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href="#Hayatının_erken_dönemi_ve_eğitimi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Hayatının erken dönemi ve eğitimi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hayatının_erken_dönemi_ve_eğitimi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kariyer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kariyer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Kariyer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kariyer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ödüller" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ödüller"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Ödüller</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ödüller-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kaynakça" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kaynakça"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Kaynakça</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kaynakça-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="İçindekiler" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="İçindekiler tablosunu değiştir" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">İçindekiler tablosunu değiştir</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Michael Houghton</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Başka bir dildeki sayfaya gidin. 46 dilde mevcut" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-46" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">46 dil</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%84_%D9%87%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="مايكل هوتون - Arapça" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مايكل هوتون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arapça" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%84_%D9%87%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="مايكل هوتون - Mısır Arapçası" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مايكل هوتون" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Mısır Arapçası" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%A8" title="মাইকেল হাউটন - Assamca" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="মাইকেল হাউটন" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%BB_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%9E%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Майкл Хаўтан - Belarusça" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Майкл Хаўтан" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusça" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%BB_%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%83%D1%82%D1%8A%D0%BD" title="Майкъл Хоутън - Bulgarca" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Майкъл Хоутън" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%A8" title="মাইকেল হাউটন - Bengalce" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মাইকেল হাউটন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengalce" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Houghton_(virolog)" title="Michael Houghton (virolog) - Boşnakça" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Michael Houghton (virolog)" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Boşnakça" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Houghton" title="Michael Houghton - Çekçe" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Michael Houghton" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Çekçe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Houghton" title="Michael Houghton - Almanca" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Michael Houghton" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Almanca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%AC%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%BB_%CE%A7%CE%AC%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD" title="Μάικλ Χάουτον - Yunanca" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μάικλ Χάουτον" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Yunanca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Houghton" title="Michael Houghton - İngilizce" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Michael Houghton" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="İngilizce" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Houghton" title="Michael Houghton - İspanyolca" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Michael Houghton" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="İspanyolca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Houghton" title="Michael Houghton - Estonca" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Michael Houghton" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Houghton" title="Michael Houghton - Baskça" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Michael Houghton" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Baskça" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%84_%D9%87%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="مایکل هوتون - Farsça" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مایکل هوتون" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Farsça" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Houghton" title="Michael Houghton - Fince" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Michael Houghton" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Fince" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Houghton" title="Michael Houghton - Fransızca" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Michael Houghton" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Fransızca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%95%D7%98%D7%95%D7%9F" title="מייקל האוטון - İbranice" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מייקל האוטון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="İbranice" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Houghton" title="Michael Houghton - Macarca" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Michael Houghton" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Macarca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%B5%D6%84%D5%AC_%D5%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B8%D5%B6_(%D5%BE%D5%AB%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B6)" title="Մայքլ Հութոն (վիրուսաբան) - Ermenice" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մայքլ Հութոն (վիրուսաբան)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Ermenice" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Houghton" title="Michael Houghton - Endonezce" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Michael Houghton" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Endonezce" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Houghton" title="Michael Houghton - Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Michael Houghton" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Houghton" title="Michael Houghton - İtalyanca" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Michael Houghton" data-language-autonym="İtaliano" data-language-local-name="İtalyanca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>İtaliano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B1%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9B%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88%E3%83%B3_(%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B9%E5%AD%A6%E8%80%85)" title="マイケル・ホートン (ウイルス学者) - Japonca" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マイケル・ホートン (ウイルス学者)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japonca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%88%EC%9D%B4%ED%81%B4_%ED%98%B8%ED%84%B4_(%EB%B0%94%EC%9D%B4%EB%9F%AC%EC%8A%A4%ED%95%99%EC%9E%90)" title="마이클 호턴 (바이러스학자) - Korece" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="마이클 호턴 (바이러스학자)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korece" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Houghton" title="Michael Houghton - Kürtçe" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Michael Houghton" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kürtçe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Houghton" title="Michael Houghton - Latince" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Michael Houghton" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latince" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Houghton" title="Michael Houghton - Malayca" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Michael Houghton" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malayca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%84_%D9%87%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="مایکل هوتون - Mazenderanca" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="مایکل هوتون" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazenderanca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Houghton" title="Michael Houghton - Aşağı Almanca" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Michael Houghton" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Aşağı Almanca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Houghton" title="Michael Houghton - Felemenkçe" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Michael Houghton" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Felemenkçe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Houghton" title="Michael Houghton - Norveççe Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Michael Houghton" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norveççe Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Houghton" title="Michael Houghton - Lehçe" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Michael Houghton" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Lehçe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Houghton" title="Michael Houghton - Portekizce" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Michael Houghton" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portekizce" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Houghton" title="Michael Houghton - Rumence" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Michael Houghton" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Rumence" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD,_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%BB" title="Хаутон, Майкл - Rusça" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Хаутон, Майкл" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rusça" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Houghton" title="Michael Houghton - Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Michael