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vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Leclanché cell: Difference between revisions</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 27 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-27" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">27 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%84%D9%88%D9%83%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%87" title="خلية لوكلانشيه – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="خلية لوكلانشيه" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B7" title="লেকলাংকি কোষ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="লেকলাংকি কোষ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8_%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B7" title="লেকল্যান্স কোষ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="লেকল্যান্স কোষ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pila_Leclanch%C3%A9" title="Pila Leclanché – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pila Leclanché" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leclanche%C5%AFv_%C4%8Dl%C3%A1nek" title="Leclancheův článek – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Leclancheův článek" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leclanch%C3%A9-Element" title="Leclanché-Element – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Leclanché-Element" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leclanch%C3%A9_element" title="Leclanché element – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Leclanché element" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pila_Leclanch%C3%A9" title="Pila Leclanché – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pila Leclanché" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%84_%D9%84%DA%A9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B4%D9%87" title="پیل لکلانشه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پیل لکلانشه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pile_Leclanch%C3%A9" title="Pile Leclanché – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pile Leclanché" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2" title="लेक्लांची सेल – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="लेक्लांची सेल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leclanch%C3%A9ov_%C4%8Dlanak" title="Leclanchéov članak – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Leclanchéov članak" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pila_Leclanch%C3%A9" title="Pila Leclanché – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Pila Leclanché" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leklan%C5%A1%C4%97_elementas" title="Leklanšė elementas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Leklanšė elementas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leclanch%C3%A9-elem" title="Leclanché-elem – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Leclanché-elem" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leclanch%C3%A9-element" title="Leclanché-element – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Leclanché-element" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AF%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B7%E3%82%A7%E9%9B%BB%E6%B1%A0" title="ルクランシェ電池 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ルクランシェ電池" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leclanch%C3%A9-element" title="Leclanché-element – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Leclanché-element" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogniwo_Leclanch%C3%A9go" title="Ogniwo Leclanchégo – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ogniwo Leclanchégo" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilha_de_Leclanch%C3%A9" title="Pilha de Leclanché – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Pilha de Leclanché" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pil%C4%83_Leclanch%C3%A9" title="Pilă Leclanché – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Pilă Leclanché" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A0%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%9D%E0%B7%82%E0%B6%BA" title="ලෙක්ලාන්ච් කෝෂය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ලෙක්ලාන්ච් කෝෂය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leclanche_battery" title="Leclanche battery – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Leclanche battery" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leklan%C5%A1eov_element" title="Leklanšeov element – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Leklanšeov element" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leclanch%C3%A9ov_%C4%8Dlanak" title="Leclanchéov članak – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Leclanchéov članak" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9E%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="இலக்கிளாஞ்சி மின்கலம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இலக்கிளாஞ்சி மின்கலம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pin_Leclanch%C3%A9" title="Pin Leclanché – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Pin Leclanché" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1128559#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage 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It allows adding a reason in the summary.">undo</a></span></strong></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle2"><a href="/wiki/User:Crawdad_Blues" class="mw-userlink" title="User:Crawdad Blues" data-mw-revid="1253909621"><bdi>Crawdad Blues</bdi></a> <span class="mw-usertoollinks">(<a href="/wiki/User_talk:Crawdad_Blues" class="mw-usertoollinks-talk" title="User talk:Crawdad Blues">talk</a> | <a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/Crawdad_Blues" class="mw-usertoollinks-contribs" title="Special:Contributions/Crawdad Blues">contribs</a>)</span><div class="mw-diff-usermetadata"><div class="mw-diff-userroles"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Extended_confirmed_editors" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Extended confirmed editors">Extended confirmed users</a></div><div class="mw-diff-usereditcount"><span>1,428</span> edits</div></div></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle3"> <span class="comment comment--without-parentheses">Added photo of Samson Battery No. 2</span></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle5"></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle4"> </div></td> </tr><tr><td colspan="4" class="diff-multi" lang="en">(48 intermediate revisions by 32 users not shown)</td></tr><tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 1:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 1:</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>{{Short description|Battery (cell) with an anode of zinc and a cathode of manganese dioxide}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>[[File:Leclanche cell.gif|thumb|A 1919 illustration of a Leclanché cell]]</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>[[File:Leclanche cell.gif|thumb<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|upright=.7</ins>|A 1919 illustration of a Leclanché cell]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>The '''Leclanché cell''' is a [[battery (electricity)|battery]] invented and patented by the French scientist [[Georges Leclanché]] in 1866.<ref>Leclanché, "''une pile à oxyde insoluble''" [an insoluble oxide battery], French patent no. 71,865 (issued: 8 June 1866) in: {{cite book |last1=French Ministry of Agriculture and Commerce |title=Description des machines et procédés pour lesquels des brevets d'invention ont été pris … |trans-title=Descriptions of machines and procedures for which patents have been taken … |date=1881 |publisher=Imprimerie Nationale |location=Paris, France |pages=33–34 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e6lQAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA7-PA33<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">#v=onepage&q&f=false</del> |language=French |volume=<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">vol. </del>98 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal| first = Georges| last = Leclanché| year = 1868| title = Quelques observations sur <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">l’emploi</del> des piles électriques. Pile constante au peroxyde de manganèse à un seul liquide.