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Shakespeare Birthplace Trust - Wikipedia

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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">British educational foundation</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Shakespeare Memorial Library" redirects here. For The Shakespeare Memorial Library in Birmingham, see <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Birmingham#Collections" title="Library of Birmingham">Library of Birmingham §&#160;Collections</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Shakespeare_-Birthplace_-England-8.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/William_Shakespeare_-Birthplace_-England-8.jpg/220px-William_Shakespeare_-Birthplace_-England-8.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/William_Shakespeare_-Birthplace_-England-8.jpg/330px-William_Shakespeare_-Birthplace_-England-8.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/William_Shakespeare_-Birthplace_-England-8.jpg/440px-William_Shakespeare_-Birthplace_-England-8.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1066" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare%27s_Birthplace" title="Shakespeare&#39;s Birthplace">Shakespeare's Birthplace</a> in the <span class="nowrap">1950s / 60s</span>. The road in front is now pedestrianised and the house beyond has been demolished.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Shakespeare Birthplace Trust</b> (<b>SBT</b>) is an independent registered educational charity<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> based in <a href="/wiki/Stratford-upon-Avon" title="Stratford-upon-Avon">Stratford-upon-Avon</a>, Warwickshire, England, that came into existence in 1847 following the purchase of <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a>'s birthplace for preservation as a national memorial.<sup id="cite_ref-Support_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Support-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> It can also lay claim to be the oldest conservation society in Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-ObitGuardian_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ObitGuardian-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Receiving no government funding or public subsidies, it is totally dependent upon the public for support, and relies on donations and the income generated from visitors.<sup id="cite_ref-Support_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Support-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>The SBT is considered the most significant Shakespeare charity in the world, and endeavours to internationally promote the appreciation and study of the plays and other works of William Shakespeare, and general advancements of Shakespearean knowledge. The Trust maintains and preserves the Shakespeare Birthplace properties, a museum, library of books, manuscripts, records of historic interest, pictures, photographs and objects of antiquity with particular reference to the life and times of William Shakespeare,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and is also home to the headquarters of the International Shakespeare Association.<sup id="cite_ref-Support_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Support-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins_of_the_trust">Origins of the trust</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shakespeare_Birthplace_Trust&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Edit section: Origins of the trust"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For more than 200 years after his death, Shakespeare's birthplace was occupied by the descendants of his recently widowed sister, <a href="/wiki/Joan_Shakespeare" title="Joan Shakespeare">Joan Hart</a>. Under the terms of Shakespeare's will, the ownership of the whole property (the inn and Joan Hart's cottage) passed to his elder daughter, <a href="/wiki/Susanna_Hall" title="Susanna Hall">Susanna</a>; and then on her death in 1649, to her only child, <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Barnard" title="Elizabeth Barnard">Elizabeth</a>. Elizabeth died in 1670, bequeathing it to Thomas Hart, the descendant of Shakespeare's sister, Joan, whose family had continued as tenants of the cottage after her death in 1646. The Harts remained owners of the whole property until 1806, when it was sold to a butcher, Thomas Court.<sup id="cite_ref-SBT_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SBT-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> When it was again put up for sale in 1846 on the death of Court's widow,<sup id="cite_ref-ObitGuardian_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ObitGuardian-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> the American showman <a href="/wiki/P._T._Barnum" title="P. T. Barnum">P. T. Barnum</a> proposed to buy the home and ship it "brick-by-brick" to the US. To purchase the property for the nation, the Shakespeare Birthday Committee was formed, and donors including <a href="/wiki/Charles_Dickens" title="Charles Dickens">Charles Dickens</a> helped the committee raise £3,000 and bought it the following year.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Incorporated by a private <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Parliament_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="Act of Parliament (UK)">act of Parliament</a>,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too vague attribution or weasel words. (April 2024)">which?</span></a></i>&#93;</sup> the Birthday Committee became the Shakespeare Birthplace Trust.<sup id="cite_ref-SBT_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SBT-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Properties">Properties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shakespeare_Birthplace_Trust&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Edit section: Properties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shakespeare%27s_birthplace_entrance-23Feb09.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Shakespeare%27s_birthplace_entrance-23Feb09.JPG/220px-Shakespeare%27s_birthplace_entrance-23Feb09.