Houghton" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%BA%D0%BB_%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD_(%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3)" title="Мајкл Хотон (вирусолог) - Sırpça" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Мајкл Хотон (вирусолог)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Sırpça" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Houghton" title="Michael Houghton - İsveççe" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Michael Houghton" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="İsveççe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="மைக்கேல் ஆட்டன் - Tamilce" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மைக்கேல் ஆட்டன்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamilce" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5_%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99_(%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA)" title="ไมเคิล ฮอว์ทัน (นักวิทยาไวรัส) - Tayca" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ไมเคิล ฮอว์ทัน (นักวิทยาไวรัส)" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Tayca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%BB_%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Майкл Гоутен - Ukraynaca" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Майкл Гоутен" 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Vikipedi, özgür ansiklopedi</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="tr" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r28603389">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn" style="display:inline">Michael Houghton</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Dosya:Prof_Michael_Houghton.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Prof_Michael_Houghton.jpg/220px-Prof_Michael_Houghton.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Prof_Michael_Houghton.jpg/330px-Prof_Michael_Houghton.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Prof_Michael_Houghton.jpg/440px-Prof_Michael_Houghton.jpg 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="930" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Doğum</th><td class="infobox-data">1949 (74-75 yaşında)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Eğitim</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_East_Anglia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="University of East Anglia (sayfa mevcut değil)">University of East Anglia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science" title="Bachelor of Science">BSc</a>)<br /><a href="/wiki/King%27s_College_London" title="King's College London">King's College London</a> (<a href="/wiki/PhD" class="mw-redirect" title="PhD">PhD</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Ödüller</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Landsteiner_Memorial_Award&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karl Landsteiner Memorial Award (sayfa mevcut değil)">Karl Landsteiner Memorial Award</a> (1992)<br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Koch_Prize&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Koch Prize (sayfa mevcut değil)">Robert Koch Prize</a> (1993)<br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Beaumont_Prize&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Beaumont Prize (sayfa mevcut değil)">William Beaumont Prize</a> (1994)<br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lasker_Award&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lasker Award (sayfa mevcut değil)">Lasker Award</a> (2000)<br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gairdner_Foundation_International_Award&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gairdner Foundation International Award (sayfa mevcut değil)">Gairdner Foundation International Award</a> (2013 – declined)<br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nobel_Prize_for_Medicine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nobel Prize for Medicine (sayfa mevcut değil)">Nobel Prize for Medicine</a> (2020)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resmî site</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apps.ualberta.ca/directory/person/mhoughto">Resmî site</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r28603389"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Kariyeri</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Dalı</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Mikrobiyoloji" title="Mikrobiyoloji">Mikrobiyoloji</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Viroloji" title="Viroloji">Viroloji</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Çalıştığı kurumlar</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Alberta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="University of Alberta (sayfa mevcut değil)">University of Alberta</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chiron_Corporation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chiron Corporation (sayfa mevcut değil)">Chiron Corporation</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Doktora_dan%C4%B1%C5%9Fman%C4%B1" title="Doktora danışmanı">Doktora<br />danışmanı</a></th><td class="infobox-data">James Chesterton</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div align="center"></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Michael Houghton</b> (1949 doğumlu) Nobel Ödülü sahibi bir İngiliz bilim insanıdır. Qui-Lim Choo, George Kuo ve Daniel W. Bradley ile birlikte 1989'da <a href="/wiki/Hepatit_C" title="Hepatit C">Hepatit C'yi</a> keşfetti<sup id="cite_ref-choo_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-choo-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ayrıca 1986'da <a href="/wiki/Hepatit_D" title="Hepatit D">Hepatit D</a> <a href="/wiki/Genom" title="Genom">genomunu</a> keşfedenlerden birisidir.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hepatit C virüsünün (HCV) keşfi, kandaki HCV'yi tespit etmek için teşhis reaktiflerinin hızla geliştirilmesine yol açtı ve bu da kan transfüzyonu yoluyla HCV kapma riskini üçte birden yaklaşık iki milyonda bire düşürdü.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Antikor testinin yalnızca ABD'de yılda en az 40.000 yeni enfeksiyonu ve dünya çapında çok daha fazlasınını önlediği tahmin edilmektedir.<sup id="cite_ref-pioneersofmed_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pioneersofmed-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Viroloji" title="Viroloji">Houghton şu anda Viroloji'de</a> Kanada Mükemmeliyet Araştırma Başkanı <a href="/wiki/Alberta_%C3%9Cniversitesi" title="Alberta Üniversitesi">ve Alberta Üniversitesi'nde</a> Li Ka Shing Viroloji Profesörüdür ve burada Li Ka Shing Uygulamalı Viroloji Enstitüsü Direktörüdür.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Harvey_J._Alter" title="Harvey J. Alter">Harvey J. Alter</a> ve <a href="/wiki/Charles_M._Rice" title="Charles M. Rice">Charles M. Rice</a> ile birlikte <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Fizyoloji_veya_T%C4%B1p_%C3%96d%C3%BCl%C3%BC" title="Nobel Fizyoloji veya Tıp Ödülü">2020 Nobel Fizyoloji veya Tıp Ödülü'nün</a> ortak sahibidir.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20201005_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20201005-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hayatının_erken_dönemi_ve_eğitimi"><span id="Hayat.C4.B1n.C4.B1n_erken_d.C3.B6nemi_ve_e.C4.9Fitimi"></span>Hayatının erken dönemi ve eğitimi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Houghton&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Değiştirilen bölüm: Hayatının erken dönemi ve eğitimi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>değiştir</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Houghton&action=edit&section=1" title="Bölümün kaynak kodunu değiştir: Hayatının erken dönemi ve eğitimi"><span>kaynağı değiştir</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Birle%C5%9Fik_Krall%C4%B1k" title="Birleşik Krallık">1949'da Birleşik Krallık'ta</a> doğan babası bir kamyon şoförü ve sendika memuruydu.<sup id="cite_ref-pioneersofmed_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pioneersofmed-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alleyn's School'da eğitim gördü <a href="/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur">ve 17 yaşında Louis Pasteur</a> hakkında okuduktan sonra <a href="/wiki/Mikrobiyolog" title="Mikrobiyolog">mikrobiyolog</a> olmak için ilham aldı.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Houghton, 1972'de <a href="/wiki/Biyoloji" title="Biyoloji">biyolojik bilimler</a> alanında East Anglia Üniversitesi'nde okumak için burs kazandı.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 1977'de <a href="/wiki/King%27s_College_London" title="King's College London">King's College London'da</a> <a href="/wiki/Biyokimya" title="Biyokimya">biyokimya</a> alanında <a href="/wiki/Doktor_(akademik_derece)" title="Doktor (akademik derece)">doktorasını</a> yaptı <sup id="cite_ref-ref904913078_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref904913078-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kariyer">Kariyer</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Houghton&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Değiştirilen bölüm: Kariyer" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>değiştir</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Houghton&action=edit&section=2" title="Bölümün kaynak kodunu değiştir: Kariyer"><span>kaynağı değiştir</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Dosya:15_Hegasy_Nobel_Prize_2020_HepC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/15_Hegasy_Nobel_Prize_2020_HepC.jpg/220px-15_Hegasy_Nobel_Prize_2020_HepC.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/15_Hegasy_Nobel_Prize_2020_HepC.jpg/330px-15_Hegasy_Nobel_Prize_2020_HepC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/15_Hegasy_Nobel_Prize_2020_HepC.jpg/440px-15_Hegasy_Nobel_Prize_2020_HepC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3508" data-file-height="2480" /></a><figcaption>2020 Nobel Fizyoloji veya Tıp Ödülü: Hepatit C Virüsünün Keşfi.</figcaption></figure> <p>Houghton, 1982'de Chiron Corporation'a taşınmadan önce GD Searle &amp; Company'ye katıldı. Houghton'ın, meslektaşları Qui-Lim Choo ve George Kuo ve <a href="/wiki/Hastal%C4%B1k_Kontrol_ve_Korunma_Merkezleri" title="Hastalık Kontrol ve Korunma Merkezleri">Hastalık Kontrol ve Önleme Merkezlerinden</a> Daniel W. Bradley ile birlikte, HCV için ilk kanıtları keşfettiği yer Chiron'du.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bununla birlikte, bu araştırma patojeniteyi - başka bir deyişle, Houghton tarafından tanımlanan virüsün aslında hepatite neden olduğunu - gösterememe temelinde sorgulanmıştır.