| journal = Les <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">mondes</del>| volume = 16|page = 532| url = http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k62094v/f2.image}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| first = William B.| last = Jensen| date = January 2014| title = The Leclanché Cell. Museum Notes, Oesper Collections.| <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">url</del> = <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">http://hdl.handle.net/</del>2374.UC/731246<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">| accessdate = 2017-12-26</del>}}</ref> The battery contained a conducting solution ([[electrolyte]]) of [[ammonium chloride]], a [[cathode]] (positive terminal) of [[carbon]], a [[depolarizer]] of [[manganese dioxide]] (oxidizer), and an [[anode]] (negative terminal) of [[zinc]] (reductant).<ref>{{Cite book| last = Leclanché| first = Georges| date = 1867| title = Notes sur l'emploi des piles électriques en télégraphie, pile constante au peroxyde de manganèse à un seul liquide. | publisher = Impr. de Hennuyer et fils| location = Paris}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book| last1 = Leclanché| first1 = Georges| date = 1869| title = Notice sur la pile Leclanché : précédée de quelques considérations sur l'emploi des piles électriques en télégraphie| publisher = Jamin, Bailly et cie, Burndy Library| location = Paris}}</ref> The chemistry of this cell was later successfully adapted to manufacture a [[dry cell]].</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>The '''Leclanché cell''' is a [[battery (electricity)|battery]] invented and patented by the French scientist [[Georges Leclanché]] in 1866.<ref>Leclanché, "''une pile à oxyde insoluble''" [an insoluble oxide battery], French patent no. 71,865 (issued: 8 June 1866) in: {{cite book |last1=French Ministry of Agriculture and Commerce |title=Description des machines et procédés pour lesquels des brevets d'invention ont été pris … |trans-title=Descriptions of machines and procedures for which patents have been taken … |date=1881 |publisher=Imprimerie Nationale |location=Paris, France |pages=33–34 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e6lQAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA7-PA33 |language=French |volume=98 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal| first = Georges| last = Leclanché| year = 1868| title = Quelques observations sur <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">l'emploi</ins> des piles électriques. Pile constante au peroxyde de manganèse à un seul liquide.| journal = Les <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Mondes</ins>| volume = 16|page = 532| url = http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k62094v/f2.image}}</ref><ref>{{cite web<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> |url=https://drc.libraries.uc.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/9ad278d2-7a7c-4766-a5fa-9142cfa76ae0/content </ins>| first = William B.| last =<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> Jensen|author1-link=William B.</ins> Jensen| date = January 2014| title = The Leclanché Cell. Museum Notes, Oesper Collections.| <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">hdl</ins> = 2374.UC/731246}}</ref> The battery contained a conducting solution ([[electrolyte]]) of [[ammonium chloride]], a [[cathode]] (positive terminal) of [[carbon]], a [[depolarizer]] of [[manganese dioxide]] (oxidizer), and an [[anode]] (negative terminal) of [[zinc]] (reductant).<ref>{{Cite book| last = Leclanché| first = Georges| date = 1867| title = Notes sur l'emploi des piles électriques en télégraphie, pile constante au peroxyde de manganèse à un seul liquide. | publisher = Impr. de Hennuyer et fils| location = Paris}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book| last1 = Leclanché| first1 = Georges| date = 1869| title = Notice sur la pile Leclanché : précédée de quelques considérations sur l'emploi des piles électriques en télégraphie| publisher = Jamin, Bailly et cie, Burndy Library| location = Paris}}</ref> The chemistry of this cell was later successfully adapted to manufacture a [[dry cell]].</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>== History ==</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>== History ==</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>[[File:Samson Battery No.&nbsp;2 - Leclanché cell (NMAH EM.322990) 01.jpg|thumb|upright=.7|The Samson Battery No. 2, a Leclanché cell battery manufactured by the Samson Electric Co. of Canton, Massachusetts, c.&nbsp;1868]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>In 1866, [[Georges Leclanché]] invented a battery that consisted of a zinc anode and a [[manganese dioxide]] cathode wrapped in a porous material, dipped in a jar of [[ammonium chloride]] solution. The manganese dioxide cathode had a little carbon mixed into it as well, which improved conductivity and absorption.<ref>[http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/electromag/electricity/batteries/zinccarbon.html <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Zinc-Carbon</del> Batteries, Molecular Expressions]. magnet.fsu.edu</ref> It provided a voltage of 1.4 volts.<ref name=b1><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Simms,</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">J.W</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">(1965)</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">''</del>The Boy Electrician<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">''</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> M</del>.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">I.E.E</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">p</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">61</del></ref> This cell achieved very quick success in telegraphy, signalling and electric bell work.</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>In 1866, [[Georges Leclanché]] invented a battery that consisted of a zinc anode and a [[manganese dioxide]] cathode wrapped in a porous material, dipped in a jar of [[ammonium chloride]] solution. The manganese dioxide cathode had a little carbon mixed into it as well, which improved conductivity and absorption.<ref>[http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/electromag/electricity/batteries/zinccarbon.html <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Zinc–Carbon</ins> Batteries, Molecular Expressions]. magnet.fsu.edu</ref> It provided a voltage of 1.4 volts.<ref name=b1><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">{{cite</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">book |last=Morgan |first=Alfred P</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|author-link=</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|date=1913 |title=</ins>The Boy Electrician <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|url=https://books</ins>.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">google</ins>.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">com/books?id=6tYyAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA58</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|location=Boston |publisher=Lothrop, Lee & Separd Co</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|page=58 |isbn=}}</ins></ref> This cell achieved very quick success in telegraphy, signalling and electric bell work.</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>The [[dry cell]] form was used to power early telephones—usually from an adjacent wooden box affixed to the wall—before telephones could draw power from the telephone line itself. The Leclanché cell could not provide a sustained current for very long<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">.</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">In</del> lengthy conversations, the battery would run down, rendering the conversation inaudible.