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Shakespeare%27s_birthplace_entrance-23Feb09.JPG/330px-Shakespeare%27s_birthplace_entrance-23Feb09.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Shakespeare%27s_birthplace_entrance-23Feb09.JPG/440px-Shakespeare%27s_birthplace_entrance-23Feb09.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>The tourists' entrance to Shakespeare's house is via the adjacent Shakespeare Centre opened in 1964</figcaption></figure> <p>The headquarters of the Shakespeare Birthplace Trust is the Shakespeare Centre, a glass and concrete structure next to the Birthplace. The driving force behind its construction and opening in 1964 was Dr <a href="/wiki/Levi_Fox" title="Levi Fox">Levi Fox</a>, OBE, Director of the Trust from 1945 to 1989, with a view to properly housing its library, documents and collections which attract scholars from all over the world.<sup id="cite_ref-ObitGuardian_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ObitGuardian-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Trust currently owns and cares for a number of houses relating to Shakespeare in and around the town of Stratford-upon-Avon as well as for Harvard House:<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare%27s_Birthplace" title="Shakespeare&#39;s Birthplace">Shakespeare's Birthplace</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd>William Shakespeare's birthplace and childhood home. The building currently recreates a picture of family life at the time of Shakespeare complete with period domestic furnishings, as well as John Shakespeare's glove making workshop ready for work.<sup id="cite_ref-SBT_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SBT-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Other exhibitions illustrate the changing occupancy and functions of the Birthplace (from Shakespeare's time onwards): as a home, workshop, inn, butcher's shop, literary shrine and visitor attraction.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hall%27s_Croft" title="Hall&#39;s Croft">Hall's Croft</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd>Hall's Croft is believed to be the house of Shakespeare's daughter <a href="/wiki/Susanna_Hall" title="Susanna Hall">Susanna</a> and her husband, <a href="/wiki/John_Hall_(physician)" title="John Hall (physician)">Dr. John Hall</a>, <i>c.</i> 1613–1616. It now contains a collection of 16th and 17th century paintings and furniture, as well as an exhibition about Dr. Hall and the obscure medical practices of the period. The SBT are currently carrying out major conservation work on the house. The house is open to the public.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Hathaway%27s_Cottage" title="Anne Hathaway&#39;s Cottage">Anne Hathaway's Cottage</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd>Located about a mile west of Stratford. Although called a cottage, the childhood home of Shakespeare's wife <a href="/wiki/Anne_Hathaway_(Shakespeare)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anne Hathaway (Shakespeare)">Anne</a> is, in fact, a spacious twelve-roomed farmhouse with several bedrooms. In Shakespeare's day it was known as Newlands Farm, and remained in the Hathaway family for many generations. It was acquired by the Trust in 1892,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and is open to public visitors as a museum.</dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Place" title="New Place">Shakespeare's New Place</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd>Created on the site of Shakespeare's family home in Stratford, Shakespeare’s New Place<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> provides an imaginative contemporary perspective on Shakespeare when he was in his prime. It showcases artworks, contemporary landscaped and traditional gardens, as well as a major exhibition displayed in the restored and extended Grade I Listed Tudor Nash’s House next door.</dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Arden%27s_Farm" title="Mary Arden&#39;s Farm">Palmer's Farm</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd>Situated in the hamlet of <a href="/wiki/Wilmcote" title="Wilmcote">Wilmcote</a>, the 16th century farmhouse known as Palmer's Farm was thought to be the childhood home of Shakespeare's mother, <a href="/wiki/Mary_Shakespeare" title="Mary Shakespeare">Mary Arden</a>, and was purchased by the Trust in 1930. It was called Mary Arden's House until 2000 when it was discovered that in the 1570s and '80s it belonged to a friend and neighbour Adam Palmer instead, and the house was consequently renamed Palmer's Farm. Palmer's Farm together with Glebe Farm form the Shakespeare Countryside Museum.<sup id="cite_ref-SBT-MAF_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SBT-MAF-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Arden%27s_Farm" title="Mary Arden&#39;s Farm">Glebe Farm</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd>To the west of neighbouring Palmer's Farm and part of the Shakespeare Countryside Museum lies Glebe Farm, which dates from 1514 and was acquired by the Trust in 1968 when it was threatened by developers.<sup id="cite_ref-ObitGuardian_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ObitGuardian-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In 2000 it was discovered that it had belonged to the Arden family and was in fact the true childhood home of Shakespeare's mother, Mary Arden, and the name Mary Arden's House was transferred to it.<sup id="cite_ref-SBT-MAF_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SBT-MAF-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_House" title="Harvard House">Harvard House</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd>Situated in High Street, Stratford-upon-Avon; Harvard House was built by Thomas Rogers, grandfather of the benefactor of <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Harvard_(clergyman)" title="John Harvard (clergyman)">John Harvard</a>, and home of Harvard's mother. From 1996 until 2010 it housed the Museum of British Pewter, before being re-interpreted as a fine Tudor home displaying artefacts of the era. Harvard House subsequently became a teaching venue for schools and colleges.