CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Alans - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"db6027fd-a892-4b89-8e35-db70b43dbc16","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Alans","wgTitle":"Alans","wgCurRevisionId":1252837063,"wgRevisionId":1252837063,"wgArticleId":45121,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Pages using the EasyTimeline extension","CS1 interwiki-linked names","Webarchive template wayback links","CS1 Russian-language sources (ru)","Articles with Russian-language sources (ru)","Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from August 2022","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use dmy dates from January 2024","\"Related ethnic groups\" needing confirmation","Articles using infobox ethnic group with image parameters", "Articles containing Latin-language text","Articles containing Greek-language text","Articles containing Chinese-language text","Articles containing Romanian-language text","Articles containing Hungarian-language text","Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from January 2021","All articles lacking reliable references","Articles lacking reliable references from April 2015","Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from June 2013","Articles needing additional references from June 2015","All articles needing additional references","Pages with missing ISBNs","Articles which contain graphical timelines","Alans","5th century in Hispania","5th century in sub-Roman Gaul","Ancient Central Asia","Ancient peoples of Russia","Ancient peoples of Ukraine","Barbarian kingdoms","Chechnya","Goths","Historical ethnic groups of Europe","Historical Iranian peoples","History of Eastern Europe", "History of the North Caucasus","Ingushetia","Iranian nomads","Medieval history of Portugal","Migration Period","Nomadic groups in Eurasia","Ossetia","Peoples of the Caucasus","Saltovo-Mayaki culture","Vandals"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Alans","wgRelevantArticleId":45121,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":["autoconfirmed"],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":60000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[], "wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q178054","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","ext.timeline.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage": "ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.timeline.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.5"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c2/Alans.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="517"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Alans.jpg/800px-Alans.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="345"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Alans.jpg/640px-Alans.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="276"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Alans - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alans"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Alans&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alans"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Alans rootpage-Alans skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Alans" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Alans" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Alans" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Alans" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Name" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Name"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Name </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Name-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Timeline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Timeline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Timeline </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Timeline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Origin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Origin </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_Alans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_Alans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Early Alans </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_Alans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Link_to_Yancai_(奄蔡)_/_Hesu_(闔蘇)_/_Alan_(阿蘭)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Link_to_Yancai_(奄蔡)_/_Hesu_(闔蘇)_/_Alan_(阿蘭)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Link to Yancai (奄蔡) / Hesu (闔蘇) / Alan (阿蘭) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Link_to_Yancai_(奄蔡)_/_Hesu_(闔蘇)_/_Alan_(阿蘭)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Migration_to_Gaul" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Migration_to_Gaul"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Migration to Gaul </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Migration_to_Gaul-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hispania_and_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hispania_and_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Hispania and Africa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hispania_and_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medieval_Alania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval_Alania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 Medieval Alania </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medieval_Alania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8 Later history </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Physical_appearance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physical_appearance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Physical appearance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Physical_appearance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genetics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genetics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Genetics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genetics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Archaeology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archaeology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Archaeology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Archaeology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Language </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Explanatory_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanatory_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Explanatory notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanatory_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_and_cited_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_and_cited_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 General and cited sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_and_cited_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Alans</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 74 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-74" aria-hidden="true" > 74 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%85%D1%8D%D1%80" title="Аланхэр – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Аланхэр" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгэбзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alane" title="Alane – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Alane" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alanen" title="Alanen – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Alanen" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ألان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ألان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alanos" title="Alanos – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Alanos" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Ալաններ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Ալաններ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alanos" title="Alanos – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Alanos" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alanlar" title="Alanlar – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Alanlar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="آلان‌لار – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آلان‌لار" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Аландар – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Аландар" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Аланы – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Аланы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Алани – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Алани" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alans" title="Alans – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Alans" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Алансем – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Алансем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alani" title="Alani – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Alani" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alanere" title="Alanere – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Alanere" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alanen" title="Alanen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Alanen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%AF" title="Αλανοί – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αλανοί" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alanos" title="Alanos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Alanos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alanoj" title="Alanoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Alanoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alano" title="Alano – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Alano" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7" title="الان‌ها – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="الان‌ها" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alains" title="Alains – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Alains" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alanen" title="Alanen – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Alanen" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alanos" title="Alanos – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Alanos" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%8C%EB%9E%80%EC%9D%B8" title="알란인 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="알란인" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Ալաններ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ալաններ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="एलन्स – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="एलन्स" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alani" title="Alani – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Alani" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alani" title="Alani – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Alani" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suku_Alan" title="Suku Alan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Suku Alan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%C3%A6" title="Алантæ – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Алантæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alanar" title="Alanar – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Alanar" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alani" title="Alani – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Alani" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9D" title="אלאנים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אלאנים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ალანები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ალანები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Аландар – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Аландар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_(kevnar)" title="Alan (kevnar) – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Alan (kevnar)" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Аландар – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Аландар" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alani" title="Alani – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Alani" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alani" title="Alani – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Alani" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alanai" title="Alanai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Alanai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%C3%A1nok" title="Alánok – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Alánok" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%C3%A0na_(vahoaka)" title="Alàna (vahoaka) – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Alàna (vahoaka)" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="ალანეფი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ალანეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B2" title="الانز – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الانز" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan" title="Alan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Alan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alanos" title="Alanos – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Alanos" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%87%D1%83%D1%83%D0%B4" title="Аланчууд – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Аланчууд" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alanen" title="Alanen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Alanen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E4%BA%BA" title="アラン人 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アラン人" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alanere" title="Alanere – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Alanere" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alanlar" title="Alanlar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Alanlar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alanowie" title="Alanowie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Alanowie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alanos" title="Alanos – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Alanos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alani" title="Alani – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Alani" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Аланы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Аланы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alani" title="Alani – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Alani" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alani" title="Alani – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Alani" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alani" title="Alani – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Alani" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ئەلانەکان – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئەلانەکان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Алани – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Алани" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alani" title="Alani – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Alani" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaanit" title="Alaanit – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Alaanit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaner" title="Alaner – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Alaner" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="ஆலன்கள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஆலன்கள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alanlar" title="Alanlar – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Alanlar" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Алани – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Алани" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86" title="آلان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="آلان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Di_Alan" title="Người Alan – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Người Alan" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A5%84%E8%94%A1" title="奄蔡 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="奄蔡" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%85%B0" title="阿兰 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="阿兰" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A5%84%E8%94%A1" title="奄蔡 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="奄蔡" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A5%84%E8%94%A1" title="奄蔡 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="奄蔡" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q178054#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Alans" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Alans" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Alans">Read</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alans&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alans&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Alans">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alans&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alans&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Alans" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Alans" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alans&oldid=1252837063" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alans&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Alans&id=1252837063&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAlans">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAlans">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Alans&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alans&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Alans" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q178054" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ancient Iranic people of the North Caucasus</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Alan_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Alan (disambiguation)">Alan (disambiguation)</a> or <a href="/wiki/Alanis_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Alanis (disambiguation)">Alanis (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Alani" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Alani_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Alani (disambiguation)">Alani (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Alans</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above nickname" style="font-size:115%; font-weight:normal;"><div>Alani</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Alans.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Alans.jpg/250px-Alans.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Alans.jpg/375px-Alans.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Alans.jpg/500px-Alans.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1176" data-file-height="507" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Map showing the migrations of the Alans</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Scythian_languages" title="Scythian languages">Scythian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scythian_languages#Classification" title="Scythian languages">Alanian</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Ossetians" title="Ossetians">Ossetians</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Indo-European" title="Category:Indo-European">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding-top:0.2em;background:rgb(220,245,220);"><a href="/wiki/Category:Indo-European" title="Category:Indo-European">Indo-European topics</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Indo-European_migrations.gif" title="File:Indo-European migrations.gif"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Indo-European_migrations.gif/140px-Indo-European_migrations.gif" decoding="async" width="140" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Indo-European_migrations.gif/210px-Indo-European_migrations.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Indo-European_migrations.gif/280px-Indo-European_migrations.gif 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="598" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Languages</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indo-European_languages" title="List of Indo-European languages">List of Indo-European languages</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>Extant</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanoid" title="Albanoid">Albanoid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balto-Slavic_languages" title="Balto-Slavic languages">Balto-Slavic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_languages" title="Baltic languages">Baltic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_languages" title="Hellenic languages">Hellenic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranian_languages" title="Indo-Iranian languages">Indo-Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuristani_languages" title="Nuristani languages">Nuristani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italic_languages" title="Italic languages">Italic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt>Extinct</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_languages" title="Anatolian languages">Anatolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tocharian_languages" title="Tocharian languages">Tocharian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_languages" title="Paleo-Balkan languages">Paleo-Balkan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dacian_language" title="Dacian language">Dacian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illyrian_language" title="Illyrian language">Illyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liburnian_language" title="Liburnian language">Liburnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messapic_language" title="Messapic language">Messapic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysian_language" title="Mysian language">Mysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paeonian_language" title="Paeonian language">Paeonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrygian_language" title="Phrygian language">Phrygian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracian_language" title="Thracian language">Thracian</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>Reconstructed</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European language</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_phonology" title="Proto-Indo-European phonology">Phonology</a>: <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_sound_laws" title="Indo-European sound laws">Sound laws</a>, <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_accent" title="Proto-Indo-European accent">Accent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_ablaut" title="Indo-European ablaut">Ablaut</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>Hypothetical</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_languages" title="Paleo-Balkan languages">Balkanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daco-Thracian" class="mw-redirect" title="Daco-Thracian">Daco-Thracian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graeco-Albanian" title="Graeco-Albanian">Graeco-Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graeco-Armenian" title="Graeco-Armenian">Graeco-Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graeco-Aryan" title="Graeco-Aryan">Graeco-Aryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graeco-Phrygian" title="Graeco-Phrygian">Graeco-Phrygian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Hittite" title="Indo-Hittite">Indo-Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Celtic" title="Italo-Celtic">Italo-Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thraco-Illyrian" title="Thraco-Illyrian">Thraco-Illyrian</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>Grammar</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_vocabulary" title="Indo-European vocabulary">Vocabulary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_root" title="Proto-Indo-European root">Root</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_verbs" title="Proto-Indo-European verbs">Verbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_nominals" title="Proto-Indo-European nominals">Nouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_pronouns" title="Proto-Indo-European pronouns">Pronouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_numerals" title="Proto-Indo-European