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<span>Career</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Expeditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Expeditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Expeditions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Expeditions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Expeditions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Expeditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ascents_above_8,000m" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ascents_above_8,000m"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Ascents above 8,000m</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ascents_above_8,000m-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_expeditions_since_1970" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_expeditions_since_1970"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Other expeditions since 1970</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_expeditions_since_1970-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climbs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climbs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Climbs</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Climbs-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Climbs subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Climbs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nanga_Parbat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nanga_Parbat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Nanga Parbat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nanga_Parbat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rupal_Face_1970" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rupal_Face_1970"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Rupal Face 1970</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rupal_Face_1970-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Solo_climb_in_1978" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Solo_climb_in_1978"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Solo climb in 1978</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Solo_climb_in_1978-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Manaslu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manaslu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Manaslu</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Manaslu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gasherbrum_I" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gasherbrum_I"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Gasherbrum I</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gasherbrum_I-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mount_Everest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mount_Everest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Mount Everest</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mount_Everest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-K2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#K2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>K2</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-K2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shishapangma" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shishapangma"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8</span> <span>Shishapangma</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shishapangma-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kangchenjunga" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kangchenjunga"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.9</span> <span>Kangchenjunga</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kangchenjunga-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gasherbrum_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gasherbrum_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.10</span> <span>Gasherbrum II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gasherbrum_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Broad_Peak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Broad_Peak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.11</span> <span>Broad Peak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Broad_Peak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cho_Oyu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cho_Oyu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.12</span> <span>Cho Oyu</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cho_Oyu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Annapurna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Annapurna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.13</span> <span>Annapurna</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Annapurna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dhaulagiri" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dhaulagiri"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.14</span> <span>Dhaulagiri</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dhaulagiri-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Makalu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Makalu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.15</span> <span>Makalu</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Makalu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lhotse" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lhotse"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.16</span> <span>Lhotse</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lhotse-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Seven_Summits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Seven_Summits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.17</span> <span>The Seven Summits</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Seven_Summits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World-first_records" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World-first_records"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>World-first records</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World-first_records-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Messner_Mountain_Museum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Messner_Mountain_Museum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Messner Mountain Museum</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Messner_Mountain_Museum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Political career</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Political_career-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Political career subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Political_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Electoral_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electoral_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Electoral history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electoral_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Personal life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>In media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Selected_bibliography_(English_translations)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selected_bibliography_(English_translations)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Selected bibliography (English translations)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Selected_bibliography_(English_translations)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interviews" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interviews"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>Interviews</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interviews-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Reinhold Messner</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" 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Available in 55 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-55" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">55 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AF_%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%B1" title="رينولد ميسنر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="رينولد ميسنر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinhold_Messner" title="Reinhold Messner – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Reinhold Messner" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raynhold_Messner" title="Raynhold Messner – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Raynhold Messner" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="রেইনহোল্ড মেসনার – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="রেইনহোল্ড মেসনার" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Райнхольд Меснер – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Райнхольд Меснер" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Райнхолд Меснер – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Райнхолд Меснер" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinhold_Messner" title="Reinhold Messner – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Reinhold Messner" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinhold_Messner" title="Reinhold Messner – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Reinhold Messner" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinhold_Messner" title="Reinhold Messner – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Reinhold Messner" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinhold_Messner" title="Reinhold Messner – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Reinhold Messner" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinhold_Messner" title="Reinhold Messner – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Reinhold Messner" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinhold_Messner" title="Reinhold Messner – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Reinhold Messner" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinhold_Messner" title="Reinhold Messner – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Reinhold Messner" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinhold_Messner" title="Reinhold Messner – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Reinhold Messner" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A1%CE%AC%CE%B9%CE%BD%CF%87%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BD%CF%84_%CE%9C%CE%AD%CF%83%CE%BD%CE%B5%CF%81" title="Ράινχολντ Μέσνερ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ράινχολντ Μέσνερ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinhold_Messner" title="Reinhold Messner – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Reinhold Messner" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinhold_Messner" title="Reinhold Messner – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Reinhold Messner" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinhold_Messner" title="Reinhold Messner – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Reinhold Messner" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AF_%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%B1" title="راینولد مسنر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="راینولد مسنر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinhold_Messner" title="Reinhold Messner – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Reinhold Messner" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinhold_Messner" title="Reinhold Messner – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Reinhold Messner" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%9D%BC%EC%9D%B8%ED%99%80%ED%8A%B8_%EB%A9%94%EC%8A%A4%EB%84%88" title="라인홀트 메스너 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="라인홀트 메스너" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinhold_Messner" title="Reinhold Messner – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Reinhold Messner" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinhold_Messner" title="Reinhold Messner – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Reinhold Messner" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%94%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%93_%D7%9E%D7%A1%D7%A0%D7%A8" title="ריינהולד מסנר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ריינהולד מסנר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinhold_Messner" title="Reinhold Messner – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Reinhold Messner" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinhold_Messner" title="Reinhold Messner – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Reinhold Messner" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinhold_Messner" title="Reinhold Messner – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Reinhold Messner" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BE%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%BC" title="റെയ്‌നോൾഡ് മെസ്സ്നർ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="റെയ്‌നോൾഡ് മെസ്സ്നർ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B0" title="राइनहार्ड मेसनर – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="राइनहार्ड मेसनर" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AF_%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%B1" title="رينولد ميسنر – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="رينولد ميسنر" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinhold_Messner" title="Reinhold Messner – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Reinhold Messner" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%83%9B%E3%83%AB%E3%83%88%E3%83%BB%E3%83%A1%E3%82%B9%E3%83%8A%E3%83%BC" title="ラインホルト・メスナー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ラインホルト・メスナー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinhold_Messner" title="Reinhold Messner – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Reinhold Messner" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinhold_Messner" title="Reinhold Messner – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Reinhold Messner" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinhold_Messner" title="Reinhold Messner – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Reinhold Messner" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%86%DB%81%D9%88%D9%84%DA%88_%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%B1" title="رائنہولڈ میسنر – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="رائنہولڈ میسنر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinhold_Messner" title="Reinhold Messner – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Reinhold Messner" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinhold_Messner" title="Reinhold Messner – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Reinhold Messner" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinhold_Messner" title="Reinhold Messner – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Reinhold Messner" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80,_%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4" title="Месснер, Райнхольд – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Месснер, Райнхольд" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinhold_Messner" title="Reinhold Messner – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Reinhold Messner" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinhold_Messner" title="Reinhold Messner – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Reinhold Messner" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinhold_Messner" title="Reinhold Messner – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Reinhold Messner" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinhold_Messner" title="Reinhold Messner – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Reinhold Messner" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinhold_Messner" title="Reinhold Messner – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Reinhold Messner" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinhold_Messner" title="Reinhold Messner – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Reinhold Messner" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinhold_Messner" title="Reinhold Messner – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Reinhold Messner" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B9%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="ரைன்ஹோல்ட் மெஸ்னெர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ரைன்ஹோல்ட் மெஸ்னெர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="ไรน์โฮลด์ เมสเนอร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ไรน์โฮลด์ เมสเนอร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinhold_Messner" title="Reinhold Messner – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Reinhold Messner" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Райнгольд Месснер – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Райнгольд Месснер" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%86%DB%81%D9%88%D9%84%DA%88_%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%B1" title="رائنہولڈ میسنر – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="رائنہولڈ میسنر" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinhold_Messner" title="Reinhold Messner – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Reinhold Messner" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%90%8A%E8%8C%B5%E9%9C%8D%E7%88%BE%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E6%A2%85%E6%96%AF%E7%B4%8D%E7%88%BE" title="萊茵霍爾德·梅斯納爾 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="萊茵霍爾德·梅斯納爾" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Italian mountaineer, adventurer and explorer (born 1944)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Reinhold Messner</div></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:2024-02-26-Reinhold_Messner-Hart_aber_fair-2539.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/2024-02-26-Reinhold_Messner-Hart_aber_fair-2539.jpg/220px-2024-02-26-Reinhold_Messner-Hart_aber_fair-2539.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/2024-02-26-Reinhold_Messner-Hart_aber_fair-2539.jpg/330px-2024-02-26-Reinhold_Messner-Hart_aber_fair-2539.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/2024-02-26-Reinhold_Messner-Hart_aber_fair-2539.jpg/440px-2024-02-26-Reinhold_Messner-Hart_aber_fair-2539.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3659" data-file-height="5489" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Messner in 2024</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #CCCC99;">Personal information</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category">Italian</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday">1944-09-17</span>) </span>17 September 1944<span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow"> (age 80)</span><br /><span class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Brixen" title="Brixen">Brixen (Bressanone)</a>, South Tyrol, Italy</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reinhold-messner.de">Official website</a></span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #CCCC99">Climbing career</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data">First to climb all 14 <a href="/wiki/Eight-thousander" title="Eight-thousander">eight-thousanders</a>, first to climb all 14 eight-thousanders without supplemental oxygen, and first to climb Mount Everest without supplemental oxygen</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">First ascents</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Agnér northeast face</li> <li>Nanga Parbat Rupal face</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heiligkreuzkofel" class="mw-redirect" title="Heiligkreuzkofel">Heiligkreuzkofel</a> middle pillar</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marmolada" title="Marmolada">Marmolada</a> south face</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yerupaja" class="mw-redirect" title="Yerupaja">Yerupaja</a> east face</li> <li>Yerupaja Chico</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Major ascents</th><td class="infobox-data">First solo ascent of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Everest" title="Mount Everest">Mount Everest</a> and first ascent without supplemental oxygen</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Reinhold Andreas Messner</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">German:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ˈʁaɪnhɔlt<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈmɛsnɐ]</a></span>; born 17 September 1944) is an Italian <a href="/wiki/Climber_(mountaineering)" class="mw-redirect" title="Climber (mountaineering)">climber</a>, explorer, and author from the German-speaking province of <a href="/wiki/South_Tyrol" title="South Tyrol">South Tyrol</a>. He made the first solo ascent of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Everest" title="Mount Everest">Mount Everest</a> and, along with <a href="/wiki/Peter_Habeler" title="Peter Habeler">Peter Habeler</a>, the first ascent of Everest without supplemental oxygen. He was the first person to climb all 14 <a href="/wiki/Eight-thousanders" class="mw-redirect" title="Eight-thousanders">eight-thousanders</a>, doing so without supplementary oxygen. Messner was the first to cross <a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a> with neither snowmobiles nor dog sleds<sup id="cite_ref-ant_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ant-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and also crossed the <a href="/wiki/Gobi_Desert" title="Gobi Desert">Gobi Desert</a> alone.<sup id="cite_ref-gobi_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gobi-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is widely considered to be the greatest mountaineer of all time.<sup id="cite_ref-goat_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-goat-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 1999 to 2004, Messner served as a <a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_European_Parliament" title="Member of the European Parliament">member of the European Parliament</a> for <a href="/wiki/North-East_Italy_(European_Parliament_constituency)" title="North-East Italy (European Parliament constituency)">north-east Italy</a>, as a member of the <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_the_Greens" title="Federation of the Greens">Federation of the Greens</a>. </p><p>Messner has published more than 80 books about his experiences as a climber and explorer. In 2010, he received the 2nd <a href="/wiki/Piolet_d%27Or" class="mw-redirect" title="Piolet d'Or">Piolet d'Or</a> Lifetime Achievement Award. In 2018, he received jointly with <a href="/wiki/Krzysztof_Wielicki" title="Krzysztof Wielicki">Krzysztof Wielicki</a> the <a href="/wiki/Princess_of_Asturias_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Princess of Asturias Award">Princess of Asturias Award</a> in the category of Sports. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reinhold_Messner&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GianAngelo_Pistoia_-_Reinhold_Messner_-_Foto_1.TIF" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/GianAngelo_Pistoia_-_Reinhold_Messner_-_Foto_1.TIF/lossy-page1-220px-GianAngelo_Pistoia_-_Reinhold_Messner_-_Foto_1.TIF.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="339" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/GianAngelo_Pistoia_-_Reinhold_Messner_-_Foto_1.TIF/lossy-page1-330px-GianAngelo_Pistoia_-_Reinhold_Messner_-_Foto_1.TIF.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/GianAngelo_Pistoia_-_Reinhold_Messner_-_Foto_1.TIF/lossy-page1-440px-GianAngelo_Pistoia_-_Reinhold_Messner_-_Foto_1.TIF.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1535" data-file-height="2362" /></a><figcaption>Reinhold Messner in June 2002</figcaption></figure> <p>Messner was born to a <a href="/wiki/German-speaking" class="mw-redirect" title="German-speaking">German-speaking</a> family in St. Peter, <a href="/wiki/Villn%C3%B6%C3%9F" title="Villnöß">Villnöß</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Brixen" title="Brixen">Brixen</a> in <a href="/wiki/South_Tyrol" title="South Tyrol">South Tyrol</a>, which is part of <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>. According to his sister, his delivery was difficult as he was a large baby and the birth took place during an air raid. His mother Maria (1913–1995) was the daughter of a shop owner and 4 years older than her husband. His father Josef (1917–1985) was drafted to serve the German army and participated in World War II on the Russian front. After the war, he was an auxiliary teacher until 1957, when he became the director of the local school. Messner was the second of nine children – Helmut (born 1943), <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnther_Messner" title="Günther Messner">Günther</a> (1946–1970), Erich (born 1948), Waltraud (born 1949), Siegfried (1950–1985), Hubert (born 1953), Hansjörg (born 1955) and Werner (born 1957), and grew up in modest means.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Messner spent his early years climbing in the <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a> and falling in love with the <a href="/wiki/Dolomites" title="Dolomites">Dolomites</a>. His father was strict and sometimes severe with him.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> He led Reinhold to his first summit at the age of five.<sup id="cite_ref-goat_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-goat-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When Messner was 13, he began climbing with his brother <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnther_Messner" title="Günther Messner">Günther</a>, age 11. By the time Reinhold and Günther were in their early twenties, they were among Europe's best climbers.<sup id="cite_ref-natgeo112006_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-natgeo112006-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since the 1960s, Messner, inspired by <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Buhl" title="Hermann Buhl">Hermann Buhl</a>, was one of the first and most enthusiastic supporters of <a href="/wiki/Alpine_style" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpine style">alpine style</a> mountaineering in the <a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</a>, which consisted of climbing with very light equipment and a minimum of external help. Messner considered the usual <a href="/wiki/Expedition_style" class="mw-redirect" title="Expedition style">expedition style</a> (which he dubbed "siege tactics") disrespectful toward nature and mountains.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reinhold_Messner&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Before his first major Himalayan climb in 1970, Messner had made a name for himself mainly through his achievements in the Alps. Between 1960 and 1964, he led over 500 ascents, most of them in the <a href="/wiki/Dolomites" title="Dolomites">Dolomites</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In 1965, he climbed a new <a href="/wiki/Direttissima_(climbing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Direttissima (climbing)">direttissima</a> route on the north face of the <a href="/wiki/Ortler" title="Ortler">Ortler</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> A year later, he climbed the Walker Spur on the <a href="/wiki/Grandes_Jorasses" title="Grandes Jorasses">Grandes Jorasses</a> and ascended the Rocchetta Alta di Bosconero. In 1967, he made the first ascent of the northeast face of the Agnér and the first winter ascents of the Agnér north face and <a href="/wiki/Furchetta" class="mw-redirect" title="Furchetta">Furchetta</a> north face.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1968, he achieved further firsts: the <a href="/wiki/Heiligkreuzkofel" class="mw-redirect" title="Heiligkreuzkofel">Heiligkreuzkofel</a> middle pillar and the direct south face of the <a href="/wiki/Marmolada" title="Marmolada">Marmolada</a>. In 1969, Messner joined an <a href="/wiki/Andes" title="Andes">Andes</a> expedition, during which he succeeded, together with <a href="/wiki/Peter_Habeler" title="Peter Habeler">Peter Habeler</a>, in making the first ascent of the <a href="/wiki/Yerupaja" class="mw-redirect" title="Yerupaja">Yerupaja</a> east face up to the summit ridge and, a few days later, the first ascent of the 6,121-metre-high (20,082 ft) Yerupaja Chico.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also made the first solo ascent of the <a href="/wiki/Droites" class="mw-redirect" title="Droites">Droites</a> north face, the Philipp-Flamm intersection on the <a href="/wiki/Monte_Civetta" title="Monte Civetta">Civetta</a> and the south face of Marmolada di Rocca. As a result, Messner won the reputation of being one of the best climbers in Europe. </p><p>In 1970, Messner was invited to join a major Himalayan expedition that was going to attempt the unclimbed <a href="/wiki/Rupal_face" class="mw-redirect" title="Rupal face">Rupal face</a> of <a href="/wiki/Nanga_Parbat" title="Nanga Parbat">Nanga Parbat</a>. The expedition, which was the major turning point in his life, turned out to be a tragic success. Both he and his brother Günther reached the summit but Günther died two days later on the descent of the Diamir face. Reinhold lost seven toes, which had become badly frostbitten during the climb and required amputation.<sup id="cite_ref-natgeo112006_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-natgeo112006-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reinhold was severely criticized for persisting on this climb with the less experienced Günther.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 2010 movie <i><a href="/wiki/Nanga_Parbat_(film)" title="Nanga Parbat (film)">Nanga Parbat</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Vilsmaier" title="Joseph Vilsmaier">Joseph Vilsmaier</a> is based on his account of the events.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While Messner and Peter Habeler were noted for fast ascents in the Alps of the <a href="/wiki/Eiger" title="Eiger">Eiger</a> North Wall, standard route (10 hours) and Les Droites (8 hours), his 1975 <a href="/wiki/Gasherbrum_I" title="Gasherbrum I">Gasherbrum I</a> first ascent of a new route took three days. This was unheard of at the time.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the 1970s, Messner championed the cause for ascending Mount Everest without supplementary oxygen, saying that he would do it "by fair means" or not at all.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrakauer1997_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrakauer1997-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1978, he reached the summit of Everest with Habeler.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrakauer1997153_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrakauer1997153-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was the first time anyone had been that high without supplemental oxygen and Messner and Habeler achieved what certain doctors, specialists, and mountaineers thought impossible. He repeated the feat, without Habeler, from the <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibetan</a> side in 1980, during the monsoon season. This was Everest's first solo summit. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Achttausender_Neu.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Achttausender_Neu.png/300px-Achttausender_Neu.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Achttausender_Neu.png/450px-Achttausender_Neu.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Achttausender_Neu.png/600px-Achttausender_Neu.png 2x" data-file-width="1598" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption>Location of the eight-thousanders</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1978, he made a solo ascent of the Diamir face of <a href="/wiki/Nanga_Parbat" title="Nanga Parbat">Nanga Parbat</a>. In 1986, Messner became the first to complete all fourteen <a href="/wiki/Eight-thousander" title="Eight-thousander">eight-thousanders</a> (peaks over 8,000 metres above sea level).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrakauer199761_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrakauer199761-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Messner has crossed <a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a> on skis, together with fellow explorer <a href="/wiki/Arved_Fuchs" title="Arved Fuchs">Arved Fuchs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ant_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ant-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He has written over 80 books<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> about his experiences, a quarter of which have been translated. He was featured in the 1984 film <i><a href="/wiki/The_Dark_Glow_of_the_Mountains" title="The Dark Glow of the Mountains">The Dark Glow of the Mountains</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Werner_Herzog" title="Werner Herzog">Werner Herzog</a>. From 1999 to 2004, he held political office as a <a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_European_Parliament" title="Member of the European Parliament">Member of the European Parliament</a> for the Italian Green Party (<a href="/wiki/Federazione_dei_Verdi" class="mw-redirect" title="Federazione dei Verdi">Federazione dei Verdi</a>). He was also among the founders of <a href="/wiki/Mountain_Wilderness" title="Mountain Wilderness">Mountain Wilderness</a>, an international NGO dedicated to the protection of mountains worldwide.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 2004 he completed a 2,000-kilometre (1,200 mi) expedition through the <a href="/wiki/Gobi_Desert" title="Gobi Desert">Gobi Desert</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-gobi_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gobi-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2006, he founded the <a href="/wiki/Messner_Mountain_Museum" title="Messner Mountain Museum">Messner Mountain Museum</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Expeditions">Expeditions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reinhold_Messner&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Expeditions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ascents_above_8,000m"><span id="Ascents_above_8.2C000m"></span>Ascents above 8,000m</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reinhold_Messner&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Ascents above 8,000m"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Messner was the first person to climb all fourteen eight-thousanders in the world and without supplemental oxygen. His climbs were also all amongst the first 20 ascents for each mountain individually. Specifically, these are: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Year </th> <th>Peak </th> <th>Remarks </th></tr> <tr> <td>1970</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nanga_Parbat" title="Nanga Parbat">Nanga Parbat</a> (8,125 m or 26,657 feet)</td> <td>First ascent of the unclimbed Rupal Face and first traverse of the mountain by descending along the unexplored Diamir Face with his brother <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnther_Messner" title="Günther Messner">Günther</a>. Prior to this ascent, Messner had not previously visited the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Ranges" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Ranges">Greater Ranges</a> and the greatest altitude he had been to was on the expedition to the Andes in 1969. <sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1972</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Manaslu" title="Manaslu">Manaslu</a> (8,163 m or 26,781 feet)</td> <td>First ascent of the unclimbed South-West Face<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and first ascent of Manaslu without supplemental oxygen.<sup id="cite_ref-8000ers.com_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8000ers.com-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1975</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gasherbrum_I" title="Gasherbrum I">Gasherbrum I</a> (8,080 m or 26,510 feet)</td> <td>First ascent without supplemental oxygen with <a href="/wiki/Peter_Habeler" title="Peter Habeler">Peter Habeler</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8000ers.com_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8000ers.com-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1978</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mount_Everest" title="Mount Everest">Mount Everest</a> (8,848 m or 29,029 feet), <a href="/wiki/Nanga_Parbat" title="Nanga Parbat">Nanga Parbat</a> (8,125 m or 26,657 feet)</td> <td>First ascent of Everest without supplementary oxygen (with <a href="/wiki/Peter_Habeler" title="Peter Habeler">Peter Habeler</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-8000ers.com_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8000ers.com-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (September 2019)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup><br />Nanga Parbat: first solo ascent of an eight-thousander from base camp. He established a new route on the Diamir Face, which has since then never been repeated.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (September 2019)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1979</td> <td><a href="/wiki/K2" title="K2">K2</a> (8,611 m or 28,251 feet)</td> <td>Ascent partially in alpine style with <a href="/wiki/Michael_Dacher" title="Michael Dacher">Michael Dacher</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Abruzzi_Spur" class="mw-redirect" title="Abruzzi Spur">Abruzzi Spur</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1980</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mount_Everest" title="Mount Everest">Mount Everest</a> (8,848 m or 29,029 feet)</td> <td>First to ascend alone and without supplementary oxygen – from base camp to summit – during the <a href="/wiki/Monsoon" title="Monsoon">monsoon</a>. He established a new route on the North Face. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1981</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shishapangma" title="Shishapangma">Shishapangma</a> (8,027 m or 26,335 feet)</td> <td>Ascent with <a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedl_Mutschlechner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Friedl Mutschlechner (page does not exist)">Friedl Mutschlechner</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1982</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kangchenjunga" title="Kangchenjunga">Kangchenjunga</a> (8,586 m or 28,169 feet), <a href="/wiki/Gasherbrum_II" title="Gasherbrum II">Gasherbrum II</a> (8,034 m or 26,358 feet), <a href="/wiki/Broad_Peak" title="Broad Peak">Broad Peak</a> (8,051 m or 26,414 feet)</td> <td>New route on Kangchenjunga's North Face, partially in alpine style with Friedl Mutschlechner.<br />Gasherbrum II and Broad Peak: Both ascents with Sher Khan and Nazir Sabir.<br />Messner becomes the first person to climb three 8000er in one season.<br />Also a failed summit attempt on Cho Oyu during winter. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1983</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cho_Oyu" title="Cho Oyu">Cho Oyu</a> (8,188 m or 26,864 feet)</td> <td>Ascent with <a href="/wiki/Hans_Kammerlander" title="Hans Kammerlander">Hans Kammerlander</a> and Michael Dacher on a partially new route. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1984</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gasherbrum_I" title="Gasherbrum I">Gasherbrum I</a> (8,080 m or 26,510 feet), <a href="/wiki/Gasherbrum_II" title="Gasherbrum II">Gasherbrum II</a> (8,034 m or 26,358 feet)</td> <td>First traverse of two eight-thousanders without returning to base camp (with Hans Kammerlander). </td></tr> <tr> <td>1985</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Annapurna" title="Annapurna">Annapurna</a> (8,091 m or 26,545 feet), <a href="/wiki/Dhaulagiri" title="Dhaulagiri">Dhaulagiri</a> (8,167 m or 26,795 feet)</td> <td>First ascent of Annapurna's unclimbed North-West Face.<br />Both ascents with Hans Kammerlander. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1986</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Makalu" title="Makalu">Makalu</a> (8,485 m or 27,838 feet), <a href="/wiki/Lhotse" title="Lhotse">Lhotse</a> (8,516 m or 27,940 feet)</td> <td>Makalu: Ascent with Hans Kammerlander and Friedl Mutschlechner, Lhotse: Ascent with Hans Kammerlander.<br />Messner becomes the first person to climb all 14 eight-thousanders. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_expeditions_since_1970">Other expeditions since 1970</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reinhold_Messner&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Other expeditions since 1970"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Reinhold_Messner_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Reinhold_Messner_3.jpg/220px-Reinhold_Messner_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="332" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Reinhold_Messner_3.jpg/330px-Reinhold_Messner_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Reinhold_Messner_3.jpg/440px-Reinhold_Messner_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1173" data-file-height="1772" /></a><figcaption>Reinhold Messner in 1985 in Pamir Mountains.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>1971 – Journeys to the mountains of <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> and East Africa;</li> <li>1972 – <a href="/wiki/Noshaq" title="Noshaq">Noshaq</a> (7,492 m or 24,580 feet) in the <a href="/wiki/Hindu_Kush" title="Hindu Kush">Hindu Kush</a>;</li> <li>1973 – <a href="/wiki/Marmolada" title="Marmolada">Marmolada</a> West Pillar, first climb; <a href="/wiki/Furchetta" class="mw-redirect" title="Furchetta">Furchetta</a> West Face, first climb;</li> <li>1974 – <a href="/wiki/Aconcagua" title="Aconcagua">Aconcagua</a> south wall (6,959 m or 22,831 feet), partially new "South Tyrol Route"; <a href="/wiki/Eiger" title="Eiger">Eiger</a> North Face with <a href="/wiki/Peter_Habeler" title="Peter Habeler">Peter Habeler</a> in 10 hours (a record that stood for 34 years, for a roped party);</li> <li>1976 – <a href="/wiki/Denali" title="Denali">Denali</a> (6,193 m or 20,318 feet), "Face of the Midnight Sun", first climb;</li> <li>1978 – <a href="/wiki/Kilimanjaro" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilimanjaro">Kilimanjaro</a> (5,895 m or 19,341 feet), "Breach Wall", first climb;</li> <li>1979 – <a href="/wiki/Ama_Dablam" title="Ama Dablam">Ama Dablam</a> rescue attempt; first climbs in the <a href="/wiki/Hoggar_Mountains" title="Hoggar Mountains">Hoggar Mountains</a>, Africa;</li> <li>1981 – <a href="/wiki/Chamlang" title="Chamlang">Chamlang</a> (7,317 m or 24,006 feet) Centre Summit-North Face, first climb;</li> <li>1984 – Double-<a href="/wiki/Traverse_(climbing)" title="Traverse (climbing)">Traverse</a> of <a href="/wiki/Gasherbrum_II" title="Gasherbrum II">Gasherbrum II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gasherbrum_I" title="Gasherbrum I">I</a> with <a href="/wiki/Hans_Kammerlander" title="Hans Kammerlander">Hans Kammerlander</a>;</li> <li>1985 – Tibet Transversale with <a href="/wiki/Kailash" class="mw-redirect" title="Kailash">Kailash</a> exploration;</li> <li>1986 – Crossing of East <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a>; <a href="/wiki/Mount_Vinson" class="mw-redirect" title="Mount Vinson">Mount Vinson</a> (4,897 m or 16,066 feet, <a href="/wiki/Antarctic" title="Antarctic">Antarctic</a>), on 3 December 1986, thus becoming the first person to complete <a href="/wiki/Seven_Summits" title="Seven Summits">Seven Summits</a> without the use of supplemental oxygen on Mount Everest;<sup id="cite_ref-7summits_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7summits-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1987 – <a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a> trip; <a href="/wiki/Pamir_Mountains" title="Pamir Mountains">Pamir</a> trip;</li> <li>1988 – <a href="/wiki/Yeti" title="Yeti">Yeti</a>-<a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a> solo expedition;</li> <li>1989–1990 – <a href="/wiki/Antarctic" title="Antarctic">Antarctic</a> crossing (over the <a href="/wiki/South_Pole" title="South Pole">South Pole</a>) on foot, 2,800-kilometre (1,700-mile) trek with <a href="/wiki/Arved_Fuchs" title="Arved Fuchs">Arved Fuchs</a>;</li> <li>1991 – <a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a> crossing (east-west); "Around <a href="/wiki/South_Tyrol" title="South Tyrol">South Tyrol</a>" as a positioning exercise, where he was peripherally involved in the <a href="/wiki/%C3%96tzi" title="Ötzi">Ötzi</a> find, being among the groups who inspected the mummy on-site the day after its initial discovery;</li> <li>1992 – Ascent of <a href="/wiki/Chimborazo_(volcano)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chimborazo (volcano)">Chimborazo</a> (6,310 m or 20,700 feet); crossing of <a href="/wiki/Taklamakan" class="mw-redirect" title="Taklamakan">Taklamakan</a> Desert in <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a>;</li> <li>1993 – Trip to <a href="/wiki/Dolpo" title="Dolpo">Dolpo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mustang_(kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mustang (kingdom)">Mustang</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manang" title="Manang">Manang</a> in Nepal; <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a> longitudinal crossing (diagonal) on foot, 2,200-kilometre (1,400-mile) trek;</li> <li>1994 – Cleaning project in North <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>/<a href="/wiki/Gangotri" title="Gangotri">Gangotri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shivling" class="mw-redirect" title="Shivling">Shivling</a> region (6,543 m or 21,467 feet); to <a href="/wiki/Rwenzori_Mountains" title="Rwenzori Mountains">Ruwenzori</a> (5,119 m or 16,795 feet), <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a>;</li> <li>1995 – <a href="/wiki/Arctic" title="Arctic">Arctic</a> crossing (<a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a> to Canada) failed; trip to <a href="/wiki/Belukha" class="mw-redirect" title="Belukha">Belukha</a> (4,506 m or 14,783 feet), <a href="/wiki/Altai_Mountains" title="Altai Mountains">Altai Mountains</a>/<a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a>;</li> <li>1996 – Trip through East <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a> and to <a href="/wiki/Kailash" class="mw-redirect" title="Kailash">Kailash</a>.