseppe Verdi">Giuseppe Verdi</a>, in Scene 5 (Act II from his opera <a href="/wiki/Otello" title="Otello">Otello</a>), uses ppppppp (7 ps).<a href="#cite_note-21">[20]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Ligeti" title="György Ligeti">György Ligeti</a> uses extreme dynamics in his music: the <a href="/wiki/Cello_Concerto_(Ligeti)" title="Cello Concerto (Ligeti)">Cello Concerto</a> begins with a passage marked pppppppp (8 ps),<a href="#cite_note-22">[21]</a> in his <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tudes_(Ligeti)" title="Études (Ligeti)">Piano Études</a> Étude No. 9 (Vertige) ends with a diminuendo to pppppppp (8 ps),<a href="#cite_note-23">[22]</a> while Étude No. 13 (L'Escalier du Diable) contains a passage marked ffffff (6 fs) that progresses to a ffffffff (8 fs)<a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a> and his opera <a href="/wiki/Le_Grand_Macabre" title="Le Grand Macabre">Le Grand Macabre</a> has ffffffffff (10 fs) with a stroke of the hammer.</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="History">History</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Dynamics_(music)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> On Music, one of the <a href="/wiki/Moralia" title="Moralia">Moralia</a> attributed to the philosopher <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a> in the first century AD, suggests that ancient Greek musical performance included dynamic transitions – though dynamics receive far less attention in the text than does <a href="/wiki/Rhythm" title="Rhythm">rhythm</a> or <a href="/wiki/Harmony" title="Harmony">harmony</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_music" title="Renaissance music">Renaissance</a> composer <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gabrieli" title="Giovanni Gabrieli">Giovanni Gabrieli</a> was one of the first to indicate dynamics in <a href="/wiki/Music_notation" class="mw-redirect" title="Music notation">music notation</a>. However, much of the use of dynamics in early Baroque music remained implicit and was achieved through a practice called raddoppio ("doubling") and later ripieno ("filling"), which consisted of creating a contrast between a small number of elements and then a larger number of elements (usually in a ratio of 2:1 or more) to increase the mass of sound. This practice was pivotal to the structuring of instrumental forms such as the <a href="/wiki/Concerto_grosso" title="Concerto grosso">concerto grosso</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Solo_concerto" title="Solo concerto">solo concerto</a>, where a few or one instrument, supported by harmonic <a href="/wiki/Basso_continuo" title="Basso continuo">basso continuo</a> instruments (organ, <a href="/wiki/Lute" title="Lute">lute</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theorbo" title="Theorbo">theorbo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harpsichord" title="Harpsichord">harpsichord</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lirone" title="Lirone">lirone</a>, and low register strings, such as <a href="/wiki/Cello" title="Cello">cello</a> or <a href="/wiki/Viol" title="Viol">viola da gamba</a>, often used together) variously alternate or join to create greater contrasts. This practice is usually called terraced dynamics, i.e. the alternation of piano and forte. Later baroque musicians, such as <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Vivaldi" title="Antonio Vivaldi">Antonio Vivaldi</a>, tended to use more varied dynamics. <a href="/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach">J.S. Bach</a> used some dynamic terms, including forte, piano, più piano, and pianissimo (although written out as full words), and in some cases it may be that ppp was considered to mean pianissimo in this period. In 1752, <a href="/wiki/Johann_Joachim_Quantz" title="Johann Joachim Quantz">Johann Joachim Quantz</a> wrote that "Light and shade must be constantly introduced ... by the incessant interchange of loud and soft."<a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a> In addition to this, the <a href="/wiki/Harpsichord" title="Harpsichord">harpsichord</a> in fact becomes louder or softer depending on the thickness of the musical texture (four notes are louder than two). In the Romantic period, composers greatly expanded the vocabulary for describing dynamic changes in their scores. Where <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Haydn" title="Joseph Haydn">Haydn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart" title="Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart">Mozart</a> specified six levels (pp to ff), <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven" title="Ludwig van Beethoven">Beethoven</a> used also ppp and fff (the latter less frequently), and <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Brahms" title="Johannes Brahms">Brahms</a> used a range of terms to describe the dynamics he wanted. In the slow movement of Brahms's <a href="/wiki/Horn_Trio_(Brahms)" title="Horn Trio (Brahms)">trio for violin, horn and piano (Opus 40)</a>, he uses the expressions ppp, molto piano, and <a href="/wiki/Quasi_niente" class="mw-redirect" title="Quasi niente">quasi niente</a> to express different qualities of quiet. Many Romantic and later composers added più p and più f, making for a total of ten levels between ppp and fff. An example of how effective contrasting dynamics can be may be found in the overture to <a href="/wiki/Smetana" class="mw-redirect" title="Smetana">Smetana</a>’s opera <a href="/wiki/The_Bartered_Bride" title="The Bartered Bride">The Bartered Bride</a>. The fast scurrying quavers played pianissimo by the second violins form a sharply differentiated background to the incisive thematic statement played fortissimo by the firsts.