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.hatnote{display:none!important}}</style> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> "Pursuer" redirects here. For the comic book character by that name, see <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pursuer_(comics)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Pursuer (comics)">Pursuer (comics)</a>. For the Waikymas on the Lithuanian coat of arms, see <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Lithuania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Coat of arms of Lithuania">Coat of arms of Lithuania</a>. </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style> <table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"> <tbody> <tr> <td class="mbox-text"> <div class="mbox-text-span"> This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:EditPage/Plaintiff?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:EditPage/Plaintiff">improve this article</a> by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.google.com/search?as_eq%3Dwikipedia%26q%3D%2522Plaintiff%2522">"Plaintiff"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.google.com/search?tbm%3Dnws%26q%3D%2522Plaintiff%2522%2B-wikipedia%26tbs%3Dar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.google.com/search?%26q%3D%2522Plaintiff%2522%26tbs%3Dbkt:s%26tbm%3Dbks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.google.com/search?tbs%3Dbks:1%26q%3D%2522Plaintiff%2522%2B-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q%3D%2522Plaintiff%2522">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query%3D%2522Plaintiff%2522%26acc%3Don%26wc%3Don">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2007</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span> </div></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>A <b>plaintiff</b> (<b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pi_(letter)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pi (letter)">Π</a></b> in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_legal_abbreviations?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of legal abbreviations">legal shorthand</a>) is the party who initiates a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lawsuit?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lawsuit">lawsuit</a> (also known as an <i>action</i>) before a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Court?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Court">court</a>. By doing so, the plaintiff seeks a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legal_remedy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Legal remedy">legal remedy</a>. If this search is successful, the court will issue <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Judgment_(law)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Judgment (law)">judgment</a> in favor of the plaintiff and make the appropriate <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Court_order?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Court order">court order</a> (e.g., an order for <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Damages?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Damages">damages</a>). "Plaintiff" is the term used in civil cases in most English-speaking jurisdictions, the notable exceptions being <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/England_and_Wales?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="England and Wales">England and Wales</a>, where a plaintiff has, since the introduction of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Civil_Procedure_Rules?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Civil Procedure Rules">Civil Procedure Rules</a> in 1999, been known as a "<b>claimant</b>" and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Scotland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>, where the party has always been known as the "<b>pursuer</b>". In criminal cases, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecutor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Prosecutor">prosecutor</a> brings the case against the defendant, but the key complaining party is often called the "<b>complainant</b>".</p> <p>In some <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jurisdiction?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jurisdiction">jurisdictions</a>, a lawsuit is commenced by filing a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Summons?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Summons">summons</a>, claim form or a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Complaint?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Complaint">complaint</a>. These documents are known as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pleading?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pleading">pleadings</a>, that set forth the alleged wrongs committed by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Defendant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Defendant">defendant</a> or defendants with a demand for relief. In other jurisdictions, the action is commenced by service of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legal_process?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Legal process">legal process</a> by delivery of these documents on the defendant by a process server; they are only filed with the court subsequently with an <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Affidavit?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Affidavit">affidavit</a> from the process server that they had been given to the defendant according to the rules of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Civil_procedure?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Civil procedure">civil procedure</a>.</p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"> <input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"> <div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plaintiff?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Terminology"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Terminology</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plaintiff?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#In_case_names"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">In case names</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plaintiff?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plaintiff?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#References"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Plaintiff&action=edit&section=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Terminology" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <p>In most English-speaking jurisdictions, including <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hong_Kong?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nigeria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Australia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Australia">Australia</a> (except in federal jurisdiction), <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Canada?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Canada">Canada</a> and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United States">United States</a>, as well as in both <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a>, the legal term "plaintiff" is used as a general term for the party taking action in a civil case.</p> <p>The word <i>plaintiff</i> can be traced to the year 1278, and stems from the Anglo-French word <i>pleintif</i> meaning "complaining". It was identical to "<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/plaintive" class="extiw" title="wikt:plaintive">plaintive</a>" at first and receded into legal usage with the -iff spelling in the 15th century.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plaintiff?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>A plaintiff identified by name in a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Class_action?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Class action">class action</a> is called a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Named_plaintiff?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Named plaintiff">named plaintiff</a>.</p> <p>In most common-law jurisdictions, the term "claimant" used in England and Wales since 1999 (see below) is used only in specific, often non-judicial contexts. In particular, in American usage, terms such as "claimant" and "claim form" are limited to extrajudicial process in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Insurance?