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class="hidden"></div> </section> </aside> </div> <div class="featured-top"> <aside class="featured-top__inner section container-fluid clearfix" role="complementary"> <section class="row region region-featured-top"> <div id="block-tempsdelectura" class="container tempsdelectura block block-block-content block-block-contente366a2b2-4f33-4076-bc88-5ce3ea72b85a"> <div class="content"> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item">Temps de lectura: <strong>4 min</strong></div> </div> </div> </section> </aside> </div> <div id="main-wrapper" class="layout-main-wrapper clearfix"> <div id="main" class="container-fluid"> <div class="row row-offcanvas row-offcanvas-left clearfix"> <main class="main-content col" id="content" role="main"> <section class="section"> <a id="main-content" tabindex="-1"></a> <section class="region region-content"> <div class="views-element-container block block-views block-views-blockfitxa-tecnica-block-6" id="block-views-block-fitxa-tecnica-block-6"> <div class="content"> <div><div class="work-sidebar view view-fitxa-tecnica view-id-fitxa_tecnica view-display-id-block_6 js-view-dom-id-a0e09fa33f19e216ee559621382e60056e6f1d4d099231c01c352f55632bbb94"> <div class="view-content row"> <div class="views-row"> <div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><h1> instrumentaci贸<div class="work-sidebar view view-fitxa-tecnica view-id-fitxa_tecnica view-display-id-block_10 js-view-dom-id-54a111293c99e469c11b755033497ee99a841f3e83a5f3475dbc2f6cabac6d67"> <div class="view-content row"> <div class="views-row"> </div> </div> </div> </h1></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="views-element-container block block-views block-views-blockfitxa-tecnica-block-13" id="block-views-block-fitxa-tecnica-block-13"> <div class="content"> <div><div class="work-sidebar view view-fitxa-tecnica view-id-fitxa_tecnica view-display-id-block_13 js-view-dom-id-64789336f673e6b11b629b42ef650be1605ca23fabb393a1a331af965f05b205"> <div class="view-content row"> <div class="views-row"> <div class="views-field views-field-view"><div class="field-content altnamenou"><div class="view view-alternative-name-nou- view-id-alternative_name_nou_ view-display-id-block_1 js-view-dom-id-d4f9b91bc0f1d7dcb5512265ff10884ade79881b078b391d26fd670b65f05257"> </div> </div></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="views-element-container block block-views block-views-blockfitxa-tecnica-block-9" id="block-views-block-fitxa-tecnica-block-9"> <div class="content"> <div><div class="work-sidebar view view-fitxa-tecnica view-id-fitxa_tecnica view-display-id-block_9 js-view-dom-id-65bf9880f57f4df9259e24b5937ba5cc69890c4d95d0cb12449d2f85cd20472d"> <div class="view-content row"> <div class="views-row"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="views-element-container block block-views block-views-blockfitxa-tecnica-cos-block-6" id="block-gec-views-block-fitxa-tecnica-cos-block-6"> <div class="content"> <div><div class="view view-fitxa-tecnica-cos view-id-fitxa_tecnica_cos view-display-id-block_6 js-view-dom-id-8d807d8393edc997e066c89d90f378cfb797ef91284506902d6d1b2d12b6a871"> <div class="view-content row"> <div class="views-row"> <div class="views-field views-field-view"><span class="field-content"><div class="view view-fitxa-tecnica-cos view-id-fitxa_tecnica_cos view-display-id-block_2 js-view-dom-id-35223b0e22dace818b84e93e545a0b994c0248d8049714a8b3a845ef24c957ad"> <div class="view-content row"> <div class="views-row"> <span class="views-field views-field-field-text-a-mostrar"><span class="field-content"><span data-toggle="tooltip" tabindex="0" data-placement="left" title="femen铆"><strong>f</strong></span></span></span> </div> </div> </div> </span></div><div class="views-field views-field-view-1"><span class="field-content"><div class="view