SciELO - Brasil - Amphibians of an open cerrado fragment in southeastern Brazil Amphibians of an open cerrado fragment in southeastern Brazil

<!DOCTYPE html>     <html class="no-js" lang="pt-BR" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">  <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=1.0"> <title>SciELO - Brasil - Amphibians of an open cerrado fragment in southeastern Brazil Amphibians of an open cerrado fragment in southeastern Brazil </title>  <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.scielo.br/j/bn/a/my6G6C3FxLs9Q5q5qjfHrGv/?lang=en"/> <meta property="og:type" content="article"/> <meta property="og:title" content="Amphibians of an open cerrado fragment in southeastern Brazil"/> <meta property="og:description" content="The Cerrado encompasses ca. 2 million km² in Brazil. Most Cerrado areas have been greatly..."/> <meta property="og:image" content="https://www.scielo.br/https:/www.scielo.br/media/images/bn_glogo.jpg"/>  <meta name="citation_author" content="Brasileiro, Cínthia Aguirre"> <meta name="citation_author_affiliation" content="Universidade Estadual de Campinas"> <meta name="citation_author" content="Sawaya, Ricardo J."> <meta name="citation_author_affiliation" content="Instituto Butantan"> <meta name="citation_author" content="Kiefer, Mara C."> <meta name="citation_author_affiliation" content="Universidade Estadual de Campinas"> <meta name="citation_author" content="Martins, Marcio"> <meta name="citation_author_affiliation" content="Universidade de São Paulo"> <meta name="citation_journal_title" content="Biota Neotropica"></meta> <meta name="citation_journal_abbrev" content="Biota Neotrop."></meta> <meta name="citation_journal_abbrev" content="Biota neotrop"></meta> <meta name="citation_publisher" content="Instituto Virtual da Biodiversidade | BIOTA - FAPESP"></meta> <meta name="citation_volume" content="5"></meta> <meta name="citation_number" content="2"></meta> <meta name="citation_pdf_url" content="https://www.scielo.br/j/bn/a/my6G6C3FxLs9Q5q5qjfHrGv/?lang=en&format=pdf"></meta> <meta name="citation_xml_url" content="https://www.scielo.br/j/bn/a/my6G6C3FxLs9Q5q5qjfHrGv/?format=xml&lang=en"></meta> <meta name="citation_firstpage" content="93"></meta> <meta name="citation_lastpage" content="109"></meta> <meta name="citation_doi" content="10.1590/S1676-06032005000300006"></meta> <meta name="citation_fulltext_world_readable" content=""></meta> <meta name="citation_issn" content="1676-0611"></meta> <meta name="citation_title" content=" Amphibians of an open cerrado fragment in southeastern Brazil "></meta> <meta name="citation_language" content="en"></meta> <meta name="citation_abstract" content="The Cerrado encompasses ca. 2 million km² in Brazil. Most Cerrado areas have been greatly disturbed in the past decades. Only 20% of this biome remain undisturbed, and only 1.2% is protected. Knowledge on the biology and diversity of Cerrado amphibian assemblages is still incipient. Here we present natural history information (habitat use and reproductive activity) of 28 species of frogs from the Estação Ecológica de Itirapina (EEI), and compare the composition of this assemblage with those of other Cerrado areas, other open areas, and a few forest areas throughout Brazil. We demonstrate that the Itirapina assemblage is more similar to those of other open areas than to those of forests, even when the latter are geographically closer. Six species occurred in the gallery forest at varying levels of dependence (three independent, two semi-dependent, and one totally dependent) while all other species occurred exclusively in open areas. For most species at EEI, reproduction was strongly synchronized with the onset of the rainy season, with the exception of Hypsiboas lundii, which called throughout the year, and Proceratophrys sp. which started calling prior to the beginning of the rainy season. The spatial and temporal patterns observed in this assemblage seem to reflect both ecological (e. g. hydroperiod of water bodies) and historical factors (e. g. early breeding in leptodactylids, late breeding in hylids, both phylogenetically constrained)."></meta> <meta name="citation_article_type" content="research-article"></meta> <meta name="citation_publication_date" content="2005"></meta> <meta name="citation_keywords" content="Amphibians"></meta><meta name="citation_keywords" content="Habitat use"></meta><meta name="citation_keywords" content="Reproduction"></meta><meta name="citation_keywords" content="Cerrado"></meta><meta name="citation_keywords" content="Itirapina"></meta><meta name="citation_keywords" content="São Paulo"></meta><meta name="citation_keywords" content="Brazil"></meta> <link rel="icon" href="/static/img/favicon.ico" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/static/css/scielo-bundle.css?v="> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/static/css/scielo-bundle-print.css?v=" media="print">    <div class="widget widget-Lockss widget-instance-IssueBrowseByYear_Lockss"> <input class="at-locks-messaging" type="hidden" value="LOCKSS system has permission to collect, preserve, and serve this Archival Unit" /> <input class="at-clockss-messaging" type="hidden" value="CLOCKSS system has permission to ingest, preserve, and serve this Archival Unit" /> </div>  <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-MKLVK7B5B6"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-MKLVK7B5B6'); </script>  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/static/css/scielo-article.css" type="text/css" async /> <link href="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/select2@4.1.0-rc.0/dist/css/select2.min.css" rel="stylesheet" async /> <link href="//cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/toastr.js/latest/toastr.min.css" rel="stylesheet" async /> </head> <body class="journal article"> <a name="top"></a> <a class="btn floatingBtnError" href="#" id="#floatingBtnError">Acessibilidade / Reportar erro</a> <header> <div class="container"> <div class="topFunction"> <div class="col-md-2 col-sm-3 mainNav"> <div class="mainMenu" id="mainMenu"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-7 col-md-offset-2 col-sm-7 col-sm-offset-2 logo"></div> </div> <nav> <ul> <li> <a href="/"> <strong>Brasil</strong> </a> <ul> <li> <a href="/journals/alpha?status=current" class="tab_link"> Lista alfabética de periódicos </a> </li> <li> <a href="/journals/thematic?status=current" class="tab_link"> Lista temática de periódicos </a> </li> <li> <a href="//search.scielo.org/?q=*&lang=pt&filter[in][]=scl"> Busca </a> </li> <li> <a target="_blank" href="http://analytics.scielo.org/?collection=scl"> Métricas </a> </li> <li> <a href="/about/"> Sobre: Brasil </a> </li> <li> <a href="/about/"> Contatos </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <a target="_blank" href="//www.scielo.org"> <strong>SciELO.org - Rede SciELO</strong> </a> <ul> <li> <a target="_blank" href="//www.scielo.org"> Coleções nacionais e temáticas </a> </li> <li> <a target="_blank" href="//www.scielo.org/pt/periodicos/listar-por-ordem-alfabetica/"> Lista alfabética de periódicos </a> </li> <li> <a target="_blank" href="//www.scielo.org/pt/periodicos/listar-por-assunto/"> Lista de periódicos por assunto </a> </li> <li> <a target="_blank" href="//search.scielo.org/"> Busca </a> </li> <li> <a target="_blank" href="http://analytics.scielo.org"> Métricas </a> </li> <li> <a target="_blank" href="//www.scielo.org/pt/sobre-o-scielo/acesso-via-oai-e-rss/"> Acesso OAI e RSS </a> </li> <li> <a