<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="11" data-mwtitle="Smetana_Bartered_Bride_overture,_bars_30-36.wav" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Smetana_Bartered_Bride_overture,_bars_30-36.wav"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/19/Smetana_Bartered_Bride_overture%2C_bars_30-36.wav/Smetana_Bartered_Bride_overture%2C_bars_30-36.wav.ogg" type='audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"' data-transcodekey="ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/19/Smetana_Bartered_Bride_overture%2C_bars_30-36.wav/Smetana_Bartered_Bride_overture%2C_bars_30-36.wav.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/Smetana_Bartered_Bride_overture%2C_bars_30-36.wav" type="audio/wav" data-width="0" data-height="0"></source></audio><figcaption>Smetana Bartered Bride overture, bars 30-36</figcaption></figure><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Smetana_Bartered_Bride_overture,_bars_30-36.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Smetana_Bartered_Bride_overture%2C_bars_30-36.png/500px-Smetana_Bartered_Bride_overture%2C_bars_30-36.png" decoding="async" width="500" height="198" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1902" data-file-height="754"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 500px;height: 198px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Smetana_Bartered_Bride_overture%2C_bars_30-36.png/500px-Smetana_Bartered_Bride_overture%2C_bars_30-36.png" data-width="500" data-height="198" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Smetana_Bartered_Bride_overture%2C_bars_30-36.png/750px-Smetana_Bartered_Bride_overture%2C_bars_30-36.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Smetana_Bartered_Bride_overture%2C_bars_30-36.png/1000px-Smetana_Bartered_Bride_overture%2C_bars_30-36.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Smetana Bartered Bride overture, bars 30-36</figcaption></figure> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Interpretation_by_notation_programs">Interpretation by notation programs</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Dynamics_(music)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Interpretation by notation programs" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dynamic%27s_Note_Velocity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Dynamic%27s_Note_Velocity.svg/350px-Dynamic%27s_Note_Velocity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="227" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="332"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 350px;height: 227px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Dynamic%27s_Note_Velocity.svg/350px-Dynamic%27s_Note_Velocity.svg.png" data-width="350" data-height="227" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Dynamic%27s_Note_Velocity.svg/525px-Dynamic%27s_Note_Velocity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Dynamic%27s_Note_Velocity.svg/700px-Dynamic%27s_Note_Velocity.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Note Velocity is a <a href="/wiki/MIDI" title="MIDI">MIDI</a> measurement of the speed that the key travels from its rest position to completely depressed, with 127, the largest value in a 7-bit number, being instantaneous, and meaning as strong as possible. <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui='{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/e\/e8\/MIDI_dynamics_fff_to_ppp.mid\/MIDI_dynamics_fff_to_ppp.mid.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"Play a C major chord at each dynamic from fff to ppp"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"MIDI dynamics fff to ppp.mid"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}'><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e8/MIDI_dynamics_fff_to_ppp.mid/MIDI_dynamics_fff_to_ppp.mid.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">Play a C major chord at each dynamic from fff to ppp</a><a href="/wiki/File:MIDI_dynamics_fff_to_ppp.mid" title="File:MIDI dynamics fff to ppp.mid">ⓘ</a></figcaption></figure>In some <a href="/wiki/Scorewriter" title="Scorewriter">music notation programs</a>, there are default <a href="/wiki/Musical_Instrument_Digital_Interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Musical Instrument Digital Interface">MIDI</a> key velocity values associated with these indications, but more sophisticated programs allow users to change these as needed. These defaults are listed in the following table for some applications, including Apple's <a href="/wiki/Logic_Pro" title="Logic Pro">Logic Pro</a> 9 (2009–2013), Avid's <a href="/wiki/Sibelius_(software)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sibelius (software)">Sibelius</a> 5 (2007–2009), musescore.org's <a href="/wiki/MuseScore" title="MuseScore">MuseScore</a> 3.0 (2019), MakeMusic's <a