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Houghton'un araştırması, daha sonraki Nobel ödülü sahibi <a href="/wiki/Harvey_J._Alter" title="Harvey J. Alter">Harvey Alter'in</a> 1978 tarihli çalışmalarına dayanıyordu. Alter'in NIH ekibi, "Non-A Non-B Hepatitis" denilen hastadan kan almış ve beş şempanzeye enjekte etmişti. 14 hafta sonra şempanzeler standart testlerde yüksek karaciğer testi değerleri gösterdi, böylelikle bir virüs için olası kanıtlar sunulmuş oldu (özellikle Alter'in deneyinde bir kontrol grubu yoktu, yani yabancı kan serumuna karaciğer reaksiyonu göz ardı edilemezdi).<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>2013 yılında, Houghton'un Alberta Üniversitesi'ndeki ekibi tek bir Hepatit C suşundan elde edilen bir aşının virüsün tüm suşlarına karşı etkili olduğunu gösterdi.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<span data-sort-value="20200000 !">2020</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">2020</span>)</span> itibarıyla) Aşı klinik öncesi denemelerdedir.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ödüller"><span id=".C3.96d.C3.BCller"></span>Ödüller</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Houghton&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Değiştirilen bölüm: Ödüller" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>değiştir</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Houghton&action=edit&section=3" title="Bölümün kaynak kodunu değiştir: Ödüller"><span>kaynağı değiştir</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1992 - Karl Landsteiner Anma Ödülü <sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1993 - Robert Koch Ödülü <sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1994 - William Beaumont Ödülü <sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2000 - Lasker Ödülü <sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2005 - Dale A. Smith Anma Ödülü <sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2009 - Hepdart Yaşam Boyu Başarı Ödülü <sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2013 - 100.000 <a href="/wiki/Kanada_dolar%C4%B1" title="Kanada doları">$ 'lık</a> Gairdner Vakfı Uluslararası Ödülünü reddeden ilk kişi oldu "İki meslektaşım Dr. Qui-Lim Choo ve Dr. George Kuo'nun katılımı olmadan bu ödülü kabul etmenin haksızlık olacağını düşündüm" <sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2019 - East Anglia Üniversitesi'nden fahri bilim doktorası <sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2020 - <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Fizyoloji_veya_T%C4%B1p_%C3%96d%C3%BCl%C3%BC" title="Nobel Fizyoloji veya Tıp Ödülü">Nobel Fizyoloji veya Tıp Ödülü</a> <sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kaynakça"><span id="Kaynak.C3.A7a"></span>Kaynakça</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Houghton&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Değiştirilen bölüm: Kaynakça" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>değiştir</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Houghton&action=edit&section=4" title="Bölümün kaynak kodunu değiştir: Kaynakça"><span>kaynağı değiştir</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r32805677">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-count:2}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-count:3}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-choo-1"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-choo_1-0">^</a></strong> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="kaynak akademik-dergi">"Isolation of a cDNA clone derived from a blood-borne non-A, non-B viral hepatitis genome". <i>Science</i>. <b>244</b> (4902): 359-62. April 1989. <a href="/wiki/Say%C4%B1sal_nesne_tan%C4%B1mlay%C4%B1c%C4%B1s%C4%B1" title="Sayısal nesne tanımlayıcısı">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126/science.2523562">10.1126/science.2523562</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed#PubMed_tanımlayıcısı" title="PubMed">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2523562">2523562</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Isolation+of+a+cDNA+clone+derived+from+a+blood-borne+non-A%2C+non-B+viral+hepatitis+genome&rft.pages=359-62&rft.date=1989-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.2523562&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F2523562&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftr.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Houghton" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></strong> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="kaynak akademik-dergi">Wang (9 Ekim 1986). "Structure, sequence and expression of the hepatitis delta (delta) viral genome". <i>Nature</i>. <b>323</b> (6088): 508-14. <a href="/wiki/Say%C4%B1sal_nesne_tan%C4%B1mlay%C4%B1c%C4%B1s%C4%B1" title="Sayısal nesne tanımlayıcısı">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038/323508a0">10.1038/323508a0</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed#PubMed_tanımlayıcısı" title="PubMed">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3762705">3762705</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Structure%2C+sequence+and+expression+of+the+hepatitis+delta+%28delta%29+viral+genome&rft.pages=508-14&rft.date=1986-10-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F323508a0&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F3762705&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftr.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Houghton" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></strong> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="kaynak web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160914165652/http://www.chrcrm.org/en/node/6048">"Opinion: Nobel-worthy discovery right in our backyard"</a>. <i>Canadian for Health Research</i>. 14 Eylül 2016 tarihinde <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chrcrm.org/en/node/6048">kaynağından</a> arşivlendi<span class="reference-accessdate">. Erişim tarihi: 4 Eylül 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Canadian+for+Health+Research&rft.atitle=Opinion%3A+Nobel-worthy+discovery+right+in+our+backyard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chrcrm.org%2Fen%2Fnode%2F6048&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftr.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Houghton" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></strong> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="kaynak web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theglobeandmail.com/technology/science/science-world-abuzz-as-virologist-turns-down-gairdner-award/article10052360/">"Science world abuzz as virologist turns down Gairdner award"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Globe_and_Mail" title="The Globe and Mail">The Globe and Mail</a></i>. 4 Ağustos 2020 tarihinde kaynağından <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200804021034/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/technology/science/science-world-abuzz-as-virologist-turns-down-gairdner-award/article10052360/">arşivlendi</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Erişim tarihi: 10 Eylül 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Globe+and+Mail&rft.atitle=Science+world+abuzz+as+virologist+turns+down+Gairdner+award&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theglobeandmail.com%2Ftechnology%2Fscience%2Fscience-world-abuzz-as-virologist-turns-down-gairdner-award%2Farticle10052360%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftr.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Houghton" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pioneersofmed-5"><strong>^</strong> <a href="#cite_ref-pioneersofmed_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pioneersofmed_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="kaynak kitap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_dK3CgAAQBAJ&q=%22Pioneers+of+Medicine+Without+a+Nobel+Prize%22+%22houghton%22&pg=PA206"><i>Pioneers of Medicine Without a Nobel Prize</i></a>. 2014. s. 209. <a href="/wiki/Uluslararas%C4%B1_Standart_Kitap_Numaras%C4%B1" title="Uluslararası Standart Kitap Numarası">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%C3%96zel:KitapKaynaklar%C4%B1/978-1-78326-386-8" title="Özel:KitapKaynakları/978-1-78326-386-8">978-1-78326-386-8</a>. 1 Temmuz 2021 tarihinde kaynağından <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210701101227/https://books.google.com/books?id=_dK3CgAAQBAJ&q=%22Pioneers+of+Medicine+Without+a+Nobel+Prize%22+%22houghton%22&pg=PA206">arşivlendi</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Erişim tarihi: 20 Mayıs 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pioneers+of+Medicine+Without+a+Nobel+Prize&rft.pages=209&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-78326-386-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_dK3CgAAQBAJ%26q%3D%2522Pioneers%2Bof%2BMedicine%2BWithout%2Ba%2BNobel%2BPrize%2522%2B%2522houghton%2522%26pg%3DPA206&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftr.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Houghton" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="tr" dir="ltr"><span style="font-weight: bold; font-size: 75%; color:inherit;">Kaynak hatası:</span> <span style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 75%; color:inherit;">Geçersiz <code><ref></code> etiketi: "pioneersofmed" adı farklı içerikte birden fazla tanımlanmış (Bkz: <a href="/wiki/Vikipedi:Kaynak_g%C3%B6sterme" title="Vikipedi:Kaynak gösterme">Kaynak gösterme</a>)</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></strong> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="kaynak web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110208224658/http://www.mmi.med.ualberta.ca/staff_students/michael_houghton.php">"MMI Faculty – Michael Houghton, PhD"</a>. 8 Şubat 2011 tarihinde <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mmi.med.ualberta.ca/staff_students/michael_houghton.php">kaynağından</a> arşivlendi<span class="reference-accessdate">. Erişim tarihi: <span class="nowrap">13 Ocak</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MMI+Faculty+%E2%80%93+Michael+Houghton%2C+PhD&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mmi.med.ualberta.ca%2Fstaff_students%2Fmichael_houghton.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftr.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Houghton" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-7"><strong>^</strong> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="kaynak web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201005114154/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/2020/press-release/">"Press release: The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2020"</a>. Nobel Foundation. 