<ref>{{ cite web | author = Battery Facts | title = Leclanché Cell | url = http://www.batteryfacts.plus.com/BatteryHistory/Leclanche.html | accessdate = 2007-01-09 }}</ref> This is because certain chemical reactions in the cell increase <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the</del> [[internal resistance]] and, thus, lower <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the</del> voltage. These reactions reverse themselves when the battery is left idle, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">so</del> it<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> is</del> good<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> only</del> for <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">intermittent</del> use.<ref name="The Electromagnetic Telegraph">{{cite web |<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del>author<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del>=<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del>Calvert<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,</del> James B. | title<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del>=<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del>The Electromagnetic Telegraph |<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> work </del>=du.edu |<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del>url<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del>= http://www.du.edu/~jcalvert/tel/morse/morse.htm |<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> accessdate </del>= 2007-01-12 }}</ref></div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>The [[dry cell]] form was used to power early telephones—usually from an adjacent wooden box affixed to the wall—before telephones could draw power from the telephone line itself. The Leclanché cell could not provide a sustained current for very long<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">;</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">in</ins> lengthy conversations, the battery would run down, rendering the conversation inaudible.<ref>{{ cite web | author = Battery Facts | title = Leclanché Cell | url = http://www.batteryfacts.plus.com/BatteryHistory/Leclanche.html | accessdate = 2007-01-09 }}</ref> This is because certain chemical reactions in the cell increase <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">its</ins> [[internal resistance]] and, thus, lower <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">its</ins> voltage. These reactions reverse themselves when the battery is left idle, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">making</ins> it good for <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">many short periods of use with idle time between them, but not long periods of</ins> use.<ref name="The Electromagnetic Telegraph">{{cite web |author=Calvert <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|first=</ins>James B. |<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">date=2000-04-07</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|</ins>title=The Electromagnetic Telegraph |<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">url</ins>=<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">http://www.</ins>du.edu<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">/~jcalvert/tel/morse/morse.htm</ins> |url<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">-status</ins>=<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">dead</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070112095021/</ins>http://www.du.edu/~jcalvert/tel/morse/morse.htm |<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">archive-date</ins>=<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">2007-01-12</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|access-date=</ins>2007-01-12<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> |work=du.edu</ins> }}</ref></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>== Construction ==</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>== Construction ==</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>The original form of the cell used a porous pot. This gave it a relatively high internal resistance and various modifications were made to reduce <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">it</del>. These included the "Agglomerate block cell" and the "Sack cell". Leclanché first, and [[Carl Gassner]] later,<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> strived</del> both to transform the original wet cell into a more portable and more efficient [[dry cell]].</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>The original form of the cell used a porous pot. This gave it a relatively high internal resistance<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,</ins> and various modifications were made to reduce <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the resistance</ins>. These included the "Agglomerate block cell" and the "Sack cell". Leclanché first, and [[Carl Gassner]] later, both<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> strived</ins> to transform the original wet cell into a more portable and more efficient [[dry cell]].</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>; Porous pot cell: In Leclanché's original cell the [[depolarizer]] (in fact, the [[oxidizing agent]] in the cell), <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">which consists</del> of crushed [[manganese dioxide]], is packed into a pot, and a carbon rod is inserted to act as the cathode (reduction reaction). The anode (oxidation reaction), which is a zinc rod, is then immersed along with the pot in a solution of [[ammonium chloride]]. The liquid solution acts as the [[electrolyte]], permeating through the porous pot to make contact with the cathode.</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>; Porous pot cell: In Leclanché's original cell the [[depolarizer]] (in fact, the [[oxidizing agent]] in the cell), <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">consisting</ins> of crushed [[manganese dioxide]], is packed into a pot, and a carbon rod is inserted to act as the cathode (reduction reaction). The anode (oxidation reaction), which is a zinc rod, is then immersed along with the pot in a solution of [[ammonium chloride]]. The liquid solution acts as the [[electrolyte]], permeating through the porous pot to make contact with the cathode.</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>; Agglomerate block cell: In 1871 Leclanché dispensed with the porous pot and replaced it with a pair of "agglomerate blocks", attached to the carbon plate by rubber bands. These blocks were made by mixing the manganese dioxide with binding agents and pressing the mixture into moulds.</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>; Agglomerate block cell: In 1871 Leclanché dispensed with the porous pot and replaced it with a pair of "agglomerate blocks", attached to the carbon plate by rubber bands. These blocks were made by mixing the manganese dioxide with binding agents and pressing the mixture into moulds.</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 18:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 20:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>; Starch addition: In 1876, [[Georges Leclanché]] added [[starch]] to the [[ammonium chloride]] electrolyte in an effort to better [[gel|jellify]] it.</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>; Starch addition: In 1876, [[Georges Leclanché]] added [[starch]] to the [[ammonium chloride]] electrolyte in an effort to better [[gel|jellify]] it.</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>; Improved dry cell: In 1888, a German physician, [[Carl Gassner]] improved the [[gel|jellification]] process and produced a more portable [[dry cell]] by mixing [[plaster]] and [[hydrophile|hydrophilic]] chemicals with the ammonium chloride electrolyte<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">.</del>.</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>; Improved dry cell: In 1888, a German physician, [[Carl Gassner]]<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,</ins> improved the [[gel|jellification]] process and produced a more portable [[dry cell]] by mixing [[plaster]] and [[hydrophile|hydrophilic]] chemicals with the ammonium chloride electrolyte.