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SBT-HH_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SBT-HH-15"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></dd></dl></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Library_and_archive">Library and archive</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shakespeare_Birthplace_Trust&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Edit section: Library and archive"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Library and Records Office, now amalgamated to form the Shakespeare Centre Library and Archive, house the Shakespeare and Local Collections:<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>The Shakespeare Collections:</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd>consists of the combined printed book collections of the Shakespeare Birthplace Trust and the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Shakespeare_Company" title="Royal Shakespeare Company">Royal Shakespeare Company</a> (RSC), as well as the archive of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Shakespeare_Theatre" title="Royal Shakespeare Theatre">Shakespeare Memorial Theatre</a> 1879–1960 and of the RSC from 1961 onwards. The Trust maintains one of the world's most important Shakespeare libraries, the collections of which include translations of Shakespeare in over 70 languages, and many unique documents relating to Shakespeare and his family, second only in number to those in <a href="/wiki/The_National_Archives" class="mw-redirect" title="The National Archives">The National Archives</a> in London.<sup id="cite_ref-Support_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Support-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li>The Local Collections:</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd>includes many thousands of archival records, books, photographs and maps relating to Stratford-upon-Avon and the surrounding area, as well as historical documents concerning Shakespeare and his family.</dd></dl></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Museums_department">Museums department</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shakespeare_Birthplace_Trust&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Edit section: Museums department"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Museums Department is responsible for the care and display of all the historic museum items that the trust owns, principally items that relate to Shakespeare's life and times, which encompass a wide range of material. Other collections include items that represent the social and economic life of Stratford-upon-Avon, and a special collection of <a href="/wiki/Pewter" title="Pewter">pewter</a>, dating from Roman times until the present day. The Trust's Collections and Conservation Department is based in the Shakespeare Centre in Stratford-upon-Avon.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Trust owns various extensive collections:<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Archaeology</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd>Roman and <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon">Anglo-Saxon</a> artefacts from local sites including jewellery, weapons and ceramics. Also local fossils and prehistoric items.</dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li>Art</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd>Works of art relating to Shakespeare and to the history of Stratford-upon-Avon.</dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li>Furniture and Furnishings</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd>Domestic items dating from the 15th to the 19th century, particularly furniture dating from the 16th and 17th centuries.</dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li>Numismatics</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd>Coins and tokens found in Stratford and relating to Shakespeare. The collection also covers a period extending back to pre-Roman Celtic Britain.</dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li>Pewter</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd>The first Museum of British pewter based at Harvard House includes items ranging from Roman times to the 1930s, but has a strong core of 16th- and 17th-century pewter.</dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li>Shakespeariana</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd>Items linked to William Shakespeare himself, such as the purported <a href="/wiki/Shakespeare%27s_signet_ring" title="Shakespeare&#39;s signet ring">Shakespeare's signet ring</a>.</dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li>Social History</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd>A wide range of objects illustrate the civic, social and working life of Stratford-upon-Avon through the ages.</dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li>Textiles</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd>Examples of Elizabethan embroidery and 17th-century painted cloths.</dd></dl></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education_and_activities">Education and activities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shakespeare_Birthplace_Trust&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Edit section: Education and activities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Trust hosts a variety of events and provides talks, lectures and courses related to Shakespeare for the general public, and for students at all levels ranging from primary school pupils (with the Heritage Education team) to university students.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Through its education department, the Trust also runs international programmes throughout the year on Shakespeare's writings.