numerals">Numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_particles" title="Proto-Indo-European particles">Particles</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>Other</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Albanian_language" title="Proto-Albanian language">Proto-Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Anatolian_language" title="Proto-Anatolian language">Proto-Anatolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Armenian_language" title="Proto-Armenian language">Proto-Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language" title="Proto-Germanic language">Proto-Germanic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Proto-Norse_language" title="Proto-Norse language">Proto-Norse</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Italo-Celtic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Italo-Celtic language">Proto-Italo-Celtic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Proto-Celtic_language" title="Proto-Celtic language">Proto-Celtic</a> · <a href="/wiki/Proto-Italic_language" title="Proto-Italic language">Proto-Italic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Greek_language" title="Proto-Greek language">Proto-Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Balto-Slavic_language" title="Proto-Balto-Slavic language">Proto-Balto-Slavic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Proto-Slavic_language" title="Proto-Slavic language">Proto-Slavic</a> · <a href="/wiki/Proto-Baltic_language" title="Proto-Baltic language">Proto-Baltic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Iranian_language" title="Proto-Indo-Iranian language">Proto-Indo-Iranian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Proto-Iranian_language" title="Proto-Iranian language">Proto-Iranian</a>)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Philology</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_inscriptions" title="Hittite inscriptions">Hittite inscriptions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hieroglyphic_Luwian" class="mw-redirect" title="Hieroglyphic Luwian">Hieroglyphic Luwian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avesta" title="Avesta">Avesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behistun_Inscription" title="Behistun Inscription">Behistun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_inscriptions" title="Greek inscriptions">Greek epigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrygian_language#Inscriptions" title="Phrygian language">Phrygian epigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messapic_language#Inscriptions" title="Messapic language">Messapic epigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Latin#Corpus" title="Old Latin">Latin epigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaulish#Corpus" title="Gaulish">Gaulish epigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runic_inscriptions" title="Runic inscriptions">Runic epigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogham" title="Ogham">Ogham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Bible" title="Gothic Bible">Gothic Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_translations_into_Armenian" title="Bible translations into Armenian">Bible translations into Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tocharian_script" title="Tocharian script">Tocharian script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Irish#Sources" title="Old Irish">Old Irish glosses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanun_(Albania)" title="Kanun (Albania)">Albanian Kanun</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Origins</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_homeland" title="Proto-Indo-European homeland">Homeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Europeans" title="Proto-Indo-Europeans">Proto-Indo-Europeans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_society" title="Proto-Indo-European society">Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_mythology" title="Proto-Indo-European mythology">Religion</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>Mainstream </dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurgan_hypothesis" title="Kurgan hypothesis">Kurgan hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_migrations" title="Indo-European migrations">Indo-European migrations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_nomads" title="Eurasian nomads">Eurasian nomads</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>Alternative and fringe </dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_hypothesis" title="Anatolian hypothesis">Anatolian hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_hypothesis" title="Armenian hypothesis">Armenian hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beech_argument" title="Beech argument">Beech argument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Aryanism" title="Indigenous Aryanism">Indigenous Aryanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_homeland#Baltic_homeland" title="Proto-Indo-European homeland">Baltic homeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_continuity_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleolithic continuity theory">Paleolithic continuity theory</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Archaeology</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Chalcolithic (Copper Age)</a> </dt></dl> Pontic Steppe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Domestication_of_the_horse" title="Domestication of the horse">Domestication of the horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurgan" title="Kurgan">Kurgan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurgan_stelae" title="Kurgan stelae">Kurgan stelae</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurgan_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurgan culture">Kurgan culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Horse,_the_Wheel,_and_Language" title="The Horse, the Wheel, and Language">Steppe cultures</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bug%E2%80%93Dniester_culture" title="Bug–Dniester culture">Bug–Dniester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sredny_Stog_culture" title="Sredny Stog culture">Sredny Stog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dnieper%E2%80%93Donets_culture" title="Dnieper–Donets culture">Dnieper–Donets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samara_culture" title="Samara culture">Samara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khvalynsk_culture" title="Khvalynsk culture">Khvalynsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamnaya_culture" title="Yamnaya culture">Yamnaya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mikhaylovka_culture" title="Mikhaylovka culture">Mikhaylovka culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novotitarovskaya_culture" title="Novotitarovskaya culture">Novotitarovskaya culture</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> Caucasus <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maykop_culture" title="Maykop culture">Maykop</a></li></ul> East Asia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afanasievo_culture" title="Afanasievo culture">Afanasievo</a></li></ul> Eastern Europe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Usatovo_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Usatovo culture">Usatovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cernavod%C4%83_culture" title="Cernavodă culture">Cernavodă</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cucuteni%E2%80%93Trypillia_culture" title="Cucuteni–Trypillia culture">Cucuteni</a></li></ul> Northern Europe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corded_Ware_culture" title="Corded Ware culture">Corded ware</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baden_culture" title="Baden culture">Baden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Dnieper_culture" title="Middle Dnieper culture">Middle Dnieper</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> </dt></dl> Pontic Steppe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chariot" title="Chariot">Chariot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamnaya_culture" title="Yamnaya culture">Yamnaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catacomb_culture" title="Catacomb culture">Catacomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-cordoned_ware_culture" title="Multi-cordoned ware culture">Multi-cordoned ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poltavka_culture" title="Poltavka culture">Poltavka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srubnaya_culture" title="Srubnaya culture">Srubnaya</a></li></ul> Northern/Eastern Steppe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abashevo_culture" title="Abashevo culture">Abashevo culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronovo_culture" title="Andronovo culture">Andronovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sintashta_culture" title="Sintashta culture">Sintashta</a></li></ul> Europe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Globular_Amphora_culture" title="Globular Amphora culture">Globular Amphora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corded_Ware_culture" title="Corded Ware culture">Corded ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_Beaker_culture" title="Bell Beaker culture">Bell Beaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9An%C4%9Btice_culture" title="Únětice culture">Únětice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trzciniec_culture" title="Trzciniec culture">Trzciniec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Bronze_Age" title="Nordic Bronze Age">Nordic Bronze Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terramare_culture" title="Terramare culture">Terramare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumulus_culture" title="Tumulus culture">Tumulus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urnfield_culture" title="Urnfield culture">Urnfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lusatian_culture" title="Lusatian culture">Lusatian</a></li></ul> South Asia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bactria%E2%80%93Margiana_Archaeological_Complex" title="Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex">BMAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaz_culture" title="Yaz culture">Yaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhara_grave_culture" title="Gandhara grave culture">Gandhara grave</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a></dt></dl> Steppe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chernoles_culture" title="Chernoles culture">Chernoles</a></li></ul> Europe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thraco-Cimmerian" title="Thraco-Cimmerian">Thraco-Cimmerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallstatt_culture" title="Hallstatt culture">Hallstatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jastorf_culture" title="Jastorf culture">Jastorf</a></li></ul> Caucasus <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colchian_culture" title="Colchian culture">Colchian</a></li></ul> India <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Painted_Grey_Ware_culture" title="Painted Grey Ware culture">Painted Grey Ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Black_Polished_Ware" title="Northern Black Polished Ware">Northern Black Polished Ware</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Peoples and societies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_peoples" title="Anatolian peoples">Anatolian peoples</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittites</a>) </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean Greeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranians" title="Indo-Iranians">Indo-Iranians</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a></dt></dl> Indo-Aryans <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_peoples" title="Indo-Aryan peoples">Indo-Aryans</a></li></ul> Iranians <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranians</a></li></ul> East Asia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wusun" title="Wusun">Wusun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuezhi" title="Yuezhi">Yuezhi</a></li></ul> Europe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gauls" title="Gauls">Gauls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtiberians" title="Celtiberians">Celtiberians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_Celts" title="Insular Celts">Insular Celts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimmerians" title="Cimmerians">Cimmerians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Hellenic peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italic_peoples" title="Italic peoples">Italic peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_languages" title="Paleo-Balkan languages">Paleo-Balkan</a>/<a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_Anatolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron Age Anatolia">Anatolia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thracians" title="Thracians">Thracians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacians" title="Dacians">Dacians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illyrians" title="Illyrians">Illyrians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paeonians" title="Paeonians">Paeonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrygians" title="Phrygians">Phrygians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythians</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></dt></dl> East Asia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tocharians" title="Tocharians">Tocharians</a></li></ul> Europe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_the_Albanians" title="Origin of the Albanians">Albanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balts" title="Balts">Balts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Slavs" title="Early Slavs">Slavs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norsemen" title="Norsemen">Norsemen</a>/<a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_peoples" title="North Germanic peoples">Medieval Scandinavians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></li></ul> Indo-Aryan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_India" title="Medieval India">Medieval India</a></li></ul> Iranian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Iran" title="Greater Iran">Greater Iran</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Religion and mythology</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <dl><dt>Reconstructed</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_mythology" title="Proto-Indo-European mythology">Proto-Indo-European mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Iranian_paganism" title="Proto-Indo-Iranian paganism">Proto-Indo-Iranian paganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion" title="Historical Vedic religion">Historical Vedic religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Iranian_religion" title="Ancient Iranian religion">Ancient Iranian religion</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>Historical</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_mythology_and_religion" title="Hittite mythology and religion">Hittite</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Indo-Aryan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion" title="Historical Vedic religion">Vedic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Iranian_religions" title="Iranian religions">Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persian_mythology" title="Persian mythology">Persian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_mythology" title="Kurdish mythology">Kurdish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yazidis" title="Yazidis">Yazidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarsanism" title="Yarsanism">Yarsanism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythian_religion" title="Scythian religion">Scythian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ossetian_mythology" title="Ossetian mythology">Ossetian</a></li></ul></li></ul> Others <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_mythology" title="Armenian mythology">Armenian</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/European_paganism" class="mw-redirect" title="European paganism">European</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_mythology" title="Paleo-Balkan mythology">Paleo-Balkan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Albanian_paganism" title="Albanian paganism">Albanian</a> · <a href="/wiki/Illyrian_religion" title="Illyrian religion">Illyrian</a> · <a href="/wiki/Thracian_religion" title="Thracian religion">Thracian</a> · <a href="/wiki/Dacian_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Dacian religion">Dacian</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_religion" title="Ancient Celtic religion">Celtic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_mythology" title="Irish mythology">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_mythology" title="Scottish mythology">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breton_mythology" title="Breton mythology">Breton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_mythology" title="Welsh mythology">Welsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_mythology" title="Cornish mythology">Cornish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Germanic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Anglo-Saxon paganism">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Germanic_mythology" title="Continental Germanic mythology">Continental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_religion" title="Old Norse religion">Norse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_mythology" title="Baltic mythology">Baltic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_mythology" title="Latvian mythology">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_mythology" title="Lithuanian mythology">Lithuanian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_paganism" title="Slavic paganism">Slavic</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Practices</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fire_worship#Indo-European_religions" title="Fire worship">Fire rituals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_sacrifice" title="Horse sacrifice">Horse sacrifice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(practice)" title="Sati (practice)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_solstice" title="Winter solstice">Winter solstice</a>/<a href="/wiki/Yule" title="Yule">Yule</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_studies" title="Indo-European studies">Indo-European studies</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <dl><dt>Scholars</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marija_Gimbutas" title="Marija Gimbutas">Marija Gimbutas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._P._Mallory" title="J. P. Mallory">J. P. Mallory</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Institutes</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Copenhagen_Studies_in_Indo-European" title="Copenhagen Studies in Indo-European">Copenhagen Studies in Indo-European</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Publications</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Indo-European_Culture" title="Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture">Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Horse,_the_Wheel,_and_Language" title="The Horse, the Wheel, and Language">The Horse, the Wheel, and Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Indo-European_Studies" title="Journal of Indo-European Studies">Journal of Indo-European Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indogermanisches_etymologisches_W%C3%B6rterbuch" title="Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch">Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_Etymological_Dictionary" title="Indo-European Etymological Dictionary">Indo-European Etymological Dictionary</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indo-European_topics" title="Template:Indo-European topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indo-European_topics" title="Template talk:Indo-European topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indo-European_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indo-European topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> The Alans (<a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>: Alani) were an ancient and medieval <a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranic</a> <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_nomads" title="Eurasian nomads">nomadic pastoral</a> people who migrated to what is today <a href="/wiki/North_Caucasus" title="North Caucasus">North Caucasus</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden2009-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbaevBailey1985801–803-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-WM_Alans-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Osprey10-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Zadneprovskiy467-5">[5]</a> – while some continued on to Europe and later North-Africa. They are generally regarded as part of the <a href="/wiki/Sarmatians" title="Sarmatians">Sarmatians</a>, and possibly related to the <a href="/wiki/Massagetae" title="Massagetae">Massagetae</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlemany20001-6">[6]</a> Modern historians have connected the Alans with the <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asian</a> <a href="/wiki/Yancai" title="Yancai">Yancai</a> of <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">Chinese</a> sources and with the <a href="/wiki/Aorsi" title="Aorsi">Aorsi</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a> sources.<a href="#cite_note-Zadneprovskiy465-7">[7]</a> Having migrated westwards and becoming dominant among the Sarmatians on the <a href="/wiki/Pontic%E2%80%93Caspian_steppe" title="Pontic–Caspian steppe">Pontic–Caspian steppe</a>, the Alans are mentioned by Roman sources in the 1st century <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">CE</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden2009-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbaevBailey1985801–803-2">[2]</a> At that time they had settled the region north of the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> and frequently raided the <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Empire</a> and the <a href="/wiki/South_Caucasus" title="South Caucasus">South Caucasus</a> provinces of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-EB_Alani-8">[8]</a> From 215 to 250 <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">CE</a> the <a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Goths</a> broke their power on the <a href="/wiki/Pontic_Steppe" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontic Steppe">Pontic Steppe</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Osprey10-4">[4]</a> thereby assimilating a sizeable portion of the associated Alans. Upon the <a href="/wiki/Huns" title="Huns">Hunnic</a> defeat of the Goths on the Pontic Steppe around 375 CE, many of the Alans migrated westwards along with various <a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Germanic_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ancient Germanic peoples">Germanic tribes</a>. They <a href="/wiki/Crossing_of_the_Rhine" title="Crossing of the Rhine">crossed</a> the <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a> in 406 CE along with the <a href="/wiki/Vandals" title="Vandals">Vandals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Suebi" title="Suebi">Suebi</a>, settling in <a href="/wiki/Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Orléans">Orléans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Valence,_Dr%C3%B4me" title="Valence, Drôme">Valence</a>. Around 409 CE they joined the Vandals and Suebi in crossing the <a href="/wiki/Pyrenees" title="Pyrenees">Pyrenees</a> into the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a>, settling in <a href="/wiki/Lusitania" title="Lusitania">Lusitania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hispania_Carthaginensis" title="Hispania Carthaginensis">Hispania Carthaginensis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-EB_Spain-9">[9]</a> The Iberian Alans, soundly defeated by the <a href="/wiki/Visigoths" title="Visigoths">Visigoths</a> in 418 CE, subsequently surrendered their authority to the <a href="/wiki/Hasdingi" title="Hasdingi">Hasdingi</a> <a href="/wiki/Vandals" title="Vandals">Vandals</a>.