target="_blank" href="//www.scielo.org/pt/sobre-o-scielo/"> Sobre a Rede SciELO </a> </li> <li> <a target="_blank" href="//www.scielo.org/pt/sobre-o-scielo/contato/"> Contatos </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <a target="_blank" href="//blog.scielo.org"> <strong>Blog SciELO em Perspectiva</strong> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="alternativeHeader hidden-xs"> <div class="container"> <div class="col-md-2 col-sm-3 mainNav"> <a href="" class="menu" data-rel="#alternativeMainMenu" title="Abrir menu">Abrir menu</a> <h2 class="logo-svg-mini"> <a href="/" title="Ir para a homepage da coleção: Brasil"> <span class="logo-collection logo-collection-svg-mini"><strong>Brasil</strong></span> </a> </h2> <div class="mainMenu" id="alternativeMainMenu"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-7 col-md-offset-2 col-sm-7 col-sm-offset-2 logo logo-svg"></div> </div> <nav> <ul> </ul> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="col-md-6 col-sm-6 journalInfo"> <ul> <li> <a href="" class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown"><span class="text"><span class="truncate">Biota Neotropica </span><span class="sci-ico-arrowDown"></span></a> <ul class="dropdown-menu" role="menu"> <div class="col-md-9 col-sm-8 brandLogo"> <div class="row"> <a href="/j/bn/"> <img src="https://www.scielo.br/media/images/bn_glogo.jpg" class="image" alt="Logomarca do periódico: Biota Neotropica" /> </a> </div> </div> <div class="col-md-3 col-sm-4 journalMenu"> <ul> <li> <a href="http://mc04.manuscriptcentral.com/bn-scielo" target="_blank"> <span class="glyphBtn submission"></span> Submissão de manuscritos </a> </li> <li> <a href="/journal/bn/about/#about"> <span class="glyphBtn about"></span> Sobre o periódico </a> </li> <li> <a href="/journal/bn/about/#editors"> <span class="glyphBtn editorial"></span> Corpo Editorial </a> </li> <li> <a href="/journal/bn/about/#instructions"> <span class="glyphBtn authorInstructions"></span> Instruções aos autores </a> </li> <li> <a href="/journal/bn/about/#contact"> <span class="glyphBtn contact"></span> Contato </a> </li> </ul> </div> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2 col-md-offset-2 col-sm-3 journalMenu"> <div class="language"> <a href="/set_locale/es/" class="lang-es" lang="es">Español</a> <a href="/set_locale/en/" class="lang-en" lang="en">English</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="alternativeHeader alternativeHeader-xs hidden-sm hidden-md hidden-lg"> <div class="container"> <div class="row no-gutter"> <div class="col-xs-2 mainNav"> <a href="" class="menu" data-rel="#alternativeMainMenu" title="Abrir menu"> Abrir menu </a> <div class="mainMenu" id="alternativeMainMenu"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-7 col-md-offset-2 col-sm-7 col-sm-offset-2 logo logo-svg"></div> </div> <nav> <ul> </ul> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="col-xs-6 text-center"> <h2 class="logo-svg-mini"> <a href="/" title="Ir para a homepage da coleção: Brasil"> <span class="logo-collection logo-collection-svg-mini"><strong>Brasil</strong></span> </a> </h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-4 language"> <a href="/set_locale/es/" class="lang-es" lang="es">Español</a> <a href="/set_locale/en/" class="lang-en" lang="en">English</a> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-12 text-center journalNameMobile"> <a href="" class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown"><span class="text"><span class="truncate">Biota Neotropica </span><span class="sci-ico-arrowDown"></span></a> <ul class="dropdown-menu" role="menu"> <div class="col-md-9 col-sm-8 brandLogo"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-12"> <a href="/j/bn/"> <img src="https://www.scielo.br/media/images/bn_glogo.jpg" class="image" alt="Logomarca do periódico: Biota Neotropica" /> </a> </div> <div class="col-xs-12"> <ul class="JournalMenuMobile"> <li> <a href="http://mc04.manuscriptcentral.com/bn-scielo" target="_blank"> <span class="glyphBtn submission"></span> Submissão de manuscritos </a> </li> <li> <a href="/journal/bn/about/#about"> <span class="glyphBtn about"></span> Sobre o periódico </a> </li> <li> <a href="/journal/bn/about/#editors"> <span class="glyphBtn editorial"></span> Corpo Editorial </a> </li> <li> <a href="/journal/bn/about/#instructions"> <span class="glyphBtn authorInstructions"></span> Instruções aos autores </a> </li> <li> <a href="/journal/bn/about/#contact"> <span class="glyphBtn contact"></span> Contato </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </ul>  </div> </div> </div> </div>  <section class="levelMenu hidden-xs"> <div class="container"> <div class="col-lg-6 col-md-6 col-sm-5"> <div class="btn-group"> <a href="/j/bn/" class="btn"> <span class="sci-ico-home"></span> </a> <a href="/j/bn/i/2005.v5n2/" class="btn group"> sumário </a> <a href="/j/bn/a/my6G6C3FxLs9Q5q5qjfHrGv/?lang=en&goto=previous" class="btn group hidden-sm"> <span class="hidden-md">« anterior</span> <span class="sci-ico-arrowLeft hidden-lg"></span> </a> <a href="#" class="btn group disabled hidden-sm"> atual </a> <a href="/j/bn/a/my6G6C3FxLs9Q5q5qjfHrGv/?lang=en&goto=next" class="btn group hidden-sm"> <span class="hidden-md">seguinte »</span> <span class="sci-ico-arrowRight hidden-lg"></span> </a> </div> </div> <div class="col-lg-4 col-md-5 col-sm-6"> <div class="dropdown"> <button class="btn dropdown-toggle" type="button" data-toggle="dropdown"> <span>Resumo </span> <span class="caret"></span></button> <ul class="dropdown-menu"> <li> <a href="/j/bn/a/my6G6C3FxLs9Q5q5qjfHrGv/abstract/?lang=en"> Resumo (Inglês) </a> <li> <li> <a href="/j/bn/a/my6G6C3FxLs9Q5q5qjfHrGv/abstract/?lang=pt"> Resumo (Português) </a> <li> </ul> </div> <div class="dropdown"> <button class="btn dropdown-toggle" type="button" data-toggle="dropdown"> <span>Texto (EN) </span> <span class="caret"></span></button> <ul class="dropdown-menu"> <li>  <a href="#" class="current"> Texto (Inglês) </a> </li> </ul> </div>  <div class="dropdown"> <button class="btn dropdown-toggle" type="button" data-toggle="dropdown"> <span class="sci-ico-filePDF"></span> <span>PDF</span> <span class="caret"></span></button> <ul class="dropdown-menu menu-share-mobile"> <li> <a target='_blank' href="/j/bn/a/my6G6C3FxLs9Q5q5qjfHrGv/?format=pdf&lang=en"> Download PDF (Inglês) </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="col-lg-2 col-md-1 col-sm-1 share"> <span class="hidden-sm">Compartilhe</span> <a href="javascript:;" class="btn dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown"> <span class="sci-ico-socialOther"></span><span class="caret"></span> </a> <ul class="dropdown-menu menu-share-mobile" role="menu"> <li class="dropdown-header"> Compartilhe </li> <li> <a href="#" class="share_modal_id"> <span class="sci-ico-socialEmail"></span> E-mail </a> </li> <li> <a href="#" class="shareFacebook"> <span class="sci-ico-socialFacebook"></span> Facebook </a> </li> <li> <a href="#" class="shareTwitter"> <span class="sci-ico-socialTwitterSingle"></span> Twitter </a> </li> <li> <a href="#" class="shareGooglePlus"> <span class="glyphBtn googlePlus"></span> Google+ </a> </li> <li> <a href="#" class="shareLinkedIn"> <span class="glyphBtn linkedIn"></span> LinkedIn </a> </li> <li> <a href="#" class="shareReddit"> <span class="glyphBtn reddit"></span> Reddit </a> </li> <li> <a href="#" class="shareStambleUpon"> <span class="glyphBtn stambleUpon"></span> StambleUpon </a> </li> <li> <a href="#" class="shareCiteULike"> <span class="glyphBtn citeULike"></span> CiteULike </a> </li> <li> <a href="#" class="shareMendeley"> <span class="glyphBtn mendeley"></span> Mendeley </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </section>  <section class="levelMenu levelMenu-xs hidden-sm hidden-md hidden-lg"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-12"> <div class="btn-group btn-group-nav-mobile" role="group"> <a href="/j/bn/" class="btn"> <span class="sci-ico-home"></span> </a> <a href="/j/bn/i/2005.v5n2/" class="btn no-ico-util"> Sumário </a> <a href="javascript:;" class="btn dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown"> <span class="sci-ico-socialOther"></span><span class="caret"></span> </a> <ul class="dropdown-menu menu-share-mobile" role="menu"> <li class="dropdown-header"> Compartilhe </li> <li> <a href="#" class="share_modal_id"> <span class="sci-ico-socialEmail"></span> E-mail </a> </li> <li> <a href="#" class="shareFacebook"> <span class="sci-ico-socialFacebook"></span> Facebook </a> </li> <li> <a href="#" class="shareTwitter"> <span class="sci-ico-socialTwitterSingle"></span> Twitter </a> </li> <li> <a href="#" class="shareGooglePlus"> <span class="glyphBtn googlePlus"></span> Google+ </a> </li> <li> <a href="#" class="shareLinkedIn"> <span class="glyphBtn linkedIn"></span> LinkedIn </a> </li> <li> <a href="#" class="shareReddit"> <span class="glyphBtn reddit"></span> Reddit </a> </li> <li> <a href="#" class="shareStambleUpon"> <span class="glyphBtn stambleUpon"></span> StambleUpon </a> </li> <li> <a href="#" class="shareCiteULike"> <span class="glyphBtn citeULike"></span> CiteULike </a> </li> <li> <a href="#" class="shareMendeley"> <span class="glyphBtn mendeley"></span> Mendeley </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-12"> <div class="btn-group btn-group-nav-mobile-content" role="group"> <div class="dropdown"> <button class="btn dropdown-toggle" type="button" data-toggle="dropdown"> <span>Resumo </span> <span class="caret"></span></button> <ul class="dropdown-menu"> <li> <a href="/j/bn/a/my6G6C3FxLs9Q5q5qjfHrGv/abstract/?lang=en"> Resumo (Inglês) </a> <li> <li> <a href="/j/bn/a/my6G6C3FxLs9Q5q5qjfHrGv/abstract/?lang=pt"> Resumo (Português) </a> <li> </ul> </div> <div class="dropdown"> <button class="btn dropdown-toggle" type="button" data-toggle="dropdown"> <span>Texto (EN) </span> <span class="caret"></span></button> <ul class="dropdown-menu"> <li>  <a href="#" class="current"> Texto (Inglês) </a> </li> </ul> </div>  <div class="dropdown"> <button class="btn dropdown-toggle" type="button" data-toggle="dropdown"> <span class="sci-ico-filePDF"></span> <span>PDF</span> <span class="caret"></span></button> <ul class="dropdown-menu menu-share-mobile"> <li> <a target='_blank' href="/j/bn/a/my6G6C3FxLs9Q5q5qjfHrGv/?format=pdf&lang=en"> Download PDF (Inglês) </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section>   <div id="standalonearticle"> <section class="articleCtt"><div class="container"><div class="articleTxt"> <div class="articleBadge-editionMeta-doi-copyLink"> <span class="_articleBadge">Articles</span><span class="_separator"> • </span><span class="_editionMeta">Biota Neotrop. 5 (2) <span class="_separator"> • </span>2005</span><span class="_separator"> • </span><span class="group-doi"><a href="https://doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032005000300006" class="_doi" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032005000300006</a> <a class="copyLink" data-clipboard-text="https://doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032005000300006"><span class="sci-ico-link"></span>copy</a></span> </div> <h1 class="article-title"> <span class="sci-ico-openAccess showTooltip" data-toggle="tooltip" data-original-title="by-nc 4.0 "></span>Amphibians of an open cerrado fragment in southeastern Brazil<a id="shorten" href="#" class="short-link"><span class="sci-ico-link"></span></a> </h1> <div class="articleMeta"></div> <div class="contribGroup"> <a href="" class="outlineFadeLink" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#ModalTutors">Authorship</a><a href="" class="outlineFadeLink" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#ModalScimago"> SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS </a> </div> <div class="row"> <ul class="col-md-2 hidden-sm articleMenu"></ul> <article id="articleText" class="col-md-10 col-md-offset-2 col-sm-12 col-sm-offset-0"><div class="articleSection" data-anchor="Abstracts"><h1 class="articleSectionTitle">Abstracts</h1></div> <div> <p>The Cerrado encompasses ca. 2 million km² in Brazil. Most Cerrado areas have been greatly disturbed in the past decades. Only 20% of this biome remain undisturbed, and only 1.2% is protected. Knowledge on the biology and diversity of Cerrado amphibian assemblages is still incipient. Here we present natural history information (habitat use and reproductive activity) of 28 species of frogs from the Estação Ecológica de Itirapina (EEI), and compare the composition of this assemblage with those of other Cerrado areas, other open areas, and a few forest areas throughout Brazil. We demonstrate that the Itirapina assemblage is more similar to those of other open areas than to those of forests, even when the latter are geographically closer. Six species occurred in the gallery forest at varying levels of dependence (three independent, two semi-dependent, and one totally dependent) while all other species occurred exclusively in open areas. For most species at EEI, reproduction was strongly synchronized with the onset of the rainy season, with the exception of Hypsiboas lundii, which called throughout the year, and Proceratophrys sp. which started calling prior to the beginning of the rainy season. The spatial and temporal patterns observed in this assemblage seem to reflect both ecological (e. g. hydroperiod of water bodies) and historical factors (e. g. early breeding in leptodactylids, late breeding in hylids, both phylogenetically constrained).</p> <p>Amphibians; Habitat use; Reproduction; Cerrado; Itirapina; São Paulo; Brazil</p> </div> <hr> <div> <p>O Cerrado originalmente ocupava dois milhões km² no Brasil. Nas últimas décadas, as áreas naturais de Cerrado vêm sendo destruídas rapidamente. Somente 20% da região original permanece inalterada e apenas 1,2% encontram-se em unidades de conservação. O conhecimento sobre a biologia e a diversidade de espécies de Cerrado ainda são muito escassos. Neste trabalho, nós apresentamos informações sobre história natural (uso do ambiente e atividade reprodutiva) de 28 espécies de anfíbios da Estação Ecológica de Itirapina (EEI) e comparamos a composição das taxocenoses da EEI com aquelas de outras localidades de Cerrado, e também de áreas florestais e outras fisionomias abertas. Demonstramos que a taxocenose de Itirapina assemelha-se mais àquelas de outras formações vegetais abertas, estruturalmente mais semelhantes, do que as taxocenoses de formações florestais, mesmo que estas sejam geograficamente mais próximas. Seis espécies ocorreram nas matas de galeria em diferentes graus de dependência (três independentes, duas semi-dependentes e uma totalmente dependente) enquanto que as demais ocorreram exclusivamente nas fisionomias abertas. Para a maioria das espécies da EEI, a reprodução foi fortemente sincronizada com a estação chuvosa, com exceção de H. lundii, que vocalizou durante todo o ano e Proceratophrys sp. que iniciou as atividades de vocalização antes do início da estação chuvosa. Os padrões espacial e temporal observados nessa taxocenose parecem refletir tanto fatores ecológicos (e. g. hidroperíodo dos corpos d'água) e históricos (e. g. reprodução no início da estação reprodutiva para os leptodactilídeos e tardia para os hilídeos, ambos filogeneticamente determinados).