<sup id="cite_ref-Support_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Support-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>The SBT runs the Stratford-upon-Avon Poetry Festival, the oldest in the UK. The SBT introduced the new Shakespeare Film Festival to its events calendar in 2012, the first festival of its kind in the UK. </p><p>At Mary Arden's Farm the SBT rears prize-winning livestock including <a href="/wiki/Cotswold_sheep" title="Cotswold sheep">Cotswold sheep</a> and <a href="/wiki/English_Longhorn" title="English Longhorn">Longhorn cattle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Support_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Support-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Trust begun holding an artist in resident from 2015, the first being held by Roger Hartley who runs the <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Silly_Ideas" title="Bureau of Silly Ideas">Bureau of Silly Ideas</a>. Others to hold the position include Thor McIntyre and <a href="/wiki/Carrie_Reichardt" title="Carrie Reichardt">Carrie Reichardt</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shakespeare_Birthplace_Trust&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCharity_Commission209302" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://register-of-charities.charitycommission.gov.uk/charity-details/?regId=209302&amp;subId=0">"<i>Shakespeare Birthplace Trust, registered charity no. 209302</i>"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Charity_Commission_for_England_and_Wales" title="Charity Commission for England and Wales">Charity Commission for England and Wales</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Shakespeare+Birthplace+Trust%2C+registered+charity+no.+209302&amp;rft.pub=Charity+Commission+for+England+and+Wales&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fregister-of-charities.charitycommission.gov.uk%2Fcharity-details%2F%3FregId%3D209302%26subId%3D0&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShakespeare+Birthplace+Trust" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Support-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Support_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Support_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Support_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Support_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Support_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Support_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shakespeare.org.uk/support-us.html">Supporting the Shakespeare Birthplace Trust</a>. Shakespeare Birthplace Trust. Retrieved 29 October 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ObitGuardian-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ObitGuardian_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ObitGuardian_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ObitGuardian_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ObitGuardian_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFogg2006" class="citation news cs1">Fogg, Nicholas (12 October 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/news/2006/oct/12/guardianobituaries.artsobituaries">"Obituary: Levi Fox"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&amp;rft.atitle=Obituary%3A+Levi+Fox&amp;rft.date=2006-10-12&amp;rft.aulast=Fogg&amp;rft.aufirst=Nicholas&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fnews%2F2006%2Foct%2F12%2Fguardianobituaries.artsobituaries&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShakespeare+Birthplace+Trust" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.shakespeare.org.uk/about-us.html">[1]</a>. Shakespeare Birthplace Trust. Retrieved 29 October 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SBT-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SBT_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SBT_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SBT_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shakespeare.org.uk/content/view/47/47/">Shakespeare's Birthplace</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081213004134/http://www.shakespeare.org.uk/content/view/47/47/">Archived</a> 2008-12-13 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Shakespeare Birthplace Trust. Retrieved: 17 November 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbc-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bbc_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/coventry/content/articles/2008/03/27/bard_birthplace_feature.shtml">The Bard's birthplace</a> bbc.co.uk. Retrieved: 11 November 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinkler2024" class="citation news cs1">Winkler, Elizabeth (23 April 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2024/04/23/travel/shakespeare-birthplace-stratford-upon-avon.html">"460 Years Ago, Shakespeare Was Born Here. Or Somewhere"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&amp;rft.atitle=460+Years+Ago%2C+Shakespeare+Was+Born+Here.+Or+Somewhere.&amp;rft.date=2024-04-23&amp;rft.issn=0362-4331&amp;rft.aulast=Winkler&amp;rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2024%2F04%2F23%2Ftravel%2Fshakespeare-birthplace-stratford-upon-avon.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShakespeare+Birthplace+Trust" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shakespeare.org.uk/visit-the-houses.html">Houses and museums</a> Shakespeare Birthplace Trust. Retrieved 29 October 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shakespeare.org.uk/visit-the-houses/shakespeares-birthplace.html">Birthplace displays</a> Shakespeare Birthplace Trust. Retrieved: 20 November 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shakespeare.org.uk/visit-the-houses/halls-croft.html">Hall's Croft</a> Shakespeare Birthplace Trust. Retrieved 20 September 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shakespeare.org.uk/content/view/50/50/">Anne Hathaway's Cottage</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080510192302/http://www.shakespeare.org.uk/content/view/50/50/">Archived</a> 2008-05-10 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Shakespeare Birthplace Trust. Retrieved 27 October 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.shakespeare.org.uk/visit/shakespeares-new-place/">Shakespeare’s New Place</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SBT-MAF-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SBT-MAF_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SBT-MAF_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shakespeare.org.uk/content/view/51/51/">Mary Arden's Farm</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081014095047/http://www.shakespeare.org.uk/content/view/51/51/">Archived</a> 2008-10-14 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Shakespeare Birthplace Trust. Retrieved 27 October 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.discoverbritainmag.com/the_shakespeare_birthplace_trust_opens_harvard_house_to_the_public_1_3854361/">"The Shakespeare Birthplace Trust opens Harvard House to the public"</a>. Discover Britain. 