href="/wiki/Finale_(software)" class="mw-redirect" title="Finale (software)">Finale</a> 26 (2018-2021), and Musitek's <a href="/wiki/SmartScore" title="SmartScore">SmartScore</a> X2 Pro (2016) and 64 Pro. (2021). MIDI specifies the range of key velocities as an integer between 0 and 127: <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Symbols </th> <th>ppppp</th> <th>pppp</th> <th>ppp</th> <th>pp</th> <th>p</th> <th>mp</th> <th>mf</th> <th>f</th> <th>ff</th> <th>fff</th> <th>ffff </th></tr> <tr> <td>Logic Pro 9 dynamics<a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a> </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>16</td> <td>32</td> <td>48</td> <td>64</td> <td>80</td> <td>96</td> <td>112</td> <td>127</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sibelius 5 dynamics<a href="#cite_note-27">[26]</a> </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>20</td> <td>39</td> <td>61</td> <td>71</td> <td>84</td> <td>98</td> <td>113</td> <td>127</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>MuseScore 3.0 dynamics<a href="#cite_note-28">[27]</a> </td> <td>5</td> <td>10</td> <td>16</td> <td>33</td> <td>49</td> <td>64</td> <td>80</td> <td>96</td> <td>112</td> <td>126</td> <td>127 </td></tr> <tr> <td>MakeMusic Finale dynamics<a href="#cite_note-29">[28]</a> </td> <td></td> <td>10</td> <td>23</td> <td>36</td> <td>49</td> <td>62</td> <td>75</td> <td>88</td> <td>101</td> <td>114</td> <td>127 </td></tr> <tr> <td>SmartScore X2 dynamics<a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a> </td> <td></td> <td>29</td> <td>38</td> <td>46</td> <td>55</td> <td>63</td> <td>72</td> <td>80</td> <td>89</td> <td>97</td> <td>106 </td></tr> <tr> <td>SmartScore 64 dynamics<a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a> </td> <td></td> <td>30</td> <td>40</td> <td>50</td> <td>60</td> <td>70</td> <td>80</td> <td>90</td> <td>100</td> <td>110</td> <td>120 </td></tr></tbody></table> The velocity effect on volume depends on the particular instrument. For instance, a grand piano has a much greater volume range than a recorder. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Relation_to_audio_dynamics">Relation to audio dynamics</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Dynamics_(music)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Relation to audio dynamics" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> The introduction of modern recording techniques has provided alternative ways to control the dynamics of music. <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_range_compression" title="Dynamic range compression">Dynamic range compression</a> is used to control the <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_range#Music" title="Dynamic range">dynamic range</a> of a recording, or a single instrument. This can affect loudness variations, both at the micro-<a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a> and macro scale.<a href="#cite_note-33">[32]</a> In many contexts, the meaning of the term dynamics is therefore not immediately clear. To distinguish between the different aspects of dynamics, the term performed dynamics can be used to refer to the aspects of music dynamics that is controlled exclusively by the performer.<a href="#cite_note-34">[33]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Dynamics_(music)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox 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data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/fortissimo" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:fortissimo">fortissimo</a> or <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/decrescendo" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:decrescendo">decrescendo</a> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accent_(music)" title="Accent (music)">Accent (music)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_musical_terminology" class="mw-redirect" title="Glossary of musical terminology">Glossary of musical terminology</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Dynamics_(music)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Notes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> So stark anreißen, daß die Saiten an das Holz anschlagen. </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Dynamics_(music)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="Grove_Dynamics" class="citation web cs1">Thiemel, Matthias. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/subscriber/article/grove/music/08458">"Dynamics"</a>. Grove Music Online (subscriber-only access). Oxford University Press. Retrieved 7 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Grove+Music+Online+%28subscriber-only+access%29&rft.atitle=Dynamics&rft.aulast=Thiemel&rft.aufirst=Matthias&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordmusiconline.com%2Fsubscriber%2Farticle%2Fgrove%2Fmusic%2F08458&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADynamics+%28music%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Gardner_Read" title="Gardner Read">Read, Gardner</a> (1969/1979). Music Notation: A Manual of Modern Practice, p.250. 2nd edition. Crescendo Publishing, part of Taplinger Publishing. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8008-5453-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8008-5453-5">0-8008-5453-5</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-harvard-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-harvard_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-harvard_3-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRandel2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Don_Michael_Randel" title="Don Michael Randel">Randel, Don Michael</a> (2003). The Harvard Dictionary of Music (4th ed.). Cambridge, MA, US: Harvard University Press Reference Library.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Harvard+Dictionary+of+Music&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA%2C+US&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press+Reference+Library&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Randel&rft.aufirst=Don+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADynamics+%28music%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-vtp-4"><a href="#cite_ref-vtp_4-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141022131734/http://www.music.vt.edu/MUSICDICTIONARY/textp/Piano.html">"Piano"</a>. Virginia Tech Multimedia Music Dictionary. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.music.vt.edu/musicdictionary/textp/Piano.html">the original</a> on 22 October 2014. Retrieved 19 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Virginia+Tech+Multimedia+Music+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Piano&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.music.vt.edu%2Fmusicdictionary%2Ftextp%2FPiano.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADynamics+%28music%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-vtf-5"><a href="#cite_ref-vtf_5-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141020105236/http://www.music.vt.edu/musicdictionary/textf/Forte.html">"Forte"</a>. Virginia Tech Multimedia Music Dictionary. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.music.vt.edu/musicdictionary/textf/Forte.html">the original</a> on 20 October 2014. Retrieved 19 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Virginia+Tech+Multimedia+Music+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Forte&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.music.vt.edu%2Fmusicdictionary%2Ftextf%2FForte.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADynamics+%28music%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-vtd-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-vtd_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-vtd_6-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140407060444/http://www.music.vt.edu/MUSICDICTIONARY/textd/Dynamics.html">"Dynamics"</a>. Virginia Tech Multimedia Music Dictionary. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.music.vt.edu/musicdictionary/textd/Dynamics.html">the original</a> on 7 April 2014. Retrieved 19 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Virginia+Tech+Multimedia+Music+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Dynamics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.music.vt.edu%2Fmusicdictionary%2Ftextd%2FDynamics.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADynamics+%28music%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Kennedy_(music_critic)" title="Michael Kennedy (music critic)">Kennedy, Michael</a> and Bourne, Joyce: The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Music (1996), entry "Hairpins". </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerouLusk1996" class="citation book cs1">Gerou, Tom; Lusk, Linda (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6PELtxxrz_QC&q=sf+sfz+fz&pg=PA38">Essential Dictionary of Music Notation: The Most Practical and Concise Source for Music Notation</a>. Van Nuys, CA: Alfred Music Publishing. pp. 37–38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0882847306" title="Special:BookSources/978-0882847306"><bdi>978-0882847306</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essential+Dictionary+of+Music+Notation%3A+The+Most+Practical+and+Concise+Source+for+Music+Notation&rft.place=Van+Nuys%2C+CA&rft.pages=37-38&rft.pub=Alfred+Music+Publishing&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0882847306&rft.aulast=Gerou&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft.au=Lusk%2C+Linda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6PELtxxrz_QC%26q%3Dsf%2Bsfz%2Bfz%26pg%3DPA38&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADynamics+%28music%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jeffreysolow.com/Writings/AnEnigmaticMarkingExplainedVcS.doc">An Enigmatic Marking Explained</a>, by Jeffrey Solow, Violoncello Society Newsletter, Spring 2000 </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolst1921" class="citation book cs1">Holst, Gustav (1921). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://imslp.org/wiki/The_Planets,_Op.32_(Holst,_Gustav)#IMSLP05396">The Planets</a>. London: Goodwin & Tabb. pp. 29, 42, 159. Retrieved 11 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Planets&rft.place=London&rft.pages=29%2C+42%2C+159&rft.pub=Goodwin+%26+Tabb&rft.date=1921&rft.aulast=Holst&rft.aufirst=Gustav&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fimslp.org%2Fwiki%2FThe_Planets%2C_Op.32_%28Holst%2C_Gustav%29%23IMSLP05396&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADynamics+%28music%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTchaikovsky1979" class="citation book cs1">Tchaikovsky, Peter Ilyitch (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://imslp.org/wiki/Symphony_No.6,_Op.74_(Tchaikovsky,_Pyotr)#IMSLP504312">Fourth, Fifth and Sixth Symphonies in Full Score</a>. New York: Dover Publications. First movement, just before Allegro vivo. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/048623861X" title="Special:BookSources/048623861X"><bdi>048623861X</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/6414366">6414366</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fourth%2C+Fifth+and+Sixth+Symphonies+in+Full+Score&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=First+movement%2C+just+before+Allegro+vivo&rft.pub=Dover+Publications&rft.date=1979&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F6414366&rft.isbn=048623861X&rft.aulast=Tchaikovsky&rft.aufirst=Peter+Ilyitch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fimslp.org%2Fwiki%2FSymphony_No.6%2C_Op.74_%28Tchaikovsky%2C_Pyotr%29%23IMSLP504312&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADynamics+%28music%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNikolayev" class="citation book cs1">Nikolayev, Aleksandr (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://imslp.org/wiki/1812_Overture,_Op.49_(Tchaikovsky,_Pyotr)#IMSLP01078">P.I. Tchaikovsky: Complete Collected Works, Vol. 25</a>. p. 79. Retrieved 11 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=P.I.+Tchaikovsky%3A+Complete+Collected+Works%2C+Vol.+25&rft.pages=79&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fimslp.org%2Fwiki%2F1812_Overture%2C_Op.49_%28Tchaikovsky%2C_Pyotr%29%23IMSLP01078&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADynamics+%28music%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTchaikovsky1979" class="citation book cs1">Tchaikovsky, Peter Ilyich (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://imslp.org/wiki/Symphony_No.5,_Op.64_(Tchaikovsky,_Pyotr)#IMSLP504184">Fourth, Fifth and Sixth Symphonies in Full Score</a>. New York: Dover Publications. pp. 18, 65 [on PDF]. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/048623861X" title="Special:BookSources/048623861X"><bdi>048623861X</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/6414366">6414366</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fourth%2C+Fifth+and+Sixth+Symphonies+in+Full+Score&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=18%2C+65+on+PDF&rft.pub=Dover+Publications&rft.date=1979&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F6414366&rft.isbn=048623861X&rft.aulast=Tchaikovsky&rft.aufirst=Peter+Ilyich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fimslp.org%2Fwiki%2FSymphony_No.5%2C_Op.64_%28Tchaikovsky%2C_Pyotr%29%23IMSLP504184&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADynamics+%28music%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> See imslp- p.88, Andante non tanto. </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> (1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GfIEAAAAMAAJ&q=pensato+webern">The Musical Times</a>, Vol. 106. Novello. </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRachmaninoff1911" class="citation book cs1">Rachmaninoff, Sergei (1911). Thümer, Otto Gustav (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://imslp.org/wiki/Morceaux_de_fantaisie,_Op.3_(Rachmaninoff,_Sergei)#IMSLP273032">Album Book I. Op. 3, Nos. 1–5</a>. London: Augener. p. 5. Retrieved 11 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Album+Book+I.+Op.+3%2C+Nos.+1%E2%80%935&rft.place=London&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Augener&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Rachmaninoff&rft.aufirst=Sergei&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fimslp.org%2Fwiki%2FMorceaux_de_fantaisie%2C_Op.3_%28Rachmaninoff%2C_Sergei%29%23IMSLP273032&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADynamics+%28music%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMahler1909" class="citation book cs1">Mahler, Gustav (1909). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://imslp.org/wiki/Symphony_No.7_(Mahler,_Gustav)#IMSLP138638">Symphonie No. 7</a>. Leipzig: Eulenburg. p. 229. Retrieved 11 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Symphonie+No.+7&rft.place=Leipzig&rft.pages=229&rft.pub=Eulenburg&rft.date=1909&rft.aulast=Mahler&rft.aufirst=Gustav&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fimslp.org%2Fwiki%2FSymphony_No.7_%28Mahler%2C_Gustav%29%23IMSLP138638&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADynamics+%28music%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNielsen" class="citation book cs1">Nielsen, Carl. Fjeldsøe, Michael (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://imslp.org/wiki/Symphony_No.5%2C_Op.50_(Nielsen%2C_Carl)#IMSLP92727">Vaerker, Series II, No.5</a>. p. 128. 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Amsterdam: Boston. p. 109. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-240-80545-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-240-80545-3"><bdi>0-240-80545-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mastering+Audio&rft.place=Amsterdam%3A+Boston&rft.pages=109&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-240-80545-3&rft.aulast=Katz&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADynamics+%28music%29" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeruty2011" class="citation news cs1">Deruty, Emmanuel (September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.soundonsound.com/sound-advice/dynamic-range-loudness-war">"'Dynamic Range' & The Loudness War"</a>. Sound on Sound. Retrieved 16 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sound+on+Sound&rft.atitle=%27Dynamic+Range%27+%26+The+Loudness+War&rft.date=2011-09&rft.aulast=Deruty&rft.aufirst=Emmanuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.soundonsound.com%2Fsound-advice%2Fdynamic-range-loudness-war&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADynamics+%28music%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElowssonFriberg2017" class="citation journal cs1">Elowsson, Anders; Friberg, Anders (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180117012048/http://www.speech.kth.se/prod/publications/files/4106.pdf">"Predicting the perception of performed dynamics in music audio with ensemble learning"</a> (PDF). The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 141 (3): 2224–2242. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ASAJ..141.2224E">2017ASAJ..141.2224E</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1121%2F1.4978245">10.1121/1.4978245</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28372147">28372147</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.speech.kth.se/prod/publications/files/4106.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 17 January 2018. Retrieved 16 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+the+Acoustical+Society+of+America&rft.atitle=Predicting+the+perception+of+performed+dynamics+in+music+audio+with+ensemble+learning&rft.volume=141&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=2224-2242&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28372147&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1121%2F1.4978245&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017ASAJ..141.2224E&rft.aulast=Elowsson&rft.aufirst=Anders&rft.au=Friberg%2C+Anders&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.speech.kth.se%2Fprod%2Fpublications%2Ffiles%2F4106.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADynamics+%28music%29" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dynamics_(music)&oldid=1254542066">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dynamics_(music)&oldid=1254542066</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Dynamics_(music)&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 31 October 2024, at 14:19 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinamika_(musiek)" title="Dinamika (musiek) – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Dinamika (musiek)" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamik_(Musik)" title="Dynamik (Musik) – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Dynamik (Musik)" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9_(%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%89)" title="حركية (موسيقى) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حركية (موسيقى)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0_(%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Дынаміка (музыка) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Дынаміка (музыка)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_(%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Динамика (музика) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Динамика (музика)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinami%C4%8Dke_oznake" title="Dinamičke oznake – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Dinamičke oznake" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Din%C3%A0mica_(m%C3%BAsica)" title="Dinàmica (música) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Dinàmica (música)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamika_(hudba)" title="Dynamika (hudba) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Dynamika (hudba)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamik_(musik)" title="Dynamik (musik) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Dynamik (musik)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamik_(Musik)" title="Dynamik (Musik) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Dynamik (Musik)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BCnaamika_(muusika)" title="Dünaamika (muusika) – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Dünaamika (muusika)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Din%C3%A1mica_(m%C3%BAsica)" title="Dinámica (música) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Dinámica (música)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinamiko_(muziko)" title="Dinamiko (muziko) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Dinamiko (muziko)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%AF%D8%AA_(%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%82%DB%8C)" title="شدت (موسیقی) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شدت (موسیقی)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuance_(musique)" title="Nuance (musique) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Nuance (musique)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%85%88%EC%97%AC%EB%A6%BC%ED%91%9C" title="셈여림표 