</p> <p>Anfíbios; Uso de ambiente; Reprodução; Cerrado; Itirapina; São Paulo; Brasil</p> </div> <hr> <div class="articleSection" data-anchor="Text"> <p></p> <p> <b>ARTICLES</b> </p> <p></p> <p> <b>Amphibians of an open cerrado fragment in southeastern Brazil </b> </p> <p></p> <p>Cínthia Aguirre BrasileiroI,<span class="ref footnote"><sup class="xref"><b>1</b></sup><span class="refCtt closed"><span class="refCttPadding"> <strong class="fn-title">1</strong> Autor para correspondência: cinthia_brasileiro@yahoo.com.br </span></span></span>; Ricardo J. Sawaya<sup><b>II</b></sup>; Mara C. Kiefer<sup><b>III</b></sup>; Marcio Martins<sup><b>IV</b></sup> </p> <p></p> <p><sup>I</sup>Museu de História Natural, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, C. P. 6109, 13083-970 </p> <p></p> <p> Campinas SP, and Departamento de Ecologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo,Rua do Matão, Trav. 14 s/n, 05508-090 São Paulo SP, Brasil </p> <p></p> <p><sup>II</sup>Laboratório de Herpetologia, Instituto Butantan, Av. Dr. Vital Brazil 1500, 05503-900 São Paulo SP, Brasil </p> <p></p> <p><sup>III</sup>Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, C. P. 6109, 13083-970 </p> <p></p> <p> Campinas SP, Brasil, and Departamento de Ecologia, IBRAG, Universidade Estadual do Rio de Janeiro, Rua São Francisco Xavier 524, Maracanã, 20550-019 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil </p> <p></p> <p><sup>IV</sup>Departamento de Ecologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão, Trav. 14 s/n, 05508-090 São Paulo SP, Brasil </p> <p></p> <p> <b>ABSTRACT</b> </p> <p></p> <p>The Cerrado encompasses ca. 2 million km<sup>2</sup> in Brazil. Most Cerrado areas have been greatly disturbed in the past decades. Only 20% of this biome remain undisturbed, and only 1.2% is protected. Knowledge on the biology and diversity of Cerrado amphibian assemblages is still incipient. Here we present natural history information (habitat use and reproductive activity) of 28 species of frogs from the Estação Ecológica de Itirapina (EEI), and compare the composition of this assemblage with those of other Cerrado areas, other open areas, and a few forest areas throughout Brazil. We demonstrate that the Itirapina assemblage is more similar to those of other open areas than to those of forests, even when the latter are geographically closer. Six species occurred in the gallery forest at varying levels of dependence (three independent, two semi-dependent, and one totally dependent) while all other species occurred exclusively in open areas. For most species at EEI, reproduction was strongly synchronized with the onset of the rainy season, with the exception of<i> Hypsiboas lundii</i>, which called throughout the year, and<i> Proceratophrys </i>sp<i>.</i> which started calling prior to the beginning of the rainy season. The spatial and temporal patterns observed in this assemblage seem to reflect both ecological (e. g. hydroperiod of water bodies) and historical factors (e. g. early breeding in leptodactylids, late breeding in hylids, both phylogenetically constrained). </p> <p></p> <p><b>Key words: </b>Amphibians; Habitat use; Reproduction; Cerrado; Itirapina; São Paulo; Brazil </p> <p></p> <p> <b>RESUMO</b> </p> <p></p> <p>O Cerrado originalmente ocupava dois milhões km<sup>2 </sup>no Brasil. Nas últimas décadas, as áreas naturais de Cerrado vêm sendo destruídas rapidamente. Somente 20% da região original permanece inalterada e apenas 1,2% encontram-se em unidades de conservação. O conhecimento sobre a biologia e a diversidade de espécies de Cerrado ainda são muito escassos. Neste trabalho, nós apresentamos informações sobre história natural (uso do ambiente e atividade reprodutiva) de 28 espécies de anfíbios da Estação Ecológica de Itirapina (EEI) e comparamos a composição das taxocenoses da EEI com aquelas de outras localidades de Cerrado, e também de áreas florestais e outras fisionomias abertas. Demonstramos que a taxocenose de Itirapina assemelha-se mais àquelas de outras formações vegetais abertas, estruturalmente mais semelhantes, do que as taxocenoses de formações florestais, mesmo que estas sejam geograficamente mais próximas. Seis espécies ocorreram nas matas de galeria em diferentes graus de dependência (três independentes, duas semi-dependentes e uma totalmente dependente) enquanto que as demais ocorreram exclusivamente nas fisionomias abertas. Para a maioria das espécies da EEI, a reprodução foi fortemente sincronizada com a estação chuvosa, com exceção de <i>H. lundii</i>, que vocalizou durante todo o ano e <i>Proceratophrys</i> sp. que iniciou as atividades de vocalização antes do início da estação chuvosa. Os padrões espacial e temporal observados nessa taxocenose parecem refletir tanto fatores ecológicos (e. g. hidroperíodo dos corpos d'água) e históricos (e. g. reprodução no início da estação reprodutiva para os leptodactilídeos e tardia para os hilídeos, ambos filogeneticamente determinados). </p> <p></p> <p><b>Palavras-chave:</b> Anfíbios; Uso de ambiente; Reprodução; Cerrado; Itirapina; São Paulo; Brasil </p> <p></p> <p> <b>1. INTRODUCTION</b> </p> <p></p> <p>The Cerrado is the second largest vegetational domain in Brazil, encompassing ca. 2 million km<sup>2</sup> in the northern, central, western, and southeastern regions of the country (Ratter et al. 1998). In the past decades, natural areas of Cerrado have been greatly disturbed, primarily due to extensive agriculture practice and cattle raising (Ratter et al. 1998). Presently, only 20% of this biome remains undisturbed, and only 1.2% is protected (Mittermeier et al. 2000). The Cerrado was recently ranked among the 25 most important terrestrial hotspots (Myers et al. 2000), and is possibly the most threatened tropical savanna in the world (Silva & Bates 2001). The typical landscape of the Cerrado consists of savanna-like vegetation in the well-drained interfluves and gallery forests along streams and rivers (Ratter et al. 1998). Cerrado vegetation varies in structure and composition (Furley & Ratter 1998, Ratter et al. 1998). Five main vegetation types of Cerrado are recognized (Eiten 1972, Ratter et al. 1998): <i>cerradão</i> (forest-like savanna), <i>cerrado</i> sensu stricto (woody savanna), <i>campo cerrado</i> (shrubby grassland with trees), <i>campo sujo</i> (shrubby grassland), and <i>campo limpo</i> (grassland). </p> <p></p> <p>In 1992, only 2% of the Cerrado areas in São Paulo State, southeastern Brazil, were represented by grasslands (Kronka et al. 1998). Presently, very few remnants of these open formations are protected. Thus, studies that provide information on the native fauna and flora of open Cerrado formations are of great importance for conservation management and implementation (see Silva & Bates 2001). </p> <p></p> <p> Knowledge on the Cerrado anuran fauna is extremely limited, and most studies were conducted in central and northern Brazil (Moreira & Barreto 1996, Martins 1998, Strüssmann 2000, Bastos et al. 2003; for a review see Colli et al. 2002). The anuran fauna of the southern regions of the Cerrado is virtually unknown, with the exception of two studies on the herpetofauna of high elevation (> 1500 m) Cerrado areas in central and southern Minas Gerais (Serra do Cipó, Eterovick & Sazima 2004; and Serra da Canastra, Haddad et al. 1988); furthermore, these