5 Ekim 2020 tarihinde <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/2020/press-release/">kaynağından</a> arşivlendi<span class="reference-accessdate">. Erişim tarihi: <span class="nowrap">5 Ekim</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Press+release%3A+The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine+2020&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fprizes%2Fmedicine%2F2020%2Fpress-release%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftr.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Houghton" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="tr" dir="ltr"><span style="font-weight: bold; font-size: 75%; color:inherit;">Kaynak hatası:</span> <span style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 75%; color:inherit;">Geçersiz <code><ref></code> etiketi: ":1" adı farklı içerikte birden fazla tanımlanmış (Bkz: <a href="/wiki/Vikipedi:Kaynak_g%C3%B6sterme" title="Vikipedi:Kaynak gösterme">Kaynak gösterme</a>)</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT-20201005-8"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-NYT-20201005_8-0">^</a></strong> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="kaynak haber">Wu (5 Ekim 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/05/health/nobel-prize-medicine-hepatitis-c.html">"Nobel Prize in Medicine Awarded to Scientists Who Discovered Hepatitis C Virus – Harvey J. Alter, Michael Houghton and Charles M. Rice were jointly honored for their decisive contribution to the fight against blood-borne hepatitis, a major global health problem"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. 6 Ekim 2020 tarihinde kaynağından <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201006222213/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/05/health/nobel-prize-medicine-hepatitis-c.html">arşivlendi</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Erişim tarihi: <span class="nowrap">6 Ekim</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nobel+Prize+in+Medicine+Awarded+to+Scientists+Who+Discovered+Hepatitis+C+Virus+%E2%80%93+Harvey+J.+Alter%2C+Michael+Houghton+and+Charles+M.+Rice+were+jointly+honored+for+their+decisive+contribution+to+the+fight+against+blood-borne+hepatitis%2C+a+major+global+health+problem.&rft.date=2020-10-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2020%2F10%2F05%2Fhealth%2Fnobel-prize-medicine-hepatitis-c.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftr.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Houghton" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></strong> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="kaynak web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210414085303/https://www.alleyns.org.uk/alumni-development/news-events/news-detail/~board/alumni-and-development/post/congratulations-to-alumnus-professor-michael-houghton-2020-nobel-prize-laureate">"Congratulations to a Nobel Prize Laureate"</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alleyn%27s_School&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alleyn's School (sayfa mevcut değil)">Alleyn's School</a></i>. 14 Nisan 2021 tarihinde <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.alleyns.org.uk/alumni-development/news-events/news-detail/~board/alumni-and-development/post/congratulations-to-alumnus-professor-michael-houghton-2020-nobel-prize-laureate">kaynağından</a> arşivlendi<span class="reference-accessdate">. Erişim tarihi: <span class="nowrap">14 Nisan</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Alleyn%27s+School&rft.atitle=Congratulations+to+a+Nobel+Prize+Laureate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.alleyns.org.uk%2Falumni-development%2Fnews-events%2Fnews-detail%2F~board%2Falumni-and-development%2Fpost%2Fcongratulations-to-alumnus-professor-michael-houghton-2020-nobel-prize-laureate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftr.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Houghton" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></strong> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="kaynak web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120614035422/http://www.chrcrm.org/en/rotm/michael-houghton-phd">"Michael Houghton, PhD"</a>. <i>Canadians for Health Research</i>. 14 Haziran 2012 tarihinde <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chrcrm.org/en/rotm/michael-houghton-phd">kaynağından</a> arşivlendi<span class="reference-accessdate">. Erişim tarihi: <span class="nowrap">8 Ekim</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Canadians+for+Health+Research&rft.atitle=Michael+Houghton%2C+PhD&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chrcrm.org%2Fen%2Frotm%2Fmichael-houghton-phd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftr.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Houghton" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></strong> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="kaynak web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141026061232/http://www.aihealthsolutions.ca/news-and-events/media-centre/eureka-moments-in-research/">"Eureka moments in research"</a>. <i>Alberta Innovates: Health Solutions</i>. 26 Ekim 2014 tarihinde <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aihealthsolutions.ca/news-and-events/media-centre/eureka-moments-in-research/">kaynağından</a> arşivlendi<span class="reference-accessdate">. Erişim tarihi: <span class="nowrap">8 Ekim</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Alberta+Innovates%3A+Health+Solutions&rft.atitle=Eureka+moments+in+research&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aihealthsolutions.ca%2Fnews-and-events%2Fmedia-centre%2Feureka-moments-in-research%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftr.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Houghton" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></strong> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="kaynak web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201028140627/https://www.timeshighereducation.com/news/nobelist-keep-faith-because-covid-vaccine-just-round-corner">"Nobelist: keep faith, because Covid vaccine is just round corner"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Times_Higher_Education" title="Times Higher Education">Times Higher Education</a></i>. 28 Ekim 2020 tarihinde <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/news/nobelist-keep-faith-because-covid-vaccine-just-round-corner">kaynağından</a> arşivlendi<span class="reference-accessdate">. Erişim tarihi: 15 Kasım 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Times+Higher+Education&rft.atitle=Nobelist%3A+keep+faith%2C+because+Covid+vaccine+is+just+round+corner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timeshighereducation.com%2Fnews%2Fnobelist-keep-faith-because-covid-vaccine-just-round-corner&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftr.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Houghton" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ref904913078-13"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-ref904913078_13-0">^</a></strong> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="kaynak kitap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=n5P696E7T0wC&q=dr+Michael+Houghton&pg=PA344"><i>Liver Cirrhosis and Its Development – Google Books</i></a>. 31 Mart 2001. <a href="/wiki/Uluslararas%C4%B1_Standart_Kitap_Numaras%C4%B1" title="Uluslararası Standart Kitap Numarası">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%C3%96zel:KitapKaynaklar%C4%B1/978-0-7923-8760-2" title="Özel:KitapKaynakları/978-0-7923-8760-2">978-0-7923-8760-2</a>. 1 Temmuz 2021 tarihinde kaynağından <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210701101243/https://books.google.com/books?id=n5P696E7T0wC&q=dr+Michael+Houghton&pg=PA344">arşivlendi</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Erişim tarihi: <span class="nowrap">12 Ocak</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Liver+Cirrhosis+and+Its+Development+%E2%80%93+Google+Books&rft.date=2001-03-31&rft.isbn=978-0-7923-8760-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dn5P696E7T0wC%26q%3Ddr%2BMichael%2BHoughton%26pg%3DPA344&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftr.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Houghton" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></strong> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="kaynak akademik-dergi">Houghton (2009). "The long and winding road leading to the identification of the hepatitis C virus". <i>J. Hepatol</i>. <b>51</b> (5): 939-948. <a href="/wiki/Say%C4%B1sal_nesne_tan%C4%B1mlay%C4%B1c%C4%B1s%C4%B1" title="Sayısal nesne tanımlayıcısı">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2009.08.004">10.1016/j.jhep.2009.08.004</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed#PubMed_tanımlayıcısı" title="PubMed">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19781804">19781804</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+long+and+winding+road+leading+to+the+identification+of+the+hepatitis+C+virus.&rft.pages=939-948&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jhep.2009.08.004&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19781804&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftr.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Houghton" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></strong> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="kaynak akademik-dergi">Duesberg and Schwartz (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/S0079-6603(08)61047-8">"Latent Viruses and Mutated Oncogenes: No Evidence for Pathogenicity"</a>. <i>Progress in Nucleic Acid Research and Molecular Biology</i>. <b>43</b>: 135-204. <a href="/wiki/Say%C4%B1sal_nesne_tan%C4%B1mlay%C4%B1c%C4%B1s%C4%B1" title="Sayısal nesne tanımlayıcısı">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/S0079-6603%2808%2961047-8">10.1016/S0079-6603(08)61047-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/Uluslararas%C4%B1_Standart_Kitap_Numaras%C4%B1" title="Uluslararası Standart Kitap Numarası">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%C3%96zel:KitapKaynaklar%C4%B1/9780125400435" title="Özel:KitapKaynakları/9780125400435">9780125400435</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed#PubMed_tanımlayıcısı" title="PubMed">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1410445">1410445</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Latent+Viruses+and+Mutated+Oncogenes%3A+No+Evidence+for+Pathogenicity&rft.pages=135-204&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F1410445&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0079-6603%2808%2961047-8&rft.isbn=9780125400435&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%2FS0079-6603%2808%2961047-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftr.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Houghton" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></strong> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="kaynak haber">Regush. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010820172519/http://more.abcnews.go.com/sections/living/SecondOpinion/secondopinion_42.html">"Vapor Virus?"</a>. ABC News. 20 Ağustos 2001 tarihinde <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://more.abcnews.go.com/sections/living/SecondOpinion/secondopinion_42.html">kaynağından</a> arşivlendi<span class="reference-accessdate">. Erişim tarihi: <span class="nowrap">6 Ekim</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vapor+Virus%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmore.abcnews.go.com%2Fsections%2Fliving%2FSecondOpinion%2Fsecondopinion_42.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftr.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Houghton" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></strong> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="kaynak akademik-dergi">"Transmissible agent in non-A, non-B hepatitis". <i>The Lancet</i>. <b>1</b> (8062): 459-63. 4 Mart 1978. <a href="/wiki/Say%C4%B1sal_nesne_tan%C4%B1mlay%C4%B1c%C4%B1s%C4%B1" title="Sayısal nesne tanımlayıcısı">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736%2878%2990131-9">10.1016/s0140-6736(78)90131-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed#PubMed_tanımlayıcısı" title="PubMed">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/76017">76017</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Transmissible+agent+in+non-A%2C+non-B+hepatitis&rft.pages=459-63&rft.date=1978-03-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fs0140-6736%2878%2990131-9&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F76017&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftr.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Houghton" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></strong> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="kaynak akademik-dergi">Law (19 Mart 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3602185">"A hepatitis C virus (HCV) vaccine comprising envelope glycoproteins gpE1/gpE2 derived from a single isolate elicits broad cross-genotype neutralizing antibodies in humans"</a>. <i>PLOS ONE</i>. <b>8</b> (3): e59776. <a href="/wiki/Say%C4%B1sal_nesne_tan%C4%B1mlay%C4%B1c%C4%B1s%C4%B1" title="Sayısal nesne tanımlayıcısı">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0059776">10.1371/journal.pone.0059776</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central#PMCID" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3602185">3602185</a> $2</span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed#PubMed_tanımlayıcısı" title="PubMed">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23527266">23527266</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+hepatitis+C+virus+%28HCV%29+vaccine+comprising+envelope+glycoproteins+gpE1%2FgpE2+derived+from+a+single+isolate+elicits+broad+cross-genotype+neutralizing+antibodies+in+humans.&rft.pages=e59776&rft.date=2013-03-19&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3602185&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23527266&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0059776&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3602185&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftr.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Houghton" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></strong> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="kaynak akademik-dergi">Houghton (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_gastroenterology_2013-08_145_2/page/285">"An inactivated hepatitis C virus vaccine on the horizon?"</a>. <i>Gastroenterology</i>. <b>145</b> (2): 285-288. <a href="/wiki/Say%C4%B1sal_nesne_tan%C4%B1mlay%C4%B1c%C4%B1s%C4%B1" title="Sayısal nesne tanımlayıcısı">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2013.06.029">10.1053/j.gastro.2013.06.029</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed#PubMed_tanımlayıcısı" title="PubMed">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23806539">23806539</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=An+inactivated+hepatitis+C+virus+vaccine+on+the+horizon%3F&rft.pages=285-288&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1053%2Fj.gastro.2013.06.029&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23806539&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_gastroenterology_2013-08_145_2%2Fpage%2F285&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftr.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Houghton" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></strong> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="kaynak web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2020-10/uoaf-uoa100520.php">"University of Alberta virologist awarded Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine"</a>. <i>EurekAlert!</i> (İngilizce). 1 Temmuz 2021 tarihinde kaynağından <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210701101249/https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2020-10/uoaf-uoa100520.php">arşivlendi</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Erişim tarihi: <span class="nowrap">6 Ekim</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=EurekAlert%21&rft.atitle=University+of+Alberta+virologist+awarded+Nobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eurekalert.org%2Fpub_releases%2F2020-10%2Fuoaf-uoa100520.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftr.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Houghton" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></strong> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="kaynak web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aabb.org/about/awards/Pages/recipientspast.aspx">"Karl Landsteiner Memorial Award 1992"</a>. 15 Ekim 2018 tarihinde kaynağından <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181015054040/http://www.aabb.org/about/awards/Pages/recipientspast.aspx">arşivlendi</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Erişim tarihi: 20 Mayıs 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Karl+Landsteiner+Memorial+Award+1992&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aabb.org%2Fabout%2Fawards%2FPages%2Frecipientspast.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftr.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Houghton" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></strong> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="kaynak web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.robert-koch-stiftung.de/index.php?article_id=15&clang=0">"Robert Koch Prize 1993"</a>. 13 Kasım 2017 tarihinde kaynağından <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171113070814/https://www.robert-koch-stiftung.de/index.php?article_id=15&clang=0">arşivlendi</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Erişim tarihi: 20 Mayıs 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Robert+Koch+Prize+1993&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.robert-koch-stiftung.de%2Findex.php%3Farticle_id%3D15%26clang%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftr.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Houghton" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></strong> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="kaynak web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gastro.org/membership/recognition-awards/william-beaumont-prize-in-gastroenterology/">"William Beaumont Prize 1994"</a>. 22 Aralık 2018 tarihinde kaynağından <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181222221256/https://www.gastro.org/about/awards/william-beaumont-prize-in-gastroenterology">arşivlendi</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Erişim tarihi: 20 Mayıs 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=William+Beaumont+Prize+1994&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgastro.org%2Fmembership%2Frecognition-awards%2Fwilliam-beaumont-prize-in-gastroenterology%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftr.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Houghton" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></strong> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="kaynak web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.laskerfoundation.org/awards/#name=&award=&year=2000">"Albert Lasker Clinical Medical Research Award 2000"</a>. 7 Şubat 2016 tarihinde kaynağından <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160207192205/http://laskerfoundation.org/awards/index.htm#name=&award=&year=2000">arşivlendi</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Erişim tarihi: 20 Mayıs 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Albert+Lasker+Clinical+Medical+Research+Award+2000&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.laskerfoundation.org%2Fawards%2F%23name%3D%26award%3D%26year%3D2000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftr.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Houghton" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></strong> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="kaynak web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140807212433/http://www.aabb.org/about/awards/Pages/recipientspast.aspx">"List of Past AABB Award Recipients"</a>. aabb.org. 7 Ağustos 2014 tarihinde <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aabb.org/about/awards/Pages/recipientspast.aspx">kaynağından</a> arşivlendi<span class="reference-accessdate">. Erişim tarihi: <span class="nowrap">6 Ekim</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=List+of+Past+AABB+Award+Recipients&rft.pub=aabb.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aabb.org%2Fabout%2Fawards%2FPages%2Frecipientspast.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftr.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Houghton" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></strong> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="kaynak web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201006233748/https://www.virology-education.com/event/previous/hep-dart-2019/awards/">"The William H. Prusoff HEP DART Lifetime Achievement Award"</a>. 