</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>== Chemistry ==</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>== Chemistry ==</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 24:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 26:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>The redox reaction in a Leclanché cell involves the two following half-reactions:</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>The redox reaction in a Leclanché cell involves the two following half-reactions:</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>:– [[anode]] (oxidation of Zn): Zn → Zn<sup>2+</sup> + 2e<sup>−</sup></div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>:– [[anode]] (oxidation of Zn): Zn → Zn<sup>2+</sup> + 2e<sup>−</sup><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> | E<sup>0</sup> = −0.76 volts</ins></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>:– [[cathode]] (reduction of Mn(IV)): 2 MnO<sub>2</sub> + 2NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup> + 2e<sup>−</sup> → 2 MnO(OH) + 2 NH<sub>3</sub></div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>:– [[cathode]] (reduction of Mn(IV)): 2 MnO<sub>2</sub> + 2NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup> + 2e<sup>−</sup> → 2 MnO(OH) + 2 NH<sub>3</sub><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> | E<sup>0</sup> = 1.23 volts</ins></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>The chemical process which produces electricity in a Leclanché cell begins when [[zinc]] atoms on the surface of the anode [[oxidize]], i.e. they give up both their [[valence electron]]s to become positively charged Zn<sup>2+</sup> [[ions]]. As the Zn<sup>2+</sup> ions move away from the anode, leaving their electrons on its surface, the anode becomes more negatively charged than the cathode. When the cell is connected in an external [[electrical circuit]], the excess electrons on the zinc anode flow through the circuit to the [[carbon]] rod, the movement of electrons forming an [[electric current]].</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>The chemical process which produces electricity in a Leclanché cell begins when [[zinc]] atoms on the surface of the anode [[oxidize]], i.e. they give up both their [[valence electron]]s to become positively charged Zn<sup>2+</sup> [[ions]]. As the Zn<sup>2+</sup> ions move away from the anode, leaving their electrons on its surface, the anode becomes more negatively charged than the cathode. When the cell is connected in an external [[electrical circuit]], the excess electrons on the zinc anode flow through the circuit to the [[carbon]] rod, the movement of electrons forming an [[electric current]]<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">. The [[Voltage|potential difference]] in charge over the anode and cathode is equal to the difference of the two half-reaction potentials, producing a theoretical [[voltage]] of 1.99v of potential energy across the terminals. A variety of factors, such as [[internal resistance]], lower this output value to the 1.4 volts measured from these cells in practice</ins>.</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">After</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">passing</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">through</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">whole</del> circuit, when the electrons enter the cathode (carbon rod), they combine with [[manganese dioxide]] (MnO<sub>2</sub>) and water (H<sub>2</sub>O), which react with each other to produce [[manganese oxide]] (Mn<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>) and negatively charged [[hydroxide ion]]s. This is accompanied by a secondary acid-base reaction in which the hydroxide ions (OH<sup>–</sup>) accept a proton (H<sup>+</sup>) from the [[ammonium]] ions present in the [[ammonium chloride]] [[electrolyte]] to produce molecules of [[ammonia]] and water.<ref>{{cite web| title = Commercial galvanic cells: Leclanché Dry Cell| url = https://chem.libretexts.org/Core/Analytical_Chemistry/Electrochemistry/Case_Studies/Commercial_Galvanic_Cells| accessdate = 2017-12-26}}</ref></div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">As</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">current</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">travels</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">around the</ins> circuit, when the electrons enter the cathode (carbon rod), they combine with [[manganese dioxide]] (MnO<sub>2</sub>) and water (H<sub>2</sub>O), which react with each other to produce [[manganese oxide]] (Mn<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>) and negatively charged [[hydroxide ion]]s. This is accompanied by a secondary acid-base reaction in which the hydroxide ions (OH<sup>–</sup>) accept a proton (H<sup>+</sup>) from the [[ammonium]] ions present in the [[ammonium chloride]] [[electrolyte]] to produce molecules of [[ammonia]] and water.<ref>{{cite web| title = Commercial galvanic cells: Leclanché Dry Cell<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">| date = 26 November 2013</ins>| url = https://chem.libretexts.org/Core/Analytical_Chemistry/Electrochemistry/Case_Studies/Commercial_Galvanic_Cells| accessdate = 2017-12-26}}</ref></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>:Zn(s) + 2 MnO<sub>2</sub>(s) + 2 NH<sub>4</sub>Cl(aq) → ZnCl<sub>2</sub>(aq) + Mn<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>(s) + 2 NH<sub>3</sub>(aq) + H<sub>2</sub>O(l),</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>:Zn(s) + 2 MnO<sub>2</sub>(s) + 2 NH<sub>4</sub>Cl(aq) → ZnCl<sub>2</sub>(aq) + Mn<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>(s) + 2 NH<sub>3</sub>(aq) + H<sub>2</sub>O(l),</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 41:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 43:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>Alternately, the reduction reaction of Mn(IV) can proceed further, forming Mn(II) hydroxide.</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>Alternately, the reduction reaction of Mn(IV) can proceed further, forming Mn(II) hydroxide.</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>:Zn(s) + <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">2MnO</del><sub>2</sub>(s) + 2 NH<sub>4</sub>Cl(aq) → ZnCl<sub>2</sub>(aq) + Mn(OH)<sub>2</sub>(s) + 2 NH<sub>3</sub>(aq)</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>:Zn(s) + <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">MnO</ins><sub>2</sub>(s) + 2 NH<sub>4</sub>Cl(aq) → ZnCl<sub>2</sub>(aq) + Mn(OH)<sub>2</sub>(s) + 2 NH<sub>3</sub>(aq)</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>== Uses ==</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>== Uses ==</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>The [[electromotive force]] (e.m.f.) produced by a Leclanche cell is 1.4 [[volt]]s, with a [[electrical resistance|resistance]] of several [[ohm]]s where a porous pot is used.<ref name=b1/> It saw extensive usage in [[telegraphy]], [[signaling (telecommunications)|signaling]], [[electric bell]]s and similar applications where intermittent current was required and it was desirable that a battery should require little maintenance.</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>The [[electromotive force]] (e.m.f.) produced by a Leclanche cell is 1.4 [[volt]]s, with a [[electrical resistance|resistance]] of several [[ohm]]s where a porous pot is used.<ref name=b1/> It saw extensive usage in [[telegraphy]], [[signaling (telecommunications)|signaling]], [[electric bell]]s and similar applications where intermittent current was required and it was desirable that a battery should require little maintenance.</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>The Leclanché battery [[wet cell]] was the forerunner of the modern [[<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">zinc-carbon</del> battery]] (a [[dry cell]]). The addition of [[zinc chloride]] to the electrolyte paste raises the e.m.f. to 1.5 volts. Later developments dispensed with the ammonium chloride completely, giving a cell that can endure more sustained discharge without its internal resistance rising as quickly (the zinc chloride cell).</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>The Leclanché battery [[wet cell]] was the forerunner of the modern [[<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">zinc–carbon</ins> battery]] (a [[dry cell]]). The addition of [[zinc chloride]] to the electrolyte paste raises the e.m.f. to 1.5 volts. Later developments dispensed with the ammonium chloride completely, giving a cell that can endure more sustained discharge without its internal resistance rising as quickly (the zinc chloride cell).