<a href="#cite_note-EB_Vandals-10">[10]</a> In 428 CE, the Vandals and Alans crossed the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Gibraltar" title="Strait of Gibraltar">Strait of Gibraltar</a> into <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a>, where they founded a <a href="/wiki/Vandal_Kingdom" title="Vandal Kingdom">kingdom</a> which lasted until its conquest by forces of the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a> Emperor <a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a> in 534.<a href="#cite_note-EB_Vandals-10">[10]</a> Eventually in the 9th century those Alans who remained under Hunnic rule established the regionally powerful kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Alania" title="Alania">Alania</a>. It survived until the <a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongol</a> <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_and_conquests" title="Mongol invasions and conquests">invasions</a> of the 13th century CE. Various scholars regard these Alans as the ancestors of the modern Ossetians.<a href="#cite_note-EB_Alani-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-Shnirelman-11">[11]</a> The Alans spoke an <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Iranian_languages" title="Eastern Iranian languages">Eastern Iranian language</a> which derived from <a href="/wiki/Scythian_languages" title="Scythian languages">Scytho-Sarmatian</a> and which in turn evolved into the modern <a href="/wiki/Ossetian_language" title="Ossetian language">Ossetian language</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbaevBailey1985801–803-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlemany20005–7-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> The name Alan represents an <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Iranian_languages" title="Eastern Iranian languages">Eastern Iranian</a> dialectal form of Old Iranian term <a href="/wiki/Aryan" title="Aryan">Aryan</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden2009-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbaevBailey1985801–803-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlemany20001–5-14">[14]</a> and so is cognate with the name of the country <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Īrān</a> (from the gen. plur. *aryānām).<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alans&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name">edit</a>]</div> The Alans were documented by foreign observers from the 1st century CE onward under similar names: <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: Alānī; <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: Ἀλανοί Alanoi; <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: 阿蘭聊 Alanliao (<a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">Pinyin</a>; Alan + Liu) in the 2nd century,<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> 阿蘭 Alan in the 3rd century,<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> later Alanguo (阿蘭國);<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> <a href="/wiki/Parthian_language" title="Parthian language">Parthian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian" title="Middle Persian">Middle Persian</a> Alānān (plural); <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> Alān (singular); <a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a> Alānayē; <a href="/wiki/Classical_Armenian" title="Classical Armenian">Classical Armenian</a> Alank'; <a href="/wiki/Georgian_language" title="Georgian language">Georgian</a> Alaneti ('country of the Alans'); <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> Alan (pl. Alanim).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlemany20001–2-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden2009-1">[1]</a> Rarer Latin spellings include Alauni or Halani.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlemany200033,_99-20">[20]</a> The name was also preserved in the modern <a href="/wiki/Ossetian_language" title="Ossetian language">Ossetian language</a> as Allon.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlemany20004-22">[22]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Ethnonym" title="Ethnonym">ethnonym</a> Alān is a dialectal variant of the <a href="/wiki/Old_Iranian" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Iranian">Old Iranian</a> *Aryāna, itself derived from the root arya-, meaning '<a href="/wiki/Aryan" title="Aryan">Aryan</a>', the common self-designation of <a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranian_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Iranian peoples">Indo-Iranian peoples</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Mallory-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-Alemany-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden2009-1">[1]</a> It probably came in use in the early history of the Alans for the purpose of uniting a heterogeneous group of tribes through the invocation of a common, ancestral 'Aryan' origin.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlemany20004-22">[22]</a> Like the <a href="/wiki/Name_of_Iran" title="Name of Iran">name of Iran</a> (*Aryānām), the adjective *aryāna is related to <a href="/wiki/Airyanem_Vaejah" title="Airyanem Vaejah">Airyanəm Waēǰō</a> ('stretch of the Aryas'), the mythical homeland of the early Iranians mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Avesta" title="Avesta">Avesta</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Alemany-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden2009-1">[1]</a> Some other ethnonyms also bear the name of the Alans: the <a href="/wiki/Rhoxolani" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhoxolani">Rhoxolāni</a> ('Bright Alans'), an offshoot of the Alans whose name may be linked to religious practices, and the Alanorsoi ('White Alans'), perhaps a conglomerate of Alans and <a href="/wiki/Aorsi" title="Aorsi">Aorsi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlemany20008-25">[25]</a> The personal names <a href="/wiki/Alan_(given_name)" title="Alan (given name)">Alan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alain_(given_name)" title="Alain (given name)">Alain</a> (from Latin Alanus) may have been introduced by Alan settlers to Western Europe during the first millennium CE.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlemany20005-26">[26]</a> The Alans were also known over the course of their history by another group of related names including the variations Asi, As, and Os (<a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a> Iasi or Olani, <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a> Uzi, <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a> Jász, <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a> Jasy, <a href="/wiki/Georgian_language" title="Georgian language">Georgian</a> Osi).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlemany20005–7-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> It is this name at the root of the modern <a href="/wiki/Ossetians" title="Ossetians">Ossetian</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlemany20005–7-12">[12]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alans&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Timeline">Timeline</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alans&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Timeline">edit</a>]</div> <div class="timeline-wrapper"><map name="timeline_nxz77yldm3sa2xoszm1u18ov1acq66q"><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" coords="722,149,831,170" title="South Ossetia" alt="South Ossetia" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Digor_(dialect)" coords="574,124,638,145" title="Digor (dialect)" alt="Digor (dialect)" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Iron_(dialect)" coords="574,113,633,134" title="Iron (dialect)" alt="Iron (dialect)" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Jassic_people" coords="574,78,644,98" title="Jassic people" alt="Jassic people" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/North_Ossetia%2DAlania" coords="683,124,758,145" title="North Ossetia-Alania" alt="North Ossetia-Alania" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/North_Ossetia%2DAlania" coords="683,113,791,134" title="North Ossetia-Alania" alt="North Ossetia-Alania" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Mongols" coords="485,113,560,134" title="Mongols" alt="Mongols" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Khazars" coords="312,113,387,134" title="Khazars" alt="Khazars" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Vandals" coords="200,17,275,38" title="Vandals" alt="Vandals" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Roxolani" coords="60,78,141,98" title="Roxolani" alt="Roxolani" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Huns" coords="181,113,239,134" title="Huns" alt="Huns" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Caucasus" coords="0,168,72,158" title="Caucasus" alt="Caucasus" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Ciscaucasus" coords="0,132,72,122" title="Ciscaucasus" alt="Ciscaucasus" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Danube" coords="0,96,72,86" title="Danube" alt="Danube" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Gaul" coords="0,61,72,51" title="Gaul" alt="Gaul" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Africa_Province" coords="0,25,72,15" title="Africa Province" alt="Africa Province" /></map><img usemap="#timeline_nxz77yldm3sa2xoszm1u18ov1acq66q" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/timeline/nxz77yldm3sa2xoszm1u18ov1acq66q.png" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origin">Origin</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alans&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Origin">edit</a>]</div> The Alans were formed out of the merger of the <a href="/wiki/Massagetae" title="Massagetae">Massagetae</a>, a Central Asian Iranian nomadic people, with some old tribal groups. Related to the <a href="/wiki/Asii" title="Asii">Asii</a> who had invaded <a href="/wiki/Bactria" title="Bactria">Bactria</a> in the 2nd century BCE, the Alans were pushed west by the <a href="/wiki/Kangju" title="Kangju">Kangju</a> people (known to Graeco-Roman authors as the Ἰαξάρται Iaxártai in Greek, and the Iaxartae in Latin), the latter of whom were living in the <a href="/wiki/Syr_Darya" title="Syr Darya">Syr Darya</a> basin, from where they expanded their rule from Fergana to the Aral Sea region.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_Alans">Early Alans</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alans&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Early Alans">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Assimilation_of_Baltic_and_Aryan_Peoples_by_Uralic_Speakers_in_the_Middle_and_Upper_Volga_Basin_(Shaded_Relief_BG).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Assimilation_of_Baltic_and_Aryan_Peoples_by_Uralic_Speakers_in_the_Middle_and_Upper_Volga_Basin_%28Shaded_Relief_BG%29.png/220px-Assimilation_of_Baltic_and_Aryan_Peoples_by_Uralic_Speakers_in_the_Middle_and_Upper_Volga_Basin_%28Shaded_Relief_BG%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Assimilation_of_Baltic_and_Aryan_Peoples_by_Uralic_Speakers_in_the_Middle_and_Upper_Volga_Basin_%28Shaded_Relief_BG%29.png/330px-Assimilation_of_Baltic_and_Aryan_Peoples_by_Uralic_Speakers_in_the_Middle_and_Upper_Volga_Basin_%28Shaded_Relief_BG%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Assimilation_of_Baltic_and_Aryan_Peoples_by_Uralic_Speakers_in_the_Middle_and_Upper_Volga_Basin_%28Shaded_Relief_BG%29.png/440px-Assimilation_of_Baltic_and_Aryan_Peoples_by_Uralic_Speakers_in_the_Middle_and_Upper_Volga_Basin_%28Shaded_Relief_BG%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1164" data-file-height="585" /></a><figcaption>Scythians and related Northeastern Iranic peoples in the Iron Age highlighted in green.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roman_Empire_125.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Roman_Empire_125.png/330px-Roman_Empire_125.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Roman_Empire_125.png/495px-Roman_Empire_125.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Roman_Empire_125.png/660px-Roman_Empire_125.png 2x" data-file-width="2186" data-file-height="1817" /></a><figcaption>Europe, 117–138 CE, when the Alani were concentrated north of the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Mountains" title="Caucasus Mountains">Caucasus Mountains</a> (centre right).</figcaption></figure> The first mentions of names that historians link with the Alani appear at almost the same time in texts from the Mediterranean, Middle East and China.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlemany2000?-30">[30]</a> In the 1st century CE, the Alans migrated westwards from <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>, achieving a dominant position among the Sarmatians living between the <a href="/wiki/Don_River_(Russia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Don River (Russia)">Don River</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Osprey10-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Zadneprovskiy467-5">[5]</a> The Alans are mentioned in the Vologases inscription which reads that <a href="/wiki/Vologases_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Vologases I">Vologases I</a>, the Parthian king between around  45 and 78 CE, in the 11th year of his reign (62 CE), battled <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuluk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kuluk (page does not exist)">Kuluk</a>, king of the Alani.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> The 1st century CE Jewish historian <a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a> supplements this inscription. Josephus reports in the Jewish Wars (book 7, ch. 7.4) how Alans (whom he calls a "<a href="/wiki/Scythia" title="Scythia">Scythian</a>" tribe) living near the <a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Azov" title="Sea of Azov">Sea of Azov</a> crossed the <a href="/wiki/Gates_of_Alexander" title="Gates of Alexander">Iron Gates</a> for plunder (72 CE) and defeated the armies of <a href="/wiki/Pacorus_of_Media_Atropatene" title="Pacorus of Media Atropatene">Pacorus</a>, king of <a href="/wiki/Medes" title="Medes">Media</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tiridates_I_of_Armenia" title="Tiridates I of Armenia">Tiridates</a>, King of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(antiquity)" title="Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)">Armenia</a>, two brothers of <a href="/wiki/Vologases_I_of_Parthia" title="Vologases I of Parthia">Vologeses I</a> (for whom the above-mentioned inscription was made): <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Now there was a nation of the Alans, which we have formerly mentioned somewhere as being Scythians, and living around <a href="/wiki/Tanais" title="Tanais">Tanais</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Azov" title="Sea of Azov">Lake Maeotis</a>. This nation about this time laid a design of falling upon <a href="/wiki/Medes" title="Medes">Media</a>, and the parts beyond it, in order to plunder them; with which intention they treated with the king of <a href="/wiki/Hyrcania" title="Hyrcania">Hyrcania</a>; for he was master of that <a href="/wiki/Darial_Gorge" title="Darial Gorge">passage</a> which king <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander</a> shut up with iron gates. This king gave them leave to come through them; so they came in great multitudes, and fell upon the <a href="/wiki/Medes" title="Medes">Medes</a> unexpectedly, and plundered their country, which they found full of people, and replenished with abundance of cattle, while nobody dared make any resistance against them; for Pacorus, the king of the country, had fled away for fear into places where they could not easily come at him, and had yielded up everything he had to them, and had only saved his wife and his concubines from them, and that with difficulty also, after they had been made captives, by giving a hundred talents for their ransom. These Alans therefore plundered the country without opposition, and with great ease, and proceeded as far as Armenia, laying waste all before them. Now, Tiridates was king of that country, who met them and fought them but was lucky not to have been taken alive in the battle; for a certain man threw a noose over him and would soon have drawn him in, had he not immediately cut the cord with his sword and escaped. So the Alans, being still more provoked by this sight, laid waste the country, and drove a great multitude of the men, and a great quantity of the other booty from both kingdoms, along with them, and then retreated back to their own country.</blockquote> The fact that the Alans invaded <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthia</a> through <a href="/wiki/Hyrcania" title="Hyrcania">Hyrcania</a> shows that at the time many Alans were still based north-east of the Caspian Sea.<a href="#cite_note-Osprey10-4">[4]</a> By the early 2nd century CE the Alans were in firm control of the <a href="/wiki/Volga_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Volga River">Lower Volga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kuban_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuban River">Kuban</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Osprey10-4">[4]</a> These lands had earlier been occupied by the <a href="/wiki/Aorsi" title="Aorsi">Aorsi</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Siraces" title="Siraces">Siraces</a>, whom the Alans apparently absorbed, dispersed and/or destroyed, since they were no longer mentioned in contemporaneous accounts.<a href="#cite_note-Osprey10-4">[4]</a> It is likely that the Alans' influence stretched further westwards, encompassing most of the Sarmatian world, which by then possessed a relatively homogenous culture.<a href="#cite_note-Osprey10-4">[4]</a> In 135 CE, the Alans made a huge raid into <a href="/wiki/Asia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Minor">Asia Minor</a> via the Caucasus, ravaging Media and Armenia.<a href="#cite_note-Osprey10-4">[4]</a> They were eventually driven back by <a href="/wiki/Arrian" title="Arrian">Arrian</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Roman_governor" title="Roman governor">governor</a> of <a href="/wiki/Cappadocia_(Roman_province)" title="Cappadocia (Roman province)">Cappadocia</a>, who wrote a detailed report (Ektaxis kata Alanoon or 'War Against the Alans') that is a major source for studying Roman <a href="/wiki/Military_tactics" title="Military tactics">military tactics</a>. From 215 to 250, the <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic</a> <a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Goths</a> expanded south-eastwards and broke the Alan dominance on the <a href="/wiki/Pontic_Steppe" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontic Steppe">Pontic Steppe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Osprey10-4">[4]</a> The Alans however seem to have had a significant influence on the culture of the Goths, who became excellent horsemen and adopted the Alanic animal style art.<a href="#cite_note-Osprey10-4">[4]</a> (The Roman Empire, during the chaos of the 3rd century civil wars, suffered damaging raids by the Gothic armies with their heavy cavalry before the <a href="/wiki/Illyrian_Emperors" class="mw-redirect" title="Illyrian Emperors">Illyrian Emperors</a> adapted to the Gothic tactics, reorganized and expanded the Roman heavy cavalry, and defeated the Goths under <a href="/wiki/Gallienus" title="Gallienus">Gallienus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Claudius_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Claudius II">Claudius II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aurelian" title="Aurelian">Aurelian</a>.) After the Gothic entry to the steppe, many of the Alans seem to have retreated eastwards towards the Don, where they seem to have established contacts with the <a href="/wiki/Huns" title="Huns">Huns</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Osprey10-4">[4]</a> Ammianus writes that the Alans were "somewhat like the Huns, but in their manner of life and their habits they are less savage."<a href="#cite_note-Osprey10-4">[4]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jordanes" title="Jordanes">Jordanes</a> contrasted them with the Huns, noting that the Alans "were their equals in battle, but unlike them in their civilisation, manners and appearance".<a href="#cite_note-Osprey10-4">[4]</a> In the late 4th century, <a href="/wiki/Publius_Flavius_Vegetius_Renatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Publius Flavius Vegetius Renatus">Vegetius</a> conflates Alans and Huns in his military treatise –  Hunnorum Alannorumque natio, the "nation of Huns and Alans" – and collocates Goths, Huns and Alans, exemplo Gothorum et Alannorum Hunnorumque.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> The 4th century Roman historian <a href="/wiki/Ammianus_Marcellinus" title="Ammianus Marcellinus">Ammianus Marcellinus</a> noted that the Alans were "formerly called <a href="/wiki/Massagetae" title="Massagetae">Massagetae</a>,"<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> while <a href="/wiki/Dio_Cassius" class="mw-redirect" title="Dio Cassius">Dio Cassius</a> wrote that "they are Massagetae."<a href="#cite_note-Osprey10-4">[4]</a> It is likely that the Alans were an amalgamation of various <a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranian peoples</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Sarmatians" title="Sarmatians">Sarmatians</a>, Massagetae and <a href="/wiki/Saka" title="Saka">Sakas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Osprey10-4">[4]</a> Scholars have connected the Alans to the nomadic state of <a href="/wiki/Yancai" title="Yancai">Yancai</a> mentioned in <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">Chinese</a> sources.<a href="#cite_note-Zadneprovskiy465-7">[7]</a> The Yancai are first mentioned in connection with late 2nd century BCE diplomat <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Qian" title="Zhang Qian">Zhang Qian's</a> travels in Chapter 123 of <a href="/wiki/Shiji" title="Shiji">Shiji</a> (whose author, <a href="/wiki/Sima_Qian" title="Sima Qian">Sima Qian</a>, died c. 90 BCE).<a href="#cite_note-Zadneprovskiy465-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> The Yancai of Chinese records has again been equated with the <a href="/wiki/Aorsi" title="Aorsi">Aorsi</a>, a powerful Sarmatian tribe living between the <a href="/wiki/Don_River_(Russia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Don River (Russia)">Don River</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Aral_Sea" title="Aral Sea">Aral Sea</a>, mentioned in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a> records, in particular <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Zadneprovskiy465-7">[7]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Link_to_Yancai_(奄蔡)_/_Hesu_(闔蘇)_/_Alan_(阿蘭)">Link to Yancai (奄蔡) / Hesu (闔蘇) / Alan (阿蘭)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alans&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Link to Yancai (奄蔡) / Hesu (闔蘇) / Alan (阿蘭)">edit</a>]</div> The Later <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a> Chinese chronicle, the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Later_Han" class="mw-redirect" title="Book of Later Han">Hou Hanshu</a>, 88 (covering the period 25–220 and completed in the 5th century), mentioned a report that the Yancai nation (奄蔡 lit "Vast Steppes" or "Extensive Grasslands" < <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Han_Chinese" title="Eastern Han Chinese">LHC</a> *ʔɨamB-sɑC; a.k.a. Hesu (闔蘇), compare <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> Abzoae,<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> identified with the <a href="/wiki/Aorsi" title="Aorsi">Aorsi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> Αορσιοι)<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a>) had become a vassal state of the <a href="/wiki/Kangju" title="Kangju">Kangju</a> and was now known as Alan (< LHC: *ʔɑ-lɑn 阿蘭)<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[a]</a> Y. A. Zadneprovskiy suggests that the Kangju subjugation of Yancai occurred in the 1st century BCE, and that this subjugation caused various Sarmatian tribes, including the Aorsi, to migrate westwards, which played a major role in starting the <a href="/wiki/Migration_Period" title="Migration Period">Migration Period</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Zadneprovskiy465-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-Zadneprovskiy463-45">[44]</a> The 3rd century <a href="/wiki/Weil%C3%BCe" title="Weilüe">Weilüe</a> also notes that Yancai was then known to be Alans, although they were no longer vassals of the Kangju.