areas also include <i>campos rupestres</i> (a shrubby vegetation that grows on rocky fields), which harbors several endemic species of plants and animals. </p> <p></p> <p>Here we present natural history information (habitat use and reproductive activity) on 28 species of frogs from the Estação Ecológica de Itirapina (EEI), one of the few remnants of protected grasslands in the State of São Paulo. We also compare the composition of this assemblage with those of other Cerrado sites, two Caatinga (dry, predominantly xerophitic open vegetation), and four forest areas throughout Brazil. We demonstrate that the Itirapina assemblage is more similar to those of other open areas than to those of forests, even when the latter are geographically closer to the EEI. </p> <p></p> <p> <b>2. STUDY AREA</b> </p> <p></p> <p>The Estação Ecológica de Itirapina (ca. 2300 ha) is located in the municipalities of Itirapina and Brotas (<a href="" class="open-asset-modal" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#ModalFigfig01"><span class="sci-ico-fileFigure"></span>Fig. 1</a>; 22º00' to 22º15' S; 47º45' to 48º00' W; elevation 720-750 m). The reserve is covered by well preserved, natural Cerrado vegetation, mainly <i>campo limpo </i>(grasslands), <i>campo sujo </i>(grasslands with scattered shrubs), <i>campo cerrado </i>(grasslands with scattered shrubs and trees), gallery forests, and marshes (<a href="" class="open-asset-modal" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#ModalFigfig02"><span class="sci-ico-fileFigure"></span>Figs. 2</a> and <a href="" class="open-asset-modal" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#ModalFigfig03"><span class="sci-ico-fileFigure"></span>3</a>). The soil of the drier interfluves (with grasslands) is primarily composed of sand (over 85%); soils in wetter areas contain 60-70% of clay or silt. There are two types of gallery forests in the reserve (<a href="" class="open-asset-modal" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#ModalFigfig02"><span class="sci-ico-fileFigure"></span>Fig. 2</a>): the gallery forest along Lobo stream floods on rare occasions and its soil contains more silt and coarse sand, whereas the gallery forest along Capão stream is flooded throughout the rainy season and the soil contains more clay and fine sand (hydromorphic). Amphibians breed in both permanent and temporary ponds in the EEI and also utilize puddles, streams, swamps, marshes, and large dams as breeding sites (<a href="" class="open-asset-modal" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#ModalFigfig04"><span class="sci-ico-fileFigure"></span>Fig. 4</a>). </p> <div class="row fig" id="fig01"> <a name="fig01"></a><div class="col-md-4 col-sm-4"><a href="" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#ModalFigfig01"><div class="thumbOff"><div class="zoom"><span class="sci-ico-zoom"></span></div></div></a></div> <div class="col-md-8 col-sm-8"><br></div> </div> <div class="row fig" id="fig02"> <a name="fig02"></a><div class="col-md-4 col-sm-4"><a href="" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#ModalFigfig02"><div class="thumbOff"><div class="zoom"><span class="sci-ico-zoom"></span></div></div></a></div> <div class="col-md-8 col-sm-8"><br></div> </div> <div class="row fig" id="fig03"> <a name="fig03"></a><div class="col-md-4 col-sm-4"><a href="" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#ModalFigfig03"><div class="thumbOff"><div class="zoom"><span class="sci-ico-zoom"></span></div></div></a></div> <div class="col-md-8 col-sm-8"><br></div> </div> <div class="row fig" id="fig04"> <a name="fig04"></a><div class="col-md-4 col-sm-4"><a href="" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#ModalFigfig04"><div class="thumbOff"><div class="zoom"><span class="sci-ico-zoom"></span></div></div></a></div> <div class="col-md-8 col-sm-8"><br></div> </div> <p></p> <p>The climate is mesothermic with a marked dry season (<a href="" class="open-asset-modal" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#ModalFigfig05"><span class="sci-ico-fileFigure"></span>Fig. 5</a>). In the period from 1998 to 2002, mean monthly rainfall in the dry season (April to September) was 44.2 mm (0 to 122 mm each month) and 191.2 mm during the wet season (October to March; 29 to 452 mm each month). From April 1998 to March 2002, the minimum temperature ranged from 0 to 11<sup> o</sup>C during the dry season, and from 9 to 18 ºC during the wet season; the maximum temperature ranged from 28 to 36<sup> o</sup>C in the dry season, and from 33 to 39 ºC during the wet season (<a href="" class="open-asset-modal" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#ModalFigfig05"><span class="sci-ico-fileFigure"></span>Fig. 5</a>). Occasional frosts occurred in winter, usually in June and July. </p> <div class="row fig" id="fig05"> <a name="fig05"></a><div class="col-md-4 col-sm-4"><a href="" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#ModalFigfig05"><div class="thumbOff"><div class="zoom"><span class="sci-ico-zoom"></span></div></div></a></div> <div class="col-md-8 col-sm-8"><br></div> </div> <p></p> <p> <b>3. MATERIAL AND METHODS</b> </p> <p></p> <p>We surveyed the anurans of EEI from September 1998 to March 2002 using three primary methods: pitfall traps with drift fences (<i>sensu</i> Greenberg et al. 1994, Cechin & Martins 1999), visual and audio surveys (Heyer et al. 1994), and incidental encounters. All bufonids, leptodactylids, and microhylids were captured or observed using all sampling methods, and hylids were captured using all methods but pitfall traps. Voucher specimens were deposited in the Museu de História Natural da Universidade Estadual de Campinas (ZUEC) and Coleção de Anfíbios da Universidade Estadual Paulista, Rio Claro (CFBH). </p> <p></p> <p>In the species accounts, we provided the approximate snout-vent length (SVL, mm) of adult males and females together, unless stated otherwise. We considered rare those species for which we found less than 50 individuals throughout the study, and abundant those for which we found 50 or more individuals during the same period. </p> <p></p> <p>We compared the composition of the EEI assemblage with those of five Cerrado sites (Ilha de Maracá, northern Brazil, Martins 1998; Serra da Canastra, southern Brazil, Haddad et al. 1988; Rio Manso, Strüssman 2001; Silvânia, Bastos et al. 2003; and Água Emendadas, Brandão & Araújo 1998, all three located in central Brazil), two Caatinga sites (Maturéia and São José do Bonfim, northeastern Brazil, Arzabe 1999), and four forest sites (Manaus, Amazonian forest, northern Brazil, M. Martins unpublished data; Guaraqueçaba, L. M. Castanho unpublished data, Atlantic forest, southeastern Brazil; Intervales, Bertolucci 2001, Atlantic forest, southeastern Brazil; and Ubatuba, C. F. B. Haddad and M. Hartmann, unpublished data, Atlantic forest, southeastern Brazil). For this comparison we used the Sorensen similarity index (Wolda 1981) and the clustering method WPGMA (Sneath & Sokal 1973), with the software MVSP (Kovach 1999). We use World Wildlife Fund's ecoregions (e. g., Dinerstein et al. 2000) to refer to Brazilian ecosystems. </p> <p></p> <p> <b>4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION </b> </p> <p></p> <p> <b>4.1 SPECIES ACCOUNTS</b> </p> <p></p> <p>We recorded 28 species in ten genera and four families at Estação Ecológica de Itirapina (<a href="" class="open-asset-modal" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#ModalTablea05tab01"><span class="sci-ico-fileTable"></span>Table 