19 November 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=The+Shakespeare+Birthplace+Trust+opens+Harvard+House+to+the+public&amp;rft.pub=Discover+Britain&amp;rft.date=2014-11-19&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.discoverbritainmag.com%2Fthe_shakespeare_birthplace_trust_opens_harvard_house_to_the_public_1_3854361%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShakespeare+Birthplace+Trust" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SBT-HH-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SBT-HH_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collections.shakespeare.org.uk/properties/harvard-house">"Harvard House"</a>. Shakespeare Birthplace Trust<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Harvard+House&amp;rft.pub=Shakespeare+Birthplace+Trust&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcollections.shakespeare.org.uk%2Fproperties%2Fharvard-house&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShakespeare+Birthplace+Trust" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shakespeare.org.uk/explore-shakespeare/collections.html">Shakespeare Birthplace Trust Collections</a>. Shakespeare Birthplace Trust. Retrieved 29 October 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shakespeare.org.uk/explore-shakespeare/collections.html">Collections Department</a>. Shakespeare Birthplace Trust. Retrieved 29 October 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shakespeare.org.uk/explore-shakespeare/collections/catalogues.html">Collections catalogues</a>. Shakespeare Birthplace Trust. Retrieved 29 October 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shakespeare.org.uk/explore-shakespeare/students-and-enthusiasts.html">Education</a>. Shakespeare Birthplace Trust. Retrieved 29 October 2012</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shakespeare_Birthplace_Trust&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFox1983" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Levi_Fox" title="Levi Fox">Fox, Levi</a> (1983) [1972]. <i>In Honour of Shakespeare: the history and collections of the Shakespeare Birthplace Trust</i> (2nd&#160;ed.). Norwich: Jarrold. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0711700443" title="Special:BookSources/0711700443"><bdi>0711700443</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=In+Honour+of+Shakespeare%3A+the+history+and+collections+of+the+Shakespeare+Birthplace+Trust&amp;rft.place=Norwich&amp;rft.edition=2nd&amp;rft.pub=Jarrold&amp;rft.date=1983&amp;rft.isbn=0711700443&amp;rft.aulast=Fox&amp;rft.aufirst=Levi&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShakespeare+Birthplace+Trust" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFox1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Levi_Fox" title="Levi Fox">Fox, Levi</a> (1997). <i>The Shakespeare Birthplace Trust: a personal memoir</i>. Norwich: Jarrold. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0711710015" title="Special:BookSources/0711710015"><bdi>0711710015</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Shakespeare+Birthplace+Trust%3A+a+personal+memoir&amp;rft.place=Norwich&amp;rft.pub=Jarrold&amp;rft.date=1997&amp;rft.isbn=0711710015&amp;rft.aulast=Fox&amp;rft.aufirst=Levi&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShakespeare+Birthplace+Trust" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shakespeare_Birthplace_Trust&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shakespeare.org.uk/">Official website</a></span></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://findingshakespeare.co.uk">"Finding Shakespeare"</a>. SBT. <q>Curating digital stories from Shakespeare's work, life, and times</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Finding+Shakespeare&amp;rft.pub=SBT&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffindingshakespeare.co.uk&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShakespeare+Birthplace+Trust" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/transformingsociety/towncountry/towns/collections/collections-shakespeare/shakespeare-birthplace-trust-/">Shakespeare Birthplace Trust Acts 1891 and 1961 on the UK Parliament website</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template:William_Shakespeare" title="Template:William Shakespeare"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:William_Shakespeare" title="Template talk:William Shakespeare"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:William_Shakespeare" title="Special:EditPage/Template:William Shakespeare"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="William_Shakespeare" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare%27s_plays" title="Shakespeare&#39;s plays">Plays</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shakespearean_comedy" title="Shakespearean comedy">Comedies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/All%27s_Well_That_Ends_Well" title="All&#39;s Well That Ends Well">All's Well That Ends Well</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/As_You_Like_It" title="As You Like It">As You Like It</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Comedy_of_Errors" title="The Comedy of Errors">The Comedy of Errors</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cymbeline" title="Cymbeline">Cymbeline</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Love%27s_Labour%27s_Lost" title="Love&#39;s Labour&#39;s Lost">Love's Labour's Lost</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Measure_for_Measure" title="Measure for Measure">Measure for Measure</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Merchant_of_Venice" title="The Merchant of Venice">The Merchant of Venice</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Merry_Wives_of_Windsor" title="The Merry Wives of