<a href="#cite_note-46">[45]</a> Dutch Sinologist <a href="/wiki/A._F._P._Hulsew%C3%A9" title="A. F. P. Hulsewé">A. F. P. Hulsewé</a> noted that:<a href="#cite_note-47">[46]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Chavannes (1905), p. 558, note 5, approves of the identification of Yen-ts’ai with the ‘Αορσοι mentioned by Strabo, as proposed by Hirth (1885), p. 139, note 1 ; he believes this identification to be strengthened by the later name Alan, which explains Ptolemy's "Alanorsi". Marquart (1905), pp. 240–241, did not accept this identification, but Pulleyblank (1963), pp. 99 and 220, does, referring for additional support to HSPC 70.6b where the name Ho-su 闔蘇, reconstructed in ‘Old Chinese’ as ĥa̱p-sa̱ĥ, can be compared with Abzoae found in Pliny VI, 38 (see also Pulleyblank (1968), p. 252). Also Humbach (1969), pp. 39–40, accepts the identification, though with some reserve.</blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Migration_to_Gaul">Migration to Gaul</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alans&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Migration to Gaul">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Butler_Migrations_of_the_Barbarians.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Butler_Migrations_of_the_Barbarians.jpg/220px-Butler_Migrations_of_the_Barbarians.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Butler_Migrations_of_the_Barbarians.jpg/330px-Butler_Migrations_of_the_Barbarians.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Butler_Migrations_of_the_Barbarians.jpg/440px-Butler_Migrations_of_the_Barbarians.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2984" data-file-height="1995" /></a><figcaption>The migrations of the Alans during the 4th–5th centuries CE, from their homeland in the <a href="/wiki/North_Caucasus" title="North Caucasus">North Caucasus</a></figcaption></figure> Around 370, according to Ammianus, the peaceful relations between the Alans and Huns were broken, after the Huns attacked the Don Alans, killing many of them and establishing an alliance with the survivors.<a href="#cite_note-Osprey10-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[47]</a> These Alans successfully invaded the Goths in 375 together with the Huns.<a href="#cite_note-Osprey10-4">[4]</a> They subsequently accompanied the Huns in their westward expansion.<a href="#cite_note-Osprey10-4">[4]</a> Following the Hunnic invasion in 370, other Alans, along with other <a href="/wiki/Sarmatians" title="Sarmatians">Sarmatians</a>, migrated westward.<a href="#cite_note-Osprey10-4">[4]</a> One of these Alan groups fought together with the Goths in the decisive <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Adrianople" title="Battle of Adrianople">Battle of Adrianople</a> in 378 CE, in which <a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Valens" title="Valens">Valens</a> was killed.<a href="#cite_note-Osprey10-4">[4]</a> As the Roman Empire <a href="/wiki/Decline_of_the_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Decline of the Roman Empire">continued to decline</a>, the Alans split into various groups; some fought for the Romans while others joined the Huns, <a href="/wiki/Visigoths" title="Visigoths">Visigoths</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ostrogoths" title="Ostrogoths">Ostrogoths</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Osprey10-4">[4]</a> A portion of the western Alans joined the <a href="/wiki/Vandals" title="Vandals">Vandals</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Suebi" title="Suebi">Suebi</a> in their invasion of Roman <a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Gaul</a>. <a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Tours" title="Gregory of Tours">Gregory of Tours</a> mentions in his <a href="/wiki/Liber_historiae_Francorum" class="mw-redirect" title="Liber historiae Francorum">Liber historiae Francorum</a> ("Book of <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Frankish</a> History") that the Alan king <a href="/wiki/Respendial" title="Respendial">Respendial</a> saved the day for the <a href="/wiki/Vandals" title="Vandals">Vandals</a> in an armed encounter with the <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Franks</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Crossing_of_the_Rhine" title="Crossing of the Rhine">crossing of the Rhine</a> on December 31, 406). According to Gregory, another group of Alans, led by <a href="/wiki/Goar" title="Goar">Goar</a>, crossed the Rhine at the same time, but immediately joined the Romans and settled in Gaul. Under Beorgor (Beorgor rex Alanorum), they moved throughout Gaul, till the reign of <a href="/wiki/Petronius_Maximus" title="Petronius Maximus">Petronius Maximus</a>, when they crossed the <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a> in the winter of 464, into <a href="/wiki/Liguria" title="Liguria">Liguria</a>, but were there <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bergamo" title="Battle of Bergamo">defeated</a>, and Beorgor slain, by <a href="/wiki/Ricimer" title="Ricimer">Ricimer</a>, commander of the Emperor's forces.<a href="#cite_note-49">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[49]</a> In 442, after it became clear to <a href="/wiki/Flavius_Aetius" title="Flavius Aetius">Aetius</a> that he could no longer rely upon the <a href="/wiki/Huns" title="Huns">Huns</a> for support, he turned to <a href="/wiki/Goar" title="Goar">Goar</a> and persuaded him to move some of his people to settlements in the <a href="/wiki/Orl%C3%A9anais" title="Orléanais">Orleanais</a> in order to control the <a href="/wiki/Bacaudae" class="mw-redirect" title="Bacaudae">bacaudae</a> of <a href="/wiki/Armorica" title="Armorica">Armorica</a> and to keep the <a href="/wiki/Visigoths" title="Visigoths">Visigoths</a> from expanding their territories northward across the <a href="/wiki/Loire" title="Loire">Loire</a>. <a href="/wiki/Goar" title="Goar">Goar</a> settled a substantial number of his followers in the <a href="/wiki/Orl%C3%A9anais" title="Orléanais">Orleanais</a> and the area to the north and personally moved his own capital to the city of <a href="/wiki/Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Orléans">Orleans</a>.<a href="#cite_note-51">[50]</a> Under Goar, they allied with the <a href="/wiki/Burgundians" title="Burgundians">Burgundians</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Gundaharius" class="mw-redirect" title="Gundaharius">Gundaharius</a>, with whom they installed the Emperor <a href="/wiki/Jovinus" title="Jovinus">Jovinus</a> as usurper. Under Goar's successor <a href="/wiki/Sangiban" title="Sangiban">Sangiban</a>, the Alans of <a href="/wiki/Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Orléans">Orléans</a> played a critical role in repelling the invasion of <a href="/wiki/Attila_the_Hun" class="mw-redirect" title="Attila the Hun">Attila the Hun</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ch%C3%A2lons" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Châlons">Battle of Châlons</a>. In 463 the Alans defeated the <a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Goths</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Orleans_(463)" title="Battle of Orleans (463)">battle of Orléans</a>, and they later defeated the <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Franks</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Childeric_I" title="Childeric I">Childeric</a> in 466.<a href="#cite_note-52">[51]</a> Around 502–503 <a href="/wiki/Clovis_I" title="Clovis I">Clovis</a> attacked <a href="/wiki/Armorica" title="Armorica">Armorica</a> but was defeated by the Alans. However, the Alans, who were <a href="/wiki/Chalcedonian" class="mw-redirect" title="Chalcedonian">Chalcedonian</a> Christians like Clovis, desired cordial relations with him to counterbalance the hostile <a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arian</a> <a href="/wiki/Visigoths" title="Visigoths">Visigoths</a> who coveted the land north of the <a href="/wiki/Loire" title="Loire">Loire</a>. Therefore, an accord was arranged by which Clovis came to rule the various peoples of Armorica and the military strength of the area was integrated into the Merovingian military.<a href="#cite_note-:0-53">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hispania_and_Africa">Hispania and Africa</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alans&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Hispania and Africa">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alan_kingdom_hispania.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Alan_kingdom_hispania.png/280px-Alan_kingdom_hispania.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Alan_kingdom_hispania.png/420px-Alan_kingdom_hispania.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Alan_kingdom_hispania.png/560px-Alan_kingdom_hispania.png 2x" data-file-width="1066" data-file-height="786" /></a><figcaption>Kingdom of the Alans in Hispania (409–426 CE).</figcaption></figure> Following the fortunes of the <a href="/wiki/Vandals" title="Vandals">Vandals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Suebi" title="Suebi">Suebi</a> into the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Iberian peninsula">Iberian peninsula</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hispania" title="Hispania">Hispania</a>, comprising modern Portugal and Spain) in 409,<a href="#cite_note-54">[53]</a> the Alans led by Respendial settled in the provinces of <a href="/wiki/Lusitania" title="Lusitania">Lusitania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hispania_Carthaginensis" title="Hispania Carthaginensis">Carthaginensis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-55">[54]</a> The Kingdom of the Alans was among the first <a href="/wiki/Barbarian_kingdoms" title="Barbarian kingdoms">Barbarian kingdoms</a> to be founded. The <a href="/wiki/Silingi" title="Silingi">Siling</a> Vandals settled in <a href="/wiki/Baetica" class="mw-redirect" title="Baetica">Baetica</a>, the Suebi in coastal <a href="/wiki/Gallaecia" title="Gallaecia">Gallaecia</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Hasdingi" title="Hasdingi">Asding</a> Vandals in the rest of Gallaecia. Although the newcomers controlled Hispania they were still a tiny minority among a larger Hispano-Roman population, approximately 200,000 out of 6,000,000.<a href="#cite_note-EB_Spain-9">[9]</a> In 418 (or 426 according to some authors<a href="#cite_note-56">[55]</a>), the Alan king, <a href="/wiki/Attaces" title="Attaces">Attaces</a>, was killed in battle against the Visigoths, and this branch of the Alans subsequently appealed to the Asding Vandal king <a href="/wiki/Gunderic" title="Gunderic">Gunderic</a> to accept the Alan crown. The separate ethnic identity of Respendial's Alans dissolved.<a href="#cite_note-57">[56]</a> Although some of these Alans are thought to have remained in <a href="/wiki/Iberian_peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Iberian peninsula">Iberia</a>, most went to North Africa with the <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Carthage_(439)" title="Capture of Carthage (439)">Vandals in 429</a>. Later the rulers of the <a href="/wiki/Vandal_Kingdom" title="Vandal Kingdom">Vandal Kingdom</a> in North Africa styled themselves Rex Wandalorum et Alanorum ("King of the Vandals and Alans").<a href="#cite_note-Latham-58">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-Chrysos-59">[58]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vandal_alan_kingdom_526.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Vandal_alan_kingdom_526.png/280px-Vandal_alan_kingdom_526.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Vandal_alan_kingdom_526.png/420px-Vandal_alan_kingdom_526.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Vandal_alan_kingdom_526.png/560px-Vandal_alan_kingdom_526.png 2x" data-file-width="1036" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>Kingdom of the Vandals and Alans in North Africa (526 CE).</figcaption></figure> There are some vestiges of the Alans in Portugal,<a href="#cite_note-60">[59]</a> namely in <a href="/wiki/Alenquer,_Portugal" title="Alenquer, Portugal">Alenquer</a> (whose name may be Germanic for the Temple of the Alans, from "Alan Kerk",<a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a> and whose castle may have been established by them; the <a href="/wiki/Alaunt" title="Alaunt">Alaunt</a> is still represented in that city's coat of arms), in the construction of the castles of <a href="/wiki/Castelo_de_Torres_Vedras" title="Castelo de Torres Vedras">Torres Vedras</a> and <a href="/wiki/Castle_of_Almourol" title="Castle of Almourol">Almourol</a>, and in the city walls of <a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a>, where vestiges of their presence may be found under the foundations of the <a href="/wiki/Igreja_de_Santa_Luzia_(Lisbon)" title="Igreja de Santa Luzia (Lisbon)">Church of Santa Luzia</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In the Iberian peninsula the Alans settled in <a href="/wiki/Lusitania" title="Lusitania">Lusitania</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alentejo" title="Alentejo">Alentejo</a>) and the Cartaginense provinces. They became known in retrospect for their massive hunting and fighting running <a href="/wiki/Mastiff" title="Mastiff">mastiff</a>-type dogs, the <a href="/wiki/Alaunt" title="Alaunt">Alaunt</a>, which they apparently introduced to Europe. The breed is extinct, but its name is carried by a Spanish breed of dog still called <a href="/wiki/Alano_Espa%C3%B1ol" title="Alano Español">Alano</a>, traditionally used in <a href="/wiki/Boar" class="mw-redirect" title="Boar">boar</a> hunting and <a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">cattle</a> herding. The Alano name, however, has historically been used for a number of dog breeds in a few European countries thought to descend from the original dog of the Alans, such as the German mastiff (<a href="/wiki/Great_Dane" title="Great Dane">Great Dane</a>) and the French <a href="/wiki/Dogue_de_Bordeaux" title="Dogue de Bordeaux">Dogue de Bordeaux</a>, among others.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medieval_Alania">Medieval Alania</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alans&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Medieval Alania">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Alania" title="Alania">Alania</a></div> The Alans who remained in their original area of settlement north of the Caucasus (and for a time east of the <a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a> as well), came into contact and conflict with the <a href="/wiki/Bulgars" title="Bulgars">Bulgars</a>, the <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kturks" class="mw-redirect" title="Gökturks">Gökturks</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Khazars" title="Khazars">Khazars</a>, who drove most of them from the plains and into the mountains.<a href="#cite_note-EI2-62">[61]</a> The Alans converted to <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a> <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Orthodoxy</a> in the first quarter of the 10th century, during the patriarchate of <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_I_Mystikos" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas I Mystikos">Nicholas I Mystikos</a>. <a href="/wiki/Al-Mas%E2%80%98udi" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Mas‘udi">Al-Mas‘udi</a> reports that they apostasized in 932, but this seems to have been short-lived. The Alans are collectively mentioned as Byzantine-rite Christians in the 13th century.<a href="#cite_note-EI2-62">[61]</a> The Caucasian Alans were the ancestors of the modern <a href="/wiki/Ossetians" title="Ossetians">Ossetians</a>, whose ethnonym derives from the name Ās (very probably the ancient Aorsi; al-Ma'sudi mentions al-Arsiyya as guards among the Khazars, and the Rus' called the Alans Yasi), a sister tribe of the Alans. The Armenian Geography uses the name Ashtigor for the most westerly located Alans, a name which survives as Digor and still refers to the western division of the Ossetians. Furthermore, in Ossetian, Asi refers to the region around <a href="/wiki/Mount_Elbrus" title="Mount Elbrus">Mount Elbrus</a>, where they probably formerly lived.<a href="#cite_note-EI2-62">[61]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pontic_steppe_region_around_650_AD.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Pontic_steppe_region_around_650_AD.png/250px-Pontic_steppe_region_around_650_AD.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Pontic_steppe_region_around_650_AD.png/375px-Pontic_steppe_region_around_650_AD.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Pontic_steppe_region_around_650_AD.png/500px-Pontic_steppe_region_around_650_AD.png 2x" data-file-width="637" data-file-height="553" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Pontic_steppe" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontic steppe">Pontic steppe</a> in c. 650</figcaption></figure> Some of the other Alans remained under the rule of the Huns. Those of the eastern division, though dispersed about the steppes until late <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">medieval</a> times, were forced by the <a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongols</a> into the Caucasus, where they remain as the Ossetians. Between the 9th and 12th centuries, they formed a network of tribal alliances that gradually evolved into the Christian kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Alania" title="Alania">Alania</a>. Most Alans submitted to the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a> in 1239–1277. They participated in <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Europe" title="Mongol invasion of Europe">Mongol invasions of Europe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_the_Song_dynasty" title="Mongol conquest of the Song dynasty">the Song dynasty in Southern China</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kulikovo" title="Battle of Kulikovo">Battle of Kulikovo</a> under <a href="/wiki/Mamai" title="Mamai">Mamai</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a>.<a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] In 1253, the Franciscan friar <a href="/wiki/William_of_Rubruck" title="William of Rubruck">William of Rubruck</a> reported numerous <a href="/wiki/Europeans_in_Medieval_China" title="Europeans in Medieval China">Europeans in Central Asia</a>. It is also known that 30,000 Alans formed the royal guard (<a href="/wiki/Asud" title="Asud">Asud</a>) of the <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan</a> court in <a href="/wiki/Khanbaliq" title="Khanbaliq">Dadu</a> (Beijing). <a href="/wiki/Marco_Polo" title="Marco Polo">Marco Polo</a> later reported their role in the Yuan dynasty in his book <a href="/wiki/Il_Milione" class="mw-redirect" title="Il Milione">Il Milione</a>. It is said that those Alans contributed to a modern Mongol clan, <a href="/wiki/Asud" title="Asud">Asud</a>. <a href="/wiki/John_of_Montecorvino" title="John of Montecorvino">John of Montecorvino</a>, archbishop of Dadu (Khanbaliq), reportedly <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism in China">converted many Alans to Roman Catholic Christianity</a> in addition to <a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_China" title="Armenians in China">Armenians in China</a>.<a href="#cite_note-64">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[64]</a> In Poland and Lithuania, Alans were also part of the powerful <a href="/wiki/Clan_of_Ostoja" title="Clan of Ostoja">Clan of Ostoja</a>. According to the missionary <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_da_Pian_del_Carpine" title="Giovanni da Pian del Carpine">Pian de Carpine</a>, a part of the Alans had successfully resisted a Mongol siege on a mountain for 12 years:<a href="#cite_note-66">[65]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">When they (the Mongols) begin to besiege a fortress, they besiege it for many years, as it happens today with one mountain in the land of the Alans. We believe they have been besieging it for twelve years and they (the Alans) put up courageous resistance and killed many Tatars, including many noble ones.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Giovanni da Pian del Carpine, report from 1250</cite></div></blockquote> This twelve-year-long siege is not found in any other report, however the Russian historian A. I. Krasnov connected this battle with two <a href="/wiki/Chechen_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Chechen people">Chechen</a> folktales he recorded in 1967 that spoke of an old hunter named Idig who with his companions defended the <a href="/wiki/Tebulosmta" title="Tebulosmta">Dakuoh</a> mountain for 12 years against Tatar-Mongols. He also reported to have found several arrowheads and spears from the 13th century near the very mountain the battle took place at:<a href="#cite_note-67">[66]</a> Against the Alans and the Cumans (Kipchaks), the Mongols used divide-and-conquer tactics by first telling the Cumans to stop allying with the Alans and, after the Cumans followed their suggestion, the Mongols then attacked the Cumans<a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a> after defeating the Alans.<a href="#cite_note-69">[68]</a> Alans were recruited into the Mongol forces with one unit called "Right Alan Guard" which was combined with "recently surrendered" soldiers, Mongols, and Chinese soldiers stationed in the area of the former <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Qocho" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Qocho">Kingdom of Qocho</a> and in Besh Balikh the Mongols established a Chinese military colony led by Chinese general Qi Kongzhi (Ch'i Kung-chih).<a href="#cite_note-Rossabi1983-70">[69]</a> Alan and Kipchak guards were used by Kublai Khan.<a href="#cite_note-Nicolle2004-71">[70]</a> In 1368 at the end of the Yuan dynasty in China Toghan Temür was accompanied by his faithful Alan guards.<a href="#cite_note-Hatto1991-72">[71]</a> Mangu enlisted in his bodyguard half the troops of the Alan prince, Arslan, whose younger son Nicholas took a part in the expedition of the Mongols against Karajang (Yunnan). This Alan imperial guard was still in existence in 1272, 1286 and 1309, and it was divided into two corps with headquarters in the Ling pei province (Karakorúm).<a href="#cite_note-Yule1915-73">[72]</a> The French-Flemish friar and traveler William of Rubruck mentions Alans numerous times in the account of his 1253–1255 journey through <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Great_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Khan">Great Khan</a>, e.g. Alans living as Mongol subjects in <a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Crimea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xacitarxan" title="Xacitarxan">Old Astrakhan</a>, the Khan's capital <a href="/wiki/Karakorum" title="Karakorum">Karakorum</a>, and also still as freemen in their Caucasian homeland ("the Alans or Aas, who are Christians and still fight the Tartars").<a href="#cite_note-74">[73]</a> The reason why the earlier Persian word tersa was gradually abandoned by the Mongols in favour of the Syro-Greek word arkon, when speaking of Christians, manifestly is that no specifically Greek Church was ever heard of in China until the Russians had been conquered; besides, there were large bodies of Russian and Alan guards at Peking throughout the last half of the thirteenth and first half of the fourteenth century, and the Catholics there would not be likely to encourage the use of a Persian word which was most probably applicable in the first instance to the Nestorians they found so degenerated.<a href="#cite_note-Parker1905-75">[74]</a> The Alan guards converted to Catholicism as reported by Odorico.<a href="#cite_note-Arnold1999-76">[75]</a> They were a "Russian guard".<a href="#cite_note-Makeham2008-77">[76]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cumania-Jazygia-1700s.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Cumania-Jazygia-1700s.png/220px-Cumania-Jazygia-1700s.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Cumania-Jazygia-1700s.png/330px-Cumania-Jazygia-1700s.