view-fitxa-tecnica-cos view-id-fitxa_tecnica_cos view-display-id-block_1 js-view-dom-id-14650372f7e095964101bee878b6cf05621363ec3685ecd290708aab4987d4ef"> <div class="view-content row"> <div class="views-row"> </div> </div> </div> </span></div><div class="views-field views-field-view-2"><span class="field-content"><div class="view view-fitxa-tecnica-cos view-id-fitxa_tecnica_cos view-display-id-block_4 js-view-dom-id-4468ab3904ff7e49c8b450ba20ebae963982a039b70099fa677f1ce04ecec795"> <div class="view-content row"> <div class="views-row"> </div> </div> </div> </span></div><div class="views-field views-field-view-3"><span class="field-content"><div class="view view-fitxa-tecnica-cos view-id-fitxa_tecnica_cos view-display-id-block_3 js-view-dom-id-375798e872838db5889836fee46f059016bb8dff154999ada8de3355d77b9e61"> <div class="view-content row"> <div class="views-row"> </div> </div> </div> </span></div><div class="views-field views-field-view-4"><span class="field-content"><div class="view view-fitxa-tecnica-cos view-id-fitxa_tecnica_cos view-display-id-block_5 js-view-dom-id-5927209f99c4359e27cf4ff3fb45f5b4f9dc5b2517d10cf156864f59859d79be"> <div class="view-content row"> <div class="views-row"> <div class="views-field views-field-field-faceta-cerca-materia"><div class="field-content">M煤sica</div></div> </div> </div> </div> </span></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="views-element-container block block-views block-views-blockfitxa-tecnica-block-11" id="block-views-block-fitxa-tecnica-block-11"> <div class="content"> <div><div class="work-sidebar view view-fitxa-tecnica view-id-fitxa_tecnica view-display-id-block_11 js-view-dom-id-0f6f9dfcb55c65950064df107bc46c25e68e4f2288be4b8c1c3338c05f51e0d4"> <div class="view-content row"> <div class="views-row"> <div class="views-field views-field-views-conditional-field"><span class="field-content"><div class="mediagroup"></div></span></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-brief"><div class="field-content"><p><def type="brief">Decisi贸 sobre el timbre o els timbres d鈥檜na composici贸 mitjan莽ant una plantilla instrumental, i la manera de combinar i ajuntar els instruments d鈥檃questa, despr茅s de l鈥檈studi i coneixement de les propietats, capacitats i possibilitats t铆mbriques dels instruments que la formen.</def></p> </div></div><div class="views-field views-field-body"><div class="field-content"><p></p><div class="div-def-full"> <div class="div-div1"><div class="div-div2" id="anchor5b" type="section"><p>Tot i que la plantilla instrumental 茅s de lliure elecci贸 per part del compositor (o l鈥檃rranjador) segons les seves necessitats expressives i les de la mateixa obra, cal tenir present que, a part dels factors musicals, en aquesta elecci贸 influeixen o han influ茂t decisivament factors extramusicals de car脿cter geograficocultural, funcional o historicoestil铆stic, entre d鈥檃ltres: el gamelan del sud-est asi脿tic, per exemple, t茅 poc a veure amb una orquestra simf貌nica occidental quant a timbre i a expressi贸 art铆stica, ja que els entorns culturals i geogr脿fics de l鈥檜n i de l鈥檃ltra s贸n diferents. Una obra amb una destinaci贸 religiosa, com la fuga coral, sempre est脿 instrumentada per a orgue. Quant als factors historicoestil铆stics de la m煤sica occidental, han estat determinants sobre els par脿metres musicals (tonalitat, contrapunt, harmonia, forma, metre, ritme, etc.), ja que han anat canviant i evolucionant, i aquesta evoluci贸 necess脿riament ha influ茂t tant en el concepte i en les t猫cniques de composici贸, com en les pr貌pies de la instrumentaci贸.