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Insurance">insurance</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Administrative_law?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Administrative law">administrative law</a>. After exhausting remedies available through an <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Insurer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Insurer">insurer</a> or <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Government_agency?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Government agency">government agency</a>, an American claimant in need of further relief would turn to the courts, file a complaint (thus establishing a real court case under judicial supervision) and become a plaintiff.</p> <p>In <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Law_of_England_and_Wales?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Law of England and Wales">England and Wales</a>, the term "claimant" replaced "plaintiff" after the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Civil_Procedure_Rules?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Civil Procedure Rules">Civil Procedure Rules</a> came into force on 26 April 1999.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plaintiff?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The move, which brings England and Wales out of line with general usage in English-speaking jurisdictions, was reportedly based on an assessment that the word "claimant" is more acceptable as "<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plain_English?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Plain English">plain English</a>" than the word "plaintiff".<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plaintiff?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Scottish_law?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish law">Scottish law</a> a plaintiff is referred to as a "<b>pursuer</b>" and a defendant as a "defender".<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plaintiff?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>The similar term "complainant" denotes the complaining witness in a criminal proceeding.</p> <p>In the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Federal_Court_of_Australia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Federal Court of Australia">Federal Court of Australia</a>, most plaintiffs are called "applicants", but in admiralty and corporations law matters they are called "plaintiffs".<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plaintiff?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="In_case_names">In case names</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Plaintiff&action=edit&section=2&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: In case names" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <p>Case names are usually given with the plaintiff first, as in <i>Plaintiff v. Defendant</i> (orally, <i>Plaintiff <b>and</b> Defendant</i>). The party against whom the complaint is made is the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Defendant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Defendant">defendant</a>; or, in the case of a petition, a respondent. Subsequent references to a case may use only one of the names, typically that of the first nongovernmental party.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plaintiff?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Criminal cases are usually brought by the prosecution, not a plaintiff. The prosecution may bring the case formally in the name of the monarch, state or government. In many Commonwealth realms, this is the king (or queen, when the monarch is female), named <i>the Crown,</i> abbreviated <i>R</i>, thus <i>R v Defendant</i> (orally, <i>R against (versus) Defendant</i>). In several U.S. states, including <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/California?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="California">California</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Illinois?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Illinois">Illinois</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Michigan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Michigan">Michigan</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/New_York_(state)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="New York (state)">New York</a>, the prosecution of a criminal case is captioned as <i>The People of the State of</i>, followed by the name of the state, or <i>People</i> for short.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plaintiff?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Plaintiff&action=edit&section=3&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style> <div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="40" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> </div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"> Look up <i><b><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/plaintiff" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:plaintiff">plaintiff</a></b></i>, <i><b><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/petitioner" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:petitioner">petitioner</a></b></i>, <i><b><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/claimant" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:claimant">claimant</a></b></i>, <i><b><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/complainant" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:complainant">complainant</a></b></i>, or <i><b><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/dispute" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:dispute">dispute</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. </div> </div> </div> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Brief_(law)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Brief (law)">Brief (law)</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Conclusion_of_law?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Conclusion of law">Conclusion of law</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legal_financing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Legal financing">Legal financing</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Defendant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Defendant">Defendant</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lawsuit?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lawsuit">Lawsuit</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Findings_of_facts?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Findings of facts">Findings of facts</a></li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Plaintiff&action=edit&section=4&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style> <div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plaintiff?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term%3Dplaintiff">"Etymology Online"</a>. etymonline.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-04-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Etymology+Online&rft.pub=etymonline.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fterm%3Dplaintiff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlaintiff" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plaintiff?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.justice.gov.uk/courts/procedure-rules/civil/rules">"Civil Procedure Rules"</a>. <i>Ministry of Justice (UK)</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ministry+of+Justice+%28UK%29&rft.atitle=Civil+Procedure+Rules&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.justice.gov.uk%2Fcourts%2Fprocedure-rules%2Fcivil%2Frules&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlaintiff" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plaintiff?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">BBC, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/326414.stm">UK Civil courts to modernize</a>", 24 April 1999</span></li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plaintiff?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.scotland-judiciary.org.uk/29/0/Glossary">"Glossary"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Judiciary_of_Scotland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Judiciary of Scotland">Judiciary of Scotland</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20190819060833/http://www.scotland-judiciary.org.uk/29/0/Glossary">Archived</a> from the original on 19 August 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Glossary&rft.pub=Judiciary+of+Scotland&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scotland-judiciary.org.uk%2F29%2F0%2FGlossary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlaintiff" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plaintiff?