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Cumania-Jazygia-1700s.png/440px-Cumania-Jazygia-1700s.png 2x" data-file-width="840" data-file-height="710" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A1szs%C3%A1g" title="Jászság">Jazygia</a>, inhabited by the <a href="/wiki/Jassic_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Jassic people">Jassic people</a>, in the 18th century within the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Kingdom of Hungary</a>.</figcaption></figure> It is believed that some Alans resettled to the North (<a href="/wiki/Barsils" title="Barsils">Barsils</a>), merging with <a href="/wiki/Volga_Bulgars" class="mw-redirect" title="Volga Bulgars">Volga Bulgars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Burtas" title="Burtas">Burtas</a>, eventually transforming to <a href="/wiki/Volga_Tatars" title="Volga Tatars">Volga Tatars</a>.<a href="#cite_note-78">[77]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">not specific enough to verify</a>] It is supposed that the Iasi, a group of Alans founded a town in the northeast of Romania (about 1200–1300), near the Prut river, called <a href="/wiki/Ia%C8%99i" title="Iași">Iași</a>. The latter became the capital of <a href="/wiki/Moldavia" title="Moldavia">Moldavia</a> in the Middle Ages.<a href="#cite_note-79">[78]</a> Alan mercenaries were involved in the affair with the <a href="/wiki/Catalan_Company" title="Catalan Company">Catalan Company</a>.<a href="#cite_note-80">[79]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_history">Later history</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alans&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Later history">edit</a>]</div> Descendants of the Alans who live in the autonomous republics of Russia and Georgia speak the <a href="/wiki/Ossetian_language" title="Ossetian language">Ossetian language</a> which belongs to the <a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Iranian" class="mw-redirect" title="Northeastern Iranian">Northeastern Iranian</a> language group and is the only remnant of the <a href="/wiki/Scytho-Sarmatian" class="mw-redirect" title="Scytho-Sarmatian">Scytho-Sarmatian</a> <a href="/wiki/Dialect_continuum" title="Dialect continuum">dialect continuum</a>, which once stretched over much of the <a href="/wiki/Pontic_steppe" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontic steppe">Pontic steppe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>. Modern Ossetian has two major dialects: Digor, spoken in the western part of North Ossetia; and Iron, spoken in the rest of Ossetia. A third branch of Ossetian, <a href="/wiki/Jassic_dialect" title="Jassic dialect">Jassic</a> (Jász), was formerly spoken in Hungary. The literary language, based on the <a href="/wiki/Iron_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron dialect">Iron dialect</a>, was fixed by the <a href="/wiki/List_of_national_poets" class="mw-redirect" title="List of national poets">national poet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kosta_Khetagurov" title="Kosta Khetagurov">Kosta Khetagurov</a> (1859–1906). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Physical_appearance">Physical appearance</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alans&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Physical appearance">edit</a>]</div> The fourth-century Roman historian <a href="/wiki/Ammianus_Marcellinus" title="Ammianus Marcellinus">Ammianus Marcellinus</a> wrote this on the appearance of the Alans: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Nearly all the Alani are men of great stature and beauty; their hair is somewhat yellow, their eyes are terribly fierce.<a href="#cite_note-81">[80]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genetics">Genetics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alans&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Genetics">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ossetians.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Ossetians.JPG/220px-Ossetians.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Ossetians.JPG/330px-Ossetians.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Ossetians.JPG/440px-Ossetians.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1164" /></a><figcaption>Ossetians</figcaption></figure> In a study conducted in 2014 by V. V. Ilyinskyon on bone fragments from 10 Alanic burials on the Don River, DNA could be abstracted from a total of seven. Four of them turned out to belong to yDNA Haplogroup G2 and six of them had mtDNA I. The fact that many of the samples share the same y- and mtDNA raises the possibility that the tested individuals belonged to the same tribe or even were close relatives. Nevertheless, this supports the argument for a direct Alan ancestry of <a href="/wiki/Ossetians" title="Ossetians">Ossetians</a>, competing with the hypothesis that Ossetians are alanized Caucasic-speakers, as the main haplogroup among Ossetians is also G2.<a href="#cite_note-82">[81]</a> In 2015, the Institute of Archaeology in Moscow conducted research on various Sarmato-Alan and Saltovo-Mayaki culture Kurgan burials. In this analysis, the two Alan samples from the 4th to 6th century CE had yDNAs G2a-P15 and R1a-z94, while from the three Sarmatian samples from 2nd to 3rd century CE two had yDNA J1-M267 and one possessed R1a.<a href="#cite_note-83">[82]</a> Also, the three Saltovo-Mayaki samples from 8th to 9th century CE turned out to have yDNAs G, J2a-M410 and R1a-z94 respectively.<a href="#cite_note-84">[83]</a> A genetic study published in <a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a> in May 2018 examined the remains of six Alans buried in the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> from c. 100 CE to 1400 CE. The sample of Y-DNA extracted belonged to <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_R1" title="Haplogroup R1">haplogroup R1</a> and <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_Q-M242" title="Haplogroup Q-M242">haplogroup Q-M242</a>. One of the <a href="/wiki/Q-M242" class="mw-redirect" title="Q-M242">Q-M242</a> samples found in Beslan, North Ossetia from 200 CE found 4 relatives among <a href="/wiki/Chechens" title="Chechens">Chechens</a> from the Shoanoy Teip.<a href="#cite_note-85">[84]</a> The samples of mtDNA extracted belonged to <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_HV_(mtDNA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup HV (mtDNA)">HV2a1</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_U_(mtDNA)#Haplogroup_U4" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup U (mtDNA)">U4d3</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_X_(mtDNA)" title="Haplogroup X (mtDNA)">X2f</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_H_(mtDNA)" title="Haplogroup H (mtDNA)">H13a2c</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_H_(mtDNA)#H5" title="Haplogroup H (mtDNA)">H5</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_W_(mtDNA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup W (mtDNA)">W1</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDamgaard_et_al.2018-86">[85]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Archaeology">Archaeology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alans&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Archaeology">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Alans" title="Special:EditPage/Alans">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>. (June 2015) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> Archaeological finds support the written sources. P. D. Rau (1927) first identified late Sarmatian sites with the historical Alans. Based on the archaeological material, they were one of the Iranian-speaking nomadic tribes that began to enter the Sarmatian area between the middle of the 1st and the 2nd centuries. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language">Language</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alans&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Language">edit</a>]</div> The ancient language of the Alans was an <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Iranian" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Iranian">Eastern Iranian dialect</a> either identical, or at least closely related, to ancient Eastern Iranian languages.<a href="#cite_note-87">[86]</a> This is confirmed by comparison of the word for horse in various Indo-Iranian languages and the reconstructed Alanic word for horse:<a href="#cite_note-88">[87]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Language </th> <th>Affiliation </th> <th>Horse </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Alanian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Alanian language">Alanic</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>*aspa </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_language" title="Lithuanian language">Lithuanian</a> </td> <td>Baltic </td> <td>ašvà </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> </td> <td>Indo-Aryan </td> <td>áśva </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Khotanese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Khotanese language">Khotanese</a> </td> <td>Northeastern Iranian </td> <td>aśśa </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pashto" title="Pashto">Pashto</a> </td> <td>East Iranian </td> <td>ās </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ossetian_language" title="Ossetian language">Ossetian</a> </td> <td>Northeastern Iranian </td> <td>efs </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Wakhi_language" title="Wakhi language">Wakhi</a> </td> <td>Northeastern Iranian </td> <td>yaš </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Yaghnobi_language" title="Yaghnobi language">Yaghnobi</a> </td> <td>Northeastern Iranian </td> <td>asp </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Avestan" title="Avestan">Avestan</a> </td> <td>Southeastern Iranian </td> <td>aspa </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Balochi_language" title="Balochi language">Balochi</a> </td> <td>Northwestern Iranian </td> <td>asp </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish languages">Kurdî</a> </td> <td>Northwestern Iranian </td> <td>hesp </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Median_language" title="Median language">Median</a> </td> <td>Northwestern Iranian </td> <td>aspa </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Old_Persian" title="Old Persian">Old Persian</a> </td> <td>Southwestern Iranian </td> <td>asa </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian" title="Middle Persian">Middle Persian</a> </td> <td>Southwestern Iranian </td> <td>asp </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> </td> <td>Southwestern Iranian </td> <td>asb </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion">Religion</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alans&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Religion">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Assumpt_monastery_church.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Assumpt_monastery_church.JPG/220px-Assumpt_monastery_church.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Assumpt_monastery_church.JPG/330px-Assumpt_monastery_church.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Assumpt_monastery_church.JPG/440px-Assumpt_monastery_church.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2604" data-file-height="2040" /></a><figcaption>Orthodox church in <a href="/wiki/North_Ossetia-Alania" class="mw-redirect" title="North Ossetia-Alania">North Ossetia-Alania</a></figcaption></figure> Prior to their Christianisation, the Alans were Indo-Iranian <a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">polytheists</a>, subscribing either to the poorly understood <a href="/wiki/Scythian_religion" title="Scythian religion">Scythian pantheon</a> or to a polytheistic form of <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a>. Some traditions were directly inherited from the Scythians, like embodying their dominant god in elaborate rituals.<a href="#cite_note-89">[88]</a> In the 4th–5th centuries the Alans were at least partially Christianized by Byzantine missionaries of the <a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arian</a> church. In the 13th century, invading <a href="/wiki/Mongol" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongol">Mongol</a> hordes pushed the eastern Alans further south into the Caucasus, where they mixed with native Caucasian groups and successively formed three territorial entities each with different developments. Around 1395, <a href="/wiki/Timur" title="Timur">Timur</a>'s army invaded the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Caucasus" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Caucasus">Northern Caucasus</a> and massacred much of the Alanian population. As time went by, <a href="/wiki/Digor_(people)" class="mw-redirect" title="Digor (people)">Digor</a> in the west came under <a href="/wiki/Kabard" class="mw-redirect" title="Kabard">Kabard</a> and <a href="/wiki/Islamic" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic">Islamic</a> influence. It was through the <a href="/wiki/Kabard" class="mw-redirect" title="Kabard">Kabardians</a> (an East <a href="/wiki/Circassia" title="Circassia">Circassian</a> tribe) that <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> was introduced into the region in the 17th century. After 1767, all of Alania came under Russian rule, which strengthened <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Orthodox Christianity</a> in that region considerably. A substantial minority of today's Ossetians are followers of the traditional Ossetian religion, revived in the 1980s as <a href="/wiki/Assianism" title="Assianism">Assianism</a> (Ossetian: Uatsdin = 'true faith').<a href="#cite_note-90">[89]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alans&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Iranian_peoples" title="List of ancient Iranian peoples">List of ancient Iranian peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roxolani" title="Roxolani">Roxolani</a>, possibly a sub-set of the Alans</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossetians" title="Ossetians">Ossetians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jasz_people" title="Jasz people">Jasz people</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alans&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Explanatory notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> According to <a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Chavannes" title="Édouard Chavannes">Chavannes</a> (1907), <a href="/wiki/Weil%C3%BCe" title="Weilüe">Weilüe</a> correctly states that Yancai's alternative name is simply 阿蘭 Ālán instead of 阿蘭聊 Ālánliáo as recorded in <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Later_Han" class="mw-redirect" title="Book of Later Han">Book of Later Han</a>; as 聊 Liáo looks similar to 柳 Liǔ, the name of a separate country already mentioned before 岩 Yán & 阿蘭 Ālán.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alans&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alans&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden2009-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolden2009_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolden2009_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolden2009_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolden2009_1-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolden2009_1-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolden2009_1-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFGolden2009">Golden 2009</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbaevBailey1985801–803-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbaevBailey1985801–803_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbaevBailey1985801–803_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbaevBailey1985801–803_2-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbaevBailey1985801–803_2-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFAbaevBailey1985">Abaev & Bailey 1985</a>, pp. 801–803. </li> <li id="cite_note-WM_Alans-3"><a href="#cite_ref-WM_Alans_3-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWaldmanMason2006">Waldman & Mason 2006</a>, pp. 12–14 </li> <li id="cite_note-Osprey10-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Osprey10_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Osprey10_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Osprey10_4-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Osprey10_4-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Osprey10_4-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Osprey10_4-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Osprey10_4-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Osprey10_4-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Osprey10_4-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Osprey10_4-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Osprey10_4-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Osprey10_4-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Osprey10_4-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Osprey10_4-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Osprey10_4-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Osprey10_4-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Osprey10_4-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Osprey10_4-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Osprey10_4-18">s</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Osprey10_4-19">t</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Osprey10_4-20">u</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrzezinskiMielczarek2002">Brzezinski & Mielczarek 2002</a>, pp. 10–11 </li> <li id="cite_note-Zadneprovskiy467-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zadneprovskiy467_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zadneprovskiy467_5-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFZadneprovskiy1994">Zadneprovskiy 1994</a>, pp. 467–468 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlemany20001-6"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlemany20001_6-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAlemany2000">Alemany 2000</a>, p. 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-Zadneprovskiy465-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zadneprovskiy465_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zadneprovskiy465_7-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zadneprovskiy465_7-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zadneprovskiy465_7-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zadneprovskiy465_7-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFZadneprovskiy1994">Zadneprovskiy 1994</a>, pp. 465–467 </li> <li id="cite_note-EB_Alani-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EB_Alani_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB_Alani_8-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131104160114/http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/12171/Alani">"Alani"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a> Online. 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/12171/Alani">the original</a> on 4 November 2013. Retrieved 1 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Alani&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+Online&rft.date=2015&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fglobal.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F12171%2FAlani&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB_Spain-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EB_Spain_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB_Spain_9-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/557573/Spain/70357/Visigothic-Spain-to-c-500#ref587098">"Spain: Visigothic Spain to c. 500"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a> Online. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Inc." title="Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.">Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.</a> 2015. Retrieved 1 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Spain%3A+Visigothic+Spain+to+c.+500&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+Online&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2015&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fglobal.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F557573%2FSpain%2F70357%2FVisigothic-Spain-to-c-500%23ref587098&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB_Vandals-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EB_Vandals_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB_Vandals_10-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/622890/Vandal">"Vandal"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a> Online. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Inc." title="Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.">Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.</a> 2015. Retrieved 1 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Vandal&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+Online&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2015&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fglobal.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F622890%2FVandal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shnirelman-11"><a href="#cite_ref-Shnirelman_11-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShnirelman2006" class="citation journal cs1">Shnirelman, Victor (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://src-h.slav.hokudai.ac.jp/publictn/acta/23/02_shnirelman.pdf">"The Politics of a Name: Between Consolidation and Separation in the Northern Caucasus"</a> (PDF). Acta Slavica Iaponica. 23: 37–49.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Slavica+Iaponica&rft.atitle=The+Politics+of+a+Name%3A+Between+Consolidation+and+Separation+in+the+Northern+Caucasus&rft.volume=23&rft.pages=37-49&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Shnirelman&rft.aufirst=Victor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsrc-h.slav.hokudai.ac.jp%2Fpublictn%2Facta%2F23%2F02_shnirelman.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlemany20005–7-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlemany20005–7_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlemany20005–7_12-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlemany20005–7_12-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFAlemany2000">Alemany 2000</a>, pp. 5–7. </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> For <a href="/wiki/Ethnogenesis" title="Ethnogenesis">ethnogenesis</a>, see <a href="/wiki/Walter_Pohl" title="Walter Pohl">Walter Pohl</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kroraina.com/bulgar/pohl_etnicity.html">"Conceptions of Ethnicity in Early Medieval Studies"</a> in Debating the Middle Ages: Issues and Readings, ed. Lester K. Little and Barbara H. Rosenwein, Blackwell, 1998, pp. 13–24. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlemany20001–5-14"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlemany20001–5_14-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAlemany2000">Alemany 2000</a>, pp. 1–5. </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbaevBailey2020" class="citation cs2">Abaev, V. I.; Bailey, H. W. (26 August 2020), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-iranica-online/alans-COM_5117">"ALANS"</a>, Encyclopaedia Iranica Online, Brill, retrieved 16 November 2023</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=ALANS&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Iranica+Online&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2020-08-26&rft.aulast=Abaev&rft.aufirst=V.+I.&rft.au=Bailey%2C+H.+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freferenceworks.brillonline.com%2Fentries%2Fencyclopaedia-iranica-online%2Falans-COM_5117&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/texts/hhshu/hou_han_shu.html">"The Hou Hanshu"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Hou+Hanshu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdepts.washington.edu%2Fsilkroad%2Ftexts%2Fhhshu%2Fhou_han_shu.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/texts/weilue/weilue.html">"The Weilüe"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Weil%C3%BCe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdepts.washington.edu%2Fsilkroad%2Ftexts%2Fweilue%2Fweilue.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> Kozin, S.A., Sokrovennoe skazanie, M.