</p> </div><div class="div-div2" id="anchor2000">Caracter铆stiques t猫cniques <p>Pel que fa a l鈥檃specte t猫cnic de la instrumentaci贸, en iniciar la cerca i controlar l鈥檃ssoliment d鈥檜n equilibri t铆mbric satisfactori, l鈥檌nstrumentador no s鈥檋a de limitar a con猫ixer les possibilitats t铆mbriques individuals de cada instrument, sin贸 que ha de con猫ixer-les tamb茅 quan aquests toquen combinats amb d鈥檃ltres (des d鈥檜na plantilla a duo fins a la de gran orquestra), perqu猫 els diferents timbres instrumentals, si b茅 poden continuar essent recognoscibles quan estan mesclats, en ocasions creen un color t铆mbric nou (<a class="div-ref" target="_blank" href="/EC-GEM-635">mixtura</a> de timbres). A m茅s dels recursos d鈥檌ntencionalitat expressiva, com ara el car脿cter, el <span class="div-italic">tempo</span>, el mat铆s, el fraseig o l鈥檃rticulaci贸, per a poder establir aquest equilibri t铆mbric en una obra s鈥檋a de tenir present el tipus de textura (homof貌nica, polif貌nica o de tipus melodia acompanyada), els elements que la formen (tessitura, registres, tipus de concepci贸 harm貌nica i les seves disposicions ac貌rdiques, nivells contrapunt铆stics) i les conseq眉猫ncies que se鈥檔 desprenen (plans sonors rellevants o complementaris, nivells de densitat, etc.).</p> <p>At猫s que a l鈥檋ora d鈥檌nstrumentar hi ha la possibilitat de fer-ho amb instruments iguals o amb combinacions d鈥檌nstruments diferents -d鈥檜na mateixa fam铆lia instrumental o d鈥檃ltres-, en atribuir, per exemple des del punt de vista harmonicocontrapunt铆stic, timbres diferents a un acord concebut com a pur suport harmonicofuncional cal tenir en compte tant el seu estat com el seu registre i disposici贸 harm貌nica per a poder elegir entre les opcions de <a class="div-ref" target="_blank" href="/EC-GEM-2313">doblatge</a>, <a class="div-ref" target="_blank" href="/EC-GEM-2321">duplicaci贸</a> i disposici贸 t铆mbrica, i evitar possibles desequilibris que no existirien si s鈥檌nstrument茅s amb timbres iguals. Certs desequilibris t铆mbrics poden generar desequilibris de percepci贸 unit脿ria d鈥檜n acord, com per exemple associant a les notes que el componen timbres de cordes i metalls, instrumentant-lo per superposici贸, creuament o enquadrament (<a class="div-ref" target="_blank" href="/EC-GEM-2325">disposici贸</a>). I aix貌 pot passar per la falta absoluta d鈥檃finitat entre aquests dos g猫neres de timbres. Si, al contrari, l鈥檃cord no 茅s concebut com a suport harm貌nic puntual sin贸 que es forma com a conseq眉猫ncia del moviment contrapunt铆stic de diverses veus, la seva instrumentaci贸 com a acord quedar脿 supeditada a la d鈥檃quest fluir contrapunt铆stic que el genera. I en aquest cas, tot i que les l铆nies contrapunt铆stiques estiguin instrumentades amb timbres poc afins i, a m茅s, el seu moviment generi per exemple creuaments (<a class="div-ref" target="_blank" href="/EC-GEM-1526">creuament</a>) -on instruments de registre greu passen per sobre d鈥檌nstruments de registre m茅s agut-, aquests seran molt m茅s entenedors. Si l鈥檕bra est脿 concebuda com a melodia acompanyada o de tipus concertant, o en t茅 parts, els factors importants que cal considerar a l鈥檋ora d鈥檌nstrumentar-la s贸n el registre i la intensitat o el volum sonor, tant de la part mel貌dica com de la del seu acompanyament, per tal d鈥檃ssignar-hi els instruments apropiats perqu猫 no la desvirtu茂n. Finalment, com s鈥檋a puntualitzat anteriorment, tamb茅 s鈥檋an de tenir presents els aspectes expressius i de car脿cter de la pe莽a, ja que aquests depenen tant de l鈥檈lecci贸 instrumental i de la seva combinat貌ria com dels par脿metres d鈥檌ntencionalitat d鈥檈xpressi贸 t铆mbrica i de l鈥檃rticulaci贸, el fraseig, o el mat铆s; en definitiva, de qualsevol dels aspectes relacionats amb la interpretaci贸. Per a aspectes d鈥檌nstrumentaci贸 espec铆fics de l鈥檕rquestra, vegeu <a class="div-ref" target="_blank" href="/EC-GEM-2346">orquestraci贸</a>.