6 Ekim 2020 tarihinde <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.virology-education.com/event/previous/hep-dart-2019/awards/">kaynağından</a> arşivlendi<span class="reference-accessdate">. Erişim tarihi: <span class="nowrap">6 Ekim</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+William+H.+Prusoff+HEP+DART+Lifetime+Achievement+Award&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.virology-education.com%2Fevent%2Fprevious%2Fhep-dart-2019%2Fawards%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftr.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Houghton" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></strong> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="kaynak web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140112052337/http://www.folio.ualberta.ca/article.cfm?v=104208&i=104377&a=3">"World-renowned virologist named recipient of Gairdner Award"</a>. 22 Mart 2013. 12 Ocak 2014 tarihinde <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.folio.ualberta.ca/article.cfm?v=104208&i=104377&a=3">kaynağından</a> arşivlendi<span class="reference-accessdate">. Erişim tarihi: <span class="nowrap">13 Ocak</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World-renowned+virologist+named+recipient+of+Gairdner+Award&rft.date=2013-03-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.folio.ualberta.ca%2Farticle.cfm%3Fv%3D104208%26i%3D104377%26a%3D3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftr.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Houghton" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></strong> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="kaynak web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130320233009/http://news.nationalpost.com/2013/03/20/team-player-edmonton-scientist-turns-down-100000-baby-nobel-because-it-shut-out-colleagues/">"Edmonton scientist turns down $100,000 'baby Nobel' because it shut out colleagues"</a>. 20 Mart 2013. 20 Mart 2013 tarihinde <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.nationalpost.com/2013/03/20/team-player-edmonton-scientist-turns-down-100000-baby-nobel-because-it-shut-out-colleagues/">kaynağından</a> arşivlendi<span class="reference-accessdate">. Erişim tarihi: <span class="nowrap">13 Ocak</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Edmonton+scientist+turns+down+%24100%2C000+%27baby+Nobel%27+because+it+shut+out+colleagues&rft.date=2013-03-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.nationalpost.com%2F2013%2F03%2F20%2Fteam-player-edmonton-scientist-turns-down-100000-baby-nobel-because-it-shut-out-colleagues%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftr.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Houghton" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></strong> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="kaynak web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190611130442/https://www.edp24.co.uk/news/education/meet-university-of-east-anglia-honorary-gradutes-2019-1-6099335">"A Titanic actor, climate change trailblazer and banking boss: Meet UEA's newest honorary graduates"</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Daily_Press&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eastern Daily Press (sayfa mevcut değil)">Eastern Daily Press</a></i>. 11 Haziran 2019 tarihinde <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.edp24.co.uk/news/education/meet-university-of-east-anglia-honorary-gradutes-2019-1-6099335">kaynağından</a> arşivlendi<span class="reference-accessdate">. Erişim tarihi: 15 Eylül 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Eastern+Daily+Press&rft.atitle=A+Titanic+actor%2C+climate+change+trailblazer+and+banking+boss%3A+Meet+UEA%27s+newest+honorary+graduates&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.edp24.co.uk%2Fnews%2Feducation%2Fmeet-university-of-east-anglia-honorary-gradutes-2019-1-6099335&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftr.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Houghton" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Nobel_Fizyoloji_veya_Tıp_Ödülü_sahipleri" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r25548259">.mw-parser-output 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padding:0;">d</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nobel_Fizyoloji_veya_Tıp_Ödülü_sahipleri" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Fizyoloji_veya_T%C4%B1p_%C3%96d%C3%BCl%C3%BC" title="Nobel Fizyoloji veya Tıp Ödülü">Nobel Fizyoloji veya Tıp Ödülü</a> <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Fizyoloji_veya_T%C4%B1p_%C3%96d%C3%BCl%C3%BC_sahipleri_listesi" title="Nobel Fizyoloji veya Tıp Ödülü sahipleri listesi">sahipleri</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1901-1925</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Adolf_von_Behring" title="Emil Adolf von Behring">Emil Behring</a> (1901)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Ross" title="Ronald Ross">Ronald Ross</a> (1902)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niels_Ryberg_Finsen" title="Niels Ryberg Finsen">Niels Finsen</a> (1903)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0van_Pavlov" title="İvan Pavlov">İvan Pavlov</a> (1904)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Koch" title="Robert Koch">Robert Koch</a> (1905)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camillo_Golgi" title="Camillo Golgi">Camillo Golgi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Santiago_Ram%C3%B3n_y_Cajal" title="Santiago Ramón y Cajal">Santiago Ramón y Cajal</a> (1906)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Louis_Alphonse_Laveran" title="Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran">Alphonse Laveran</a> (1907)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0lya_Me%C3%A7nikov" title="İlya Meçnikov">İlya Meçnikov</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paul_Ehrlich" title="Paul Ehrlich">Paul Ehrlich</a> (1908)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Theodor_Kocher" title="Emil Theodor Kocher">Emil Kocher</a> (1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albrecht_Kossel" title="Albrecht Kossel">Albrecht Kossel</a> (1910)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allvar_Gullstrand" title="Allvar Gullstrand">Allvar Gullstrand</a> (1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_Carrel" title="Alexis Carrel">Alexis Carrel</a> (1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Robert_Richet" title="Charles Robert Richet">Charles Robert Richet</a> (1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_B%C3%A1r%C3%A1ny" title="Robert Bárány">Robert Bárány</a> (1914)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Bordet" title="Jules Bordet">Jules Bordet</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Krogh" title="August Krogh">August Krogh</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Hill" title="Archibald Hill">Archibald Hill</a> / <a href="/wiki/Otto_Fritz_Meyerhof" title="Otto Fritz Meyerhof">Otto Meyerhof</a> (1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Banting" title="Frederick Banting">Frederick Banting</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_James_Rickard_Macleod" title="John James Rickard Macleod">John Macleod</a> (1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willem_Einthoven" title="Willem Einthoven">Willem Einthoven</a> (1924)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Dosya:Nobel_Prize.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/tr/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/80px-Nobel_Prize.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/tr/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/120px-Nobel_Prize.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/tr/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/160px-Nobel_Prize.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="492" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1926-1950</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Andreas_Grib_Fibiger" title="Johannes Andreas Grib Fibiger">Johannes Andreas Grib Fibiger</a> (1926)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Wagner-Jauregg" title="Julius Wagner-Jauregg">Julius Wagner-Jauregg</a> (1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Nicolle" title="Charles Nicolle">Charles Nicolle</a> (1928)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christiaan_Eijkman" title="Christiaan Eijkman">Christiaan Eijkman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Gowland_Hopkins" title="Frederick Gowland Hopkins">Frederick Gowland Hopkins</a> (1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Landsteiner" title="Karl Landsteiner">Karl Landsteiner</a> (1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Heinrich_Warburg" title="Otto Heinrich Warburg">Otto Warburg</a> (1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Scott_Sherrington" title="Charles Scott Sherrington">Charles Scott Sherrington</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Douglas_Adrian" title="Edgar Douglas Adrian">Edgar Adrian</a> (1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hunt_Morgan" title="Thomas Hunt Morgan">Thomas Morgan</a> (1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Whipple" title="George Whipple">George Whipple</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Minot" title="George Minot">George Minot</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_P._Murphy" title="William P. Murphy">William Murphy</a> (1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Spemann" title="Hans Spemann">Hans Spemann</a> (1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Hallett_Dale" title="Henry Hallett Dale">Henry Dale</a> / <a href="/wiki/Otto_Loewi" title="Otto Loewi">Otto Loewi</a> (1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Szent-Gy%C3%B6rgyi" title="Albert Szent-Györgyi">Albert Szent-Györgyi</a> (1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corneille_Heymans" title="Corneille Heymans">Corneille Heymans</a> (1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Domagk" title="Gerhard Domagk">Gerhard Domagk</a> (1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henrik_Dam" title="Henrik Dam">Henrik Dam</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edward_Adelbert_Doisy" title="Edward Adelbert Doisy">Edward Doisy</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Erlanger" title="Joseph Erlanger">Joseph Erlanger</a> / <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer_Gasser" title="Herbert Spencer Gasser">Herbert Gasser</a> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Fleming" title="Alexander Fleming">Alexander