-L., 1941. pp. 83–84 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlemany20001–2-19"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlemany20001–2_19-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAlemany2000">Alemany 2000</a>, pp. 1–2. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlemany200033,_99-20"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlemany200033,_99_20-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAlemany2000">Alemany 2000</a>, pp. 33, 99. </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> Abaev V. I. Historical-Etymological Dictionary of Ossetian Language. V. 1. М.–Л., 1958. pp. 47–48. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlemany20004-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlemany20004_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlemany20004_22-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFAlemany2000">Alemany 2000</a>, p. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-Mallory-23"><a href="#cite_ref-Mallory_23-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMalloryAdams1997">Mallory & Adams 1997</a>, p. 213: "Iran Alani (< *aryana) (the name of an Iranian group whose descendants are the Ossetes, one of whose subdivisions is the Iron [< *aryana-)), *aryranam (gen. pi.) ‘of the Aryans’ (> MPers Iran)." </li> <li id="cite_note-Alemany-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Alemany_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alemany_24-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFAlemany2000">Alemany 2000</a>, pp. 3–4: "Nowadays, however, only two possibilities are admitted as regards [the etymology of Alān], both closely related: (a) the adjective *aryāna- and (b) the gen. pl. *aryānām; in both cases the underlying OIran. ajective *arya- 'Aryan' is found. It is worth mentioning that although it is not possible to give an unequivocal option because both forms produce the same phonetic result, most researchers tend to favour the derivative *aryāna-, because it has a more appropriate semantic value ... The ethnic name *arya- underlying in the name of the Alans has been linked to the Av. Airiianəm Vaēǰō 'the Aryan plain'." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlemany20008-25"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlemany20008_25-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAlemany2000">Alemany 2000</a>, p. 8. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlemany20005-26"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlemany20005_26-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAlemany2000">Alemany 2000</a>, p. 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> Sergiu Bacalov, Medieval Alans in Moldova / Consideraţii privind olanii (alanii) sau iaşii din Moldova medievală. Cu accent asupra acelor din regiunea Nistrului de Jos <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://bacalovsergiu.files.wordpress.com/2016/05/download-sergiu-bacalov-considerac5a3ii-privind-olanii-alanii-sau-iac59fii-din-moldova-medievalc483.pdf">https://bacalovsergiu.files.wordpress.com/2016/05/download-sergiu-bacalov-considerac5a3ii-privind-olanii-alanii-sau-iac59fii-din-moldova-medievalc483.pdf</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlbrycht2000" class="citation book cs1">Olbrycht, Marek Jan (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/11934986">"Remarks on the Presence of Iranian Peoples in Europe and Their Asiatic Relations"</a>. Collectanea Celto-Asiatica Cracoviensia. <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a>: <a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ksi%C4%99garnia_Akademicka" class="extiw" title="pl:Księgarnia Akademicka">Księgarnia Akademicka</a>. pp. 101–104. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-371-88337-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-8-371-88337-8"><bdi>978-8-371-88337-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Remarks+on+the+Presence+of+Iranian+Peoples+in+Europe+and+Their+Asiatic+Relations&rft.btitle=Collectanea+Celto-Asiatica+Cracoviensia&rft.place=Krak%C3%B3w&rft.pages=101-104&rft.pub=Ksi%C4%99garnia+Akademicka&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-8-371-88337-8&rft.aulast=Olbrycht&rft.aufirst=Marek+Jan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F11934986&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMelyukova1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anna_Melyukova" title="Anna Melyukova">Melyukova, A. I.</a> (1990). <a href="/wiki/Denis_Sinor" title="Denis Sinor">Sinor, Denis</a> (ed.). The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia. Vol. 1. Translated by Crookenden, Julia. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>; <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. 97–117. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-24304-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-24304-9"><bdi>978-0-521-24304-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Early+Inner+Asia&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+United+Kingdom%3B+New+York+City%2C+United+States&rft.pages=97-117&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-521-24304-9&rft.aulast=Melyukova&rft.aufirst=A.+I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlemany2000?-30"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlemany2000?_30-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAlemany2000">Alemany 2000</a>, p. ?. </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lostlanguages.com/parthian.htm">"Vologeses inscription"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vologeses+inscription.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lostlanguages.com%2Fparthian.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> Vegetius 3.26, noted in passing by T.D. Barnes, "The Date of Vegetius" Phoenix 33.3 (Autumn 1979, pp. 254–257) p. 256. "The collocation of these three barbarian races does not recur a generation later", Barnes notes, in presenting a case for a late 4th-century origin for Vegetius' treatise. </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Ammianus_Marcellinus" title="Ammianus Marcellinus">Ammianus Marcellinus</a>. <a href="/wiki/Roman_History" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman History">Roman History</a>. <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Roman_History/Book_XXXI#II" class="extiw" title="s:Roman History/Book XXXI">Book XXXI. II. 12</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> Watson, Burton trans. 1993. Records of the Grand Historian by <a href="/wiki/Sima_Qian" title="Sima Qian">Sima Qian</a>. Han Dynasty II. (Revised Edition), p. 234. <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Press" title="Columbia University Press">Columbia University Press</a>. New York. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-231-08166-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-231-08166-9">0-231-08166-9</a>, <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-231-08167-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-231-08167-7">0-231-08167-7</a> (pbk.) </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYu1998" class="citation journal cs1">Yu, Taishan (July 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sino-platonic.org/complete/spp080_saka_sai.pdf">"A Study of Saka History"</a> (PDF). Sino-Platonic Papers (80). <q>Yan Shigu's 顏師古 commentary says: "Hu Guang 胡廣 adds: "Some 1,000 li to the north of Kangju was a state named Yancai, which also was named Hesu. Hence Hesu was identical with Yancai." This shows that the Yancai were also called the Hesu in the Han times.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sino-Platonic+Papers&rft.atitle=A+Study+of+Saka+History&rft.issue=80&rft.date=1998-07&rft.aulast=Yu&rft.aufirst=Taishan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sino-platonic.org%2Fcomplete%2Fspp080_saka_sai.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Natural_History_(Pliny)" title="Natural History (Pliny)">Natural History</a> IV <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/pliny_elder-natural_history/1938/pb_LCL352.365.xml">p. 365</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> Schuessler, Axel. (2009) Minimal Old Chinese and Later Han Chinese. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press. p. 348 </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Yu_Huan" title="Yu Huan">Yu Huan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Weil%C3%BCe" title="Weilüe">Weilüe</a>. draft translation by John E. Hill (2004). Translator's Notes <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/texts/weilue/notes11_30.html#11_2">11.2</a> quote: "Yăncài, already mentioned in the text as a country northwest of Kāngjū (at that time in the region of Tashkend), has long been identified with the Aorsoi of western sources, a nomadic people out of whom the well-known Alans later emerged (Pulleyblank [1962: 99, 220; 1968:252])". </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> Schuessler (2009). pp. 211, 246 </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> Hill, John E. 2003. "Annotated Translation of the Chapter on the Western Regions according to the Hou Hanshu." Revised Edition. </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%9C%8B%E5%BF%97/%E5%8D%B730#%E8%A5%BF%E6%88%8E">Weilüe: "Western Regions"</a>, quoted in Sanguozhi vol. 30 </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> Houhanshu, Vol. 88: Xiyu zhuan <a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E5%BE%8C%E6%BC%A2%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B788#%E5%A5%84%E8%94%A1%E5%9C%8B">Yancai</a>" quote: "奄蔡國，改名阿兰聊國，居地城，屬康居。土气温和，多桢松、白草。民俗衣服與康居同。" </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> Hill, John E. (translator). The Western Regions according to the Hou Hanshu: The Xiyu juan "Chapter on the Western Regions" from Hou Hanshu 88 2nd Ed <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/texts/hhshu/notes19.html">"Section 19 – The Kingdom of Alanliao 阿蘭聊 (the Alans)"</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zadneprovskiy463-45"><a href="#cite_ref-Zadneprovskiy463_45-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZadneprovskiy1994">Zadneprovskiy 1994</a>, pp. 463–464 </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/texts/weilue/weilue.html">"For an earlier version of this translation"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=For+an+earlier+version+of+this+translation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdepts.washington.edu%2Fsilkroad%2Ftexts%2Fweilue%2Fweilue.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> Hulsewé. A. F .P. (1979) China in Central Asia: The Early Stage 125 BC – AD 23: an annotated translation of chapters 61 and 96 of the History of the Former Han Dynasty. p. 129, n. 316. cited in John E. Hill. Translator's Notes <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/texts/weilue/notes11_30.html#25_3">25.3 & 25.4</a> to draft translation of <a href="/wiki/Yu_Huan" title="Yu Huan">Yu Huan</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Weil%C3%BCe" title="Weilüe">Weilüe</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> Giovanni de Marignolli, "John De' Marignolli and His Recollections of Eastern Travel", in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cathayandwaythi00marigoog">Cathay and the Way Thither: Being a Collection of Medieval Notices of China</a>, Volume 2, ed. <a href="/wiki/Henry_Yule" title="Henry Yule">Henry Yule</a> (London: The Hakluyt Society, 1866), 316–317. </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a>, Observations on Daniel and The Apocalypse of St. John (1733). </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Deacon" title="Paul the Deacon">Paul the Deacon</a>, Historia Romana, XV, 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBachrach1973" class="citation book cs1">Bachrach, Bernard S. (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aaGCbuuajFAC">A History of the Alans in the West</a>. U of Minnesota Press. p. 63. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0816656998" title="Special:BookSources/978-0816656998"><bdi>978-0816656998</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Alans+in+the+West&rft.pages=63&rft.pub=U+of+Minnesota+Press&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0816656998&rft.aulast=Bachrach&rft.aufirst=Bernard+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaaGCbuuajFAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBachrach1973" class="citation book cs1">Bachrach, Bernard S. (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aaGCbuuajFAC">A History of the Alans in the West</a>. U of Minnesota Press. p. 77. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0816656998" title="Special:BookSources/978-0816656998"><bdi>978-0816656998</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Alans+in+the+West&rft.pages=77&rft.pub=U+of+Minnesota+Press&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0816656998&rft.aulast=Bachrach&rft.aufirst=Bernard+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaaGCbuuajFAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-53"><a href="#cite_ref-:0_53-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBachrach1972" class="citation book cs1">Bachrach, Bernard S. (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jbz9IyOvfPoC">Merovingian Military Organization, 481–751</a>. U of Minnesota Press. p. 10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0816657001" title="Special:BookSources/978-0816657001"><bdi>978-0816657001</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Merovingian+Military+Organization%2C+481%E2%80%93751&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=U+of+Minnesota+Press&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-0816657001&rft.aulast=Bachrach&rft.aufirst=Bernard+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Djbz9IyOvfPoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SOzKGAAACAAJ">Historical Atlas of the Classical World, 500 BC–AD 600</a>. Barnes & Noble Books. 2000. p. 2.16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7607-1973-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7607-1973-2"><bdi>978-0-7607-1973-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Atlas+of+the+Classical+World%2C+500+BC%E2%80%93AD+600&rft.pages=2.16&rft.pub=Barnes+%26+Noble+Books&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-7607-1973-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSOzKGAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> "Alani Lusitaniam et Carthaginiensem provincias, et Wandali cognomine Silingi Baeticam sortiuntur" (<a href="/wiki/Hydatius" title="Hydatius">Hydatius</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> Castritius, 2007 </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> For another rapid disintegration of an ethne in the Early Middle Ages, see <a href="/wiki/Avars_(Carpathians)" class="mw-redirect" title="Avars (Carpathians)">Avars</a>. (Pohl 1998:17f). </li> <li id="cite_note-Latham-58"><a href="#cite_ref-Latham_58-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLatham1878" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gordon_Latham" title="Robert Gordon Latham">Latham, Robert Gordon</a> (1878). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6CspAAAAYAAJ">Russian and Turk From a Geographical, Ethnological, and Historical Point of View</a>. <a href="/wiki/W._H._Allen_%26_Co." title="W. H. Allen & Co.">W. H. Allen</a>. p. 170.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russian+and+Turk+From+a+Geographical%2C+Ethnological%2C+and+Historical+Point+of+View&rft.pages=170&rft.pub=W.+H.+Allen&rft.date=1878&rft.aulast=Latham&rft.aufirst=Robert+Gordon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6CspAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chrysos-59"><a href="#cite_ref-Chrysos_59-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvangelos_Chrysos1989" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CF%85%CE%AC%CE%B3%CE%B3%CE%B5%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%A7%CF%81%CF%85%CF%83%CF%8C%CF%82" class="extiw" title="el:Ευάγγελος Χρυσός">Evangelos Chrysos</a> [in Greek] (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Bj5pAAAAMAAJ">Das Reich und die Barbaren</a>. <a href="/wiki/B%C3%B6hlau_Verlag" title="Böhlau Verlag">Böhlau</a>. p. 58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3205051121" title="Special:BookSources/978-3205051121"><bdi>978-3205051121</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Das+Reich+und+die+Barbaren&rft.pages=58&rft.pub=B%C3%B6hlau&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-3205051121&rft.au=Evangelos+Chrysos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBj5pAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> Milhazes, José. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rtp.pt/index.php?article=264957&visual=16&rss=0">Os antepassados caucasianos dos portugueses</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160101100219/http://www.rtp.pt/index.php?article=264957&visual=16&rss=0">Archived</a> 1 January 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A1dio_e_Televis%C3%A3o_de_Portugal" title="Rádio e Televisão de Portugal">Rádio e Televisão de Portugal</a> in <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> Ivo Xavier Fernándes. Topónimos e gentílicos, Volume 1, 1941, p. 144. </li> <li id="cite_note-EI2-62">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EI2_62-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EI2_62-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EI2_62-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBartholdMinorsky1986" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Barthold, W.; Minorsky, V. (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/alan-SIM_0502">"Alān"</a>. The Encyclopedia of Islam, New Edition, Volume I: A–B. Leiden and New York: Brill. p. 354. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-08114-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-08114-7"><bdi>978-90-04-08114-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Al%C4%81n&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Islam%2C+New+Edition%2C+Volume+I%3A+A%E2%80%93B&rft.place=Leiden+and+New+York&rft.pages=354&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-90-04-08114-7&rft.aulast=Barthold&rft.aufirst=W.&rft.au=Minorsky%2C+V.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Freferenceworks.brillonline.com%2Fentries%2Fencyclopaedia-of-islam-2%2Falan-SIM_0502&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> Handbuch Der Orientalistik By Agustí Alemany, Denis Sinor, Bertold Spuler, Hartwig Altenmüller, pp. 400–410 </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> Roux, p. 465 </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.luc.edu/publications/medieval/vol2/guzman.html">"Christian Europe and Mongol Asia: First Medieval Intercultural Contact Between East and West"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Christian+Europe+and+Mongol+Asia%3A+First+Medieval+Intercultural+Contact+Between+East+and+West&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.luc.edu%2Fpublications%2Fmedieval%2Fvol2%2Fguzman.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTesaev2020" class="citation conference cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Tesaev, Amin (13 November 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/347758240">К личности и борьбе чеченского героя идига (1238–1250 гг.)</a>. МАТЕРИАЛЫ ВСЕРОССИЙСКОЙ НАУЧНО-ПРАКТИЧЕСКОЙ КОНФЕРЕНЦИИ МОЛОДЫХ УЧЕНЫХ «НАУКА И МОЛОДЕЖЬ», ПОСВЯЩЕННОЙ ФИЗИКЕ БУДУЩЕГО] (in Russian). Grozny. pp. 451–455. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.36684%2F30-2020-1-451-454">10.36684/30-2020-1-451-454</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=%D0%9A+%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8+%D0%B8+%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8C%D0%B1%D0%B5+%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%8F+%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0+%281238%E2%80%931250+%D0%B3%D0%B3.%29&rft.place=Grozny&rft.pages=451-455&rft.date=2020-11-13&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.36684%2F30-2020-1-451-454&rft.aulast=Tesaev&rft.aufirst=Amin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F347758240&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlans" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://storage.ucomplex.org/files/users/-1/e3044585c4844770.pdf">Conference papers online</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrasnov" class="citation journal cs1">Krasnov, A.I. "Копье Тебулос-Мта". Вокруг света. 9: 29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3+%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0&rft.atitle=%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%8C%D0%B5+%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81-%D0%9C%D1%82%D0%B0&rft.volume=9&rft.pages=29&rft.aulast=Krasnov&rft.aufirst=A.I&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinor1999" class="citation journal cs1">Sinor, Denis (1999). "The Mongols in the West". Journal of Asian History. 33 (1): 1–44. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41933117">41933117</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Asian+History&rft.atitle=The+Mongols+in+the+West&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-44&rft.date=1999&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41933117%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Sinor&rft.aufirst=Denis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalperin2000" class="citation journal cs1">Halperin, Charles J. (2000). "The Kipchak Connection: The Ilkhans, the Mamluks and Ayn Jalut". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. 63 (2): 229–245. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0041977X00007205">10.1017/S0041977X00007205</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1559539">1559539</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162439703">162439703</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+School+of+Oriental+and+African+Studies%2C+University+of+London&rft.atitle=The+Kipchak+Connection%3A+The+Ilkhans%2C+the+Mamluks+and+Ayn+Jalut&rft.volume=63&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=229-245&rft.date=2000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162439703%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1559539%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0041977X00007205&rft.aulast=Halperin&rft.aufirst=Charles+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rossabi1983-70"><a href="#cite_ref-Rossabi1983_70-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRossabi1983" class="citation book cs1">Rossabi, Morris (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sNpD5UKmkswC&q=alan+guard+mongols&pg=PA255">China Among Equals: The Middle Kingdom and Its Neighbors, 10th–14th Centuries</a>. University of California Press. pp. 255–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-04562-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-04562-0"><bdi>978-0-520-04562-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China+Among+Equals%3A+The+Middle+Kingdom+and+Its+Neighbors%2C+10th%E2%80%9314th+Centuries&rft.pages=255-&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-520-04562-0&rft.aulast=Rossabi&rft.aufirst=Morris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsNpD5UKmkswC%26q%3Dalan%2Bguard%2Bmongols%26pg%3DPA255&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nicolle2004-71"><a href="#cite_ref-Nicolle2004_71-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicolle2004" class="citation book cs1">Nicolle, David (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OgQXAQAAIAAJ&q=alan+guard+mongols">The Mongol Warlords: Genghis Khan, Kublai Khan, Hulegu, Tamerlane</a>. Brockhampton Press. p. 85. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86019-407-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86019-407-8"><bdi>978-1-86019-407-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mongol+Warlords%3A+Genghis+Khan%2C+Kublai+Khan%2C+Hulegu%2C+Tamerlane&rft.pages=85&rft.pub=Brockhampton+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-86019-407-8&rft.aulast=Nicolle&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOgQXAQAAIAAJ%26q%3Dalan%2Bguard%2Bmongols&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hatto1991-72"><a href="#cite_ref-Hatto1991_72-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArthur_Thomas_Hatto1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Thomas_Hatto" title="Arthur Thomas Hatto">Arthur Thomas Hatto</a> (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QxRpAAAAMAAJ&q=alan+guard+mongols">Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi</a>. Peter de Ridder Press. p. 36.