</li> <li>1997 – Trip to <a href="/wiki/Kham" title="Kham">Kham</a> (East Tibet); small expedition into <a href="/wiki/Karakoram" title="Karakoram">Karakoram</a>; filming on the <a href="/wiki/Ol_Doinyo_Lengai" title="Ol Doinyo Lengai">Ol Doinyo Lengai</a> (holy mountain of the <a href="/wiki/Maasai_people" title="Maasai people">Maasai</a>) in Tanzania</li> <li>1998  – Trip to the <a href="/wiki/Altai_Mountains" title="Altai Mountains">Altai Mountains</a> (Mongolia) and to <a href="/wiki/Puna_de_Atacama" title="Puna de Atacama">Puna de Atacama</a> (Andes)</li> <li>1999 – Filming: <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Peaks" title="San Francisco Peaks">San Francisco Peaks</a>, Arizona (Holy mountain of <a href="/wiki/Navajo" title="Navajo">Navajo</a>); trip into the <a href="/wiki/Thar_Desert" title="Thar Desert">Thar Desert</a>/<a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li>2000 – Crossing of <a href="/wiki/South_Georgia" title="South Georgia">South Georgia</a> on the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shackleton_Route&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shackleton Route (page does not exist)">Shackleton Route</a>; <a href="/wiki/Nanga_Parbat" title="Nanga Parbat">Nanga Parbat</a> Expedition; filming on <a href="/wiki/Mount_Fuji" title="Mount Fuji">Mount Fuji</a>/Japan for the <a href="/wiki/ZDF" title="ZDF">ZDF</a> series <i>Wohnungen der Götter</i> (~"Homes of the Gods")</li> <li>2001  – <a href="/wiki/Dharamsala" class="mw-redirect" title="Dharamsala">Dharamsala</a> and foothills of the <a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</a>/<a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>; ZDF series <i>Wohnungen der Götter</i> on <a href="/wiki/Gunung_Agung" class="mw-redirect" title="Gunung Agung">Gunung Agung</a>/<a href="/wiki/Bali" title="Bali">Bali</a></li> <li>2002 – In the "International Year of the Mountains" visit by mountaineers into the <a href="/wiki/Andes" title="Andes">Andes</a> and ascent of <a href="/wiki/Cotopaxi" title="Cotopaxi">Cotopaxi</a> (5,897 m or 19,347 feet), <a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li>2003 – <a href="/wiki/Trekking" class="mw-redirect" title="Trekking">Trekking</a> to <a href="/wiki/Mount_Everest" title="Mount Everest">Mount Everest</a> (fiftieth anniversary of the first successful climb); trip to <a href="/wiki/Franz_Joseph_Land" class="mw-redirect" title="Franz Joseph Land">Franz Joseph Land</a>/<a href="/wiki/Arctic" title="Arctic">Arctic</a>; on 1 October opening of the "Günther Mountain School" in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Diamir_Valley&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diamir Valley (page does not exist)">Diamir Valley</a> on <a href="/wiki/Nanga_Parbat" title="Nanga Parbat">Nanga Parbat</a>/<a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li>2004 – Longitudinal crossing of the <a href="/wiki/Gobi_Desert" title="Gobi Desert">Gobi Desert</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a>) on foot, about 2,000-kilometre (1,200-mile) trek<sup id="cite_ref-gobi_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gobi-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2005 – Trip to the <a href="/wiki/Dyva_Nomads" class="mw-redirect" title="Dyva Nomads">Dyva Nomads</a> in Mongolia; "time journey" around <a href="/wiki/Nanga_Parbat" title="Nanga Parbat">Nanga Parbat</a>/<a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Climbs">Climbs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reinhold_Messner&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Climbs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nanga_Parbat">Nanga Parbat</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reinhold_Messner&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Nanga Parbat"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Reinhold Messner took a total of five expeditions to <a href="/wiki/Nanga_Parbat" title="Nanga Parbat">Nanga Parbat</a>. In 1970 and 1978 he reached the summit (in 1978 solo); in 1971, 1973 and 1977, he did not. In 1971 he was primarily looking for his brother's remains. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rupal_Face_1970">Rupal Face 1970</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reinhold_Messner&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Rupal Face 1970"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Northern_Areas_38b_commons.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Northern_Areas_38b_commons.jpg/220px-Northern_Areas_38b_commons.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Northern_Areas_38b_commons.jpg/330px-Northern_Areas_38b_commons.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Northern_Areas_38b_commons.jpg/440px-Northern_Areas_38b_commons.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1265" data-file-height="581" /></a><figcaption>Rupal face of <a href="/wiki/Nanga_Parbat" title="Nanga Parbat">Nanga Parbat</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In May and June 1970, Messner took part in the <a href="/wiki/Nanga_Parbat" title="Nanga Parbat">Nanga Parbat</a> South Face expedition led by <a href="/wiki/Karl_Herrligkoffer" title="Karl Herrligkoffer">Karl Herrligkoffer</a>, the objective of which was to climb the as yet unclimbed Rupal Face, the highest rock and ice face in the world. Messner's brother, Günther, was also a member of the team. On the morning of 27 June, Messner was of the view that the weather would deteriorate rapidly, and set off alone from the last high-altitude camp. Surprisingly his brother climbed after him and caught up to him before the summit. By late afternoon, both had reached the summit of the mountain and had to pitch an emergency <a href="/wiki/Bivouac_shelter" title="Bivouac shelter">bivouac shelter</a> without tent, sleeping bags and stoves because darkness was closing in. </p><p>The events that followed have been the subject of years of legal actions and disputes between former expedition members, and have still not been finally resolved. What is known now is that Reinhold and Günther Messner descended the Diamir Face, thereby achieving the first traverse of Nanga Parbat and second traverse of an eight-thousander after Mount Everest in 1963. Reinhold arrived in the valley six days later with severe frostbite, but survived. His brother, Günther, however died on the Diamir Face—according to Reinhold Messner on the same descent, during which they became further and further separated from each other. As a result, the time, place and exact cause of death is unknown. Messner said his brother had been swept away by an avalanche. </p><p>In June 2005, after an unusual heat wave on the mountain, the body of his brother was recovered on the Diamir Face, which seems to support Messner's account of how Günther died.<sup id="cite_ref-outdoors_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-outdoors-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-connolly_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-connolly-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The drama was turned into a film <i><a href="/wiki/Nanga_Parbat_(film)" title="Nanga Parbat (film)">Nanga Parbat</a></i> (2010) by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Vilsmaier" title="Joseph Vilsmaier">Joseph Vilsmaier</a>, based on the memories of Reinhold Messner and without participation from the other former members of the expedition. Released in January 2010 in cinemas, the film was criticised by the other members of the team for telling only one side of the story.<sup id="cite_ref-connolly_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-connolly-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Because of severe frostbite, especially on his feet—seven toes were amputated—Messner was not able to climb quite as well on rock after the 1970 expedition. He therefore turned his attention to higher mountains, where there was much more ice.<sup id="cite_ref-ava_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ava-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Solo_climb_in_1978">Solo climb in 1978</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reinhold_Messner&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Solo climb in 1978"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 9 August 1978, after three unsuccessful expeditions, Messner reached the summit of <a href="/wiki/Nanga_Parbat" title="Nanga Parbat">Nanga Parbat</a> again via the Diamir Face. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Manaslu">Manaslu</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reinhold_Messner&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Manaslu"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1972, Messner succeeded in climbing <a href="/wiki/Manaslu" title="Manaslu">Manaslu</a> on what was then the unknown south face of the mountain, of which there were not even any pictures. From the last high-altitude camp he climbed with Frank Jäger, who turned back before reaching the summit. Shortly after Messner reached the summit, the weather changed and heavy fog and snow descended. Initially Messner became lost on the way down, but later, heading into the storm, found his way back to the camp, where Horst Fankhauser and Andi Schlick were waiting for him and Jäger. Jäger did not return, although his cries were heard from the camp. Orientation had become too difficult. Fankhauser and Schlick began to search for him that evening, but lost their way and sought shelter at first in a snow cave. Messner himself was no longer in a position to help the search. The following day, only Horst Fankhauser returned. Andi Schlick had left the snow cave during the night and disappeared. Thus, the expedition had to mourn the loss of two climbers. Messner was later criticised for having allowed Jäger go back down the mountain alone.<sup id="cite_ref-ava_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ava-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gasherbrum_I">Gasherbrum I</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reinhold_Messner&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Gasherbrum I"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Together with <a href="/wiki/Peter_Habeler" title="Peter Habeler">Peter Habeler</a>, Messner made a second ascent of <a href="/wiki/Gasherbrum_I" title="Gasherbrum I">Gasherbrum I</a> on 10 August 1975, becoming the first man ever to climb more than two eight-thousanders. It was the first time a mountaineering expedition succeeded in scaling an eight-thousander using <a href="/wiki/Alpine_style" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpine style">alpine style</a> climbing. Until that point, all fourteen 8000-meter peaks had been summitted using the <a href="/wiki/Expedition_style" class="mw-redirect" title="Expedition style">expedition style</a>, though <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Buhl" title="Hermann Buhl">Hermann Buhl</a> had earlier advocated "West Alpine Style" (similar to "capsule" style, with a smaller group relying on minimal fixed ropes). </p><p>Messner reached the summit again in 1984, this time together with <a href="/wiki/Hans_Kammerlander" title="Hans Kammerlander">Hans Kammerlander</a>. This was achieved as part of a double ascent where, for the first time, two eight-thousander peaks (Gasherbrum I and II) were climbed without returning to base camp. Again, this was done in alpine style, i.e. without the pre-location of stores.<sup id="cite_ref-ava_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ava-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Filmmaker <a href="/wiki/Werner_Herzog" title="Werner Herzog">Werner Herzog</a> accompanied the climbers along the 150-kilometre (93 mi) approach to base camp, interviewing them extensively about why they were making the climb, if they could say; they could not. Messner became emotional on camera when he recalled having to tell his mother about his brother's death. </p><p>It took a week for the two climbers to summit both peaks and return to camp, after which Herzog interviewed them again. His documentary, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Dark_Glow_of_the_Mountains" title="The Dark Glow of the Mountains">The Dark Glow of the Mountains</a></i>, with some footage the two climbers shot during the expedition on portable cameras, was released the following year. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mount_Everest">Mount Everest</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reinhold_Messner&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Mount Everest"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:20110810_North_Face_of_Everest_Tibet_China_Panoramic.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/20110810_North_Face_of_Everest_Tibet_China_Panoramic.jpg/220px-20110810_North_Face_of_Everest_Tibet_China_Panoramic.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/20110810_North_Face_of_Everest_Tibet_China_Panoramic.jpg/330px-20110810_North_Face_of_Everest_Tibet_China_Panoramic.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/20110810_North_Face_of_Everest_Tibet_China_Panoramic.jpg/440px-20110810_North_Face_of_Everest_Tibet_China_Panoramic.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8533" data-file-height="2924" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mount_Everest" title="Mount Everest">Mount Everest</a> north face.</figcaption></figure> <p>On 8 May 1978, Messner and Habeler reached the summit of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Everest" title="Mount Everest">Mount Everest</a>, becoming the first men to climb it without using supplemental oxygen. Before this ascent, it was disputed whether this was possible at all. Messner and Habeler were members of an expedition led by Wolfgang Nairz along the <a href="/wiki/Southeast_ridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Southeast ridge">southeast ridge</a> to the summit. Also on this expedition was <a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Karl" title="Reinhard Karl">Reinhard Karl</a>, the first German to reach the summit, albeit with the aid of supplemental oxygen. </p><p>Two years later, on 20 August 1980, Messner again stood atop the highest mountain in the world, without supplementary oxygen. For this solo climb, he chose the <a href="/wiki/Northeast_ridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Northeast ridge">northeast ridge</a> to the summit, where he crossed above the <a href="/wiki/North_Col" title="North Col">North Col</a> in the North Face to the <a href="/wiki/Norton_Couloir" title="Norton Couloir">Norton Couloir</a> and became the first man to climb through this steep gorge to the summit. Messner decided spontaneously during the ascent to use this route to bypass the exposed northeast ridge. Before this solo ascent, he had not set up a camp on the mountain.<sup id="cite_ref-ava_24-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ava-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="K2">K2</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reinhold_Messner&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: K2"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:K2_2006b.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/K2_2006b.jpg/220px-K2_2006b.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/K2_2006b.jpg/330px-K2_2006b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/K2_2006b.jpg/440px-K2_2006b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/K2" title="K2">K2</a> seen from <a href="/wiki/Concordia_(Karakoram)" title="Concordia (Karakoram)">Concordia</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>For 1979, Messner was planning to climb <a href="/wiki/K2" title="K2">K2</a> on a new direct route through the South Face, which he called the "Magic Line". Headed by Messner, the small expedition consisted of six climbers: Italians Alessandro Gogna, Friedl Mutschlechner and Renato Casarotto; the Austrian, Robert Schauer; and Germans <a href="/wiki/Michael_Dacher" title="Michael Dacher">Michael Dacher</a>, journalist, Jochen Hölzgen, and doctor Ursula Grether, who was injured during the approach and had to be carried to Askole by Messner and Mutschlechner. Because of avalanche danger on the original route and time lost on the approach, they decided to climb via the <a href="/wiki/Abruzzi_Spur" class="mw-redirect" title="Abruzzi Spur">Abruzzi Spur</a>. The route was equipped with fixed ropes and high-altitude camps, but no hauling equipment (<i>Hochträger</i>) or bottled oxygen was used. On 12 July, Messner and Dacher reached the summit; then the weather deteriorated and attempts by other members of the party failed.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-amg_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-amg-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shishapangma">Shishapangma</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reinhold_Messner&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Shishapangma"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During his stay in Tibet as part of his Everest solo attempt, Messner explored <a href="/wiki/Shishapangma" title="Shishapangma">Shishapangma</a>. A year later, Messner, with Friedel Mutschlechner, Oswald Oelz, and Gerd Baur, set up a base camp on the north side. On 28 May, Messner and Mutschlechner reached the summit in very bad weather; part of the climb involving <a href="/wiki/Ski_mountaineering" title="Ski mountaineering">ski mountaineering</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ava_24-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ava-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-amg_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-amg-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kangchenjunga">Kangchenjunga</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reinhold_Messner&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Kangchenjunga"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kangchenjunga_PangPema.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Kangchenjunga_PangPema.JPG/250px-Kangchenjunga_PangPema.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Kangchenjunga_PangPema.JPG/375px-Kangchenjunga_PangPema.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Kangchenjunga_PangPema.JPG/500px-Kangchenjunga_PangPema.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2248" /></a><figcaption>Kangchenjunga.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1982, Messner wanted to become the first climber ever to scale three eight-thousanders in one year. He planned to climb <a href="/wiki/Kangchenjunga" title="Kangchenjunga">Kangchenjunga</a>, then <a href="/wiki/Gasherbrum_II" title="Gasherbrum II">Gasherbrum II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Broad_Peak" title="Broad Peak">Broad Peak</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Messner chose a new variation of the route up the north face. Because there was still a lot of snow, Messner and Mutschlechner made very slow progress. In addition, the difficulty of the climb forced the two mountaineers to use fixed ropes. Finally, on 6 May, Messner and Mutschlechner stood on the summit. There, Mutschlechner suffered frostbite to his hands, and later to his feet as well. While bivouacking during the descent, the tent tore away from Mutschlechner and Messner, and Messner also fell ill. He was suffering from <a href="/wiki/Amoebic_liver_abscess" title="Amoebic liver abscess">amoebic liver abscess</a>, making him very weak. He made it back to base camp only with Mutschlechner's help.<sup id="cite_ref-ava_24-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ava-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gasherbrum_II">Gasherbrum II</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reinhold_Messner&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Gasherbrum II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After his ascent of Kangchenjunga, Mutschlechner flew back to Europe because his frostbite had to be treated and Messner needed rest. Thus the three mountains could not be climbed as planned. Messner was cured of his amoebic liver abscess and then travelled to <a href="/wiki/Gasherbrum_II" title="Gasherbrum II">Gasherbrum II</a>, but could not use the new routes as planned. In any case, his climbing partners, Sher Khan and <a href="/wiki/Nazir_Sabir" title="Nazir Sabir">Nazir Sabir</a>, would not have been strong enough. Nevertheless, all three reached the summit on 24 July in a storm. During the ascent, Messner discovered the body of a previously missing Austrian mountaineer, whom he buried two years later at the G I – G II traverse.<sup id="cite_ref-ava_24-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ava-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Broad_Peak">Broad Peak</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reinhold_Messner&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Broad Peak"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Broad_Peak_in_July_2006.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Broad_Peak_in_July_2006.jpg/220px-Broad_Peak_in_July_2006.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Broad_Peak_in_July_2006.jpg/330px-Broad_Peak_in_July_2006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Broad_Peak_in_July_2006.jpg/440px-Broad_Peak_in_July_2006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Broad Peak.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1982, Messner scaled <a href="/wiki/Broad_Peak" title="Broad Peak">Broad Peak</a>, his third eight-thousander. At the time, he was the only person with a permit to climb this mountain; he came across <a href="/wiki/Jerzy_Kukuczka" title="Jerzy Kukuczka">Jerzy Kukuczka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wojciech_Kurtyka" title="Wojciech Kurtyka">Wojciech Kurtyka</a>, who had permits to climb K2, but used its geographic proximity to climb Broad Peak illegally. In early descriptions of the ascent, Messner omitted this encounter, but he referred to it several years later. On 2 August, Messner was reunited with <a href="/wiki/Nazir_Sabir" title="Nazir Sabir">Nazir Sabir</a> and Khan again on the summit. The three mountaineers had decamped and made for Broad Peak immediately after their ascent of Gasherbrum II. The climb was carried out with a variation from the normal route at the start.