1</a>). The information on each species is detailed below. </p> <p></p> <p> <div class="row table" id="a05tab01"> <a name="a05tab01"></a><div class="col-md-4 col-sm-4"><a data-toggle="modal" data-target="#ModalTablea05tab01"><div class="thumbOff"> Thumbnail <div class="zoom"><span class="sci-ico-zoom"></span></div> </div></a></div> <div class="col-md-8 col-sm-8"> <br> </div> </div> </p> <p></p> <p>We recorded 28 species in ten genera and four families at Estação Ecológica de Itirapina (<a href="" class="open-asset-modal" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#ModalTablea05tab01"><span class="sci-ico-fileTable"></span>Table 1</a>). The information on each species is detailed below. </p> <p></p> <p>Bufonidae </p> <p></p> <p> <i>Bufo ornatus </i> </p> <p></p> <p>This moderate-sized toad (SVL males <img style="max-width:100%" src="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1676-0611/my6G6C3FxLs9Q5q5qjfHrGv/970651ac1c1455910824d69aeb1765738d880b96.gif"> = 54.4, SD = 15.7 mm, N = 21; <a href="" class="open-asset-modal" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#ModalFigfig06"><span class="sci-ico-fileFigure"></span>Fig. 6</a>) was a rare species at EEI. No calls were heard at the station, although adults and juveniles were observed and captured in pitfall traps close to the Lobo stream gallery forest during the rainy season. Voucher specimens: ZUEC 12009-10. </p> <div class="row fig" id="fig06"> <a name="fig06"></a><div class="col-md-4 col-sm-4"><a href="" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#ModalFigfig06"><div class="thumbOff"><div class="zoom"><span class="sci-ico-zoom"></span></div></div></a></div> <div class="col-md-8 col-sm-8"><br></div> </div> <p></p> <p> <i>Bufo schneideri</i> </p> <p></p> <p> This large toad (SVL males = 136.2, SD = 11.1 mm; N = 6; SVL females = 168.7, SD = 3.8 mm, N = 4; <a href="" class="open-asset-modal" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#ModalFigfig07"><span class="sci-ico-fileFigure"></span>Fig. 7</a>) was a rare species at EEI. It is an explosive breeder, frequently encountered at the end of the dry season, and early in the rainy season. It was captured mostly in pitfall traps near gallery forests (mainly along Lobo stream), but occasionally observed in <i>campo sujo</i>. It called for a few nights along the margins of large dam along the borders of the reserve during the onset of the rainy season. Additional information on the biology of <i>B. schneideri</i> was provided by Moreira & Barreto (1997), Brandão & Araújo (1998), and Toledo et al. (2003). Voucher specimen: ZUEC 12012. </p> <div class="row fig" id="fig07"> <a name="fig07"></a><div class="col-md-4 col-sm-4"><a href="" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#ModalFigfig07"><div class="thumbOff"><div class="zoom"><span class="sci-ico-zoom"></span></div></div></a></div> <div class="col-md-8 col-sm-8"><br></div> </div> <p></p> <p>Hylidae </p> <p></p> <p> <i>Dendropsophus jimi </i> </p> <p></p> <p>This small treefrog (SVL males = 19.1, SD = 0.4 mm; N = 6; <a href="" class="open-asset-modal" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#ModalFigfig08"><span class="sci-ico-fileFigure"></span>Fig. 8</a>) was very abundant in swampy areas and temporary ponds at EEI. Males called on grasses of these ponds throughout the rainy season; calling sites were 40 to 120 cm above the ground. Some males were observed using the same calling site over multiple nights. Tadpoles were found in temporary ponds. Voucher specimen: ZUEC 12047. </p> <div class="row fig" id="fig08"> <a name="fig08"></a><div class="col-md-4 col-sm-4"><a href="" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#ModalFigfig08"><div class="thumbOff"><div class="zoom"><span class="sci-ico-zoom"></span></div></div></a></div> <div class="col-md-8 col-sm-8"><br></div> </div> <p></p> <p> <i>Dendropsophus minutus</i> </p> <p></p> <p>This small treefrog (SVL males = 21.0, SD = 0.9 mm; N = 8; <a href="" class="open-asset-modal" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#ModalFigfig09"><span class="sci-ico-fileFigure"></span>Fig. 9</a>) was very common in swampy areas and temporary ponds throughout the reserve. Males called on the vegetation (usually grasses and shrubs) from 30 to 80 cm above ground, throughout the rainy season. Tadpoles were common in these ephemeral water bodies. Additional information on the biology of <i>D</i>.<i> minutus</i> was provided by Cardoso & Haddad (1984) and Eterovick & Sazima (2004). Voucher specimens: ZUEC 12042-43. </p> <div class="row fig" id="fig09"> <a name="fig09"></a><div class="col-md-4 col-sm-4"><a href="" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#ModalFigfig09"><div class="thumbOff"><div class="zoom"><span class="sci-ico-zoom"></span></div></div></a></div> <div class="col-md-8 col-sm-8"><br></div> </div> <p></p> <p> <i>Dendropsophus nanus</i> </p> <p></p> <p>This diminutive treefrog (SVL males = 20.4, SD = 0.8 mm; N = 10) was common in large flooded areas. Males called on grasses and shrubs from 10 to 40 cm above ground throughout the rainy season. Additional information on its biology was provided by Rossa-Feres & Jim (2001) and Toledo et al. (2003). Voucher specimen: ZUEC 12041. </p> <p></p> <p> <i>Dendropsophus sanborni</i> </p> <p></p> <p>A diminutive treefrog (SVL males = 17.3, SD = 1.4 mm; N = 6; <a href="" class="open-asset-modal" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#ModalFigfig10"><span class="sci-ico-fileFigure"></span>Fig. 10</a>) frequently encountered in swamps, large flooded areas, and ponds. Males called from the vegetation 30 to 60 cm above ground throughout the rainy season. Additional information on its biology was provided by Rossa-Feres & Jim (2001) and Toledo et al. (2003). Voucher specimens: ZUEC 12039-40. </p> <div class="row fig" id="fig10"> <a name="fig10"></a><div class="col-md-4 col-sm-4"><a href="" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#ModalFigfig10"><div class="thumbOff"><div class="zoom"><span class="sci-ico-zoom"></span></div></div></a></div> <div class="col-md-8 col-sm-8"><br></div> </div> <p></p> <p> <i>Hypsiboas albopunctatus</i> </p> <p></p> <p>This moderate-sized treefrog (SVL males = 53.1, SD = 7.2 mm; N = 6; <a href="" class="open-asset-modal" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#ModalFigfig11"><span class="sci-ico-fileFigure"></span>Fig. 11</a>) was very abundant in permanent or long lasting ponds and swampy areas around both gallery forests. It called from low branches of shrubs and low trees, and was found mostly from 30 to 100 cm above ground. Calling activity occurred throughout the rainy season, but peaked at the end of the season. Tadpoles were found in permanent ponds. Additional information on the biology of <i>H. albopunctatus</i> was provided by Moreira & Barreto (1997) and Toledo et al. (2003). Voucher specimens: ZUEC 12013-14. </p> <div class="row fig" id="fig11"> <a name="fig11"></a><div class="col-md-4 col-sm-4"><a href="" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#ModalFigfig11"><div class="thumbOff"><div class="zoom"><span class="sci-ico-zoom"></span></div></div></a></div> <div class="col-md-8 col-sm-8"><br></div> </div> <p></p> <p> <i>Hypsiboas faber</i> </p> <p></p> <p> A single adult of this large species (SVL = 87.3 ± 5.4 mm; N = 5; <a href="" class="open-asset-modal" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#ModalFigfig12"><span class="sci-ico-fileFigure"></span>Fig. 12</a>) was heard on the border of the