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Archivum+Eurasiae+Medii+Aevi&rft.pages=36&rft.pub=Peter+de+Ridder+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.au=Arthur+Thomas+Hatto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQxRpAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dalan%2Bguard%2Bmongols&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yule1915-73"><a href="#cite_ref-Yule1915_73-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSir_Henry_Yule1915" class="citation book cs1">Sir Henry Yule (1915). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rMIWlq6JeccC&q=alan+guard+mongols&pg=PA187">Cathay and the Way Thither, Being a Collection of Medieval Notices of China</a>. Asian Educational Services. pp. 187–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-206-1966-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-206-1966-1"><bdi>978-81-206-1966-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cathay+and+the+Way+Thither%2C+Being+a+Collection+of+Medieval+Notices+of+China&rft.pages=187-&rft.pub=Asian+Educational+Services&rft.date=1915&rft.isbn=978-81-206-1966-1&rft.au=Sir+Henry+Yule&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrMIWlq6JeccC%26q%3Dalan%2Bguard%2Bmongols%26pg%3DPA187&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> W. W. Rockhill: The journey of William of Rubruck to the eastern parts of the world, 1253–55, as narrated by himself, with two accounts of the earlier journey of John of Pian de Carpine. tr. from the Latin and ed., with an introductory notice, by William Woodville Rockhill (London: Hakluyt Society, 1900). Acc. to: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/texts/rubruck.html">http://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/texts/rubruck.html</a>. Chaps. IX and XXII. </li> <li id="cite_note-Parker1905-75"><a href="#cite_ref-Parker1905_75-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdward_Harper_Parker1905" class="citation book cs1">Edward Harper Parker (1905). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oP4xuxY0B2QC&q=alan+guard+mongols&pg=PA232">China and religion</a>. E. P. Dutton. pp. 232–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0524009512" title="Special:BookSources/978-0524009512"><bdi>978-0524009512</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China+and+religion&rft.pages=232-&rft.pub=E.+P.+Dutton&rft.date=1905&rft.isbn=978-0524009512&rft.au=Edward+Harper+Parker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoP4xuxY0B2QC%26q%3Dalan%2Bguard%2Bmongols%26pg%3DPA232&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Arnold1999-76"><a href="#cite_ref-Arnold1999_76-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArnold1999" class="citation book cs1">Arnold, Lauren (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IRunTSqY7msC&q=alan+guard+mongols&pg=PA79">Princely Gifts and Papal Treasures: The Franciscan Mission to China and Its Influence on the Art of the West, 1250–1350</a>. Desiderata Press. pp. 79–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9670628-0-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9670628-0-8"><bdi>978-0-9670628-0-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Princely+Gifts+and+Papal+Treasures%3A+The+Franciscan+Mission+to+China+and+Its+Influence+on+the+Art+of+the+West%2C+1250%E2%80%931350&rft.pages=79-&rft.pub=Desiderata+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-9670628-0-8&rft.aulast=Arnold&rft.aufirst=Lauren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIRunTSqY7msC%26q%3Dalan%2Bguard%2Bmongols%26pg%3DPA79&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Makeham2008-77"><a href="#cite_ref-Makeham2008_77-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMakeham2008" class="citation book cs1">Makeham, John (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TQ4NAQAAMAAJ&q=russian+guard">China: The World's Oldest Living Civilization Revealed</a>. Thames & Hudson. p. 269. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-500-25142-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-500-25142-3"><bdi>978-0-500-25142-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China%3A+The+World%27s+Oldest+Living+Civilization+Revealed&rft.pages=269&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-500-25142-3&rft.aulast=Makeham&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTQ4NAQAAMAAJ%26q%3Drussian%2Bguard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> (in Russian) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kitap.net.ru/bayar.php">Тайная история татар</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927151902/http://kitap.net.ru/bayar.php">Archived</a> 27 September 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> A. Boldur, Istoria Basarabiei, p. 20 </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJesseeIsaenko2013" class="citation book cs1">Jessee, Scott; Isaenko, Anatoly (2013). "The Military Effectiveness of Alan Mercenaries in Byzantium, 1301–1306". In Rogers, Clifford J; DeVries, Kelly; France, John (eds.). Journal of Medieval Military History: Volume XI. Boydell & Brewer. pp. 107–132. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84383-860-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84383-860-9"><bdi>978-1-84383-860-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7722/j.ctt31njvf.9">10.7722/j.ctt31njvf.9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Military+Effectiveness+of+Alan+Mercenaries+in+Byzantium%2C+1301%E2%80%931306&rft.btitle=Journal+of+Medieval+Military+History%3A+Volume+XI&rft.pages=107-132&rft.pub=Boydell+%26+Brewer&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.7722%2Fj.ctt31njvf.9%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=978-1-84383-860-9&rft.aulast=Jessee&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft.au=Isaenko%2C+Anatoly&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Ammianus_Marcellinus" title="Ammianus Marcellinus">Ammianus Marcellinus</a>. <a href="/wiki/Roman_History" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman History">Roman History</a>. <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Roman_History/Book_XXXI#II" class="extiw" title="s:Roman History/Book XXXI">Book XXXI. II. 21</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReshetovaAfanasiev" class="citation web cs1">Reshetova, Irina; Afanasiev, Gennady. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/7061155">"Афанасьев Г.Е., Добровольская М.В., Коробов Д.С., Решетова И.К. О культурной, антропологической и генетической специфике донских алан // Е.И. Крупнов и развитие археологии Северного Кавказа. М. 2014. С. 312–315"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%90%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%B2+%D0%93.%D0%95.%2C+%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%9C.%D0%92.%2C+%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D0%94.%D0%A1.%2C+%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0+%D0%98.%D0%9A.+%D0%9E+%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9%2C+%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%B8+%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5+%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85+%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD+%2F%2F+%D0%95.%D0%98.+%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D0%B8+%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0.+%D0%9C.+2014.+%D0%A1.+312%E2%80%93315&rft.aulast=Reshetova&rft.aufirst=Irina&rft.au=Afanasiev%2C+Gennady&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F7061155&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/maps/d/viewer?mid=z6AHBTuUfQao.kwOSocRsvcoo">"ДДНК Сарматы, Аланы"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%94%D0%94%D0%9D%D0%9A+%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%2C+%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fmaps%2Fd%2Fviewer%3Fmid%3Dz6AHBTuUfQao.kwOSocRsvcoo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReshetovaAfanasiev" class="citation web cs1">Reshetova, Irina; Afanasiev, Gennady. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/15713987">"Афанасьев Г.Е., Вень Ш., Тун С., Ван Л., Вэй Л., Добровольская М.В., Коробов Д.С., Решетова И.К., Ли Х.. Хазарские конфедераты в бассейне Дона // Естественнонаучные методы исследования и парадигма современной археологии. М. 2015. С. 146–153"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%90%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%B2+%D0%93.%D0%95.%2C+%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C+%D0%A8.%2C+%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BD+%D0%A1.%2C+%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BD+%D0%9B.%2C+%D0%92%D1%8D%D0%B9+%D0%9B.%2C+%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%9C.%D0%92.%2C+%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D0%94.%D0%A1.%2C+%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0+%D0%98.%D0%9A.%2C+%D0%9B%D0%B8+%D0%A5..+%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B+%D0%B2+%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B5+%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0+%2F%2F+%D0%95%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5+%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%8B+%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%B8+%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BC%D0%B0+%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B8.+%D0%9C.+2015.+%D0%A1.+146%E2%80%93153&rft.aulast=Reshetova&rft.aufirst=Irina&rft.au=Afanasiev%2C+Gennady&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F15713987&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yfull.com/tree/Q-YP4000/">"Q-YP4000 YTree"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Q-YP4000+YTree&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.yfull.com%2Ftree%2FQ-YP4000%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDamgaard_et_al.2018-86"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDamgaard_et_al.2018_86-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDamgaard_et_al.2018">Damgaard et al. 2018</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalloryAdams1997" class="citation book cs1">Mallory, J. P.; Adams, Douglas Q. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tzU3RIV2BWIC&pg=PA303">Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture</a>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-884964-98-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-884964-98-5"><bdi>978-1-884964-98-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Indo-European+Culture&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1-884964-98-5&rft.aulast=Mallory&rft.aufirst=J.+P.&rft.au=Adams%2C+Douglas+Q.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtzU3RIV2BWIC%26pg%3DPA303&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbaevl'Oriente1998" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Abaev, Vasiliĭ Ivanovich; l'Oriente, Istituto italiano per l'Africa e (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9fdjAAAAMAAJ">Studia iranica et alanica</a> (in Russian). Istituto italiano per l'Africa e l'Oriente.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studia+iranica+et+alanica&rft.pub=Istituto+italiano+per+l%27Africa+e+l%27Oriente&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Abaev&rft.aufirst=Vasili%C4%AD+Ivanovich&rft.au=l%27Oriente%2C+Istituto+italiano+per+l%27Africa+e&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9fdjAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlans" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> Sulimirski, T. (1985). "The Scyths" in: Fisher, W. B. (Ed.) The Cambridge History of Iran, Vol. 2: The Median and Achaemenian Periods. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-20091-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-20091-1">0-521-20091-1</a>. pp. 158–159. </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoltz2019" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Foltz" title="Richard Foltz">Foltz, Richard</a> (2019). "Scythian Neo-Paganism in the Caucasus: The Ossetian Uatsdin as a 'Nature Religion'". Journal for the Study of Religion, Nature, and Culture. 13 (3): 314–332. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1558%2Fjsrnc.39114">10.1558/jsrnc.39114</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:213692638">213692638</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+for+the+Study+of+Religion%2C+Nature%2C+and+Culture&rft.atitle=Scythian+Neo-Paganism+in+the+Caucasus%3A+The+Ossetian+Uatsdin+as+a+%27Nature+Religion%27&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=314-332&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1558%2Fjsrnc.39114&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A213692638%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Foltz&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlans" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_and_cited_sources">General and cited sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alans&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: General and cited sources">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbaevBailey1985" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Vasily_Abaev" title="Vasily Abaev">Abaev, V.I.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Harold_Walter_Bailey" title="Harold Walter Bailey">Bailey, H.W.</a> (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/alans-an-ancient-iranian-tribe-of-the-northern-scythian-saka-sarmatian-massagete-group-known-to-classical-writers-from">"Alans"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Ehsan_Yarshater" title="Ehsan Yarshater">Yarshater, Ehsan</a> (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume I/8: Alafrank–Alp Arslan. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 801–803. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-71009-097-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-71009-097-3"><bdi>978-0-71009-097-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Alans&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica%2C+Volume+I%2F8%3A+Alafrank%E2%80%93Alp+Arslan&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pages=801-803&rft.pub=Routledge+%26+Kegan+Paul&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-71009-097-3&rft.aulast=Abaev&rft.aufirst=V.I.&rft.au=Bailey%2C+H.W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Falans-an-ancient-iranian-tribe-of-the-northern-scythian-saka-sarmatian-massagete-group-known-to-classical-writers-from&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlans" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlemany2000" class="citation book cs1">Alemany, Agustí (2000). Sources on the Alans: A Critical Compilation. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-11442-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-11442-5"><bdi>978-90-04-11442-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sources+on+the+Alans%3A+A+Critical+Compilation&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-90-04-11442-5&rft.aulast=Alemany&rft.aufirst=Agust%C3%AD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlans" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Bachrach" title="Bernard Bachrach">Bernard S. Bachrach</a>, A History of the Alans in the West, from their first appearance in the sources of classical antiquity through the early Middle Ages, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Minnesota" title="University of Minnesota">University of Minnesota</a> Press, 1973 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8166-0678-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8166-0678-1">0-8166-0678-1</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBachrach1969" class="citation journal cs1">Bachrach, Bernard S. (1969). "The Origin of Armorican Chivalry". Technology and Culture. 10 (2): 166–171. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3101476">10.2307/3101476</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3101476">3101476</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Technology+and+Culture&rft.atitle=The+Origin+of+Armorican+Chivalry&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=166-171&rft.date=1969&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3101476&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3101476%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Bachrach&rft.aufirst=Bernard+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlans" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrzezinskiMielczarek2002" class="citation book cs1">Brzezinski, Richard; Mielczarek, Mariusz (2002). The Sarmatians, 600 BC–AD 450. <a href="/wiki/Osprey_Publishing" title="Osprey Publishing">Osprey Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-485-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-485-6"><bdi>978-1-84176-485-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sarmatians%2C+600+BC%E2%80%93AD+450&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-84176-485-6&rft.aulast=Brzezinski&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Mielczarek%2C+Mariusz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlans" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Castritius, H. 2007. Die Vandalen. <a href="/wiki/Kohlhammer_Verlag" title="Kohlhammer Verlag">Kohlhammer Verlag</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDamgaard_et_al.2018" class="citation journal cs1">Damgaard, Peter de Barros; et al. (May 2018). "137 ancient human genomes from across the Eurasian steppes". Nature. 557 (7705): 369–374. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018Natur.557..369D">2018Natur.557..369D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41586-018-0094-2">10.1038/s41586-018-0094-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1887%2F3202709">1887/3202709</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29743675">29743675</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:13670282">13670282</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=137+ancient+human+genomes+from+across+the+Eurasian+steppes&rft.volume=557&rft.issue=7705&rft.pages=369-374&rft.date=2018-05&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1887%2F3202709&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A13670282%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018Natur.557..369D&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29743675&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41586-018-0094-2&rft.aulast=Damgaard&rft.aufirst=Peter+de+Barros&rft.au=Marchi%2C+Nina&rft.au=Rasmussen%2C+Simon&rft.au=Peyrot%2C+Micha%C3%ABl&rft.au=Renaud%2C+Gabriel&rft.au=Korneliussen%2C+Thorfinn&rft.au=Moreno-Mayar%2C+J.+V%C3%ADctor&rft.au=Pedersen%2C+Mikkel+Winther&rft.au=Goldberg%2C+Amy&rft.au=Usmanova%2C+Emma&rft.au=Baimukhanov%2C+Nurbol&rft.au=Loman%2C+Valeriy&rft.au=Hedeager%2C+Lotte&rft.au=Pedersen%2C+Anders+Gorm&rft.au=Nielsen%2C+Kasper&rft.au=Afanasiev%2C+Gennady&rft.au=Akmatov%2C+Kunbolot&rft.au=Aldashev%2C+Almaz&rft.au=Alpaslan%2C+Ashyk&rft.au=Baimbetov%2C+Gabit&rft.au=Bazaliiskii%2C+Vladimir+I.&rft.au=Beisenov%2C+Arman&rft.au=Boldbaatar%2C+Bazartseren&rft.au=Boldgiv%2C+Bazartseren&rft.au=Dorzhu%2C+Choduraa&rft.au=Ellingvag%2C+Sturla&rft.au=Erdenebaatar%2C+Diimaajav&rft.au=Dajani%2C+Rana&rft.au=Dmitriev%2C+Evgeniy&rft.au=Evdokimov%2C+Valeriy&rft.au=Frei%2C+Karin+M.&rft.au=Gromov%2C+Andrey&rft.au=Goryachev%2C+Alexander&rft.au=Hakonarson%2C+Hakon&rft.au=Hegay%2C+Tatyana&rft.au=Khachatryan%2C+Zaruhi&rft.au=Khaskhanov%2C+Ruslan&rft.au=Kitov%2C+Egor&rft.au=Kolbina%2C+Alina&rft.au=Kubatbek%2C+Tabaldiev&rft.au=Kukushkin%2C+Alexey&rft.au=Kukushkin%2C+Igor&rft.au=Lau%2C+Nina&rft.au=Margaryan%2C+Ashot&rft.au=Merkyte%2C+Inga&rft.au=Mertz%2C+Ilya+V.&rft.au=Mertz%2C+Viktor+K.&rft.au=Mijiddorj%2C+Enkhbayar&rft.au=Moiyesev%2C+Vyacheslav&rft.au=Mukhtarova%2C+Gulmira&rft.au=Nurmukhanbetov%2C+Bekmukhanbet&rft.au=Orozbekova%2C+Z.&rft.au=Panyushkina%2C+Irina&rft.au=Pieta%2C+Karol&rft.au=Smr%C4%8Dka%2C+V%C3%A1clav&rft.au=Shevnina%2C+Irina&rft.au=Logvin%2C+Andrey&rft.au=Sj%C3%B6gren%2C+Karl-G%C3%B6ran&rft.au=%C5%A0tolcov%C3%A1%2C+Tereza&rft.au=Taravella%2C+Angela+M.&rft.au=Tashbaeva%2C+Kadicha&rft.au=Tkachev%2C+Alexander&rft.au=Tulegenov%2C+Turaly&rft.au=Voyakin%2C+Dmitriy&rft.au=Yepiskoposyan%2C+Levon&rft.au=Undrakhbold%2C+Sainbileg&rft.au=Varfolomeev%2C+Victor&rft.au=Weber%2C+Andrzej&rft.au=Wilson+Sayres%2C+Melissa+A.&rft.au=Kradin%2C+Nikolay&rft.au=Allentoft%2C+Morten+E.&rft.au=Orlando%2C+Ludovic&rft.au=Nielsen%2C+Rasmus&rft.au=Sikora%2C+Martin&rft.au=Heyer%2C+Evelyne&rft.au=Kristiansen%2C+Kristian&rft.au=Willerslev%2C+Eske&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlans" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Golb" title="Norman Golb">Golb, Norman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Omeljan_Pritsak" title="Omeljan Pritsak">Omeljan Pritsak</a>, Khazarian Hebrew Documents of the Tenth Century. Ithaca: Cornell Univ. Press, 1982. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGolden2009" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Benjamin_Golden" title="Peter Benjamin Golden">Golden, Peter B.</a> (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-3/alans-COM_22193?s.num=0&s.f.s2_parent=s.f.book.encyclopaedia-of-islam-3&s.q=Al%C4%81ns">"Alāns"</a>. In Fleet, Kate; <a href="/wiki/Gudrun_Kr%C3%A4mer" title="Gudrun Krämer">Krämer, Gudrun</a>; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; <a href="/wiki/Everett_K._Rowson" title="Everett K. Rowson">Rowson, Everett</a> (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (3rd ed.). Brill Online. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1873-9830">1873-9830</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Al%C4%81ns&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Brill+Online&rft.date=2009&rft.issn=1873-9830&rft.aulast=Golden&rft.aufirst=Peter+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freferenceworks.brillonline.com%2Fentries%2Fencyclopaedia-of-islam-3%2Falans-COM_22193%3Fs.num%3D0%26s.f.s2_parent%3Ds.f.book.encyclopaedia-of-islam-3%26s.q%3DAl%25C4%2581ns&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlans" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Hill, John E. 2003. "Annotated Translation of the Chapter on the Western Regions according to the Hou Hanshu." 2nd Draft Edition. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/texts/hhshu/hou_han_shu.html">[1]</a></li> <li>Hill, John E. 2004. The Peoples of the West from the Weilüe 魏略 by Yu Huan 魚豢: A Third Century Chinese Account Composed between 239 and 265 AD. Draft annotated English translation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/texts/weilue/weilue.html">[2]</a></li> <li>Yu, Taishan. 2004. A History of the Relationships between the Western and Eastern Han, Wei, Jin, Northern and Southern Dynasties and the Western Regions. Sino-Platonic Papers No. 131 March 2004. Dept. of East Asian Languages and Civilizations, University of Pennsylvania.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaldmanMason2006" class="citation book cs1">Waldman, Carl; Mason, Catherine (2006). Encyclopedia of European. <a href="/wiki/Infobase_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Infobase Publishing">Infobase Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-2918-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-2918-1"><bdi>978-1-4381-2918-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+European&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-4381-2918-1&rft.aulast=Waldman&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft.au=Mason%2C+Catherine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlans" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZadneprovskiy1994" class="citation book cs1">Zadneprovskiy, Y. A. (1 January 1994). "The Nomads of Northern Central Asia After The Invasion of Alexander". In <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A1nos_Harmatta" title="János Harmatta">Harmatta, János</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000105703">History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The Development of Sedentary and Nomadic Civilizations, 700 B.C. to A.D. 250</a>. <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>. pp. 457–472. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-3-102846-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-3-102846-5"><bdi>978-92-3-102846-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Nomads+of+Northern+Central+Asia+After+The+Invasion+of+Alexander&rft.btitle=History+of+Civilizations+of+Central+Asia%3A+The+Development+of+Sedentary+and+Nomadic+Civilizations%2C+700+B.C.+to+A.D.+250&rft.pages=457-472&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft.date=1994-01-01&rft.isbn=978-92-3-102846-5&rft.aulast=Zadneprovskiy&rft.aufirst=Y.