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="셈여림표" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B4%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%A1_(%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AA%D5%B7%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6)" title="Դինամիկա (երաժշտություն) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Դինամիկա (երաժշտություն)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinami%C4%8Dke_oznake" title="Dinamičke oznake – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Dinamičke oznake" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinamika_(musik)" title="Dinamika (musik) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Dinamika (musik)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinamica_(musica)" title="Dinamica (musica) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Dinamica (musica)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%A2_%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%96%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA" title="הוראות ביצוע מוזיקליות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הוראות ביצוע מוזיקליות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90_(%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90)" title="დინამიკა (მუსიკა) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="დინამიკა (მუსიკა)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinamika_(m%C5%ABzika)" title="Dinamika (mūzika) – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Dinamika (mūzika)" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinamika_(zene)" title="Dinamika (zene) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Dinamika (zene)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_(%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Динамика (музика) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Динамика (музика)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%82_(%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%82)" title="ഭാവം (സംഗീതം) – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഭാവം (സംഗീതം)" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinamik_(muzik)" title="Dinamik (muzik) – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Dinamik (muzik)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamiek_(muziek)" title="Dynamiek (muziek) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Dynamiek (muziek)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BC%B7%E5%BC%B1%E6%B3%95" title="強弱法 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="強弱法" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamikk_(musikk)" title="Dynamikk (musikk) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Dynamikk (musikk)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuan%C3%A7a_(solfegi)" title="Nuança (solfegi) – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Nuança (solfegi)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinamika_(musiqa)" title="Dinamika (musiqa) – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Dinamika (musiqa)" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamika_(muzyka)" title="Dynamika (muzyka) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Dynamika (muzyka)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Din%C3%A2mica_musical" title="Dinâmica musical – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Dinâmica musical" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_(%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Динамика (музыка) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Динамика (музыка)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamics_(music)" title="Dynamics (music) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Dynamics (music)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasnost_(notni_zapis)" title="Glasnost (notni zapis) – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Glasnost (notni zapis)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_(%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Динамика (музика) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Динамика (музика)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinami%C4%8Dke_oznake" title="Dinamičke oznake – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Dinamičke oznake" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamiikka_(musiikki)" title="Dynamiikka (musiikki) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Dynamiikka (musiikki)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamik_(musik)" title="Dynamik (musik) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Dynamik (musik)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinamika_(musika)" title="Dinamika (musika) – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Dinamika (musika)" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0_(%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Динаміка (музика) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Динаміка (музика)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BC%B7%E5%BC%B1%E6%B3%95" title="強弱法 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="強弱法" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BC%B7%E5%BC%B1%E6%B3%95" title="強弱法 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="強弱法" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div 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