</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>== See also ==</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>== See also ==</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>* [[List of battery types]]</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>* [[List of battery types]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>* [[History of the battery]]</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>* [[History of the battery]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>* [[Alkaline battery]], a similar cell in which the NH<sub>4</sub>Cl electrolyte has been replaced by KOH. This improved type of battery with a much higher charge density (5 ×) <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">has been</del> commercialised much later (1960/70).</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>* [[Alkaline battery]], a similar cell in which the NH<sub>4</sub>Cl electrolyte has been replaced by KOH. This improved type of battery with a much higher charge density (5 ×) <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">was</ins> commercialised much later (1960/70).</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>== References ==</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>== References ==</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 60:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 62:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>{{Galvanic cells}}</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>{{Galvanic cells}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>{{DEFAULTSORT:Leclanche cell}}</div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>[[Category:Battery types]]</div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>[[Category:Wet cell batteries]]</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>[[Category:Wet cell batteries]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>[[Category:1866]]</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>[[Category:1866<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> in science</ins>]]</div></td> </tr> </table><hr class='diff-hr' id='mw-oldid' /> <h2 class='diff-currentversion-title'>Latest revision as of 14:37, 28 October 2024</h2> <div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Battery (cell) with an anode of zinc and a cathode of manganese dioxide</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leclanche_cell.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Leclanche_cell.gif/150px-Leclanche_cell.gif" decoding="async" width="150" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Leclanche_cell.gif/225px-Leclanche_cell.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Leclanche_cell.gif/300px-Leclanche_cell.gif 2x" data-file-width="499" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption>A 1919 illustration of a Leclanché cell</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Leclanché cell</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Battery_(electricity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battery (electricity)">battery</a> invented and patented by the French scientist <a href="/wiki/Georges_Leclanch%C3%A9" title="Georges Leclanché">Georges Leclanché</a> in 1866.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The battery contained a conducting solution (<a href="/wiki/Electrolyte" title="Electrolyte">electrolyte</a>) of <a href="/wiki/Ammonium_chloride" title="Ammonium chloride">ammonium chloride</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Cathode" title="Cathode">cathode</a> (positive terminal) of <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Depolarizer" title="Depolarizer">depolarizer</a> of <a href="/wiki/Manganese_dioxide" title="Manganese dioxide">manganese dioxide</a> (oxidizer), and an <a href="/wiki/Anode" title="Anode">anode</a> (negative terminal) of <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a> (reductant).<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The chemistry of this cell was later successfully adapted to manufacture a <a href="/wiki/Dry_cell" title="Dry cell">dry cell</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leclanch%C3%A9_cell&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Samson_Battery_No._2_-_Leclanch%C3%A9_cell_(NMAH_EM.322990)_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Samson_Battery_No._2_-_Leclanch%C3%A9_cell_%28NMAH_EM.322990%29_01.jpg/150px-Samson_Battery_No._2_-_Leclanch%C3%A9_cell_%28NMAH_EM.322990%29_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Samson_Battery_No._2_-_Leclanch%C3%A9_cell_%28NMAH_EM.322990%29_01.jpg/225px-Samson_Battery_No._2_-_Leclanch%C3%A9_cell_%28NMAH_EM.322990%29_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Samson_Battery_No._2_-_Leclanch%C3%A9_cell_%28NMAH_EM.322990%29_01.jpg/300px-Samson_Battery_No._2_-_Leclanch%C3%A9_cell_%28NMAH_EM.322990%29_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3036" data-file-height="3731" /></a><figcaption>The Samson Battery No. 2, a Leclanché cell battery manufactured by the Samson Electric Co. of Canton, Massachusetts, c. 1868</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1866, <a href="/wiki/Georges_Leclanch%C3%A9" title="Georges Leclanché">Georges Leclanché</a> invented a battery that consisted of a zinc anode and a <a href="/wiki/Manganese_dioxide" title="Manganese dioxide">manganese dioxide</a> cathode wrapped in a porous material, dipped in a jar of <a href="/wiki/Ammonium_chloride" title="Ammonium chloride">ammonium chloride</a> solution. The manganese dioxide cathode had a little carbon mixed into it as well, which improved conductivity and absorption.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It provided a voltage of 1.4 volts.<sup id="cite_ref-b1_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This cell achieved very quick success in telegraphy, signalling and electric bell work. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Dry_cell" title="Dry cell">dry cell</a> form was used to power early telephones—usually from an adjacent wooden box affixed to the wall—before telephones could draw power from the telephone line itself. The Leclanché cell could not provide a sustained current for very long; in lengthy conversations, the battery would run down, rendering the conversation inaudible.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is because certain chemical reactions in the cell increase its <a href="/wiki/Internal_resistance" title="Internal resistance">internal resistance</a> and, thus, lower its voltage. These reactions reverse themselves when the battery is left idle, making it good for many short periods of use with idle time between them, but not long periods of use.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Electromagnetic_Telegraph_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Electromagnetic_Telegraph-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Construction">Construction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leclanch%C3%A9_cell&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Construction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The original form of the cell used a porous pot. This gave it a relatively high internal resistance, and various modifications were made to reduce the resistance. These included the "Agglomerate block cell" and the "Sack cell". Leclanché first, and <a href="/wiki/Carl_Gassner" title="Carl Gassner">Carl Gassner</a> later, both strived to transform the original wet cell into a more portable and more efficient <a href="/wiki/Dry_cell" title="Dry cell">dry cell</a>. </p> <dl><dt>Porous pot cell</dt> <dd>In Leclanché's original cell the <a href="/wiki/Depolarizer" title="Depolarizer">depolarizer</a> (in fact, the <a href="/wiki/Oxidizing_agent" title="Oxidizing agent">oxidizing agent</a> in the cell), consisting of crushed <a href="/wiki/Manganese_dioxide" title="Manganese dioxide">manganese dioxide</a>, is packed into a pot, and a carbon rod is inserted to act as the cathode (reduction reaction). The anode (oxidation reaction), which is a zinc rod, is then immersed along with the pot in a solution of <a href="/wiki/Ammonium_chloride" title="Ammonium chloride">ammonium chloride</a>. The liquid solution acts as the <a href="/wiki/Electrolyte" title="Electrolyte">electrolyte</a>, permeating through the porous pot to make contact with the cathode.