Fleming</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Boris_Chain" title="Ernst Boris Chain">Ernst Chain</a> / <a href="/wiki/Howard_Walter_Florey" title="Howard Walter Florey">Howard Walter Florey</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Joseph_Muller" title="Hermann Joseph Muller">Hermann Muller</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Ferdinand_Cori" title="Carl Ferdinand Cori">Carl Cori</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gerty_Theresa_Cori" title="Gerty Theresa Cori">Gerty Theresa Cori</a> / <a href="/wiki/Bernardo_Houssay" title="Bernardo Houssay">Bernardo Houssay</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Hermann_M%C3%BCller" title="Paul Hermann Müller">Paul Müller</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Rudolf_Hess" title="Walter Rudolf Hess">Walter Hess</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Egas_Moniz" title="António Egas Moniz">António Egas Moniz</a> (1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Calvin_Kendall" title="Edward Calvin Kendall">Edward Kendall</a> / <a href="/wiki/Tadeus_Reichstein" title="Tadeus Reichstein">Tadeus Reichstein</a> / <a href="/wiki/Philip_Showalter_Hench" title="Philip Showalter Hench">Philip Hench</a> (1950)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1951-1975</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Max_Theiler" title="Max Theiler">Max Theiler</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selman_Abraham_Waksman" title="Selman Abraham Waksman">Selman Abraham Waksman</a> (1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Adolf_Krebs" title="Hans Adolf Krebs">Hans Krebs</a> / <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Albert_Lipmann" title="Fritz Albert Lipmann">Fritz Lipmann</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Franklin_Enders" title="John Franklin Enders">John Enders</a> / <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Huckle_Weller" title="Thomas Huckle Weller">Thomas Weller</a> / <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Chapman_Robbins" title="Frederick Chapman Robbins">Frederick Robbins</a> (1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Theorell" title="Hugo Theorell">Hugo Theorell</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Cournand" title="André Frédéric Cournand">André Cournand</a> / <a href="/wiki/Werner_Forssmann" title="Werner Forssmann">Werner Forssmann</a> / <a href="/wiki/Dickinson_Woodruff_Richards" title="Dickinson Woodruff Richards">Dickinson Woodruff Richards</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Bovet" title="Daniel Bovet">Daniel Bovet</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Wells_Beadle" title="George Wells Beadle">George Beadle</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edward_Lawrie_Tatum" title="Edward Lawrie Tatum">Edward Tatum</a> / <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Lederberg" title="Joshua Lederberg">Joshua Lederberg</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severo_Ochoa" title="Severo Ochoa">Severo Ochoa</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Kornberg" title="Arthur Kornberg">Arthur Kornberg</a> (1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Macfarlane_Burnet" title="Frank Macfarlane Burnet">Frank Burnet</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peter_Medawar" title="Peter Medawar">Peter Medawar</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_von_B%C3%A9k%C3%A9sy" title="Georg von Békésy">Georg von Békésy</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Crick" title="Francis Crick">Francis Crick</a> / <a href="/wiki/James_Dewey_Watson" title="James Dewey Watson">James Dewey Watson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Wilkins" title="Maurice Wilkins">Maurice Wilkins</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Carew_Eccles" title="John Carew Eccles">John Eccles</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alan_Lloyd_Hodgkin" title="Alan Lloyd Hodgkin">Alan Hodgkin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Huxley" title="Andrew Huxley">Andrew Huxley</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Emil_Bloch" title="Konrad Emil Bloch">Konrad Bloch</a> / <a href="/wiki/Feodor_Felix_Konrad_Lynen" title="Feodor Felix Konrad Lynen">Feodor Lynen</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Jacob" title="François Jacob">François Jacob</a> / <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Michel_Lwoff" title="André Michel Lwoff">André Lwoff</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Monod" title="Jacques Monod">Jacques Monod</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Peyton_Rous" title="Francis Peyton Rous">Francis Rous</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_Brenton_Huggins" title="Charles Brenton Huggins">Charles B. Huggins</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragnar_Granit" title="Ragnar Granit">Ragnar Granit</a> / <a href="/wiki/Haldan_Keffer_Hartline" title="Haldan Keffer Hartline">Haldan Hartline</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Wald" title="George Wald">George Wald</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_William_Holley" title="Robert William Holley">Robert William Holley</a> / <a href="/wiki/Har_Gobind_Khorana" title="Har Gobind Khorana">Har Khorana</a> / <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Warren_Nirenberg" title="Marshall Warren Nirenberg">Marshall Nirenberg</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Delbr%C3%BCck" title="Max Delbrück">Max Delbrück</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Hershey" title="Alfred Hershey">Alfred Hershey</a> / <a href="/wiki/Salvador_Edward_Luria" title="Salvador Edward Luria">Salvador Edward Luria</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Katz" title="Bernard Katz">Bernard Katz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ulf_von_Euler" title="Ulf von Euler">Ulf von Euler</a> / <a href="/wiki/Julius_Axelrod" title="Julius Axelrod">Julius Axelrod</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earl_Wilbur_Sutherland" title="Earl Wilbur Sutherland">Earl Sutherland, Jr.</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Edelman" title="Gerald Edelman">Gerald Edelman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rodney_Robert_Porter" title="Rodney Robert Porter">Rodney Porter</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_von_Frisch" title="Karl von Frisch">Karl von Frisch</a> / <a href="/wiki/Konrad_Lorenz" title="Konrad Lorenz">Konrad Lorenz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nikolaas_Tinbergen" title="Nikolaas Tinbergen">Nikolaas Tinbergen</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Claude" title="Albert Claude">Albert Claude</a> / <a href="/wiki/Christian_de_Duve" title="Christian de Duve">Christian de Duve</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Emil_Palade" title="George Emil Palade">George Palade</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Baltimore" title="David Baltimore">David Baltimore</a> / <a href="/wiki/Renato_Dulbecco" title="Renato Dulbecco">Renato Dulbecco</a> / <a href="/wiki/Howard_Martin_Temin" title="Howard Martin Temin">Howard Temin</a> (1975)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976-2000</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Samuel_Blumberg" title="Baruch Samuel Blumberg">Baruch Blumberg</a> / <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Carleton_Gajdusek" title="Daniel Carleton Gajdusek">Daniel Gajdusek</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Guillemin" title="Roger Guillemin">Roger Guillemin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Schally" title="Andrew Schally">Andrew Schally</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rosalyn_Sussman_Yalow" title="Rosalyn Sussman Yalow">Rosalyn Yalow</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_Arber" title="Werner Arber">Werner Arber</a> / <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Nathans" title="Daniel Nathans">Daniel Nathans</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hamilton_O._Smith" title="Hamilton O. Smith">Hamilton O. Smith</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_McLeod_Cormack" title="Allan McLeod Cormack">Allan Cormack</a> / <a href="/wiki/Godfrey_Hounsfield" title="Godfrey Hounsfield">Godfrey Hounsfield</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruj_Benacerraf" title="Baruj Benacerraf">Baruj Benacerraf</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jean_Dausset" title="Jean Dausset">Jean Dausset</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Davis_Snell" title="George Davis Snell">George Snell</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Wolcott_Sperry" title="Roger Wolcott Sperry">Roger Sperry</a> / <a href="/wiki/David_H._Hubel" title="David H. Hubel">David H. Hubel</a> / <a href="/wiki/Torsten_N._Wiesel" title="Torsten N. Wiesel">Torsten N. Wiesel</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sune_Bergstr%C3%B6m" title="Sune Bergström">Sune Bergström</a> / <a href="/wiki/Bengt_I._Samuelsson" title="Bengt I. Samuelsson">Bengt I. Samuelsson</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Robert_Vane" title="John Robert Vane">John Robert Vane</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_McClintock" title="Barbara McClintock">Barbara McClintock</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niels_Kaj_Jerne" title="Niels Kaj Jerne">Niels Jerne</a> / <a href="/wiki/Georges_J._F._K%C3%B6hler" title="Georges J. F. Köhler">Georges Köhler</a> / <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Milstein" title="César Milstein">César Milstein</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Stuart_Brown" title="Michael Stuart Brown">Michael Brown</a> / <a href="/wiki/Joseph_L._Goldstein" title="Joseph L. Goldstein">Joseph L. Goldstein</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Cohen_(biyokimyager)" title="Stanley Cohen (biyokimyager)">Stanley Cohen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rita_Levi-Montalcini" title="Rita Levi-Montalcini">Rita Levi-Montalcini</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susumu_Tonegawa" title="Susumu Tonegawa">Susumu Tonegawa</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_W._Black" title="James W. Black">James W. Black</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gertrude_B._Elion" class="mw-redirect" title="Gertrude B. Elion">Gertrude B. Elion</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_H._Hitchings" title="George H. Hitchings">George H. Hitchings</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Michael_Bishop" title="J. Michael Bishop">J. Michael