Windsor">The Merry Wives of Windsor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Midsummer_Night%27s_Dream" title="A Midsummer Night&#39;s Dream">A Midsummer Night's Dream</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Much_Ado_About_Nothing" title="Much Ado About Nothing">Much Ado About Nothing</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pericles,_Prince_of_Tyre" title="Pericles, Prince of Tyre">Pericles, Prince of Tyre</a></i> ✻</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Taming_of_the_Shrew" title="The Taming of the Shrew">The Taming of the Shrew</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Tempest" title="The Tempest">The Tempest</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Twelfth_Night" title="Twelfth Night">Twelfth Night</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Two_Gentlemen_of_Verona" title="The Two Gentlemen of Verona">The Two Gentlemen of Verona</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Two_Noble_Kinsmen" title="The Two Noble Kinsmen">The Two Noble Kinsmen</a></i> ✻</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Winter%27s_Tale" title="The Winter&#39;s Tale">The Winter's Tale</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shakespearean_tragedy" title="Shakespearean tragedy">Tragedies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Antony_and_Cleopatra" title="Antony and Cleopatra">Antony and Cleopatra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Coriolanus" title="Coriolanus">Coriolanus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hamlet" title="Hamlet">Hamlet</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar_(play)" title="Julius Caesar (play)">Julius Caesar</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/King_Lear" title="King Lear">King Lear</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Macbeth" title="Macbeth">Macbeth</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Othello" title="Othello">Othello</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Romeo_and_Juliet" title="Romeo and Juliet">Romeo and Juliet</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Timon_of_Athens" title="Timon of Athens">Timon of Athens</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Titus_Andronicus" title="Titus Andronicus">Titus Andronicus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Troilus_and_Cressida" title="Troilus and Cressida">Troilus and Cressida</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shakespearean_history" title="Shakespearean history">Histories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/King_John_(play)" title="King John (play)">King John</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Edward_III_(play)" title="Edward III (play)">Edward III</a></i> ✻</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Richard_II_(play)" title="Richard II (play)">Richard II</a></i></li> <li><i>Henry IV</i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Henry_IV,_Part_1" title="Henry IV, Part 1">1</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Henry_IV,_Part_2" title="Henry IV, Part 2">2</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Henry_V_(play)" title="Henry V (play)">Henry V</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Henry_VI_(play)" title="Henry VI (play)">Henry VI</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Henry_VI,_Part_1" title="Henry VI, Part 1">1</a></i> ✻</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Henry_VI,_Part_2" title="Henry VI, Part 2">2</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Henry_VI,_Part_3" title="Henry VI, Part 3">3</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Richard_III_(play)" title="Richard III (play)">Richard III</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII_(play)" title="Henry VIII (play)">Henry VIII</a></i> ✻</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_texts_of_Shakespeare%27s_works" title="Early texts of Shakespeare&#39;s works">Early editions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Shakespeare_plays_in_quarto" title="List of Shakespeare plays in quarto">Quarto publications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Folio" title="First Folio">First Folio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Folio" title="Second Folio">Second Folio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shakespearean_problem_play" title="Shakespearean problem play">Problem plays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare%27s_late_romances" title="Shakespeare&#39;s late romances">Late romances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henriad" title="Henriad">Henriad</a></li> <li>Characters <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Shakespearean_characters_(A%E2%80%93K)" title="List of Shakespearean characters (A–K)">A–K</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Shakespearean_characters_(L%E2%80%93Z)" title="List of Shakespearean characters (L–Z)">L–Z</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_character" title="Ghost character">Ghost character</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_Shakespeare%27s_plays" title="Chronology of Shakespeare&#39;s plays">Chronology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare_in_performance" title="Shakespeare in performance">Performances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Shakespearean_settings" title="List of Shakespearean settings">Settings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Shakespearean_scenes" title="List of Shakespearean scenes">Scenes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Chandos_portrait" title="Chandos portrait"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Shakespeare_%28oval-cropped%29.png/75px-Shakespeare_%28oval-cropped%29.