</dd></dl> <dl><dt>Agglomerate block cell</dt> <dd>In 1871 Leclanché dispensed with the porous pot and replaced it with a pair of "agglomerate blocks", attached to the carbon plate by rubber bands. These blocks were made by mixing the manganese dioxide with binding agents and pressing the mixture into moulds.</dd></dl> <dl><dt>Sack cell</dt> <dd>In this cell the porous pot is replaced by a wrapping of canvas or sacking. In addition, the zinc rod is replaced by a zinc cylinder to give a larger surface area. It has a lower internal resistance than either of the above (porous and agglomerate).</dd></dl> <dl><dt>Starch addition</dt> <dd>In 1876, <a href="/wiki/Georges_Leclanch%C3%A9" title="Georges Leclanché">Georges Leclanché</a> added <a href="/wiki/Starch" title="Starch">starch</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Ammonium_chloride" title="Ammonium chloride">ammonium chloride</a> electrolyte in an effort to better <a href="/wiki/Gel" title="Gel">jellify</a> it.</dd></dl> <dl><dt>Improved dry cell</dt> <dd>In 1888, a German physician, <a href="/wiki/Carl_Gassner" title="Carl Gassner">Carl Gassner</a>, improved the <a href="/wiki/Gel" title="Gel">jellification</a> process and produced a more portable <a href="/wiki/Dry_cell" title="Dry cell">dry cell</a> by mixing <a href="/wiki/Plaster" title="Plaster">plaster</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hydrophile" title="Hydrophile">hydrophilic</a> chemicals with the ammonium chloride electrolyte.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chemistry">Chemistry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leclanch%C3%A9_cell&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Chemistry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The redox reaction in a Leclanché cell involves the two following half-reactions: </p> <dl><dd>– <a href="/wiki/Anode" title="Anode">anode</a> (oxidation of Zn): Zn → Zn<sup>2+</sup> + 2e<sup>−</sup> | E<sup>0</sup> = −0.76 volts</dd></dl> <dl><dd>– <a href="/wiki/Cathode" title="Cathode">cathode</a> (reduction of Mn(IV)): 2 MnO<sub>2</sub> + 2NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup> + 2e<sup>−</sup> → 2 MnO(OH) + 2 NH<sub>3</sub> | E<sup>0</sup> = 1.23 volts</dd></dl> <p>The chemical process which produces electricity in a Leclanché cell begins when <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a> atoms on the surface of the anode <a href="/wiki/Oxidize" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxidize">oxidize</a>, i.e. they give up both their <a href="/wiki/Valence_electron" title="Valence electron">valence electrons</a> to become positively charged Zn<sup>2+</sup> <a href="/wiki/Ions" class="mw-redirect" title="Ions">ions</a>. As the Zn<sup>2+</sup> ions move away from the anode, leaving their electrons on its surface, the anode becomes more negatively charged than the cathode. When the cell is connected in an external <a href="/wiki/Electrical_circuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical circuit">electrical circuit</a>, the excess electrons on the zinc anode flow through the circuit to the <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a> rod, the movement of electrons forming an <a href="/wiki/Electric_current" title="Electric current">electric current</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Voltage" title="Voltage">potential difference</a> in charge over the anode and cathode is equal to the difference of the two half-reaction potentials, producing a theoretical <a href="/wiki/Voltage" title="Voltage">voltage</a> of 1.99v of potential energy across the terminals. A variety of factors, such as <a href="/wiki/Internal_resistance" title="Internal resistance">internal resistance</a>, lower this output value to the 1.4 volts measured from these cells in practice. </p><p>As the current travels around the circuit, when the electrons enter the cathode (carbon rod), they combine with <a href="/wiki/Manganese_dioxide" title="Manganese dioxide">manganese dioxide</a> (MnO<sub>2</sub>) and water (H<sub>2</sub>O), which react with each other to produce <a href="/wiki/Manganese_oxide" title="Manganese oxide">manganese oxide</a> (Mn<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>) and negatively charged <a href="/wiki/Hydroxide_ion" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroxide ion">hydroxide ions</a>. This is accompanied by a secondary acid-base reaction in which the hydroxide ions (OH<sup>–</sup>) accept a proton (H<sup>+</sup>) from the <a href="/wiki/Ammonium" title="Ammonium">ammonium</a> ions present in the <a href="/wiki/Ammonium_chloride" title="Ammonium chloride">ammonium chloride</a> <a href="/wiki/Electrolyte" title="Electrolyte">electrolyte</a> to produce molecules of <a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a> and water.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd>Zn(s) + 2 MnO<sub>2</sub>(s) + 2 NH<sub>4</sub>Cl(aq) → ZnCl<sub>2</sub>(aq) + Mn<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>(s) + 2 NH<sub>3</sub>(aq) + H<sub>2</sub>O(l),</dd></dl> <p>or if one also considers the hydration of the Mn<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>(s) <a href="/wiki/Sesquioxide" title="Sesquioxide">sesquioxide</a> into Mn(III) oxy-hydroxide: </p> <dl><dd>Zn(s) + 2 MnO<sub>2</sub>(s) + 2 NH<sub>4</sub>Cl(aq) → ZnCl<sub>2</sub>(aq) + 2 MnO(OH)(s) + 2 NH<sub>3</sub>(aq)</dd></dl> <p><br /> Alternately, the reduction reaction of Mn(IV) can proceed further, forming Mn(II) hydroxide. </p> <dl><dd>Zn(s) + MnO<sub>2</sub>(s) + 2 NH<sub>4</sub>Cl(aq) → ZnCl<sub>2</sub>(aq) + Mn(OH)<sub>2</sub>(s) + 2 NH<sub>3</sub>(aq)</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leclanch%C3%A9_cell&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Electromotive_force" title="Electromotive force">electromotive force</a> (e.m.f.) produced by a Leclanche cell is 1.4 <a href="/wiki/Volt" title="Volt">volts</a>, with a <a href="/wiki/Electrical_resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical resistance">resistance</a> of several <a href="/wiki/Ohm" title="Ohm">ohms</a> where a porous pot is used.<sup id="cite_ref-b1_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It saw extensive usage in <a href="/wiki/Telegraphy" title="Telegraphy">telegraphy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Signaling_(telecommunications)" title="Signaling (telecommunications)">signaling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electric_bell" title="Electric bell">electric bells</a> and similar applications where intermittent current was required and it was desirable that a battery should require little maintenance. </p><p>The Leclanché battery <a href="/wiki/Wet_cell" class="mw-redirect" title="Wet cell">wet cell</a> was the forerunner of the modern <a href="/wiki/Zinc%E2%80%93carbon_battery" title="Zinc–carbon battery">zinc–carbon battery</a> (a <a href="/wiki/Dry_cell" title="Dry cell">dry cell</a>). The addition of <a href="/wiki/Zinc_chloride" title="Zinc chloride">zinc chloride</a> to the electrolyte paste raises the e.m.f. to 1.5 volts. Later developments dispensed with the ammonium chloride completely, giving a cell that can endure more sustained discharge without its internal resistance rising as quickly (the zinc chloride cell). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leclanch%C3%A9_cell&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_battery_types" title="List of battery types">List of battery types</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_battery" title="History of the battery">History of the battery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alkaline_battery" title="Alkaline battery">Alkaline battery</a>, a similar cell in which the NH<sub>4</sub>Cl electrolyte has been replaced by KOH. This improved type of battery with a much higher charge density (5 ×) was commercialised much later (1960/70).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leclanch%C3%A9_cell&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leclanché, "<i>une pile à oxyde insoluble</i>" [an insoluble oxide battery], French patent no. 71,865 (issued: 8 June 1866) in: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFrench_Ministry_of_Agriculture_and_Commerce1881" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">French Ministry of Agriculture and Commerce (1881). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=e6lQAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA7-PA33"><i>Description des machines et procédés pour lesquels des brevets d'invention ont été pris …</i></a> [<i>Descriptions of machines and procedures for which patents have been taken …</i>] (in French). Vol. 98. Paris, France: Imprimerie Nationale. pp. 33–34.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Description+des+machines+et+proc%C3%A9d%C3%A9s+pour+lesquels+des+brevets+d%27invention+ont+%C3%A9t%C3%A9+pris+%E2%80%A6&rft.place=Paris%2C+France&rft.pages=33-34&rft.pub=Imprimerie+Nationale&rft.date=1881&rft.au=French+Ministry+of+Agriculture+and+Commerce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3De6lQAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DRA7-PA33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeclanch%C3%A9+cell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeclanché1868" class="citation journal cs1">Leclanché, Georges (1868). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k62094v/f2.image">"Quelques observations sur l'emploi des piles électriques. Pile constante au peroxyde de manganèse à un seul liquide"</a>. <i>Les Mondes</i>. <b>16</b>: 532.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Les+Mondes&rft.atitle=Quelques+observations+sur+l%27emploi+des+piles+%C3%A9lectriques.+Pile+constante+au+peroxyde+de+mangan%C3%A8se+%C3%A0+un+seul+liquide.&rft.volume=16&rft.pages=532&rft.date=1868&rft.aulast=Leclanch%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Georges&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k62094v%2Ff2.image&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeclanch%C3%A9+cell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJensen2014" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_B._Jensen" title="William B. Jensen">Jensen, William B.</a> (January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://drc.libraries.uc.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/9ad278d2-7a7c-4766-a5fa-9142cfa76ae0/content">"The Leclanché Cell. Museum Notes, Oesper Collections"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2374.UC%2F731246">2374.UC/731246</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Leclanch%C3%A9+Cell.+Museum+Notes%2C+Oesper+Collections.&rft.date=2014-01&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2374.UC%2F731246&rft.aulast=Jensen&rft.aufirst=William+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdrc.libraries.uc.edu%2Fserver%2Fapi%2Fcore%2Fbitstreams%2F9ad278d2-7a7c-4766-a5fa-9142cfa76ae0%2Fcontent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeclanch%C3%A9+cell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeclanché1867" class="citation book cs1">Leclanché, Georges (1867). <i>Notes sur l'emploi des piles électriques en télégraphie, pile constante au peroxyde de manganèse à un seul liquide</i>. Paris: Impr. de Hennuyer et fils.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Notes+sur+l%27emploi+des+piles+%C3%A9lectriques+en+t%C3%A9l%C3%A9graphie%2C+pile+constante+au+peroxyde+de+mangan%C3%A8se+%C3%A0+un+seul+liquide.&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Impr.+de+Hennuyer+et+fils&rft.date=1867&rft.aulast=Leclanch%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Georges&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeclanch%C3%A9+cell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeclanché1869" class="citation book cs1">Leclanché, Georges (1869). <i>Notice sur la pile Leclanché : précédée de quelques considérations sur l'emploi des piles électriques en télégraphie</i>. Paris: Jamin, Bailly et cie, Burndy Library.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Notice+sur+la+pile+Leclanch%C3%A9+%3A+pr%C3%A9c%C3%A9d%C3%A9e+de+quelques+consid%C3%A9rations+sur+l%27emploi+des+piles+%C3%A9lectriques+en+t%C3%A9l%C3%A9graphie&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Jamin%2C+Bailly+et+cie%2C+Burndy+Library&rft.date=1869&rft.aulast=Leclanch%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Georges&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeclanch%C3%A9+cell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/electromag/electricity/batteries/zinccarbon.html">Zinc–Carbon Batteries, Molecular Expressions</a>. magnet.fsu.edu</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-b1-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-b1_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-b1_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorgan1913" class="citation book cs1">Morgan, Alfred P. (1913). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6tYyAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA58"><i>The Boy Electrician</i></a>. Boston: Lothrop, Lee & Separd Co. p. 58.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Boy+Electrician&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=58&rft.pub=Lothrop%2C+Lee+%26+Separd+Co.&rft.date=1913&rft.aulast=Morgan&rft.aufirst=Alfred+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6tYyAQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA58&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeclanch%C3%A9+cell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBattery_Facts" class="citation web cs1">Battery Facts. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.batteryfacts.plus.com/BatteryHistory/Leclanche.html">"Leclanché Cell"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-01-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Leclanch%C3%A9+Cell&rft.au=Battery+Facts&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.batteryfacts.plus.com%2FBatteryHistory%2FLeclanche.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeclanch%C3%A9+cell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Electromagnetic_Telegraph-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-The_Electromagnetic_Telegraph_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCalvert2000" class="citation web cs1">Calvert, James B. (2000-04-07). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070112095021/http://www.du.edu/~jcalvert/tel/morse/morse.htm">"The Electromagnetic Telegraph"</a>. <i>du.edu</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.du.edu/~jcalvert/tel/morse/morse.htm">the original</a> on 2007-01-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-01-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=du.edu&rft.atitle=The+Electromagnetic+Telegraph&rft.date=2000-04-07&rft.aulast=Calvert&rft.aufirst=James+B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.du.edu%2F~jcalvert%2Ftel%2Fmorse%2Fmorse.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeclanch%C3%A9+cell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chem.libretexts.org/Core/Analytical_Chemistry/Electrochemistry/Case_Studies/Commercial_Galvanic_Cells">"Commercial galvanic cells: Leclanché Dry Cell"</a>. 26 November 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-12-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Commercial+galvanic+cells%3A+Leclanch%C3%A9+Dry+Cell&rft.date=2013-11-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchem.libretexts.org%2FCore%2FAnalytical_Chemistry%2FElectrochemistry%2FCase_Studies%2FCommercial_Galvanic_Cells&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeclanch%C3%A9+cell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leclanch%C3%A9_cell&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Practical Electricity</i> by W. E. Ayrton and T. Mather, published by Cassell and Company, London, 1911, pp 188–193</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Electrochemical_cell" title="Electrochemical cell">Electrochemical cells</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galvanic_cell" title="Galvanic cell">Galvanic cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concentration_cell" title="Concentration cell">Concentration cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_battery" title="Electric battery">Electric battery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flow_battery" title="Flow battery">Flow battery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trough_battery" title="Trough battery">Trough battery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_cell" title="Fuel cell">Fuel cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermogalvanic_cell" title="Thermogalvanic cell">Thermogalvanic cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltaic_pile" title="Voltaic pile">Voltaic pile</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Galvanic_Cell.