<sup id="cite_ref-ava_24-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ava-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cho_Oyu">Cho Oyu</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reinhold_Messner&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Cho Oyu"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the winter of 1982–83, Messner attempted the first winter ascent of <a href="/wiki/Cho_Oyu" title="Cho Oyu">Cho Oyu</a>. He reached an altitude of about 7,500 m (24,600 feet), when great masses of snow forced him to turn back. This expedition was his first with Hans Kammerlander. A few months later, on 5 May, he reached the summit via a partially new route together with Kammerlander and Michael Dacher.<sup id="cite_ref-ava_24-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ava-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Annapurna">Annapurna</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reinhold_Messner&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Annapurna"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1985, Messner topped out on <a href="/wiki/Annapurna" title="Annapurna">Annapurna</a>. Using a new route on the northwest face, he reached the summit with Kammerlander on 24 April. Also on the expedition were Reinhard Patscheider, Reinhard Schiestl and Swami Prem Darshano, who did not reach the summit. During Messner and Kammerlander's ascent, the weather was bad and they had to be assisted by the other three expedition members during the descent due to heavy snowfall.<sup id="cite_ref-ava_24-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ava-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dhaulagiri">Dhaulagiri</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reinhold_Messner&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Dhaulagiri"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dhaulagiri_-_view_from_aircraft.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Dhaulagiri_-_view_from_aircraft.jpg/220px-Dhaulagiri_-_view_from_aircraft.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Dhaulagiri_-_view_from_aircraft.jpg/330px-Dhaulagiri_-_view_from_aircraft.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Dhaulagiri_-_view_from_aircraft.jpg/440px-Dhaulagiri_-_view_from_aircraft.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1960" data-file-height="1285" /></a><figcaption>Messner's attempt on the summit in 1977 failed on <a href="/wiki/Dhaulagiri" title="Dhaulagiri">Dhaulagiri</a>'s South Face.</figcaption></figure> <p>Messner had already attempted <a href="/wiki/Dhaulagiri" title="Dhaulagiri">Dhaulagiri</a> in 1977 and 1984, unsuccessfully. In 1985 he finally summited. He climbed with Kammerlander up the normal route along the northeast ridge. After only three days of climbing they stood on the summit in a heavy storm on 15 May.<sup id="cite_ref-ava_24-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ava-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Makalu">Makalu</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reinhold_Messner&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Makalu"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Messner tried climbing <a href="/wiki/Makalu" title="Makalu">Makalu</a> four times. He failed in 1974 and 1981 on the South Face of the south-east ridge. In winter 1985–1986 he attempted the first winter ascent of Makalu via the normal route. Even this venture did not succeed.<sup id="cite_ref-ava_24-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ava-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Not until February 2009 was Makalu successfully climbed in winter by <a href="/wiki/Denis_Urubko" title="Denis Urubko">Denis Urubko</a> and <a href="/wiki/Simone_Moro" title="Simone Moro">Simone Moro</a>. </p><p>In 1986, Messner returned and succeeded in reaching the summit using the normal route with Kammerlander and Mutschlechner. Although they had turned back twice during this expedition, they made the summit on the third attempt on 26 September. During this expedition, Messner witnessed the death of <a href="/wiki/Marcel_R%C3%BCedi" title="Marcel Rüedi">Marcel Rüedi</a>, for whom the Makalu was his 9th eight-thousander. Rüedi was on the way back from the summit and was seen by Messner and the other climbers on the descent. Although he was making slow progress, he appeared to be safe. The tea for his reception had already been boiled when Rüedi disappeared behind a snow ridge and did not reappear. He was found dead a short time later.<sup id="cite_ref-ava_24-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ava-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lhotse">Lhotse</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reinhold_Messner&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Lhotse"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Messner climbed his last normal route.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (September 2019)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> Messner and Kammerlander had to contend with a strong wind in the summit area. To reach the summit that year and before winter broke, they took a direct helicopter flight from the Makalu base camp to the Lhotse base camp.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Thus Messner became the first person to climb all eight-thousanders. Since this ascent, Messner has never climbed another eight-thousander.<sup id="cite_ref-ava_24-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ava-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1989, Messner led a European expedition to the South Face of the mountain. The aim was to forge a path up the as-yet-unclimbed face. Messner himself did not want to climb any more. The expedition was unsuccessful.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Seven_Summits">The Seven Summits</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reinhold_Messner&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: The Seven Summits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1985 <a href="/wiki/Richard_Bass" title="Richard Bass">Richard Bass</a> first postulated and achieved the mountaineering challenge <a href="/wiki/Seven_Summits" title="Seven Summits">Seven Summits</a>, climbing the highest peaks of each of the seven continents. Messner suggested another list (the <i>Messner</i> or <i>Carstensz</i> list) replacing <a href="/wiki/Mount_Kosciuszko" title="Mount Kosciuszko">Mount Kosciuszko</a> with <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Puncak_Jaya" title="Puncak Jaya">Puncak Jaya</a>, or Carstensz Pyramid (4,884 m or 16,024 feet). From a mountaineering point of view the <i>Messner</i> list is the more challenging one. Climbing Carstensz Pyramid has the character of an expedition, whereas the ascent of Kosciuszko is an easy hike. In May 1986 <a href="/wiki/Pat_Morrow_(mountaineer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pat Morrow (mountaineer)">Pat Morrow</a> became the first person to complete the <i>Messner</i> list, followed by Messner himself when he climbed <a href="/wiki/Mount_Vinson" class="mw-redirect" title="Mount Vinson">Mount Vinson</a> in December 1986 to become the second.<sup id="cite_ref-7summits_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7summits-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="World-first_records">World-first records</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reinhold_Messner&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: World-first records"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Messner is listed nine times in the <i><a href="/wiki/Guinness_World_Records" title="Guinness World Records">Guinness Book of Records</a></i>. All of his achievements are classed as "World's Firsts" (or "Historical Firsts"). A "World's First" is the highest category of any Guinness World Record, meaning the ownership of the title never expires.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2021, Messner is the second highest record holder of "World's Firsts" (after Icelandic oceanic rower <a href="/wiki/Fiann_Paul" title="Fiann Paul">Fiann Paul</a>, who has 13). Messner's world firsts are: </p> <ul><li>First ascent of <a href="/wiki/Manaslu" title="Manaslu">Manaslu</a> without supplementary oxygen</li> <li>First solo summit of Everest</li> <li>First ascent of Everest and K2 without supplementary oxygen</li> <li>First ascent of the top three highest mountains without supplementary oxygen</li> <li>First 8,000-metre mountain hat-trick</li> <li>First person to climb all 8,000-metre mountains without supplementary oxygen</li> <li>First person to climb all 8,000-metre mountains</li> <li>First ascent of Everest without supplementary oxygen</li> <li>First ascent of <a href="/wiki/Gasherbrum_I" title="Gasherbrum I">Gasherbrum I</a> without supplementary oxygen</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Messner_Mountain_Museum">Messner Mountain Museum</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reinhold_Messner&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Messner Mountain Museum"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Messner_Mountain_Museum" title="Messner Mountain Museum">Messner Mountain Museum</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Passo_Cibiana_5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Passo_Cibiana_5.jpg/220px-Passo_Cibiana_5.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Passo_Cibiana_5.jpg/330px-Passo_Cibiana_5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Passo_Cibiana_5.jpg/440px-Passo_Cibiana_5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3950" data-file-height="2695" /></a><figcaption>Messner Mountain Museum in Monte Rite, Dolomites.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 2003 Messner started work on a project for a mountaineering museum.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 11 June 2006, the Messner Mountain Museum (MMM) opened, a museum that unites within one museum the stories of the growth and decline of mountains, culture in the Himalayan region and the history of South Tyrol. </p><p>The MMM consists of five or six locations: </p> <ul><li>MMM Firmian at <a href="/wiki/Sigmundskron_Castle" title="Sigmundskron Castle">Sigmundskron Castle</a> near Bozen is the centerpiece of the museum and concentrates on man's relationship with the mountains. Surrounded by peaks from the Schlern and the Texel range, the MMM Firmian provides visitors with a series of pathways, stairways, and towers containing displays that focus on the geology of the mountains, the religious significance of mountains in the lives of people, and the history of mountaineering and alpine tourism. The so-called white tower is dedicated to the history of the village and the struggle for the independence of South Tyrol.<sup id="cite_ref-mmm-firmian_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mmm-firmian-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>MMM Juval at Juval Castle in the <a href="/wiki/Burggrafenamt" title="Burggrafenamt">Burggrafenamt</a> in Vinschgau is dedicated to the "magic of the mountains", with an emphasis on mystical mountains, such as <a href="/wiki/Mount_Kailash" title="Mount Kailash">Mount Kailash</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ayers_Rock" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayers Rock">Ayers Rock</a> and their religious significance. MMM Juval houses several art collections.<sup id="cite_ref-mmm-juval_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mmm-juval-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>MMM Dolomites, known as the Museum in the Clouds, is located at Monte Rite (2,181 m or 7,156 feet) between Pieve di Cadore and Cortina d'Ampezzo. Housed in an old fort, this museum is dedicated to the subject of rocks, particularly in the Dolomites, with exhibits focusing on the history of the formation of the Dolomites. The summit observation platform offers a 360° panorama of the surrounding Dolomites, with views toward Monte Schiara, Monte Agnèr, Monte Civetta, Marmolada, Monte Pelmo, Tofana di Rozes, Sorapis, Antelao, Marmarole.<sup id="cite_ref-mmm-dolomites_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mmm-dolomites-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>MMM Ortles at <a href="/wiki/Sulden" title="Sulden">Sulden</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Ortler" title="Ortler">Ortler</a> is dedicated to the theme of ice. This underground structure is situated at 1,900 m (6,200 feet) and focuses on the history of mountaineering on ice and the great glaciers of the world. The museum contains the world's largest collection of paintings of the Ortler, as well as ice-climbing gear from two centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-mmm-ortles_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mmm-ortles-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>MMM Ripa at Brunico Castle in <a href="/wiki/South_Tyrol" title="South Tyrol">South Tyrol</a> is dedicated to the mountain peoples from Asia, Africa, South America and Europe, with emphasis on their cultures, religions, and tourism activities.<sup id="cite_ref-mmm-ripa_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mmm-ripa-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>MMM Corones, opened in July 2015 on the top of the <a href="/wiki/Kronplatz" class="mw-redirect" title="Kronplatz">Kronplatz</a> mountain (<i>Plan de Corones</i> in Italian), is dedicated to <a href="/wiki/Traditional_climbing" title="Traditional climbing">traditional climbing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_career">Political career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reinhold_Messner&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Political career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Reinhold Messner</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Reinhold_Messner_in_Koeln_2009_(02).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Reinhold_Messner_in_Koeln_2009_%2802%29.jpg/220px-Reinhold_Messner_in_Koeln_2009_%2802%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Reinhold_Messner_in_Koeln_2009_%2802%29.jpg/330px-Reinhold_Messner_in_Koeln_2009_%2802%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Reinhold_Messner_in_Koeln_2009_%2802%29.jpg/440px-Reinhold_Messner_in_Koeln_2009_%2802%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2138" data-file-height="2804" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_European_Parliament" title="Member of the European Parliament">Member of the European Parliament</a><br />for <a href="/wiki/North-East_Italy_(European_Parliament_constituency)" title="North-East Italy (European Parliament constituency)">North-East Italy</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />20 July 1999 – 19 July 2004</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday">1944-09-17</span>) </span>17 September 1944<span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow"> (age 80)</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Brixen" title="Brixen">Brixen</a>, Italy</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Greens_(South_Tyrol)" title="Greens (South Tyrol)">Greens of South Tyrol</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other political<br />affiliations</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_the_Greens" title="Federation of the Greens">Federation of the Greens</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In 1999, Messner was elected <a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_European_Parliament" title="Member of the European Parliament">Member of the European Parliament</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_the_Greens" title="Federation of the Greens">Federation of the Greens</a> (FdV), the Italian <a href="/wiki/Green_party" title="Green party">green party</a>, receiving more than 20,000 votes in the <a href="/wiki/1999_European_Parliament_election_in_Italy" title="1999 European Parliament election in Italy">European election</a>. He fully served his term until 2004, when he retired from politics.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Messner was officially a member of <a href="/wiki/Greens_(South_Tyrol)" title="Greens (South Tyrol)">South Tyrolean Greens</a>, a regionalist and ecologist political party active only in <a href="/wiki/South_Tyrol" title="South Tyrol">South Tyrol</a>, which <i><a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a></i> acts as a regional branch of the FdV. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electoral_history">Electoral history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reinhold_Messner&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Electoral history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="width:55%; border:1px #AAAAFF solid"> <tbody><tr> <th width="12%">Election </th> <th width="25%">House </th> <th width="25%">Constituency </th> <th width="5%" colspan="2">Party </th> <th width="12%">Votes </th> <th width="12%">Result </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1999_European_Parliament_election_in_Italy" title="1999 European Parliament election in Italy">1999</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/North-East_Italy_(European_Parliament_constituency)" title="North-East Italy (European Parliament constituency)">North-East Italy</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#6CC417"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_the_Greens" title="Federation of the Greens">FdV</a> </td> <td>20,291 </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/15px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/23px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/30px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span> <b>Elected</b></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reinhold_Messner&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From 1972 until 1977, Messner was married to Uschi Demeter. With his partner, Canadian photographer Nena Holguin, he has a daughter, Làyla Messner, born in 1981.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 31 July 2009, he married his long time girlfriend Sabine Stehle, a textile designer from Vienna, with whom he has three children.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They divorced in 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In late May 2021, Messner married Diane Schumacher, a 41-year-old Luxembourgish woman living in <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at the town hall in <a href="/wiki/Kastelbell-Tschars" title="Kastelbell-Tschars">Kastelbell-Tschars</a> near his home in South Tyrol.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_media">In media</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reinhold_Messner&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: In media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Dark_Glow_of_the_Mountains" title="The Dark Glow of the Mountains">The Dark Glow of the Mountains</a></i> (<i>Gasherbrum – Der leuchtende Berg</i>), a 1985 <a href="/wiki/Werner_Herzog" title="Werner Herzog">Werner Herzog</a> television documentary</li> <li><i>Portrait of a Snow Lion</i>, a BBC/France3 1992 documentary on Messner; part 4 of the series <i>The Climbers</i><sup id="cite_ref-Portrait_of_a_Snow_Lion_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Portrait_of_a_Snow_Lion-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Messner</i>, a 2002 feature documentary about Messner by <a href="/wiki/Les_Guthman" title="Les Guthman">Les Guthman</a><sup id="cite_ref-Messner_Guthman_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Messner_Guthman-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lissi_und_der_wilde_Kaiser" title="Lissi und der wilde Kaiser">Lissi und der wilde Kaiser</a></i>, an animated comedy movie from 2007 by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Herbig" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Herbig">Michael Herbig</a> that ends with a photo of the Yeti with his new buddy, Reinhold Messner</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nanga_Parbat_(film)" title="Nanga Parbat (film)">Nanga Parbat</a></i>, a 2010 film based on Messner's achievements</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Unauthorized_Biography_of_Reinhold_Messner" title="The Unauthorized Biography of Reinhold Messner">The Unauthorized Biography of Reinhold Messner</a></i>, a 1999 album by <a href="/wiki/Ben_Folds_Five" title="Ben Folds Five">Ben Folds Five</a>, unrelated to Messner</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/14_Peaks:_Nothing_Is_Impossible" title="14 Peaks: Nothing Is Impossible">14 Peaks: Nothing Is Impossible</a></i>, a 2021 <a href="/wiki/Netflix" title="Netflix">Netflix</a> documentary film about <a href="/wiki/Nirmal_Purja" title="Nirmal Purja">Nirmal Purja</a> and his mountaineering team's world record breaking ascent of the 14 highest mountains in the world. Reinhold Messner provides commentary in several interview segments. The <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a></i> described his contribution to the film as "the alpine legend Reinhold Messner waxing beautifully existential".<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Alpinist" title="The Alpinist">The Alpinist</a></i>, a 2021 documentary film with commentary by Messner</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reinhold_Messner&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_climbers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of climbers">List of climbers</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reinhold_Messner&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ant-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ant_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ant_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMessner1991" class="citation book cs1">Messner, Reinhold (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dFG5CIb2R5QC&q=messner+greenland"><i>Antarctica: Both Heaven and Hell</i></a>. Mountaineers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780898863055" title="Special:BookSources/9780898863055"><bdi>9780898863055</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Antarctica%3A+Both+Heaven+and+Hell&rft.pub=Mountaineers&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=9780898863055&rft.aulast=Messner&rft.aufirst=Reinhold&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdFG5CIb2R5QC%26q%3Dmessner%2Bgreenland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReinhold+Messner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gobi-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gobi_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gobi_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gobi_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMessner2013" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Messner, Reinhold (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=q-XcMgEACAAJ&q=Gobi+–+Die+Wüste+in+mir+messner"><i>Gobi: Il deserto dentro di me</i></a> (in Italian). Ed. Mare Verticale. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788897173236" title="Special:BookSources/9788897173236"><bdi>9788897173236</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gobi%3A+Il+deserto+dentro+di+me&rft.pub=Ed.+Mare+Verticale&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9788897173236&rft.aulast=Messner&rft.aufirst=Reinhold&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dq-XcMgEACAAJ%26q%3DGobi%2B%E2%80%93%2BDie%2BW%C3%BCste%2Bin%2Bmir%2Bmessner&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReinhold+Messner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-goat-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-goat_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-goat_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://achievement.org/achiever/reinhold-messner/">"Reinhold Messner, greatest mountaineer on earth - Academy of achievement"</a>. 1 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Reinhold+Messner%2C+greatest+mountaineer+on+earth+-+Academy+of+achievement&rft.date=2021-12-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fachievement.org%2Fachiever%2Freinhold-messner%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReinhold+Messner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://climbinghouse.com/best-mountaineers-all-time/">"The 9 Best Mountaineers of All Time"</a>. 14 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+9+Best+Mountaineers+of+All+Time&rft.date=2023-02-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fclimbinghouse.com%2Fbest-mountaineers-all-time%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReinhold+Messner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mountainsforeverybody.com/why-reinhold-messner-is-the-greatest-living-human">"Why Reinhold Messner Is The Greatest Living Human"</a>. 11 November 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Why+Reinhold+Messner+Is+The+Greatest+Living+Human&rft.date=2019-11-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmountainsforeverybody.com%2Fwhy-reinhold-messner-is-the-greatest-living-human&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReinhold+Messner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKratzer2012" class="citation journal cs1">Kratzer, Clemens (2012). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 February</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=The+controversy+surrounding+Reinhold+Messner&rft.date=2003-12-11&rft.aulast=Rhoads&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.backcountry.net%2Farch%2Fpct%2F0312%2Fmsg00095.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReinhold+Messner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConnolly2010" class="citation news cs1">Connolly, Kate (19 January 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/jan/19/nanga-parbat-film-controversy">"Nanga Parbat film restarts row over Messner brothers' fatal climb"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. 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Outdoors Magic. 19 August 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nanga+Parbat+Body+Ends+Messner+Controversy&rft.pub=Outdoors+Magic&rft.date=2005-08-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foutdoorsmagic.com%2Fnews%2Fnanga-parbat-body-ends-messner-controversy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReinhold+Messner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-connolly-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-connolly_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-connolly_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConnolly2010" class="citation web cs1">Connolly, Kate (19 January 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/jan/19/nanga-parbat-film-controversy">"Nanga Parbat film restarts row over Messner brothers' fatal climb"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Munich: BLV.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%C3%9Cberlebt+%E2%80%93+Alle+14+Achttausender+mit+Chronik&rft.place=Munich&rft.pub=BLV&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Messner&rft.aufirst=Reinhold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReinhold+Messner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMessnerGogna1980" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Messner, Reinhold; Gogna, Alessandro (1980). <i>K2 – Berg der Berge</i> (in German). Munich: BLV.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=K2+%E2%80%93+Berg+der+Berge&rft.place=Munich&rft.pub=BLV&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Messner&rft.aufirst=Reinhold&rft.au=Gogna%2C+Alessandro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReinhold+Messner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-amg-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-amg_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-amg_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMessner1983" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Messner, Reinhold (1983). <i>Alle meine Gipfel</i> (in German). Munich: Herbig.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alle+meine+Gipfel&rft.place=Munich&rft.pub=Herbig&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Messner&rft.aufirst=Reinhold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReinhold+Messner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKammerlander2001" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kammerlander, Hans (2001). <i>Bergsüchtig</i> (in German) (6 ed.). Munich: Piper. p. 81ff.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bergs%C3%BCchtig&rft.place=Munich&rft.pages=81ff&rft.edition=6&rft.pub=Piper&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Kammerlander&rft.aufirst=Hans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReinhold+Messner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180529204702/https://guinnessworldrecords.com/Account/Login?ReturnUrl=%2fsearch%2fapplicationrecordsearch%3fterm%3d%2522Reinhold%2bMessner%2522%26contentType%3drecord&term=%22Reinhold+Messner%22&contentType=record">"Official Guinness Registry"</a>. <i>Guinness World Records</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://guinnessworldrecords.com/Account/Login?ReturnUrl=%2fsearch%2fapplicationrecordsearch%3fterm%3d%2522Reinhold%2bMessner%2522%26contentType%3drecord&term=%22Reinhold+Messner%22&contentType=record">the original</a> on 29 May 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Guinness+World+Records&rft.atitle=Official+Guinness+Registry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fguinnessworldrecords.com%2FAccount%2FLogin%3FReturnUrl%3D%252fsearch%252fapplicationrecordsearch%253fterm%253d%252522Reinhold%252bMessner%252522%2526contentType%253drecord%26term%3D%2522Reinhold%2BMessner%2522%26contentType%3Drecord&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReinhold+Messner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKunze2006" class="citation news cs1">Kunze, Thomas (8 July 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110815015527/http://www.berlinonline.de/berliner-zeitung/archiv/.bin/dump.fcgi/2006/0708/reise/0018/index.html">"Messners 15. Achttausender"</a>. <i>Berliner Zeitung</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.berlinonline.de/berliner-zeitung/archiv/.bin/dump.fcgi/2006/0708/reise/0018/index.html">the original</a> on 15 August 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Berliner+Zeitung&rft.atitle=Messners+15.+Achttausender&rft.date=2006-07-08&rft.aulast=Kunze&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.berlinonline.de%2Fberliner-zeitung%2Farchiv%2F.bin%2Fdump.fcgi%2F2006%2F0708%2Freise%2F0018%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReinhold+Messner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mmm-firmian-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mmm-firmian_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140716041303/http://www.messner-mountain-museum.it/messner-mountain-museum,pid,1,lid,en,meid,1242637819,mid,1242637817,first,1.html">"MMM Firmian"</a>. <i>Messner Mountain Museum</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.messner-mountain-museum.it/messner-mountain-museum,pid,1,lid,en,meid,1242637819,mid,1242637817,first,1.html">the original</a> on 16 July 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Messner+Mountain+Museum&rft.atitle=MMM+Firmian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.messner-mountain-museum.it%2Fmessner-mountain-museum%2Cpid%2C1%2Clid%2Cen%2Cmeid%2C1242637819%2Cmid%2C1242637817%2Cfirst%2C1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReinhold+Messner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mmm-juval-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mmm-juval_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140225092058/http://www.messner-mountain-museum.it/messner-mountain-museum,pid,1,lid,en,meid,1242638447,mid,1242638445,first,1.html">"MMM Juval"</a>. <i>Messner Mountain Museum</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.messner-mountain-museum.it/messner-mountain-museum,pid,1,lid,en,meid,1242638447,mid,1242638445,first,1.html">the original</a> on 25 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Messner+Mountain+Museum&rft.atitle=MMM+Juval&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.messner-mountain-museum.it%2Fmessner-mountain-museum%2Cpid%2C1%2Clid%2Cen%2Cmeid%2C1242638447%2Cmid%2C1242638445%2Cfirst%2C1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReinhold+Messner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mmm-dolomites-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mmm-dolomites_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140225091952/http://www.messner-mountain-museum.it/messner-mountain-museum,pid,1,lid,en,meid,1242638209,mid,1242638207,first,1.html">"MMM Dolomites"</a>. <i>Messner Mountain Museum</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.messner-mountain-museum.it/messner-mountain-museum,pid,1,lid,en,meid,1242638209,mid,1242638207,first,1.html">the original</a> on 25 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Messner+Mountain+Museum&rft.atitle=MMM+Dolomites&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.messner-mountain-museum.it%2Fmessner-mountain-museum%2Cpid%2C1%2Clid%2Cen%2Cmeid%2C1242638209%2Cmid%2C1242638207%2Cfirst%2C1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReinhold+Messner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mmm-ortles-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mmm-ortles_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140225092100/http://www.messner-mountain-museum.it/messner-mountain-museum,pid,1,lid,en,meid,1242637409,mid,1242637407,first,1.html">"MMM Ortles"</a>. <i>Messner Mountain Museum</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.messner-mountain-museum.it/messner-mountain-museum,pid,1,lid,en,meid,1242637409,mid,1242637407,first,1.html">the original</a> on 25 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Messner+Mountain+Museum&rft.atitle=MMM+Ortles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.messner-mountain-museum.it%2Fmessner-mountain-museum%2Cpid%2C1%2Clid%2Cen%2Cmeid%2C1242637409%2Cmid%2C1242637407%2Cfirst%2C1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReinhold+Messner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mmm-ripa-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mmm-ripa_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140225091955/http://www.messner-mountain-museum.it/messner-mountain-museum,pid,1,lid,en,meid,1242638873,mid,1242638871,first,1.html">"MMM Ripa"</a>. <i>Messner Mountain Museum</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.messner-mountain-museum.it/messner-mountain-museum,pid,1,lid,en,meid,1242638873,mid,1242638871,first,1.html">the original</a> on 25 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Messner+Mountain+Museum&rft.atitle=MMM+Ripa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.messner-mountain-museum.it%2Fmessner-mountain-museum%2Cpid%2C1%2Clid%2Cen%2Cmeid%2C1242638873%2Cmid%2C1242638871%2Cfirst%2C1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReinhold+Messner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFederica_Lusiardi" class="citation web cs1">Federica Lusiardi. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inexhibit.com/case-studies/corones-museum-zaha-hadid-gazing-mountains">"Zaha Hadid's MMM Corones museum gazes at the mountains"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Inexhibit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Inexhibit (page does not exist)">Inexhibit</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Zaha+Hadid%27s+MMM+Corones+museum+gazes+at+the+mountains&rft.pub=Inexhibit&rft.au=Federica+Lusiardi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.inexhibit.com%2Fcase-studies%2Fcorones-museum-zaha-hadid-gazing-mountains&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReinhold+Messner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.europarl.europa.eu/parlArchives/mepArch/alphaOrder/view.do?language=EN&id=4419">"Search for a Member; European Parliament"</a>. Europarl.europa.eu<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Search+for+a+Member%3B+European+Parliament&rft.pub=Europarl.europa.eu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.europarl.europa.eu%2FparlArchives%2FmepArch%2FalphaOrder%2Fview.do%3Flanguage%3DEN%26id%3D4419&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReinhold+Messner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28054657/">"Nena Holguin"</a>. <i>Wiki Data</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wiki+Data&rft.atitle=Nena+Holguin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wikidata.org%2Fwiki%2FQ28054657%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReinhold+Messner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nachrichten.at/panorama/society/Reinhold-Messner-trickste-Neugierige-aus-Einen-Tag-frueher-geheiratet;art411,232745">"Reinhold Messner trickste Neugierige aus: Einen Tag früher geheiratet"</a>. <i>OÖNachrichten</i>. OÖ. Online GmbH & Co.KG. 1 August 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=O%C3%96Nachrichten&rft.atitle=Reinhold+Messner+trickste+Neugierige+aus%3A+Einen+Tag+fr%C3%BCher+geheiratet&rft.date=2009-08-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nachrichten.at%2Fpanorama%2Fsociety%2FReinhold-Messner-trickste-Neugierige-aus-Einen-Tag-frueher-geheiratet%3Bart411%2C232745&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReinhold+Messner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tageszeitung.it/2021/05/11/messner-sagt-ja/">Messner sagt Ja</a>, tageszeitung.it, 11 May 2021</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tipsforwomens.org/who-is-diane-schumacher-the-future-wife-of-reinhold-messner/">Who is Diane Schumacher, the future wife of Reinhold Messner</a>, tipsforwomens.org, 12 May 2021</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tageszeitung.it/2021/05/29/reden-wir-ueber-liebe/">Reden wir über Liebe</a>, tageszeitung.it, 29 May 2021 (in German)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tageszeitung.it/2021/05/29/unter-der-haube/">Unter der Haube</a>, tageszeitung.it, 29 May 2021</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://orf.at//stories/3215187/">Reinhold Messner erneut verheiratet</a>, orf.at, 29. Mai 2021 (in German)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Portrait_of_a_Snow_Lion-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Portrait_of_a_Snow_Lion_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mntnfilm.com/en/film/portrait-of-a-snow-lion-1992">"Portrait of a snow lion"</a>. MNTNFILM<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Portrait+of+a+snow+lion&rft.pub=MNTNFILM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mntnfilm.com%2Fen%2Ffilm%2Fportrait-of-a-snow-lion-1992&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReinhold+Messner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Messner_Guthman-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Messner_Guthman_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mntnfilm.com/en/film/messner-2002">"Messner"</a>. MNTNFILM<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Messner&rft.pub=MNTNFILM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mntnfilm.com%2Fen%2Ffilm%2Fmessner-2002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReinhold+Messner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennedy2021" class="citation news cs1">Kennedy, Lisa (1 December 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2021/12/01/movies/14-peaks-nothing-is-impossible-review.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'14 Peaks: Nothing Is Impossible' Review: Climbing at a Breakneck Pace"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211201223735/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/12/01/movies/14-peaks-nothing-is-impossible-review.html">Archived</a> from the original on 1 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=%2714+Peaks%3A+Nothing+Is+Impossible%27+Review%3A+Climbing+at+a+Breakneck+Pace&rft.date=2021-12-01&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Kennedy&rft.aufirst=Lisa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2021%2F12%2F01%2Fmovies%2F14-peaks-nothing-is-impossible-review.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReinhold+Messner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Selected_bibliography_(English_translations)"><span id="Selected_bibliography_.28English_translations.29"></span>Selected bibliography (English translations)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reinhold_Messner&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Selected bibliography (English translations)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/crystalhorizon00rein_0"><i>The Crystal Horizon: Everest – The First Solo Ascent</i></a>. Seattle: Mountaineers Books. 1989. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89886-574-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89886-574-5"><bdi>978-0-89886-574-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Crystal+Horizon%3A+Everest+%E2%80%93+The+First+Solo+Ascent&rft.place=Seattle&rft.pub=Mountaineers+Books&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-89886-574-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcrystalhorizon00rein_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReinhold+Messner" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Free Spirit: A Climber's Life</i>. Seattle: Mountaineers Books. 1998. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89886-573-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89886-573-8"><bdi>978-0-89886-573-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Free+Spirit%3A+A+Climber%27s+Life&rft.place=Seattle&rft.pub=Mountaineers+Books&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-89886-573-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReinhold+Messner" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>All Fourteen 8,000ers</i>. Mountaineers Books. 1999. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89886-660-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89886-660-5"><bdi>978-0-89886-660-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=All+Fourteen+8%2C000ers&rft.pub=Mountaineers+Books&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-89886-660-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReinhold+Messner" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780312203948"><i>My Quest for the Yeti: Confronting the Himalayas' Deepest Mystery</i></a>. New York: St. Martin's Press. 2000. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-20394-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-20394-8"><bdi>978-0-312-20394-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=My+Quest+for+the+Yeti%3A+Confronting+the+Himalayas%27+Deepest+Mystery&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-312-20394-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780312203948&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReinhold+Messner" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The Big Walls: From the North Face of the Eiger to the South Face of Dhaulagiri</i>. Seattle: Mountaineers Books. 2001. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89886-844-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89886-844-9"><bdi>978-0-89886-844-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Big+Walls%3A+From+the+North+Face+of+the+Eiger+to+the+South+Face+of+Dhaulagiri&rft.place=Seattle&rft.pub=Mountaineers+Books&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-89886-844-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReinhold+Messner" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/movingmountainsl00rein"><i>Moving Mountains: Lessons on Life and Leadership</i></a>. Provo: Executive Excellence. 2001. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-890009-90-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-890009-90-8"><bdi>978-1-890009-90-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Moving+Mountains%3A+Lessons+on+Life+and+Leadership&rft.place=Provo&rft.pub=Executive+Excellence&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-890009-90-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmovingmountainsl00rein&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReinhold+Messner" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780312268060"><i>The Second Death of George Mallory: The Enigma and Spirit of Mount Everest</i></a></span>. Translated by Carruthers, Tim. New York: St. Martin's Griffin. 2002. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-27075-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-27075-9"><bdi>978-0-312-27075-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Second+Death+of+George+Mallory%3A+The+Enigma+and+Spirit+of+Mount+Everest&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Griffin&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-312-27075-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780312268060&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReinhold+Messner" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The Naked Mountain</i>. Seattle, WA, US: Mountaineers Books. 2003. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89886-959-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89886-959-0"><bdi>978-0-89886-959-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Naked+Mountain&rft.place=Seattle%2C+WA%2C+US&rft.pub=Mountaineers+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-89886-959-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReinhold+Messner" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>My Life at the Limit</i>. Seattle, WA, US: Mountaineers Books. 2014. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59485-852-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59485-852-9"><bdi>978-1-59485-852-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=My+Life+at+the+Limit&rft.place=Seattle%2C+WA%2C+US&rft.pub=Mountaineers+Books&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-59485-852-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReinhold+Messner" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reinhold_Messner&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWetzler2002" class="citation news cs1">Wetzler, Brad (October 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100922195720/http://outsideonline.com/outside/features/200210/200210_messner_1.html">"Reinhold Don't Care What You Think"</a>. <i>Outside Magazine</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://outsideonline.com/outside/features/200210/200210_messner_1.html">the original</a> on 22 September 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Outside+Magazine&rft.atitle=Reinhold+Don%27t+Care+What+You+Think&rft.date=2002-10&rft.aulast=Wetzler&rft.aufirst=Brad&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foutsideonline.com%2Foutside%2Ffeatures%2F200210%2F200210_messner_1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReinhold+Messner" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrakauer1997" class="citation book cs1">Krakauer, Jon (1997). <i><a href="/wiki/Into_Thin_Air" title="Into Thin Air">Into Thin Air</a></i>. New York: Villard Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0385494786" title="Special:BookSources/978-0385494786"><bdi>978-0385494786</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/42967338">42967338</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Into+Thin+Air&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Villard+Books&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F42967338&rft.isbn=978-0385494786&rft.aulast=Krakauer&rft.aufirst=Jon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReinhold+Messner" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reinhold_Messner&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMessner1981" class="citation magazine cs1">Messner, Reinhold (October 1981). "I Climbed Everest Alone... At My Limit". <i><a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Geographic (magazine)">National Geographic</a></i>. Vol. 160, no. 4. pp. 552–566. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0027-9358">0027-9358</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/643483454">643483454</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&rft.atitle=I+Climbed+Everest+Alone...+At+My+Limit&rft.volume=160&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=552-566&rft.date=1981-10&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F643483454&rft.issn=0027-9358&rft.aulast=Messner&rft.aufirst=Reinhold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReinhold+Messner" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reinhold_Messner&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Reinhold_Messner" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Reinhold Messner">Reinhold Messner</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reinhold-messner.de/">Official site</a> <span class="languageicon">(in German)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/aug/19/barbaramcmahon">Discovery of remains ends controversy about the death of Reinhold Messner's brother</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7XQMRwAy0Y8"><span class="plainlinks">(rare English interview with Messner)</span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://thediplomat.com/2017/04/reinhold-messner-on-the-future-of-climbing-mount-everest/">[1]</a> Reinhold Messner on the Future of Climbing Mount Everest - an interview with Saransh Sehgal</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Interviews">Interviews</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reinhold_Messner&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Interviews"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaia_Symphony_(TV_Series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaia Symphony (TV Series)">Gaia Symphony Documentary series</a> (Japanese production).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://achievement.org/achiever/reinhold-messner/#interview">Reinhold Messner Biography and Interview on American Academy of Achievement</a>.</li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFF179;">Awards </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_national_rugby_union_team" title="New Zealand national rugby union team">New Zealand national rugby union team</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Princess_of_Asturias_Awards#Sports_(Deportes)" title="Princess of Asturias Awards">Princess of Asturias Award for Sports</a><br /><small>(with <a href="/wiki/Krzysztof_Wielicki" title="Krzysztof Wielicki">Krzysztof Wielicki</a>)</small> </b><br />2018 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Lindsey_Vonn" title="Lindsey Vonn">Lindsey Vonn</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">n/a</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Golden Plate Award of the <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Achievement" title="Academy of Achievement">American Academy of Achievement</a><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />1987 </b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold">n/a</div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Arctic" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Arctic_exploration" title="Arctic exploration">Arctic</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="*_Ocean_*_History_*_Expeditions_*_Research_stations"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Ocean" title="Arctic Ocean">Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_exploration" title="Arctic exploration">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Arctic_expeditions" title="List of Arctic expeditions">Expeditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_research_stations_in_the_Arctic" title="List of research stations in the Arctic">Research stations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Farthest_North" title="Farthest North">Farthest North</a><br /><a href="/wiki/North_Pole" title="North Pole">North Pole</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Willem_Barentsz" title="Willem Barentsz">Barentsz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_van_Heemskerck" title="Jacob van Heemskerck">Heemskerck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Hudson" title="Henry Hudson">Hudson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Marmaduke" title="Thomas Marmaduke">Marmaduke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joris_Carolus" title="Joris Carolus">Carolus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Edward_Parry" title="William Edward Parry">Parry</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/North_magnetic_pole" title="North magnetic pole">North magnetic pole</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Ross_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="John Ross (Royal Navy officer)">J. Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Clark_Ross" title="James Clark Ross">J. C. Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Abernethy_(explorer)" title="Thomas Abernethy (explorer)">Abernethy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisha_Kent_Kane" title="Elisha Kent Kane">Kane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Israel_Hayes" title="Isaac Israel Hayes">Hayes</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Polaris_expedition" title="Polaris expedition"><i>Polaris</i> expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USS_Polaris_(1871)" title="USS Polaris (1871)"><i>Polaris</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Francis_Hall" title="Charles Francis Hall">C. F. Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Bessels" title="Emil Bessels">Bessels</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/British_Arctic_Expedition" title="British Arctic Expedition">British Arctic Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Alert_(1856)" title="HMS Alert (1856)">HMS <i>Alert</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Nares" title="George Nares">Nares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Discovery_(1874)" title="HMS Discovery (1874)">HMS <i>Discovery</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Frederick_Stephenson" title="Henry Frederick Stephenson">Stephenson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Hastings_Markham" title="Albert Hastings Markham">Markham</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Lady_Franklin_Bay_Expedition" title="Lady Franklin Bay Expedition">Lady Franklin Bay Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adolphus_Greely" title="Adolphus Greely">Greely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_B._Lockwood" title="James B. Lockwood">Lockwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_L._Brainard" title="David L. Brainard">Brainard</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nansen%27s_Fram_expedition" title="Nansen's Fram expedition">Nansen's <i>Fram</i> expedition</a></b> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Fram_(ship)" title="Fram (ship)">Fram</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fridtjof_Nansen" title="Fridtjof Nansen">Nansen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hjalmar_Johansen" title="Hjalmar Johansen">Johansen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Sverdrup" title="Otto Sverdrup">Sverdrup</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_(1881_ship)" title="Jason (1881 ship)"><i>Jason</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Luigi_Amedeo,_Duke_of_the_Abruzzi" title="Prince Luigi Amedeo, Duke of the Abruzzi">Amedeo</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9e%27s_Arctic_balloon_expedition" title="Andrée's Arctic balloon expedition">Andrée's balloon expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salomon_August_Andr%C3%A9e" title="Salomon August Andrée">S. A. Andrée</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Cook" title="Frederick Cook">F. Cook</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/SS_Roosevelt_(1905)" title="SS Roosevelt (1905)">SS <i>Roosevelt</i></a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Peary" title="Robert Peary">Peary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Henson" title="Matthew Henson">Henson</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Sedov" title="Georgy Sedov">Sedov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Byrd" title="Richard E. Byrd">Byrd</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Norge_(airship)" title="Norge (airship)"><i>Norge</i></a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen">Amundsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umberto_Nobile" title="Umberto Nobile">Nobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wisting" title="Oscar Wisting">Wisting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hjalmar_Riiser-Larsen" title="Hjalmar Riiser-Larsen">Riiser-Larsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Ellsworth" title="Lincoln Ellsworth">Ellsworth</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Italia_(airship)" title="Italia (airship)"><i>Italia</i></a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_O-12_(SS-73)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS O-12 (SS-73)"><i><b>Nautilus</b></i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Wilkins" title="Hubert Wilkins">Wilkins</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tupolev_ANT-25" title="Tupolev ANT-25">ANT-25</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Valery_Chkalov" title="Valery Chkalov">Chkalov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Baydukov" title="Georgy Baydukov">Baydukov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Vasilyevich_Belyakov" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Vasilyevich Belyakov">Belyakov</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Drifting_ice_station" title="Drifting ice station">Drifting ice stations</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/North_Pole-1" title="North Pole-1">NP-1</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Papanin" title="Ivan Papanin">Papanin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Shirshov" title="Pyotr Shirshov">Shirshov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevgeny_Fyodorov_(scientist)" title="Yevgeny Fyodorov (scientist)">E. Fyodorov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Krenkel" title="Ernst Krenkel">Krenkel</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/North_Pole-36" title="North Pole-36">NP-36</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/North_Pole-37" title="North Pole-37">NP-37</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Georgiy_Sedov_(1908_icebreaker)" title="Georgiy Sedov (1908 icebreaker)"><i>Georgiy Sedov</i></a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Badygin" title="Konstantin Badygin">Badygin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Wiese" title="Vladimir Wiese">Wiese</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/USS_Nautilus_(SSN-571)" title="USS Nautilus (SSN-571)">USS <i>Nautilus</i></a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Skate_(SSN-578)" title="USS Skate (SSN-578)">USS <i>Skate</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Plaisted" title="Ralph Plaisted">Plaisted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wally_Herbert" title="Wally Herbert">Herbert</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Arktika_(1972_icebreaker)" title="Arktika (1972 icebreaker)">NS <i>Arktika</i></a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Barneo" title="Barneo">Barneo</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Arktika_2007" title="Arktika 2007">Arktika 2007</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mir_(submersible)" title="Mir (submersible)"><i>Mir</i> submersibles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatoly_Sagalevich" title="Anatoly Sagalevich">Sagalevich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artur_Chilingarov" title="Artur Chilingarov">Chilingarov</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pytheas" title="Pytheas">Pytheas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brendan_the_Navigator" title="Brendan the Navigator">Brendan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Papar" title="Papar">Papar</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Viking_expansion" title="Viking expansion">Vikings</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naddodd" title="Naddodd">Naddodd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gar%C3%B0ar_Svavarsson" title="Garðar Svavarsson">Garðar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ing%C3%B3lfr_Arnarson" title="Ingólfr Arnarson">Ingólfr</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Norse_colonization_of_North_America" title="Norse colonization of North America">Norse colonization of North America</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunnbj%C3%B6rn_Ulfsson" title="Gunnbjörn Ulfsson">Gunnbjörn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sn%C3%A6bj%C3%B6rn_galti" title="Snæbjörn galti">Snæbjörn galti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_the_Red" title="Erik the Red">Erik the Red</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Christian_IV%27s_expeditions_to_Greenland" title="Christian IV's expeditions to Greenland">Christian IV's expeditions</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Hall_(explorer)" title="James Hall (explorer)">J. Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cunningham_(explorer)" title="John Cunningham (explorer)">Cunningham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godske_Lindenov" title="Godske Lindenov">Lindenov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carsten_Richardson" title="Carsten Richardson">C. Richardson</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Danish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Danish colonization of the Americas">Danish colonization</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Egede" title="Hans Egede">Egede</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Scoresby" title="William Scoresby">Scoresby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_(1881_ship)" title="Jason (1881 ship)"><i>Jason</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fridtjof_Nansen" title="Fridtjof Nansen">Nansen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Sverdrup" title="Otto Sverdrup">Sverdrup</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Peary" title="Robert Peary">Peary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knud_Rasmussen" title="Knud Rasmussen">Rasmussen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Passage" title="Northwest Passage">Northwest Passage</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Northern_Canada" title="Northern Canada">Northern Canada</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Cabot" title="John Cabot">Cabot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspar_Corte-Real" title="Gaspar Corte-Real">G. Corte-Real</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Corte-Real" title="Miguel Corte-Real">M. Corte-Real</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Frobisher" title="Martin Frobisher">Frobisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humphrey_Gilbert" title="Humphrey Gilbert">Gilbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Davis_(explorer)" title="John Davis (explorer)">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Hudson" title="Henry Hudson">Hudson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_(1602_ship)" title="Discovery (1602 ship)"><i>Discovery</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bylot" title="Robert Bylot">Bylot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Baffin" title="William Baffin">Baffin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jens_Munk" title="Jens Munk">Munk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Fyodorov_(navigator)" title="Ivan Fyodorov (navigator)">I. Fyodorov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Resolution_(1771)" title="HMS Resolution (1771)">HMS <i>Resolution</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook">J. Cook</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Discovery_(1774)" title="HMS Discovery (1774)">HMS <i>Discovery</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Clerke" title="Charles Clerke">Clerke</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Mackenzie_(explorer)" title="Alexander Mackenzie (explorer)">Mackenzie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Kotzebue" title="Otto von Kotzebue">Kotzebue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ross_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="John Ross (Royal Navy officer)">J. Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Griper_(1813)" title="HMS Griper (1813)">HMS <i>Griper</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Edward_Parry" title="William Edward Parry">Parry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Hecla_(1815)" title="HMS Hecla (1815)">HMS <i>Hecla</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Francis_Lyon" title="George Francis Lyon">Lyon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Fury_(1814)" title="HMS Fury (1814)">HMS <i>Fury</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Parkyns_Hoppner" title="Henry Parkyns Hoppner">Hoppner</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Crozier" title="Francis Crozier">Crozier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Clark_Ross" title="James Clark Ross">J. C. Ross</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Coppermine_expedition" title="Coppermine expedition">Coppermine expedition</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Franklin" title="John Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Back" title="George Back">Back</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Warren_Dease" title="Peter Warren Dease">Dease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Simpson_(explorer)" title="Thomas Simpson (explorer)">Simpson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Blossom_(1806)" title="HMS Blossom (1806)">HMS <i>Blossom</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_William_Beechey" title="Frederick William Beechey">Beechey</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Franklin%27s_lost_expedition" title="Franklin's lost expedition">Franklin's lost expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Erebus_(1826)" title="HMS Erebus (1826)">HMS <i>Erebus</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Terror_(1813)" title="HMS Terror (1813)">HMS <i>Terror</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Collinson" title="Richard Collinson">Collinson</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Rae%E2%80%93Richardson_Arctic_expedition" title="Rae–Richardson Arctic expedition">Rae–Richardson expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Rae_(explorer)" title="John Rae (explorer)">Rae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Richardson_(naturalist)" title="John Richardson (naturalist)">J. Richardson</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horatio_Thomas_Austin" title="Horatio Thomas Austin">Austin</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/McClure_Arctic_expedition" title="McClure Arctic expedition">McClure expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Investigator_(1848)" title="HMS Investigator (1848)">HMS <i>Investigator</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_McClure" title="Robert McClure">McClure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Resolute_(1850)" title="HMS Resolute (1850)">HMS <i>Resolute</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Kellett" title="Henry Kellett">Kellett</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Belcher" title="Edward Belcher">Belcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Kennedy_(explorer)" title="William Kennedy (explorer)">Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Ren%C3%A9_Bellot" title="Joseph René Bellot">Bellot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabel_(1850_ship)" title="Isabel (1850 ship)"><i>Isabel</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Augustus_Inglefield" title="Edward Augustus Inglefield">Inglefield</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Second_Grinnell_expedition" title="Second Grinnell expedition">2nd Grinnell expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USS_Advance_(1847)" title="USS Advance (1847)">USS <i>Advance</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisha_Kent_Kane" title="Elisha Kent Kane">Kane</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_(ship)" title="Fox (ship)"><i>Fox</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_McClintock" title="Leopold McClintock">McClintock</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Jeannette_(1878)" title="USS Jeannette (1878)">HMS <i>Pandora</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allen_Young" title="Allen Young">Young</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fram_(ship)" title="Fram (ship)">Fram</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Sverdrup" title="Otto