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Shakespeare_%28oval-cropped%29.png/113px-Shakespeare_%28oval-cropped%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Shakespeare_%28oval-cropped%29.png/150px-Shakespeare_%28oval-cropped%29.png 2x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Poems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare%27s_sonnets" title="Shakespeare&#39;s sonnets">Shakespeare's sonnets</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Petrarch%27s_and_Shakespeare%27s_sonnets" title="Petrarch&#39;s and Shakespeare&#39;s sonnets">comparison to Petrarch</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Lover%27s_Complaint" title="A Lover&#39;s Complaint">A Lover's Complaint</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Phoenix_and_the_Turtle" title="The Phoenix and the Turtle">The Phoenix and the Turtle</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Rape_of_Lucrece" title="The Rape of Lucrece">The Rape of Lucrece</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Venus_and_Adonis_(Shakespeare_poem)" title="Venus and Adonis (Shakespeare poem)">Venus and Adonis</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare_apocrypha" title="Shakespeare apocrypha">Apocrypha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Plays</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Arden_of_Faversham" title="Arden of Faversham">Arden of Faversham</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Birth_of_Merlin" title="The Birth of Merlin">The Birth of Merlin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_History_of_Cardenio" title="The History of Cardenio">Cardenio</a></i> ✻†</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Double_Falsehood" title="Double Falsehood">Double Falsehood</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Ironside_(play)" title="Edmund Ironside (play)">Edmund Ironside</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fair_Em" title="Fair Em">Fair Em</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Locrine" title="Locrine">Locrine</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Prodigal" title="The London Prodigal">The London Prodigal</a></i></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Love%27s_Labour%27s_Won" title="Love&#39;s Labour&#39;s Won">Love's Labour's Won</a></i> †</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Merry_Devil_of_Edmonton" title="The Merry Devil of Edmonton">The Merry Devil of Edmonton</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mucedorus" title="Mucedorus">Mucedorus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Puritan" title="The Puritan">The Puritan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Second_Maiden%27s_Tragedy" title="The Second Maiden&#39;s Tragedy">The Second Maiden's Tragedy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sejanus_His_Fall" title="Sejanus His Fall">Sejanus His Fall</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sir_John_Oldcastle" title="Sir John Oldcastle">Sir John Oldcastle</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sir_Thomas_More_(play)" title="Sir Thomas More (play)">Sir Thomas More</a></i> ✻</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Spanish_Tragedy" title="The Spanish Tragedy">The Spanish Tragedy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Lord_Cromwell" title="Thomas Lord Cromwell">Thomas Lord Cromwell</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thomas_of_Woodstock_(play)" title="Thomas of Woodstock (play)">Thomas of Woodstock</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ur-Hamlet" title="Ur-Hamlet">Ur-Hamlet</a></i> †</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vortigern_and_Rowena" title="Vortigern and Rowena">Vortigern and Rowena</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Yorkshire_Tragedy" title="A Yorkshire Tragedy">A Yorkshire Tragedy</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Poems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Passionate_Pilgrim" title="The Passionate Pilgrim">The Passionate Pilgrim</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/To_the_Queen" title="To the Queen">To the Queen</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Life_of_William_Shakespeare" title="Life of William Shakespeare">Life</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/List_of_works_by_William_Shakespeare" title="List of works by William Shakespeare">works</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare%27s_Birthplace" title="Shakespeare&#39;s Birthplace">Birthplace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_works_by_William_Shakespeare" title="List of works by William Shakespeare">Bibliography</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Complete_Works_of_Shakespeare" title="Complete Works of Shakespeare">Complete Works</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_translations_of_works_by_William_Shakespeare" title="List of translations of works by William Shakespeare">Translations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare_coat_of_arms" title="Shakespeare coat of arms">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare%27s_collaborations" title="William Shakespeare&#39;s collaborations">Collaborations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare%27s_editors" title="Shakespeare&#39;s editors">Editors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Renaissance_theatre" title="English Renaissance theatre">English Renaissance theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globe_Theatre" title="Globe Theatre">Globe Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare%27s_handwriting" title="Shakespeare&#39;s handwriting">Handwriting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Chamberlain%27s_Men" title="Lord Chamberlain&#39;s Men">Lord Chamberlain's Men</a>/<a href="/wiki/King%27s_Men_(playing_company)" title="King&#39;s Men (playing company)">King's Men</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Theatre" title="The Theatre">The Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtain_Theatre" title="Curtain Theatre">Curtain Theatre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_in_the_plays_of_William_Shakespeare" title="Music in the plays of William Shakespeare">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Place" title="New Place">New Place</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portraits_of_Shakespeare" title="Portraits of Shakespeare">Portraits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_views_of_William_Shakespeare" title="Religious views of William Shakespeare">Religious views</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_of_William_Shakespeare" title="Sexuality