reserve, in a disturbed area of <i>campo limpo</i>. This species is common in permanent ponds outside the reserve. Additional information on its biology was provided by Martins & Haddad (1988), Martins (1993a, b), and Martins et al. (1993, 1998). Voucher specimen: ZUEC 12024. </p> <div class="row fig" id="fig12"> <a name="fig12"></a><div class="col-md-4 col-sm-4"><a href="" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#ModalFigfig12"><div class="thumbOff"><div class="zoom"><span class="sci-ico-zoom"></span></div></div></a></div> <div class="col-md-8 col-sm-8"><br></div> </div> <p></p> <p> <i>Hypsiboas lundii</i> </p> <p></p> <p>This large species (SVL males = 65.4, SD = 1.0 mm; N = 3; <a href="" class="open-asset-modal" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#ModalFigfig13"><span class="sci-ico-fileFigure"></span>Fig. 13</a>) was found only along the gallery forest of Capão stream, where up to 13 males could be heard in a single night. Males called from the vegetation, from 1.5 to 10.0 m above the ground (approximately the height of the canopy), throughout the rainy season and occasionally in the dry season. Juveniles were also found in gallery forests. Additional information on the biology of <i>H. lundii</i> was provided by Eterovick & Sazima (2004). Voucher specimens: ZUEC 12034-35. </p> <div class="row fig" id="fig13"> <a name="fig13"></a><div class="col-md-4 col-sm-4"><a href="" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#ModalFigfig13"><div class="thumbOff"><div class="zoom"><span class="sci-ico-zoom"></span></div></div></a></div> <div class="col-md-8 col-sm-8"><br></div> </div> <p></p> <p> <i>Osteocephalus langsdorffii</i> </p> <p></p> <p>A single individual (adult female) of this large treefrog (<a href="" class="open-asset-modal" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#ModalFigfig14"><span class="sci-ico-fileFigure"></span>Fig. 14</a>) was captured in the gallery forest of Lobo stream. The call was never heard inside the reserve. However, we found a large breeding population in a flooded area along a stream outside the reserve (cf. Almeida & Nunes 1999). Voucher specimen: ZUEC 12025. </p> <div class="row fig" id="fig14"> <a name="fig14"></a><div class="col-md-4 col-sm-4"><a href="" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#ModalFigfig14"><div class="thumbOff"><div class="zoom"><span class="sci-ico-zoom"></span></div></div></a></div> <div class="col-md-8 col-sm-8"><br></div> </div> <p></p> <p><i>Scinax </i>cf.<i> berthae</i></p> <p></p> <p>This small treefrog (SVL males = 18.4, SD = 1.5 mm; N = 6, <a href="" class="open-asset-modal" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#ModalFigfig15"><span class="sci-ico-fileFigure"></span>Fig. 15</a>) was found in swampy areas and at the edge of gallery forests. Males called from the beginning to the middle of the rainy season. Voucher specimen: ZUEC 12044. </p> <div class="row fig" id="fig15"> <a name="fig15"></a><div class="col-md-4 col-sm-4"><a href="" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#ModalFigfig15"><div class="thumbOff"><div class="zoom"><span class="sci-ico-zoom"></span></div></div></a></div> <div class="col-md-8 col-sm-8"><br></div> </div> <p></p> <p> <i>Scinax fuscomarginatus</i> </p> <p></p> <p>This small treefrog (SVL males = 20.1 ± 1.4 mm; N = 5. <a href="" class="open-asset-modal" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#ModalFigfig16"><span class="sci-ico-fileFigure"></span>Fig.16</a>) was relatively common in swampy areas and temporary ponds throughout the reserve. Males called from the middle to the end of the rainy season. Calling sites were up to 30 cm above the ground. Additional information on its biology was provided by Moreira & Barreto (1997) and Rossa-Feres & Jim (2001). Voucher specimens: ZUEC 12037-38. </p> <div class="row fig" id="fig16"> <a name="fig16"></a><div class="col-md-4 col-sm-4"><a href="" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#ModalFigfig16"><div class="thumbOff"><div class="zoom"><span class="sci-ico-zoom"></span></div></div></a></div> <div class="col-md-8 col-sm-8"><br></div> </div> <p></p> <p> <i>Scinax fuscovarius</i> </p> <p></p> <p>This moderate-sized treefrog (SVL males = 43.3, SD = 2.4 mm; N = 6; <a href="" class="open-asset-modal" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#ModalFigfig17"><span class="sci-ico-fileFigure"></span>Fig. 17</a>) was very abundant in swampy areas, temporary ponds, and on the edge of gallery forests. It was found in all vegetation types. Males called on the ground or from vegetation 10 to 40 cm above the ground. Calling activity occurred throughout the rainy season. Additional information on the biology of <i>S. fuscovarius</i> was provided by Rossa-Feres & Jim (2001) and Eterovik & Sazima (004). Voucher specimen: ZUEC 12046. </p> <div class="row fig" id="fig17"> <a name="fig17"></a><div class="col-md-4 col-sm-4"><a href="" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#ModalFigfig17"><div class="thumbOff"><div class="zoom"><span class="sci-ico-zoom"></span></div></div></a></div> <div class="col-md-8 col-sm-8"><br></div> </div> <p></p> <p><i>Scinax </i>cf.<i> similis </i></p> <p></p> <p>This moderate-sized treefrog (SVL males = 39.0, SD = 2.1 mm, N = 197; SVL females = 36.7, SD = 2.7 mm; N = 120; <a href="" class="open-asset-modal" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#ModalFigfig18"><span class="sci-ico-fileFigure"></span>Fig. 18</a>) was commonly found in temporary ponds throughout the reserve; males called throughout the rainy season, with peaks of activity after heavy rains. Males called from vegetation 10 to 50 cm above ground. Thousands of amplectant pairs were observed in one night in a single pond in December 2001. Information on the biology of <i>Scinax similis</i> was provided by Rossa-Feres & Jim (2001). Voucher specimen: ZUEC 12045. </p> <div class="row fig" id="fig18"> <a name="fig18"></a><div class="col-md-4 col-sm-4"><a href="" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#ModalFigfig18"><div class="thumbOff"><div class="zoom"><span class="sci-ico-zoom"></span></div></div></a></div> <div class="col-md-8 col-sm-8"><br></div> </div> <p></p> <p> <i>Scinax squalirostris</i> </p> <p></p> <p>This small treefrog (SVL males x = 21.1, SD = 2.0 mm; N = 5; <a href="" class="open-asset-modal" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#ModalFigfig19"><span class="sci-ico-fileFigure"></span>Fig. 19</a>) was a common species in some temporary ponds at EEI. Males called during the beginning of the rainy season, mainly on grass tufts about 50 cm above the ground. Additional information on its biology was provided by Eterovick & Sazima (2004). Voucher specimen: ZUEC 12036. </p> <div class="row fig" id="fig19"> <a name="fig19"></a><div class="col-md-4 col-sm-4"><a href="" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#ModalFigfig19"><div class="thumbOff"><div class="zoom"><span class="sci-ico-zoom"></span></div></div></a></div> <div class="col-md-8 col-sm-8"><br></div> </div> <p></p> <p>Leptodactylidae </p> <p></p> <p> <i>Leptodactylus furnarius</i> </p> <p></p> <p>This moderate-sized frog (SVL males = 34.6, SD = 3.2 mm; N = 28; SVL females = 37. 