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funesdoc.unesco.org%2Fark%3A%2F48223%2Fpf0000105703&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlans" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alans&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://depts.washington.edu/uwch/silkroad/texts/hhshu/notes19.html">Strabo and Hou Han Shu references discussed</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060212031807/http://depts.washington.edu/uwch/silkroad/texts/hhshu/notes19.html">Archived</a> 12 February 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131105035936/http://www.kafkas.org.tr/english/bgkafkas/Ethnicgeography_Ossets.htm">Caucasus Foundation: Caucasus Today: Ossets</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Barbarian_kingdoms_established_around_the_Migration_Period" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Barbarian_kingdoms" title="Template:Barbarian kingdoms"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Barbarian_kingdoms" title="Template talk:Barbarian kingdoms"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Barbarian_kingdoms" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Barbarian kingdoms"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Barbarian_kingdoms_established_around_the_Migration_Period" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Barbarian_kingdoms" title="Barbarian kingdoms">Barbarian kingdoms</a> established around the <a href="/wiki/Migration_Period" title="Migration Period">Migration Period</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alamannia" title="Alamannia">Alamannian kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heptarchy" title="Heptarchy">Anglo-Saxon kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Burgundians" title="Kingdom of the Burgundians">Burgundian kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francia" title="Francia">Frankish kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frisian_Kingdom" title="Frisian Kingdom">Frisian kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gepids" title="Gepids">Gepid kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huns" title="Huns">Hunnic empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Altava" title="Kingdom of Altava">Kingdom of Altava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odoacer#King_of_Italy" title="Odoacer">Kingdom of Odoacer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Aur%C3%A8s" title="Kingdom of the Aurès">Kingdom of the Aurès</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Lombards" title="Kingdom of the Lombards">Lombard kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauro-Roman_Kingdom" title="Mauro-Roman Kingdom">Mauro-Roman kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostrogothic_Kingdom" title="Ostrogothic Kingdom">Ostrogothic kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugiland" title="Rugiland">Rugian kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub-Roman_Britain" title="Sub-Roman Britain">Sub-Roman Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Suebi" title="Kingdom of the Suebi">Suebian kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vandal_Kingdom" title="Vandal Kingdom">Vandal kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visigothic_Kingdom" title="Visigothic Kingdom">Visigothic kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Scythia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Scythia" title="Template:Scythia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Scythia" title="Template talk:Scythia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Scythia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Scythia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Scythia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Scythia" title="Scythia">Scythia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Peoples</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achaei" title="Achaei">Achaei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agathyrsi" title="Agathyrsi">Agathyrsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amardi" title="Amardi">Amardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazons" title="Amazons">Amazons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androphagi" title="Androphagi">Androphagi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arimaspi" title="Arimaspi">Arimaspi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budini" title="Budini">Budini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cercetae" title="Cercetae">Cercetae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimmerians" title="Cimmerians">Cimmerians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrtians" title="Cyrtians">Cyrtians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahae" title="Dahae">Dahae</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parni" title="Parni">Parni</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gelonians" title="Gelonians">Gelonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanchlaeni" title="Melanchlaeni">Melanchlaeni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saka" title="Saka">Saka</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amyrgians" title="Amyrgians">Amyrgians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massagetae" title="Massagetae">Massagetae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Scythians" title="Indo-Scythians">Indo-Scythians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarmatians" title="Sarmatians">Sarmatians</a>/<a href="/wiki/Sauromatian_culture" title="Sauromatian culture">Sauromatians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agaragantes" title="Agaragantes">Agaragantes</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Alans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aorsi" title="Aorsi">Aorsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cissianti" title="Cissianti">Cissianti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limigantes" title="Limigantes">Limigantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoristae" title="Phoristae">Phoristae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rimphaces" title="Rimphaces">Rimphaces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roxolani" title="Roxolani">Roxolani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serboi" title="Serboi">Serboi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siraces" title="Siraces">Siraces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spondolici" title="Spondolici">Spondolici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yancai" title="Yancai">Yancai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iazyges" title="Iazyges">Iazyges</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abii" title="Abii">Abii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadusii" title="Cadusii">Cadusii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dareitai" title="Dareitai">Dareitai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gelae_(tribe)" title="Gelae (tribe)">Gelae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamaxobii" title="Hamaxobii">Hamaxobii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legae" title="Legae">Legae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindi_people" title="Sindi people">Sindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spali" title="Spali">Spali</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pazyryk_culture" title="Pazyryk culture">Pazyryk culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagar_culture" title="Tagar culture">Tagar culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapurei" title="Tapurei">Tapurei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapuri" title="Tapuri">Tapuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tauri" title="Tauri">Tauri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyssagetae" title="Thyssagetae">Thyssagetae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uxii" title="Uxii">Uxii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygii" title="Zygii">Zygii</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Assimilation_of_Baltic_and_Aryan_Peoples_by_Uralic_Speakers_in_the_Middle_and_Upper_Volga_Basin_(Shaded_Relief_BG).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Assimilation_of_Baltic_and_Aryan_Peoples_by_Uralic_Speakers_in_the_Middle_and_Upper_Volga_Basin_%28Shaded_Relief_BG%29.png/180px-Assimilation_of_Baltic_and_Aryan_Peoples_by_Uralic_Speakers_in_the_Middle_and_Upper_Volga_Basin_%28Shaded_Relief_BG%29.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Assimilation_of_Baltic_and_Aryan_Peoples_by_Uralic_Speakers_in_the_Middle_and_Upper_Volga_Basin_%28Shaded_Relief_BG%29.png/270px-Assimilation_of_Baltic_and_Aryan_Peoples_by_Uralic_Speakers_in_the_Middle_and_Upper_Volga_Basin_%28Shaded_Relief_BG%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Assimilation_of_Baltic_and_Aryan_Peoples_by_Uralic_Speakers_in_the_Middle_and_Upper_Volga_Basin_%28Shaded_Relief_BG%29.png/360px-Assimilation_of_Baltic_and_Aryan_Peoples_by_Uralic_Speakers_in_the_Middle_and_Upper_Volga_Basin_%28Shaded_Relief_BG%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1164" data-file-height="585" /></a><figcaption>Scythian and related populations</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scythian_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Scythian art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_jewellery_in_Ukraine" title="History of jewellery in Ukraine">Jewellery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythian_culture" title="Scythian culture">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scytho-Siberian_world" title="Scytho-Siberian world">Horizon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythian_languages" title="Scythian languages">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythian_religion" title="Scythian religion">Religion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Steppe" title="Kazakh Steppe">Kazakh Steppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sistan" title="Sistan">Sistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakasene" title="Sakasene">Sakasene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parama_Kamboja_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Parama Kamboja Kingdom">Parama Kamboja Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alania" title="Alania">Alania</a></li> <li>Scythia Minor <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scythia_Minor_(Crimea)" title="Scythia Minor (Crimea)">Crimea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythia_Minor_(Dobruja)" title="Scythia Minor (Dobruja)">Lower Danube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosporan_Kingdom" title="Bosporan Kingdom">Bosporan Kingdom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarmatia" title="Sarmatia">Sarmatia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sarmatia_Asiatica_and_Sarmatia_Europea" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarmatia Asiatica and Sarmatia Europea">Sarmatia Asiatica and Sarmatia Europea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontic%E2%80%93Caspian_steppe" title="Pontic–Caspian steppe">Pontic–Caspian steppe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranian peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_western_steppe" title="History of the western steppe">History of the western steppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosporan_Kingdom" title="Bosporan Kingdom">Bosporan Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarmatism" title="Sarmatism">Sarmatism</a></li> <li>Iranian origin hypotheses of <a href="/wiki/Origin_hypotheses_of_the_Croats#Iranian_theory" title="Origin hypotheses of the Croats">Croats</a> and <a href="/wiki/Origin_hypotheses_of_the_Serbs#Iranian_theory" title="Origin hypotheses of the Serbs">Serbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythian_archers" title="Scythian archers">Scythian archers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Category:Scythia" title="Category:Scythia">Category:Scythia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Category:Populated_places_in_ancient_Scythia" title="Category:Populated places in ancient Scythia">Category:Populated places in ancient Scythia</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178054#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178054#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178054#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85003135">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11952720x">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11952720x">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph139232&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX541620">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007292903305171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027501353">IdRef</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alans&oldid=1252837063">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alans&oldid=1252837063</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Alans" title="Category:Alans">Alans</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:5th_century_in_Hispania" title="Category:5th century in Hispania">5th century in Hispania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:5th_century_in_sub-Roman_Gaul" title="Category:5th century in sub-Roman Gaul">5th century in sub-Roman Gaul</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Central_Asia" title="Category:Ancient Central Asia">Ancient Central Asia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_peoples_of_Russia" title="Category:Ancient peoples of Russia">Ancient peoples of Russia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_peoples_of_Ukraine" title="Category:Ancient peoples of Ukraine">Ancient peoples of Ukraine</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Barbarian_kingdoms" title="Category:Barbarian kingdoms">Barbarian kingdoms</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chechnya" title="Category:Chechnya">Chechnya</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Goths" title="Category:Goths">Goths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Historical_ethnic_groups_of_Europe" title="Category:Historical ethnic groups of Europe">Historical ethnic groups of Europe</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Historical_Iranian_peoples" title="Category:Historical Iranian peoples">Historical Iranian peoples</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Eastern_Europe" title="Category:History of Eastern Europe">History of Eastern Europe</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_the_North_Caucasus" title="Category:History of the North Caucasus">History of the North Caucasus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ingushetia" title="Category:Ingushetia">Ingushetia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Iranian_nomads" title="Category:Iranian nomads">Iranian nomads</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Medieval_history_of_Portugal" title="Category:Medieval history of Portugal">Medieval history of Portugal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Migration_Period" title="Category:Migration Period">Migration Period</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nomadic_groups_in_Eurasia" title="Category:Nomadic groups in Eurasia">Nomadic groups in Eurasia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ossetia" title="Category:Ossetia">Ossetia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Peoples_of_the_Caucasus" title="Category:Peoples of the Caucasus">Peoples of the Caucasus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Saltovo-Mayaki_culture" title="Category:Saltovo-Mayaki culture">Saltovo-Mayaki culture</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Vandals" title="Category:Vandals">Vandals</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_the_EasyTimeline_extension" title="Category:Pages using the EasyTimeline extension">Pages using the EasyTimeline extension</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_interwiki-linked_names" title="Category:CS1 interwiki-linked names">CS1 interwiki-linked names</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Russian-language_sources_(ru)" title="Category:CS1 Russian-language sources (ru)">CS1 Russian-language sources (ru)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_Russian-language_sources_(ru)" title="Category:Articles with Russian-language sources (ru)">Articles with Russian-language sources (ru)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_August_2022" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from August 2022">Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from August 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_January_2024" title="Category:Use dmy dates from January 2024">Use dmy dates from January 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%22Related_ethnic_groups%22_needing_confirmation" title="Category:"Related ethnic groups" needing confirmation">"Related ethnic groups" needing confirmation</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_using_infobox_ethnic_group_with_image_parameters" title="Category:Articles using infobox ethnic group with image parameters">Articles using infobox ethnic group with image parameters</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Latin-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Latin-language text">Articles containing Latin-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Greek-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Greek-language text">Articles containing Greek-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Chinese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Chinese-language text">Articles containing Chinese-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Romanian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Romanian-language text">Articles containing Romanian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Hungarian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Hungarian-language text">Articles containing Hungarian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Ancient_Greek_(to_1453)-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text">Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_January_2021" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from January 2021">Articles with unsourced statements from January 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_lacking_reliable_references" title="Category:All articles lacking reliable references">All articles lacking reliable references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_lacking_reliable_references_from_April_2015" title="Category:Articles lacking reliable references from April 2015">Articles lacking reliable references from April 2015</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_factual_verification_from_June_2013" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from June 2013">Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from June 2013</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_June_2015" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from June 2015">Articles needing additional references from June 2015</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_missing_ISBNs" title="Category:Pages with missing ISBNs">Pages with missing ISBNs</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_which_contain_graphical_timelines" title="Category:Articles which contain graphical timelines">Articles which contain graphical timelines</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 23 October 2024, at 04:22 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alans&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-6d94db5ff4-kz7c5","wgBackendResponseTime":206,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.371","walltime":"1.640","ppvisitednodes":{"value":9928,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":188899,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":14669,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":19,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":12,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":236804,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1388.186 1 -total"," 28.35% 393.566 2 Template:Reflist"," 8.78% 121.937 23 Template:Sfn"," 8.72% 121.058 22 Template:Cite_book"," 8.46% 117.372 2 Template:Langx"," 7.08% 98.286 1 Template:Indo-European_topics"," 6.50% 90.298 4 Template:Cite_encyclopedia"," 5.83% 80.918 8 Template:Cite_journal"," 5.73% 79.553 2 Template:Short_description"," 5.45% 75.656 6 Template:Fix"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.819","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":23235711,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAbaevBailey2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAbaevl\u0026#039;Oriente1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAlemany2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFArnold1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFArthur_Thomas_Hatto1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBachrach1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBachrach1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBachrach1973\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFBartholdMinorsky1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrzezinskiMielczarek2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDamgaard_et_al.2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEdward_Harper_Parker1905\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEvangelos_Chrysos1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFoltz2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGolden2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHalperin2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJesseeIsaenko2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKrasnov\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLatham1878\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMakeham2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMalloryAdams1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMelyukova1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNicolle2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOlbrycht2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReshetovaAfanasiev\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFRossabi1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShnirelman2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSinor1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSir_Henry_Yule1915\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTesaev2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWaldmanMason2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYu1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZadneprovskiy1994\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Barbarian kingdoms\"] = 1,\n [\"Better source needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 4,\n [\"CE\"] = 4,\n [\"Citation\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 22,\n [\"Cite conference\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 8,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 9,\n [\"Distinguish\"] = 1,\n [\"EI3\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 1,\n [\"Encyclopaedia Iranica\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvid\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 7,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 3,\n [\"ISBN?\"] = 1,\n [\"In lang\"] = 1,\n [\"Indo-European topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox ethnic group\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 7,\n [\"Lang-zh\"] = 1,\n [\"Langx\"] = 2,\n [\"Main\"] = 1,\n [\"Nbsp\"] = 10,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Nsndns\"] = 1,\n [\"Page needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Scythia\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 23,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Snds\"] = 2,\n [\"Transliteration\"] = 7,\n [\"Unreferenced section\"] = 1,\n [\"Unverifiable\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 3,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-7fc47fc68d-dtq87","timestamp":"20241128194839","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Alans","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alans","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q178054","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q178054","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-03-20T13:16:22Z","dateModified":"2024-10-23T04:22:16Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/c\/c2\/Alans.jpg","headline":"an ancient Iranian people"}</script> </body> </html>