</p> </div><div class="div-div2" id="anchor3000">Desenvolupament hist貌ric <p>L鈥檃lliberament gradual de la m煤sica instrumental respecte de la vocal durant el Renaixement, la imposici贸 de la tonalitat i del baix continu com a eina base d鈥檃questa i de l鈥檋armonia funcional durant el Barroc, i l鈥檃bandonament del baix continu juntament amb el naixement de la forma sonata durant el Classicisme s贸n, potser, els tres grans esdeveniments diferencials pel que fa a la manera de concebre una composici贸 i la seva instrumentaci贸. Mentre que en el baix continu la instrumentaci贸 diferenciava clarament el registre greu (a base d鈥檃djudicar-li sempre els mateixos instruments, que eren el violoncel, el fagot o la m脿 esquerra del clavic猫mbal) de l鈥檃gut (<span class="div-italic">traverso</span>, obo猫, viol铆...), en l鈥櫭╬oca del Classicisme el naixement del quartet de corda com a forma i com a plantilla base i el de l鈥檕rquestra simf貌nica provocaren canvis d鈥檌nstrumentaci贸 significatius, tals com la no-diferenciaci贸 t铆mbrica expl铆cita entre registres, doblatges instrumentals a l鈥檜n铆son, a l鈥檕ctava i en altres intervals (tant en les fustes com en la corda), i la definici贸 per part de l鈥檃utor de la plantilla instrumental per a cada obra, cosa que no sempre passava en l鈥櫭╬oca barroca. A m茅s, la forma sonata consolid脿 altres plantilles instrumentals estables com el trio o el quartet amb piano, el quintet de vent, etc., plantilles que encara avui tenen plena vig猫ncia. Durant el Romanticisme, la necessitat expressiva dels seus autors aport脿 grans canvis en la manera d鈥檌nstrumentar, sobretot en l鈥檈scriptura d鈥檕bres per a piano i en la instrumentaci贸 orquestral: H. Berlioz, R. Wagner o P.I. Cajkovskij, per citar tres noms, ampliaren notablement els recursos orquestrals a partir del punt on els deix脿 Beethoven i, a m茅s, obriren les portes als estils d鈥檕rquestraci贸 franc猫s, alemany i rus per als compositors del segle entrant. Al segle XX, la saturaci贸 de la tonalitat i de l鈥檈spai harm貌nic funcional, aix铆 com el naixement de noves formes i la importaci贸 de la m煤sica no occidental a Europa, m茅s la incorporaci贸 de nous instruments en les plantilles instrumentals (com el sax貌fon) i la incursi贸 de la m煤sica electr貌nica, revolucionaren tant el concepte de composici贸 com el d鈥檌nstrumentaci贸. La instrumentaci贸 ha estat un dels par脿metres musicals que m茅s han evolucionat i amb el qual m茅s s鈥檋a especulat al llarg de tot el segle, fins i tot associant-lo directament amb la creaci贸 de nous recursos compositius com la <a class="div-ref" target="_blank" href="/EC-GEM-2318">klangfarbenmelodie</a> o el puntillisme.</p> </div><div class="div-div2" id="anchor20b" type="bibliography">Bibliografia <div class="div-div3" id="anchor11111">Complement bibliogr脿fic <div class="div-listbibl"><ol><li>Pedrell i Sabat茅, Felip: <span class="div-italic">Pr谩cticas preparatorias de instrumentaci贸n enderezadas a saber preparar la partitura y a escribir con propiedad las voces y los instrumentos</span>, Juan Gili, Barcelona 1902</li><li>Valls i David, Rafael: <span class="div-italic">Resumen de la historia de la instrumentaci贸n: discurso</span>, Valencia 1892</li><li>Serra i Corominas, Joaquim: <span class="div-italic">Tractat d鈥檌ntrumentaci贸 per a cobla</span>, Gr脿f. Marina, Barcelona 1957</li></ol></div></div></div></div></div> </div></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="block-gec-content" class="block block-system block-system-main-block"> <div class="content"> <article data-history-node-id="83577" role="article" about="/gran-enciclopedia-de-la-musica/instrumentacio" class="node node--type-enciclopedia node--view-mode-full clearfix"> <header> </header> <div class="node__content clearfix"> </div> </article> </div> </div> </section> </section> </main> <div class="sidebar_first sidebar col-md-2 order-first" id="sidebar_first"> <aside class="section" role="complementary"> <section class="region region-sidebar-first"> <div class="views-element-container portada-work-sidebar display-none block block-views block-views-blockfitxa-tecnica-block-5" id="block-gec-views-block-fitxa-tecnica-block-5"> <div class="content"> <div><div class="work-sidebar view view-fitxa-tecnica view-id-fitxa_tecnica view-display-id-block_5 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