Sverdrup">Sverdrup</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Gj%C3%B8a" title="Gjøa">Gjøa</a></b></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen">Amundsen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knud_Rasmussen" title="Knud Rasmussen">Rasmussen</a></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Last_voyage_of_the_Karluk" title="Last voyage of the Karluk">Karluk</a></b></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vilhjalmur_Stefansson" title="Vilhjalmur Stefansson">Stefansson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bartlett_(explorer)" title="Robert Bartlett (explorer)">Bartlett</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/St._Roch_(ship)" title="St. Roch (ship)"><i>St. Roch</i></a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Larsen_(explorer)" title="Henry Larsen (explorer)">H. Larsen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Scott_Cowper" title="David Scott Cowper">Cowper</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Sea_Route" title="Northern Sea Route">North East Passage</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Far_North_(Russia)" title="Far North (Russia)">Russian Arctic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Pomors" title="Pomors">Pomors</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koch_(boat)" title="Koch (boat)">Koch boats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Willoughby" title="Hugh Willoughby">Willoughby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Chancellor" title="Richard Chancellor">Chancellor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willem_Barentsz" title="Willem Barentsz">Barentsz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_van_Heemskerck" title="Jacob van Heemskerck">Heemskerck</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mangazeya" title="Mangazeya">Mangazeya</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Hudson" title="Henry Hudson">Hudson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonas_Poole" title="Jonas Poole">Poole</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Cossacks" title="Siberian Cossacks">Siberian Cossacks</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilya_Perfilyev" title="Ilya Perfilyev">Perfilyev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Stadukhin" title="Mikhail Stadukhin">Stadukhin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semyon_Dezhnev" title="Semyon Dezhnev">Dezhnev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fedot_Alekseyevich_Popov" title="Fedot Alekseyevich Popov">Popov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurbat_Ivanov" title="Kurbat Ivanov">Ivanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merkury_Vagin" title="Merkury Vagin">Vagin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakov_Permyakov" title="Yakov Permyakov">Permyakov</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Great_Northern_Expedition" title="Great Northern Expedition">Great Northern Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vitus_Bering" title="Vitus Bering">Bering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksei_Chirikov" title="Aleksei Chirikov">Chirikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stepan_Malygin" title="Stepan Malygin">Malygin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Ovtsyn" title="Dmitry Ovtsyn">Ovtsyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Minin" title="Fyodor Minin">Minin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasili_Pronchishchev" title="Vasili Pronchishchev">V. Pronchishchev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Pronchishcheva" title="Maria Pronchishcheva">M. Pronchishcheva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semyon_Chelyuskin" title="Semyon Chelyuskin">Chelyuskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khariton_Laptev" title="Khariton Laptev">Kh. Laptev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Laptev" title="Dmitry Laptev">D. Laptev</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasily_Chichagov" title="Vasily Chichagov">Chichagov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Lyakhov" title="Ivan Lyakhov">Lyakhov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Billings" title="Joseph Billings">Billings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakov_Sannikov" title="Yakov Sannikov">Sannikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matvei_Gedenshtrom" title="Matvei Gedenshtrom">Gedenshtrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_von_Wrangel" title="Ferdinand von Wrangel">Wrangel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Matyushkin" title="Fyodor Matyushkin">Matyushkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Anjou" title="Pyotr Anjou">Anjou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Benjamin_von_L%C3%BCtke" title="Friedrich Benjamin von Lütke">Litke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Lavrov" title="Mikhail Lavrov">Lavrov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Pakhtusov" title="Pyotr Pakhtusov">Pakhtusov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avgust_Tsivolko" title="Avgust Tsivolko">Tsivolko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_von_Middendorff" title="Alexander von Middendorff">Middendorff</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_North_Pole_expedition" title="Austro-Hungarian North Pole expedition">Austro-Hungarian Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Weyprecht" title="Karl Weyprecht">Weyprecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_von_Payer" title="Julius von Payer">Payer</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Vega_Expedition" title="Vega Expedition"><i>Vega</i> Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Erik_Nordenski%C3%B6ld" title="Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld">A. E. Nordenskiöld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Palander" title="Louis Palander">Palander</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Jeannette_expedition" title="Jeannette expedition"><i>Jeannette</i> expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USS_Jeannette_(1878)" title="USS Jeannette (1878)">USS <i>Jeannette</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._De_Long" title="George W. De Long">De Long</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Melville" title="George W. Melville">Melville</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Yermak_(1898_icebreaker)" title="Yermak (1898 icebreaker)"><i>Yermak</i></a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stepan_Makarov" title="Stepan Makarov">Makarov</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Zarya_(polar_ship)" title="Zarya (polar ship)"><i>Zarya</i></a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_von_Toll" title="Eduard von Toll">Toll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Kolomeitsev" title="Nikolai Kolomeitsev">Kolomeitsev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Matisen" title="Fyodor Matisen">Matisen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kolchak" title="Alexander Kolchak">Kolchak</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Sedov" title="Georgy Sedov">Sedov</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Rusanov_expedition" title="Rusanov expedition">Rusanov expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Rusanov" title="Vladimir Rusanov">Rusanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kuchin" title="Alexander Kuchin">Kuchin</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Brusilov_expedition" title="Brusilov expedition">Brusilov expedition</a></b> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Svyataya_Anna" title="Svyataya Anna">Sv. Anna</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Brusilov" title="Georgy Brusilov">Brusilov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerian_Albanov" title="Valerian Albanov">Albanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Konrad" title="Alexander Konrad">Konrad</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Wiese" title="Vladimir Wiese">Wiese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Nag%C3%B3rski" title="Jan Nagórski">Nagórski</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Taymyr_(1909_icebreaker)" title="Taymyr (1909 icebreaker)"><i>Taymyr</i></a></b> / <b><a href="/wiki/Vaygach_(1909_icebreaker)" title="Vaygach (1909 icebreaker)"><i>Vaygach</i></a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Vilkitsky" title="Boris Vilkitsky">Vilkitsky</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Maud_(ship)" title="Maud (ship)"><i>Maud</i></a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen">Amundsen</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Arctic_and_Antarctic_Research_Institute" title="Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute">AARI</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Samoylovich" title="Rudolf Samoylovich">Samoylovich</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikifor_Begichev" title="Nikifor Begichev">Begichev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Urvantsev" title="Nikolay Urvantsev">Urvantsev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadko_(1913_icebreaker)" title="Sadko (1913 icebreaker)"><i>Sadko</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Ushakov" title="Georgy Ushakov">Ushakov</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Chief_Directorate_of_the_Northern_Sea_Route" title="Chief Directorate of the Northern Sea Route">Glavsevmorput</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Schmidt" title="Otto Schmidt">Schmidt</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Aviaarktika" title="Aviaarktika">Aviaarktika</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Shevelev" title="Mark Shevelev">Shevelev</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Sibiryakov_(icebreaker)" title="A. Sibiryakov (icebreaker)"><i>A. Sibiryakov</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Voronin_(captain)" title="Vladimir Voronin (captain)">Voronin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Chelyuskin" title="SS Chelyuskin"><i>Chelyuskin</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krassin_(1916_icebreaker)" title="Krassin (1916 icebreaker)"><i>Krassin</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakov_Gakkel" title="Yakov Gakkel">Gakkel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear-powered_icebreaker" title="Nuclear-powered icebreaker">Nuclear-powered icebreakers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lenin_(1957_icebreaker)" title="Lenin (1957 icebreaker)"><i>Lenin</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arktika-class_icebreaker" title="Arktika-class icebreaker"><i>Arktika</i>-class</a> <a href="/wiki/Icebreaker" title="Icebreaker">icebreaker</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Antarctic" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_exploration" class="mw-redirect" title="Antarctic exploration">Antarctic</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="*_Continent_*_History_*_Expeditions"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Continent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Antarctica" title="History of Antarctica">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Antarctic_expeditions" title="List of Antarctic expeditions">Expeditions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Ocean" title="Southern Ocean">Antarctic/Southern Ocean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_de_la_Roch%C3%A9" title="Anthony de la Roché">Roché</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Charles_Bouvet_de_Lozier" title="Jean-Baptiste Charles Bouvet de Lozier">Bouvet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yves-Joseph_de_Kerguelen-Tr%C3%A9marec" title="Yves-Joseph de Kerguelen-Trémarec">Kerguelen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Resolution_(1771)" title="HMS Resolution (1771)">HMS <i>Resolution</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook">J. Cook</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Adventure_(1771)" title="HMS Adventure (1771)">HMS <i>Adventure</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tobias_Furneaux" title="Tobias Furneaux">Furneaux</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Smith_(mariner)" title="William Smith (mariner)">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Telmo_(Spanish_ship)" class="mw-redirect" title="San Telmo (Spanish ship)"><i>San Telmo</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vostok_(sloop-of-war)" title="Vostok (sloop-of-war)"><i>Vostok</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fabian_Gottlieb_von_Bellingshausen" title="Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen">Bellingshausen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirny_(sloop-of-war)" title="Mirny (sloop-of-war)"><i>Mirny</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Lazarev" title="Mikhail Lazarev">Lazarev</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Bransfield" title="Edward Bransfield">Bransfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Palmer" title="Nathaniel Palmer">Palmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Davis_(sealer)" title="John Davis (sealer)">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Weddell" title="James Weddell">Weddell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Morrell" title="Benjamin Morrell">Morrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_ship_Astrolabe_(1811)" title="French ship Astrolabe (1811)"><i>Astrolabe</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Dumont_d%27Urville" title="Jules Dumont d'Urville">Dumont d'Urville</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/United_States_Exploring_Expedition" title="United States Exploring Expedition">United States Exploring Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USS_Vincennes_(1826)" title="USS Vincennes (1826)">USS <i>Vincennes</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Wilkes" title="Charles Wilkes">Wilkes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Porpoise_(1836)" title="USS Porpoise (1836)">USS <i>Porpoise</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cadwalader_Ringgold" title="Cadwalader Ringgold">Ringgold</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ross_expedition" title="Ross expedition">Ross expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Erebus_(1826)" title="HMS Erebus (1826)">HMS <i>Erebus</i></a> (<a href="/wiki/James_Clark_Ross" title="James Clark Ross">J. C. Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Abernethy_(explorer)" title="Thomas Abernethy (explorer)">Abernethy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Terror_(1813)" title="HMS Terror (1813)">HMS <i>Terror</i></a> (<a href="/wiki/Francis_Crozier" title="Francis Crozier">Crozier</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercator_Cooper" title="Mercator Cooper">Cooper</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Challenger_expedition" title="Challenger expedition">Challenger expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Challenger_(1858)" title="HMS Challenger (1858)">HMS <i>Challenger</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Nares" title="George Nares">Nares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Murray_(oceanographer)" title="John Murray (oceanographer)">Murray</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_(1881_ship)" title="Jason (1881 ship)"><i>Jason</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Anton_Larsen" title="Carl Anton Larsen">C. A. Larsen</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold">"</span><a href="/wiki/Heroic_Age_of_Antarctic_Exploration" title="Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration">Heroic Age</a><span class="nobold">"</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Antarctic_Expedition" title="Belgian Antarctic Expedition">Belgian Antarctic Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RV_Belgica_(1884)" title="RV Belgica (1884)"><i>Belgica</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrien_de_Gerlache" title="Adrien de Gerlache">de Gerlache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Lecointe_(explorer)" title="Georges Lecointe (explorer)">Lecointe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen">Amundsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Cook" title="Frederick Cook">Cook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henryk_Arctowski" title="Henryk Arctowski">Arctowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Racovi%C8%9B%C4%83" title="Emil Racoviță">Racoviță</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoni_Boles%C5%82aw_Dobrowolski" title="Antoni Bolesław Dobrowolski">Dobrowolski</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Southern_Cross_Expedition" title="Southern Cross Expedition">Southern Cross</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SS_Southern_Cross_(1886)" title="SS Southern Cross (1886)"><i>Southern Cross</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carsten_Borchgrevink" title="Carsten Borchgrevink">Borchgrevink</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Discovery_Expedition" title="Discovery Expedition">Discovery</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RRS_Discovery" title="RRS Discovery"><i>Discovery</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_Hut" title="Discovery Hut">Discovery Hut</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Gauss_expedition" title="Gauss expedition">Gauss</a></b> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gauss_(ship)" title="Gauss (ship)">Gauss</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_von_Drygalski" title="Erich von Drygalski">Drygalski</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Antarctic_Expedition" title="Swedish Antarctic Expedition">Swedish Antarctic Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_(ship)" title="Antarctic (ship)"><i>Antarctic</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Nordenskj%C3%B6ld" title="Otto Nordenskjöld">O. Nordenskjöld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Anton_Larsen" title="Carl Anton Larsen">C. A. Larsen</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Scottish_National_Antarctic_Expedition" title="Scottish National Antarctic Expedition">Scottish Antarctic Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Speirs_Bruce" title="William Speirs Bruce">Bruce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotia_(barque)" title="Scotia (barque)"><i>Scotia</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Orcadas_Base" title="Orcadas Base">Orcadas Base</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nimrod_Expedition" title="Nimrod Expedition">Nimrod Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Nimrod_(1867_ship)" title="Nimrod (1867 ship)">Nimrod</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/French_Antarctic_Expedition" title="French Antarctic Expedition">French Antarctic Expeditions</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pourquoi-Pas_(1908)" title="Pourquoi-Pas (1908)"><i>Pourquoi-Pas</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Charcot" title="Jean-Baptiste Charcot">Charcot</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Antarctic_Expedition" title="Japanese Antarctic Expedition">Japanese Antarctic Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nobu_Shirase" title="Nobu Shirase">Shirase</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Amundsen%27s_South_Pole_expedition" title="Amundsen's South Pole expedition">Amundsen's South Pole expedition</a></b> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Fram_(ship)" title="Fram (ship)">Fram</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen">Amundsen</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Framheim" title="Framheim">Framheim</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Polheim" title="Polheim">Polheim</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Terra_Nova_Expedition" title="Terra Nova Expedition">Terra Nova</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terra_Nova_(ship)" title="Terra Nova (ship)"><i>Terra Nova</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Falcon_Scott" title="Robert Falcon Scott">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Wilson_(explorer)" title="Edward Wilson (explorer)">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Evans,_1st_Baron_Mountevans" title="Edward Evans, 1st Baron Mountevans">E. R. Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Crean_(explorer)" title="Tom Crean (explorer)">Crean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lashly" title="William Lashly">Lashly</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Filchner" title="Wilhelm Filchner">Filchner</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Australasian_Antarctic_Expedition" title="Australasian Antarctic Expedition">Australasian Antarctic Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SY_Aurora" title="SY Aurora">SY <i>Aurora</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Mawson" title="Douglas Mawson">Mawson</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Far_Eastern_Party" title="Far Eastern Party">Far Eastern Party</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Trans-Antarctic_Expedition" title="Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition">Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Endurance_(1912_ship)" title="Endurance (1912 ship)"><i>Endurance</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Shackleton" title="Ernest Shackleton">Shackleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Wild" title="Frank Wild">Wild</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Voyage_of_the_James_Caird" title="Voyage of the James Caird"><i>James Caird</i></a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ross_Sea_party" title="Ross Sea party">Ross Sea party</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeneas_Mackintosh" title="Aeneas Mackintosh">Mackintosh</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Shackleton%E2%80%93Rowett_Expedition" title="Shackleton–Rowett Expedition">Shackleton–Rowett Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quest_(ship)" title="Quest (ship)"><i>Quest</i></a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/International_Polar_Year" title="International Polar Year">IPY</a> · <a href="/wiki/International_Geophysical_Year" title="International Geophysical Year">IGY</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Research_stations_in_Antarctica" title="Research stations in Antarctica">Modern research</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lars_Christensen" title="Lars Christensen">Christensen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Byrd" title="Richard E. Byrd">Byrd</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/British_Australian_and_New_Zealand_Antarctic_Research_Expedition" title="British Australian and New Zealand Antarctic Research Expedition">BANZARE</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/British_Graham_Land_expedition" title="British Graham Land expedition">BGLE</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Rymill" title="John Rymill">Rymill</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/New_Swabia" title="New Swabia">New Swabia</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Ritscher" title="Alfred Ritscher">Ritscher</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tabarin" title="Operation Tabarin">Operation Tabarin</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Marr_(biologist)" title="James Marr (biologist)">Marr</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Operation_Highjump" title="Operation Highjump">Operation Highjump</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captain_Arturo_Prat_Base" title="Captain Arturo Prat Base">Captain Arturo Prat Base</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/British_Antarctic_Survey" title="British Antarctic Survey">British Antarctic Survey</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Operation_Windmill" title="Operation Windmill">Operation Windmill</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ketchum" title="Gerald Ketchum">Ketchum</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ronne_Antarctic_Research_Expedition" title="Ronne Antarctic Research Expedition">Ronne Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finn_Ronne" title="Finn Ronne">F. Ronne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackie_Ronne" title="Jackie Ronne">E. Ronne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Schlossbach" title="Isaac Schlossbach">Schlossbach</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Operation_Deep_Freeze" title="Operation Deep Freeze">Operation Deep Freeze</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McMurdo_Station" title="McMurdo Station">McMurdo Station</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Trans-Antarctic_Expedition" title="Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition">Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Hillary" title="Edmund Hillary">Hillary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivian_Fuchs" title="Vivian Fuchs">V. Fuchs</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Antarctic_Expedition" title="Soviet Antarctic Expedition">Soviet Antarctic Expeditions</a></b> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/1st_Soviet_Antarctic_Expedition" title="1st Soviet Antarctic Expedition">1st</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Somov" title="Mikhail Somov">Somov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Klenova" title="Maria Klenova">Klenova</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mirny_Station" title="Mirny Station">Mirny</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/2nd_Soviet_Antarctic_Expedition" title="2nd Soviet Antarctic Expedition">2nd</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexey_Tryoshnikov" title="Alexey Tryoshnikov">Tryoshnikov</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/3rd_Soviet_Antarctic_Expedition" title="3rd Soviet Antarctic Expedition">3rd</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yevgeny_Tolstikov" title="Yevgeny Tolstikov">Tolstikov</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Treaty_System" title="Antarctic Treaty System">Antarctic Treaty System</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Transglobe_Expedition" title="Transglobe Expedition">Transglobe Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ranulph_Fiennes" title="Ranulph Fiennes">Fiennes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_R._Burton" title="Charles R. Burton">Burton</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Lake_Vostok" title="Lake Vostok">Lake Vostok</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrey_Kapitsa" title="Andrey Kapitsa">Kapitsa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Farthest_South" title="Farthest South">Farthest South</a><br /><a href="/wiki/South_Pole" title="South Pole">South Pole</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Resolution_(1771)" title="HMS Resolution (1771)">HMS <i>Resolution</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook">J. Cook</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Adventure_(1771)" title="HMS Adventure (1771)">HMS <i>Adventure</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tobias_Furneaux" title="Tobias Furneaux">Furneaux</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Weddell" title="James Weddell">Weddell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Erebus_(1826)" title="HMS Erebus (1826)">HMS <i>Erebus</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Clark_Ross" title="James Clark Ross">J. C. Ross</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Terror_(1813)" title="HMS Terror (1813)">HMS <i>Terror</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Crozier" title="Francis Crozier">Crozier</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Southern_Cross_Expedition" title="Southern Cross Expedition">Southern Cross</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carsten_Borchgrevink" title="Carsten Borchgrevink">Borchgrevink</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Discovery_Expedition" title="Discovery Expedition">Discovery</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Barne" title="Michael Barne">Barne</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nimrod_Expedition" title="Nimrod Expedition">Nimrod</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Shackleton" title="Ernest Shackleton">Shackleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Wild" title="Frank Wild">Wild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Marshall" title="Eric Marshall">Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jameson_Adams" title="Jameson Adams">Adams</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/South_magnetic_pole" title="South magnetic pole">South magnetic pole</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Mawson" title="Douglas Mawson">Mawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgeworth_David" title="Edgeworth David">David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alistair_Mackay" title="Alistair Mackay">Mackay</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Amundsen%27s_South_Pole_expedition" title="Amundsen's South Pole expedition">Amundsen's South Pole expedition</a></b> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Fram_(ship)" title="Fram (ship)">Fram</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen">Amundsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olav_Bjaaland" title="Olav Bjaaland">Bjaaland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmer_Hanssen" title="Helmer Hanssen">Helmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sverre_Hassel" title="Sverre Hassel">Hassel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wisting" title="Oscar Wisting">Wisting</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Polheim" title="Polheim">Polheim</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Terra_Nova_Expedition" title="Terra Nova Expedition">Terra Nova</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Falcon_Scott" title="Robert Falcon Scott">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Evans" title="Edgar Evans">E. Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Oates" title="Lawrence Oates">Oates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Wilson_(explorer)" title="Edward Wilson (explorer)">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Robertson_Bowers" title="Henry Robertson Bowers">Bowers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apsley_Cherry-Garrard" title="Apsley Cherry-Garrard">Cherry-Garrard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Byrd" title="Richard E. Byrd">Byrd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernt_Balchen" title="Bernt Balchen">Balchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashley_Chadbourne_McKinley" title="Ashley Chadbourne McKinley">McKinley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_J._Dufek" title="George J. Dufek">Dufek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amundsen%E2%80%93Scott_South_Pole_Station" title="Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station">Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Hillary" title="Edmund Hillary">Hillary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivian_Fuchs" title="Vivian Fuchs">V. Fuchs</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Pole_of_Cold" title="Pole of Cold">Pole of Cold</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vostok_Station" title="Vostok Station">Vostok Station</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Pole_of_inaccessibility" title="Pole of inaccessibility">Pole of inaccessibility</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pole_of_Inaccessibility_research_station" title="Pole of Inaccessibility research station">Pole of Inaccessibility research station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevgeny_Tolstikov" title="Yevgeny Tolstikov">Tolstikov</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_P._Crary" title="Albert P. Crary">Crary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arved_Fuchs" title="Arved Fuchs">A. Fuchs</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Messner</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Laureates_of_the_Prince_or_Princess_of_Asturias_Award_for_Sports" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#99d6ff;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Princess_of_Asturias_Award_for_Sports" title="Template:Princess of Asturias Award for Sports"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Princess_of_Asturias_Award_for_Sports" title="Template talk:Princess of Asturias Award for Sports"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Princess_of_Asturias_Award_for_Sports" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Princess of Asturias Award for Sports"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Laureates_of_the_Prince_or_Princess_of_Asturias_Award_for_Sports" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Laureates of the <a href="/wiki/Princess_of_Asturias_Awards" title="Princess of Asturias Awards">Prince or Princess of Asturias Award</a> for Sports</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#addeff;"><div id="Prince_of_Asturias_Award_for_Sports" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Prince of Asturias Award for Sports</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1987: <a href="/wiki/Sebastian_Coe" title="Sebastian Coe">Sebastian Coe</a></li> <li>1988: <a href="/wiki/Juan_Antonio_Samaranch" title="Juan Antonio Samaranch">Juan Antonio Samaranch</a></li> <li>1989: <a href="/wiki/Seve_Ballesteros" title="Seve Ballesteros">Severiano Ballesteros</a></li> <li>1990: <a href="/wiki/Sito_Pons" title="Sito Pons">Sito Pons</a></li> <li>1991: <a href="/wiki/Sergey_Bubka" title="Sergey Bubka">Sergey Bubka</a></li> <li>1992: <a href="/wiki/Miguel_Indur%C3%A1in" title="Miguel Induráin">Miguel Induráin</a></li> <li>1993: <a href="/wiki/Javier_Sotomayor" title="Javier Sotomayor">Javier Sotomayor</a></li> <li>1994: <a href="/wiki/Martina_Navratilova" title="Martina Navratilova">Martina Navratilova</a></li> <li>1995: <a href="/wiki/Hassiba_Boulmerka" title="Hassiba Boulmerka">Hassiba Boulmerka</a></li> <li>1996: <a href="/wiki/Carl_Lewis" title="Carl Lewis">Carl Lewis</a></li> <li>1997: Spain Marathon team: <a href="/wiki/Abel_Ant%C3%B3n" title="Abel Antón">Abel Antón</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_Fiz" title="Martín Fiz">Martín Fiz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Manuel_Garc%C3%ADa_(runner)" title="José Manuel García (runner)">José Manuel García</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fabi%C3%A1n_Roncero" title="Fabián Roncero">Fabián Roncero</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alberto_Juzdado" title="Alberto Juzdado">Alberto Juzdado</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diego_Garc%C3%ADa_(runner)" title="Diego García (runner)">Diego García</a></li> <li>1998: <a href="/wiki/Arantxa_S%C3%A1nchez_Vicario" title="Arantxa Sánchez Vicario">Arantxa Sánchez Vicario</a></li> <li>1999: <a href="/wiki/Steffi_Graf" title="Steffi Graf">Steffi Graf</a></li> <li>2000: <a href="/wiki/Lance_Armstrong" title="Lance Armstrong">Lance Armstrong</a></li> <li>2001: <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Estiarte" title="Manuel Estiarte">Manuel Estiarte</a></li> <li>2002: <a href="/wiki/Brazil_national_football_team" title="Brazil national football team">Brazil national football team</a></li> <li>2003: <a href="/wiki/Tour_de_France" title="Tour de France">Tour de France</a></li> <li>2004: <a href="/wiki/Hicham_El_Guerrouj" title="Hicham El Guerrouj">Hicham El Guerrouj</a></li> <li>2005: <a href="/wiki/Fernando_Alonso" title="Fernando Alonso">Fernando Alonso</a></li> <li>2006: <a href="/wiki/Spain_men%27s_national_basketball_team" title="Spain men's national basketball team">Spain men's national basketball team</a></li> <li>2007: <a href="/wiki/Michael_Schumacher" title="Michael Schumacher">Michael Schumacher</a></li> <li>2008: <a href="/wiki/Rafael_Nadal" title="Rafael Nadal">Rafael Nadal</a></li> <li>2009: <a href="/wiki/Yelena_Isinbayeva" title="Yelena Isinbayeva">Yelena Isinbayeva</a></li> <li>2010: <a href="/wiki/Spain_men%27s_national_football_team" class="mw-redirect" title="Spain men's national football team">Spain men's national football team</a></li> <li>2011: <a href="/wiki/Haile_Gebrselassie" title="Haile Gebrselassie">Haile Gebrselassie</a></li> <li>2012: <a href="/wiki/Iker_Casillas" title="Iker Casillas">Iker Casillas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Xavi_(footballer,_born_1980)" title="Xavi (footballer, born 1980)">Xavi Hernández</a></li> <li>2013: <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Olaz%C3%A1bal" title="José María Olazábal">José María Olazábal</a></li> <li>2014: <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Marathon" title="New York City Marathon">New York City Marathon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#addeff;"><div id="Princess_of_Asturias_Award_for_Sports" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Princess of Asturias Award for Sports</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>2015: <a href="/wiki/Pau_Gasol" title="Pau Gasol">Pau Gasol</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marc_Gasol" title="Marc Gasol">Marc Gasol</a></li> <li>2016: <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Javier_G%C3%B3mez_Noya" title="Francisco Javier Gómez Noya">Francisco Javier Gómez Noya</a></li> <li>2017: <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_national_rugby_union_team" title="New Zealand national rugby union team">New Zealand national rugby union team</a></li> <li>2018: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Reinhold Messner</a> and <a href="/wiki/Krzysztof_Wielicki" title="Krzysztof Wielicki">Krzysztof Wielicki</a></li> <li>2019: <a href="/wiki/Lindsey_Vonn" title="Lindsey Vonn">Lindsey Vonn</a></li> <li>2020: <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Sainz_Sr." title="Carlos Sainz Sr.">Carlos Sainz</a></li> <li>2021: <a href="/wiki/Teresa_Perales" title="Teresa Perales">Teresa Perales</a></li> <li>2022: The <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Refuge_Foundation" title="Olympic Refuge Foundation">Olympic Refuge Foundation</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Refugee_Olympic_Team" title="Refugee Olympic Team">IOC Refugee Olympic Team</a></li> <li>2023: <a href="/wiki/Eliud_Kipchoge" title="Eliud Kipchoge">Eliud Kipchoge</a></li> <li>2024: <a href="/wiki/Carolina_Mar%C3%ADn" title="Carolina Marín">Carolina Marín</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style 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class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Italian_Sportsman_of_the_Year" title="Template:Italian Sportsman of the Year"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Italian_Sportsman_of_the_Year" title="Template talk:Italian Sportsman of the Year"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Italian_Sportsman_of_the_Year" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Italian Sportsman of the Year"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Italy&#124;link=Italy_Italian_Sportsman_of_the_Year" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><img alt="Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Gazzetta_Sports_Awards" title="Gazzetta Sports Awards">Italian Sportsman of the Year</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li>1978: <a href="/wiki/Paolo_Rossi" title="Paolo Rossi">P. Rossi</a></li> <li>1979: <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Mennea" title="Pietro Mennea">Mennea</a></li> <li>1980: <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Mennea" title="Pietro Mennea">Mennea</a></li> <li>1981: <a href="/wiki/Marco_Lucchinelli" title="Marco Lucchinelli">Lucchinelli</a></li> <li>1982: <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Saronni" title="Giuseppe Saronni">Saronni</a></li> <li>1983: <a href="/wiki/Alberto_Cova" title="Alberto Cova">Cova</a></li> <li>1984: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Messner</a></li> <li>1985: <a href="/wiki/Alberto_Cova" title="Alberto Cova">Cova</a></li> <li>1986: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Messner</a></li> <li>1987: <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Panetta" title="Francesco Panetta">Panetta</a></li> <li>1988: <a href="/wiki/Alberto_Tomba" title="Alberto Tomba">Tomba</a></li> <li>1989: <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Lamberti" title="Giorgio Lamberti">Lamberti</a></li> <li>1990: <a href="/wiki/Gianni_Bugno" title="Gianni Bugno">Bugno</a></li> <li>1991: <a href="/wiki/Gianni_Bugno" title="Gianni Bugno">Bugno</a></li> <li>1992: <a href="/wiki/Alberto_Tomba" title="Alberto Tomba">Tomba</a></li> <li>1993: <a href="/wiki/Jury_Chechi" title="Jury Chechi">Chechi</a></li> <li>1994: <a href="/wiki/Alberto_Tomba" title="Alberto Tomba">Tomba</a></li> <li>1995: <a href="/wiki/Alberto_Tomba" title="Alberto Tomba">Tomba</a></li> <li>1996: <a href="/wiki/Jury_Chechi" title="Jury Chechi">Chechi</a></li> <li>1997: <a href="/wiki/Jury_Chechi" title="Jury Chechi">Chechi</a></li> <li>1998: <a href="/wiki/Marco_Pantani" title="Marco Pantani">Pantani</a></li> <li>1999: <a href="/wiki/Fabrizio_Mori" title="Fabrizio Mori">Mori</a></li> <li>2000: <a href="/wiki/Domenico_Fioravanti" title="Domenico Fioravanti">Fioravanti</a></li> <li>2001: <a href="/wiki/Valentino_Rossi" title="Valentino Rossi">V. Rossi</a></li> <li>2002: <a href="/wiki/Valentino_Rossi" title="Valentino Rossi">V. Rossi</a></li> <li>2003: <a href="/wiki/Valentino_Rossi" title="Valentino Rossi">V. Rossi</a></li> <li>2004: <a href="/wiki/Stefano_Baldini" title="Stefano Baldini">Baldini</a></li> <li>2005: <a href="/wiki/Filippo_Magnini" title="Filippo Magnini">Magnini</a></li> <li>2006: <a href="/wiki/Filippo_Magnini" title="Filippo Magnini">Magnini</a></li> <li>2007: <a href="/wiki/Filippo_Magnini" title="Filippo Magnini">Magnini</a></li> <li>2008: <a href="/wiki/Valentino_Rossi" title="Valentino Rossi">V. Rossi</a></li> <li>2009: <a href="/wiki/Valentino_Rossi" title="Valentino Rossi">V. Rossi</a></li> <li>2010: <a href="/wiki/Giuliano_Razzoli" title="Giuliano Razzoli">Razzoli</a></li> <li>2011: <a href="/wiki/Armin_Z%C3%B6ggeler" title="Armin Zöggeler">Zöggeler</a></li> <li>2012: <a href="/wiki/Alex_Zanardi" title="Alex Zanardi">Zanardi</a></li> <li>2013: <a href="/wiki/Vincenzo_Nibali" title="Vincenzo Nibali">Nibali</a></li> <li>2014: <a href="/wiki/Vincenzo_Nibali" title="Vincenzo Nibali">Nibali</a></li> <li>2015: <a href="/wiki/Gregorio_Paltrinieri" title="Gregorio Paltrinieri">Paltrinieri</a></li> <li>2016: <a href="/wiki/Gregorio_Paltrinieri" title="Gregorio Paltrinieri">Paltrinieri</a></li> <li>2017: <a href="/wiki/Gianluigi_Buffon" title="Gianluigi Buffon">Buffon</a></li> <li>2018: <a href="/wiki/Filippo_Tortu" title="Filippo Tortu">Tortu</a></li> <li>2019: <a href="/wiki/Roberto_Mancini" title="Roberto Mancini">Mancini</a></li> <li>2020: <a href="/wiki/Ciro_Immobile" title="Ciro Immobile">Immobile</a></li> <li>2021: <a href="/wiki/Marcell_Jacobs" title="Marcell Jacobs">Jacobs</a></li> <li>2022: <a href="/wiki/Marcell_Jacobs" title="Marcell Jacobs">Jacobs</a></li> <li>2023: <a href="/wiki/Gianmarco_Tamberi" title="Gianmarco Tamberi">Tamberi</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189307#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189307#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189307#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000120968383">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/109460382">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/12577/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJbGVbRTmqJxVMVvF8rTHC">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118581392">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50036940">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11915758h">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11915758h">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00449845">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Messner, Reinhold"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV022522">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35348337">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn19990005635&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1030644">Spain</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX5639647">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068456727">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000036010&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000036754&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC199618658">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810582034005606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058602763906706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14019294">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA02081717?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/cc82b43a-1a28-4e9b-a116-d0e17e198fed">MusicBrainz</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.europarl.europa.eu/meps/en/4419">MEP directory</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/920884">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118581392.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118581392">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027025306">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://achievement.org/our-history/golden-plate-awards/#science-exploration">"Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement"</a>. <i>www.achievement.org</i>. <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Achievement" class="mw-redirect" title="American Academy of Achievement">American Academy of Achievement</a>.</cite><span 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