of William Shakespeare">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spelling_of_Shakespeare%27s_name" title="Spelling of Shakespeare&#39;s name">Spelling of his name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stratford-upon-Avon" title="Stratford-upon-Avon">Stratford-upon-Avon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare%27s_writing_style" title="Shakespeare&#39;s writing style">Style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare%27s_will" title="Shakespeare&#39;s will">Will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Holy_Trinity,_Stratford-upon-Avon" title="Church of the Holy Trinity, Stratford-upon-Avon">Grave</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Reputation_of_William_Shakespeare" title="Reputation of William Shakespeare">Legacy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare_attribution_studies" title="Shakespeare attribution studies">Attribution studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare_authorship_question" title="Shakespeare authorship question">Authorship question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardolatry" title="Bardolatry">Bardolatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare_festival" title="Shakespeare festival">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare_garden" title="Shakespeare garden">Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Influence_of_William_Shakespeare" title="Influence of William Shakespeare">Influence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memorials_to_William_Shakespeare" title="Memorials to William Shakespeare">Memorials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_William_Shakespeare_screen_adaptations" title="List of William Shakespeare screen adaptations">Screen adaptations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare_and_Star_Trek" title="Shakespeare and Star Trek">Shakespeare and <i>Star Trek</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare%27s_influence_on_Tolkien" title="Shakespeare&#39;s influence on Tolkien">Shakespeare's influence on Tolkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_works_titled_after_Shakespeare" title="List of works titled after Shakespeare">Works titled after Shakespeare</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Institutions" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Folger_Shakespeare_Library" title="Folger Shakespeare Library">Folger Shakespeare Library</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare_Quarterly" title="Shakespeare Quarterly">Shakespeare Quarterly</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Shakespeare_Company" title="Royal Shakespeare Company">Royal Shakespeare Company</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Shakespeare_Theatre" title="Royal Shakespeare Theatre">Royal Shakespeare Theatre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Shakespeare Birthplace Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare%27s_Globe" title="Shakespeare&#39;s Globe">Shakespeare's Globe</a> (replica)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare_Institute" title="Shakespeare Institute">Shakespeare Institute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Hathaway_(wife_of_Shakespeare)" title="Anne Hathaway (wife of Shakespeare)">Anne Hathaway</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susanna_Hall" title="Susanna Hall">Susanna Hall</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamnet_Shakespeare" title="Hamnet Shakespeare">Hamnet Shakespeare</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Quiney" title="Judith Quiney">Judith Quiney</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Barnard" title="Elizabeth Barnard">Elizabeth Barnard</a> (granddaughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Shakespeare" title="John Shakespeare">John Shakespeare</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Shakespeare" title="Mary Shakespeare">Mary Arden</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Shakespeare" title="Gilbert Shakespeare">Gilbert Shakespeare</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Shakespeare" title="Joan Shakespeare">Joan Shakespeare</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Shakespeare" title="Edmund Shakespeare">Edmund Shakespeare</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Shakespeare" title="Richard Shakespeare">Richard Shakespeare</a> (grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hall_(physician)" title="John Hall (physician)">John Hall</a> (son-in-law)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Quiney" title="Thomas Quiney">Thomas Quiney</a> (son-in-law)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li>✻ <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare%27s_collaborations" title="William Shakespeare&#39;s collaborations">Shakespeare and other authors</a></li> <li>† Lost</li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:William_Shakespeare" title="Category:William Shakespeare">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&amp;#124;text-top&amp;#124;10px&amp;#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&amp;#124;link=https&amp;#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3481268#identifiers&amp;#124;class=noprint&amp;#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&amp;#124;text-top&amp;#124;10px&amp;#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&amp;#124;link=https&amp;#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3481268#identifiers&amp;#124;class=noprint&amp;#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3481268#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000122179054">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/262557101">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/813263-X">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n88621099">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35492241">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/a0000002214523">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&amp;local_base=NLX10&amp;find_code=UID&amp;request=987007605455705171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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