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.fedcourt.gov.au/going-to-court/i-am-a-party/court-processes/starting-a-matter">Federal Court of Australia – Starting a Matter</a></span></li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plaintiff?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.nycourts.gov/reporter/new_styman.htm%231.3%2520%2528b%2529"><i>New York Official Reports Style Manual</i></a>. Albany, New York: New York State Law Reporting Bureau. 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 7,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+York+Official+Reports+Style+Manual&rft.place=Albany%2C+New+York&rft.pub=New+York+State+Law+Reporting+Bureau&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nycourts.gov%2Freporter%2Fnew_styman.htm%231.3%2520%2528b%2529&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlaintiff" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plaintiff?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimonson2019" class="citation journal cs1">Simonson, Jocelyn (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://columbialawreview.org/content/the-place-of-the-people-in-criminal-procedure/">"The Place of 'The People' in Criminal Procedure"</a>. <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Columbia_Law_Review?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Columbia Law Review">Columbia Law Review</a></i>. <b>119</b> (1).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Columbia+Law+Review&rft.atitle=The+Place+of+%27The+People%27+in+Criminal+Procedure&rft.volume=119&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Simonson&rft.aufirst=Jocelyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcolumbialawreview.org%2Fcontent%2Fthe-place-of-the-people-in-criminal-procedure%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlaintiff" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> </ol> </div> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output 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footer-content"> <div id="mw-data-after-content"> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2585%25D8%25AF%25D8%25B9%25D9%2589" title="مدعى – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مدعى" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A6%25AC%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%25A6%25E0%25A7%2580" title="বাদী – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বাদী" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2586%25D1%2581%25D1%2586%25D0%25B5%25D1%2586" title="Ісцец – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ісцец" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C5%25BDalobce" title="Žalobce – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Žalobce" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kl%25C3%25A4ger" title="Kläger – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kläger" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hageja" title="Hageja – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Hageja" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actor_(derecho)" title="Actor (derecho) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Actor (derecho)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25AE%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2587%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586_(%25D8%25AD%25D9%2582%25D9%2588%25D9%2582)" title="خواهان (حقوق) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="خواهان (حقوق)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partie_civile" title="Partie civile – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Partie civile" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gear%25C3%25A1na%25C3%25AD" title="Gearánaí – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Gearánaí" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demandante" title="Demandante – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Demandante" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25EC%259B%2590%25EA%25B3%25A0" title="원고 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="원고" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D5%2580%25D5%25A1%25D5%25B5%25D6%2581%25D5%25BE%25D5%25B8%25D6%2580" title="Հայցվոր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հայցվոր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%2585%25E0%25A4%25AD%25E0%25A4%25BF%25E0%25A4%25AF%25E0%25A5%258B%25E0%25A4%2597%25E0%25A5%2580" title="अभियोगी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अभियोगी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefnandi" title="Stefnandi – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Stefnandi" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attore_(diritto)" title="Attore (diritto) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Attore (diritto)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2583%259B%25E1%2583%259D%25E1%2583%25A1%25E1%2583%2590%25E1%2583%25A0%25E1%2583%25A9%25E1%2583%2594%25E1%2583%259A%25E1%2583%2594" title="მოსარჩელე – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მოსარჩელე" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaintif" title="Plaintif – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Plaintif" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eiser" title="Eiser – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Eiser" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E5%258E%259F%25E5%2591%258A" title="原告 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="原告" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forn%25C3%25A6rmet_(straffesak)" title="Fornærmet (straffesak) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Fornærmet (straffesak)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25AC%25AC%25E0%25AC%25BE%25E0%25AC%25A6%25E0%25AD%2580" title="ବାଦୀ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ବାଦୀ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Da%25CA%25BCvogar" title="Daʼvogar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Daʼvogar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pow%25C3%25B3d" title="Powód – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Powód" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autor_(direito)" title="Autor (direito) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Autor (direito)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2598%25D1%2581%25D1%2582%25D0%25B5%25D1%2586" title="Истец – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Истец" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaintiff" title="Plaintiff – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Plaintiff" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C5%25BDalobca" title="Žalobca – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Žalobca" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kantaja_(oikeustiede)" title="Kantaja (oikeustiede) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kantaja (oikeustiede)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%25C3%25A5ls%25C3%25A4gande" title="Målsägande – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Målsägande" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagsasakdal" title="Nagsasakdal – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Nagsasakdal" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davac%25C4%25B1_(mahkeme)" title="Davacı (mahkeme) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Davacı (mahkeme)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259F%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B7%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B0%25D1%2587" title="Позивач – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Позивач" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2585%25D8%25AF%25D8%25B9%25DB%258C" title="مدعی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مدعی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nguy%25C3%25AAn_%25C4%2591%25C6%25A1n" title="Nguyên đơn – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nguyên đơn" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E5%258E%259F%25E5%2591%258A" title="原告 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="原告" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E5%258E%259F%25E5%2591%258A" title="原告 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="原告" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"> <img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod">This page was last edited on 9 June 2024, at 13:13<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li 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