Bishop</a> / <a href="/wiki/Harold_E._Varmus" title="Harold E. Varmus">Harold E. Varmus</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Murray" title="Joseph Murray">Joseph Murray</a> / <a href="/wiki/E._Donnall_Thomas" title="E. Donnall Thomas">E. Donnall Thomas</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erwin_Neher" title="Erwin Neher">Erwin Neher</a> / <a href="/wiki/Bert_Sakmann" title="Bert Sakmann">Bert Sakmann</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmond_H._Fischer" title="Edmond H. Fischer">Edmond Fischer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edwin_G._Krebs" title="Edwin G. Krebs">Edwin G. Krebs</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_J._Roberts" title="Richard J. Roberts">Richard J. Roberts</a> / <a href="/wiki/Phillip_Allen_Sharp" title="Phillip Allen Sharp">Phillip Sharp</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_G._Gilman" title="Alfred G. Gilman">Alfred G. Gilman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Martin_Rodbell" title="Martin Rodbell">Martin Rodbell</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_B._Lewis" title="Edward B. Lewis">Edward B. Lewis</a> / <a href="/wiki/Christiane_N%C3%BCsslein-Volhard" title="Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard">Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard</a> / <a href="/wiki/Eric_F._Wieschaus" title="Eric F. Wieschaus">Eric F. Wieschaus</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_C._Doherty" title="Peter C. Doherty">Peter C. Doherty</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rolf_M._Zinkernagel" title="Rolf M. Zinkernagel">Rolf M. Zinkernagel</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_B._Prusiner" title="Stanley B. Prusiner">Stanley B. Prusiner</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Furchgott" title="Robert F. Furchgott">Robert F. Furchgott</a> / <a href="/wiki/Louis_Ignarro" title="Louis Ignarro">Louis Ignarro</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ferid_Murad" title="Ferid Murad">Ferid Murad</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnter_Blobel" title="Günter Blobel">Günter Blobel</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arvid_Carlsson" title="Arvid Carlsson">Arvid Carlsson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paul_Greengard" title="Paul Greengard">Paul Greengard</a> / <a href="/wiki/Eric_Kandel" title="Eric Kandel">Eric Kandel</a> (2000)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001-günümüz</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leland_H._Hartwell" title="Leland H. Hartwell">Leland H. Hartwell</a> / <a href="/wiki/Tim_Hunt" title="Tim Hunt">Tim Hunt</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paul_Nurse" title="Paul Nurse">Paul Nurse</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sydney_Brenner" title="Sydney Brenner">Sydney Brenner</a> / <a href="/wiki/H._Robert_Horvitz" title="H. Robert Horvitz">H. Robert Horvitz</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_E._Sulston" title="John E. Sulston">John E. Sulston</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Lauterbur" title="Paul Lauterbur">Paul Lauterbur</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peter_Mansfield" title="Peter Mansfield">Peter Mansfield</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Axel" title="Richard Axel">Richard Axel</a> / <a href="/wiki/Linda_B._Buck" title="Linda B. Buck">Linda B. Buck</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Marshall" title="Barry Marshall">Barry Marshall</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robin_Warren" title="Robin Warren">Robin Warren</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Z._Fire" title="Andrew Z. Fire">Andrew Z. Fire</a> / <a href="/wiki/Craig_C._Mello" title="Craig C. Mello">Craig C. Mello</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mario_Capecchi" title="Mario Capecchi">Mario Capecchi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Martin_Evans" title="Martin Evans">Martin Evans</a> / <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Smithies" title="Oliver Smithies">Oliver Smithies</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harald_zur_Hausen" title="Harald zur Hausen">Harald zur Hausen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Luc_Montagnier" title="Luc Montagnier">Luc Montagnier</a> / <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7oise_Barr%C3%A9-Sinoussi" title="Françoise Barré-Sinoussi">Françoise Barré-Sinoussi</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Blackburn" title="Elizabeth Blackburn">Elizabeth Blackburn</a> / <a href="/wiki/Carol_W._Greider" title="Carol W. Greider">Carol W. Greider</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jack_Szostak" title="Jack Szostak">Jack Szostak</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_G._Edwards" title="Robert G. Edwards">Robert G. Edwards</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Beutler" title="Bruce Beutler">Bruce Beutler</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jules_A._Hoffmann" title="Jules A. Hoffmann">Jules A. Hoffmann</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ralph_M._Steinman" title="Ralph M. Steinman">Ralph M. Steinman</a> (<i>ölümünden sonra</i>) (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Gurdon" title="John Gurdon">John Gurdon</a> / <a href="/wiki/Shinya_Yamanaka" title="Shinya Yamanaka">Shinya Yamanaka</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Rothman" title="James Rothman">James Rothman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Randy_Schekman" title="Randy Schekman">Randy Schekman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Thomas_C._S%C3%BCdhof" title="Thomas C. Südhof">Thomas C. Südhof</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_O%27Keefe" title="John O'Keefe">John O'Keefe</a> / <a href="/wiki/May-Britt_Moser" title="May-Britt Moser">May-Britt Moser</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edvard_Moser" title="Edvard Moser">Edvard Moser</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_C._Campbell" title="William C. Campbell">William C. Campbell</a> / <a href="/wiki/Satoshi_%C5%8Cmura" title="Satoshi Ōmura">Satoshi Ōmura</a> / <a href="/wiki/Tu_Youyou" title="Tu Youyou">Tu Youyou</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoshinori_Ohsumi" title="Yoshinori Ohsumi">Yoshinori Ohsumi</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_C._Hall" title="Jeffrey C. Hall">Jeffrey C. Hall</a> / <a href="/wiki/Michael_Rosbash" title="Michael Rosbash">Michael Rosbash</a> / <a href="/wiki/Michael_W._Young" title="Michael W. Young">Michael W. Young</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_P._Allison" title="James P. Allison">James P. Allison</a> / <a href="/wiki/Tasuku_Honjo" title="Tasuku Honjo">Tasuku Honjo </a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregg_L._Semenza" title="Gregg L. Semenza">Gregg L. Semenza</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peter_J._Ratcliffe" title="Peter J. Ratcliffe">Peter J. Ratcliffe</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Kaelin" title="William Kaelin">William Kaelin</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_J._Alter" title="Harvey J. Alter">Harvey J. Alter</a> / <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Michael Houghton</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_M._Rice" title="Charles M. Rice">Charles M. Rice</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Julius" title="David Julius">David Julius</a> / <a href="/wiki/Artem_Pataputyan" class="mw-redirect" title="Artem Pataputyan">Artem Pataputyan</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svante_P%C3%A4%C3%A4bo" title="Svante Pääbo">Svante Pääbo</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katalin_Karik%C3%B3" title="Katalin Karikó">Katalin Karikó</a> / <a href="/wiki/Drew_Weissman" title="Drew Weissman">Drew Weissman</a> (2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Ambros" title="Victor Ambros">Victor Ambros</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gary_Ruvkun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gary Ruvkun (sayfa mevcut değil)">Gary Ruvkun</a> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="2020_Nobel_Ödülü_sahipleri" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r25548259"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eablon:2020_Nobel_%C3%96d%C3%BCl%C3%BC_kazananlar" title="Şablon:2020 Nobel Ödülü kazananlar"><abbr title="Bu şablonu görüntüle" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; 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Wilson (sayfa mevcut değil)">Robert B. Wilson</a> (ABD)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r34219444">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_%C3%96d%C3%BCl%C3%BC_sahipleri_listesi" title="Nobel Ödülü sahipleri listesi">Nobel Ödülü sahipleri</a></span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eablon:2015_Nobel_%C3%96d%C3%BCl%C3%BC_kazananlar" title="Şablon:2015 Nobel Ödülü kazananlar">2015</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eablon:2016_Nobel_%C3%96d%C3%BCl%C3%BC_kazananlar" title="Şablon:2016 Nobel Ödülü kazananlar">2016</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eablon:2017_Nobel_%C3%96d%C3%BCl%C3%BC_kazananlar" title="Şablon:2017 Nobel Ödülü kazananlar">2017</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eablon:2018_Nobel_%C3%96d%C3%BCl%C3%BC_kazananlar" title="Şablon:2018 Nobel Ödülü kazananlar">2018</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eablon:2019_Nobel_%C3%96d%C3%BCl%C3%BC_kazananlar" title="Şablon:2019 Nobel Ödülü kazananlar">2019</a></dd> <dd><b>2020 </b></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eablon:2021_Nobel_%C3%96d%C3%BCl%C3%BC_kazananlar" title="Şablon:2021 Nobel Ödülü kazananlar">2021</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eablon:2022_Nobel_%C3%96d%C3%BCl%C3%BC_kazananlar" title="Şablon:2022 Nobel Ödülü kazananlar">2022</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eablon:2023_Nobel_%C3%96d%C3%BCl%C3%BC_kazananlar" title="Şablon:2023 Nobel Ödülü kazananlar">2023</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eablon:2024_Nobel_%C3%96d%C3%BCl%C3%BC_kazananlar" title="Şablon:2024 Nobel Ödülü kazananlar">2024</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Otorite_kontrolü_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Bunu_Vikiveri&#039;de_düzenleyin&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1927895&#124;class=noprint&#124;Bunu_Vikiveri&#039;de_düzenleyin" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" 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