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Galvanic cell"><img alt="Galvanic cell" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Galvanic_Cell.svg/150px-Galvanic_Cell.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Galvanic_Cell.svg/225px-Galvanic_Cell.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Galvanic_Cell.svg/300px-Galvanic_Cell.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="376" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Primary_battery" title="Primary battery">Primary cell</a><br /><span class="nobold">(non-rechargeable)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alkaline_battery" title="Alkaline battery">Alkaline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium%E2%80%93air_battery" title="Aluminium–air battery">Aluminium–air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunsen_cell" title="Bunsen cell">Bunsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromic_acid_cell" title="Chromic acid cell">Chromic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clark_cell" title="Clark cell">Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniell_cell" title="Daniell cell">Daniell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dry_cell" title="Dry cell">Dry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edison%E2%80%93Lalande_cell" title="Edison–Lalande cell">Edison–Lalande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grove_cell" title="Grove cell">Grove</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Leclanché</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithium_metal_battery" title="Lithium metal battery">Lithium metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithium%E2%80%93air_battery" title="Lithium–air battery">Lithium–air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_battery" title="Mercury battery">Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal%E2%80%93air_electrochemical_cell" title="Metal–air electrochemical cell">Metal–air electrochemical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickel_oxyhydroxide_battery" title="Nickel oxyhydroxide battery">Nickel oxyhydroxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon%E2%80%93air_battery" title="Silicon–air battery">Silicon–air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_oxide_battery" title="Silver oxide battery">Silver oxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weston_cell" title="Weston cell">Weston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zamboni_pile" title="Zamboni pile">Zamboni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinc%E2%80%93air_battery" title="Zinc–air battery">Zinc–air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinc%E2%80%93carbon_battery" title="Zinc–carbon battery">Zinc–carbon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Rechargeable_battery" title="Rechargeable battery">Secondary cell</a><br /><span class="nobold">(rechargeable)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_battery" title="Automotive battery">Automotive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead%E2%80%93acid_battery" title="Lead–acid battery">Lead–acid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/VRLA_battery" title="VRLA battery">gel–VRLA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithium%E2%80%93air_battery" title="Lithium–air battery">Lithium–air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithium-ion_battery" title="Lithium-ion battery">Lithium ion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dual_carbon_battery" title="Dual carbon battery">Dual carbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithium_iron_phosphate_battery" title="Lithium iron phosphate battery">Lithium–iron–phosphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithium_polymer_battery" title="Lithium polymer battery">Lithium–polymer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithium%E2%80%93sulfur_battery" title="Lithium–sulfur battery">Lithium–sulfur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithium-titanate_battery" title="Lithium-titanate battery">Lithium–titanate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal%E2%80%93air_electrochemical_cell" title="Metal–air electrochemical cell">Metal–air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molten-salt_battery" title="Molten-salt battery">Molten salt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanopore_battery" title="Nanopore battery">Nanopore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanowire_battery" title="Nanowire battery">Nanowire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickel%E2%80%93cadmium_battery" title="Nickel–cadmium battery">Nickel–cadmium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickel%E2%80%93hydrogen_battery" title="Nickel–hydrogen battery">Nickel–hydrogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickel%E2%80%93iron_battery" title="Nickel–iron battery">Nickel–iron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickel%E2%80%93lithium_battery" title="Nickel–lithium battery">Nickel–lithium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickel%E2%80%93metal_hydride_battery" title="Nickel–metal hydride battery">Nickel–metal hydride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickel%E2%80%93zinc_battery" title="Nickel–zinc battery">Nickel–zinc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polysulfide%E2%80%93bromide_battery" title="Polysulfide–bromide battery">Polysulfide–bromide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium-ion_battery" title="Potassium-ion battery">Potassium ion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rechargeable_alkaline_battery" title="Rechargeable alkaline battery">Rechargeable alkaline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver%E2%80%93cadmium_battery" title="Silver–cadmium battery">Silver–cadmium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_zinc_battery" title="Silver zinc battery">Silver–zinc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium-ion_battery" title="Sodium-ion battery">Sodium ion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium%E2%80%93sulfur_battery" title="Sodium–sulfur battery">Sodium–sulfur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solid-state_battery" title="Solid-state battery">Solid state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanadium_redox_battery" title="Vanadium redox battery">Vanadium redox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinc%E2%80%93bromine_battery" title="Zinc–bromine battery">Zinc–bromine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinc%E2%80%93cerium_battery" title="Zinc–cerium battery">Zinc–cerium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Other cell</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_battery" title="Atomic battery">Atomic battery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_cell" title="Fuel cell">Fuel cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_cell" title="Solar cell">Solar cell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cell parts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anode" title="Anode">Anode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binder_(material)" title="Binder (material)">Binder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalysis" title="Catalysis">Catalyst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathode" title="Cathode">Cathode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrode" title="Electrode">Electrode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrolyte" title="Electrolyte">Electrolyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Half-cell" title="Half-cell">Half-cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion" title="Ion">Ions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_bridge" title="Salt bridge">Salt bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semipermeable_membrane" title="Semipermeable membrane">Semipermeable membrane</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><noscript><img 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