6, SD = 4.3 mm; N = 24; <a href="" class="open-asset-modal" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#ModalFigfig21"><span class="sci-ico-fileFigure"></span>Fig. 21</a>) was captured in pitfall traps in all vegetation types, although it was more abundant in swampy areas along gallery forests. It calls in the middle of the rainy season and digs burrows in the drier areas of temporary ponds and swamps, where foam nests were deposited. Additional information on the biology of <i>L. furnarius</i> was provided by Giaretta & Kokobum (2003) and Eterovick & Sazima (2004). Voucher specimen: ZUEC 12028. </p> <div class="row fig" id="fig20"> <a name="fig20"></a><div class="col-md-4 col-sm-4"><a href="" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#ModalFigfig20"><div class="thumbOff"><div class="zoom"><span class="sci-ico-zoom"></span></div></div></a></div> <div class="col-md-8 col-sm-8"><br></div> </div> <div class="row fig" id="fig21"> <a name="fig21"></a><div class="col-md-4 col-sm-4"><a href="" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#ModalFigfig21"><div class="thumbOff"><div class="zoom"><span class="sci-ico-zoom"></span></div></div></a></div> <div class="col-md-8 col-sm-8"><br></div> </div> <p></p> <p> <i>Leptodactylus fuscus</i> </p> <p></p> <p>This moderate-sized frog (SVL males = 47.2, SD = 4.8 mm; N = 35; SVL females = 56.4, SD = 4.8 mm; N = 22; <a href="" class="open-asset-modal" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#ModalFigfig22"><span class="sci-ico-fileFigure"></span>Fig. 22</a>) was common in all vegetation types and was observed or captured by all methods. Calling adults and dug-out burrows (where foam nests were deposited) were found in the drier surroundings of temporary ponds at the beginning and during the middle of the rainy season. This species was not found during the dry season. Additional information on the biology of <i>L. fuscus</i> was provided by Martins (1988), Rossa-Feres et al. (1999), and Freitas et al. (2001). Voucher specimen: ZUEC 12021. </p> <div class="row fig" id="fig22"> <a name="fig22"></a><div class="col-md-4 col-sm-4"><a href="" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#ModalFigfig22"><div class="thumbOff"><div class="zoom"><span class="sci-ico-zoom"></span></div></div></a></div> <div class="col-md-8 col-sm-8"><br></div> </div> <p></p> <p> <i>Leptodactylus jolyi</i> </p> <p></p> <p>This moderate-sized frog (SVL males = 45.0, SD = 1.3 mm; N = 6; <a href="" class="open-asset-modal" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#ModalFigfig23"><span class="sci-ico-fileFigure"></span>Fig. 23</a>) was registered in swampy areas near temporary ponds in <i>campo limpo</i>. Males generally called from sheltered places (base of grass tufts) at the beginning of and middle of the rainy season. Additional information on its biology was provided by Eterovick & Sazima (2004). Voucher specimen: CFBH6514. </p> <div class="row fig" id="fig23"> <a name="fig23"></a><div class="col-md-4 col-sm-4"><a href="" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#ModalFigfig23"><div class="thumbOff"><div class="zoom"><span class="sci-ico-zoom"></span></div></div></a></div> <div class="col-md-8 col-sm-8"><br></div> </div> <p></p> <p> <i>Leptodactylus labyrinthicus</i> </p> <p></p> <p>During the rainy season, males and females of this large frog (SVL males = 150.8, SD = 26.5 mm; N = 6; SVL females; = 138.1, SD = 7.2 mm; N = 3; <a href="" class="open-asset-modal" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#ModalFigfig20"><span class="sci-ico-fileFigure"></span>Fig. 20</a>) were common in all vegetation types, in swamps close to gallery forests, and in large temporary ponds in areas of <i>campo limpo</i> and <i>campo sujo. </i>Males always called at ground level. Foam nests and tadpoles were abundant in water-filled mammal burrows and natural depressions on the ground. Females were frequently observed caring for their clutches. During the dry season, adults forage at night in <i>campo sujo</i>, and hide in mammal burrows during the day and night. Frogs of all stages post-metamorphosis (from froglets to large adults) were frequently captured in pitfall traps in gallery forest, and less frequently in <i>campo sujo</i>. Tadpoles and juveniles were common in and around swamps and ponds. Voucher specimens: ZUEC 12026-27. </p> <p></p> <p> <i>Leptodactylus mystacinus</i> </p> <p></p> <p>This moderate-sized frog (SVL males = 47.2 mm ± 4.8 mm; N = 35; SVL females = 56.4, SD = 4.8 mm; N = 22; <a href="" class="open-asset-modal" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#ModalFigfig24"><span class="sci-ico-fileFigure"></span>Fig. 24</a>) was captured in pitfall traps in all vegetation types, although it was found mainly in <i>campo cerrado</i>. Overall abundance is low at EEI (compared to <i>L</i>. <i>fuscus</i> and <i>L. furnarius</i>). Dug-out burrows (where foam nests were deposited) and calling adults were found at the beginning and throughout the middle of the rainy season, in the drier regions of temporary ponds and swamps (e.g. Lucas, 2004) Voucher specimen: ZUEC 12015. </p> <div class="row fig" id="fig24"> <a name="fig24"></a><div class="col-md-4 col-sm-4"><a href="" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#ModalFigfig24"><div class="thumbOff"><div class="zoom"><span class="sci-ico-zoom"></span></div></div></a></div> <div class="col-md-8 col-sm-8"><br></div> </div> <p></p> <p><i>Leptodactylus </i>cf.<i> ocellatus </i></p> <p></p> <p> This large frog (SVL males = 71.1, SD = 13.8 mm; N = 3; <a href="" class="open-asset-modal" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#ModalFigfig25"><span class="sci-ico-fileFigure"></span>Fig. 25</a>) was rare at EEI, found only around ponds and swamps along gallery forests. On one occasion, a school of tadpoles guarded by a female was found in a large temporary pond. Voucher specimen: ZUEC 12029. </p> <div class="row fig" id="fig25"> <a name="fig25"></a><div class="col-md-4 col-sm-4"><a href="" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#ModalFigfig25"><div class="thumbOff"><div class="zoom"><span class="sci-ico-zoom"></span></div></div></a></div> <div class="col-md-8 col-sm-8"><br></div> </div> <p></p> <p> <i>Physalaemus centralis</i> </p> <p></p> <p>This moderate-size frog (SVL males = 31.1, SD = 3.8 mm; N = 5; <a href="" class="open-asset-modal" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#ModalFigfig26"><span class="sci-ico-fileFigure"></span>Fig. 26</a>) was rare, although it was found in all vegetation types. Calling males, egg clutches, and tadpoles were found at the beginning and throughout the middle of the rainy season in temporary ponds and swamps (CAB, unpubl. data). Voucher specimens: ZUEC 12018-19. </p> <div class="row fig" id="fig26"> <a name="fig26"></a><div class="col-md-4 col-sm-4"><a href="" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#ModalFigfig26"><div class="thumbOff"><div class="zoom"><span class="sci-ico-zoom"></span></div></div></a></div> <div class="col-md-8 col-sm-8"><br></div> </div> <p></p> <p> <i>Physalaemus cuvieri</i> </p> <p></p> <p>This small frog (SVL males = 27.6, SD = 3.0 mm; N = 525; SVL females = 29.5, SD = 2.7 mm; N = 680; <a href="" class="open-asset-modal" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#ModalFigfig27"><span class="sci-ico-fileFigure"></span>Fig. 27</a>) was the most abundant leptodactylid at EEI; it was captured in pitfall traps in all vegetation types. Males generally called from sheltered places (base of grass tufts) in temporary ponds throughout the rainy season. Males also called from small puddles after heavy rains. Tadpoles and juveniles were very commonly found in and around temporary ponds. Additional information on the biology of <i>P. cuvieri</i> was provided by Bokermann (1962), Cardoso (1981), and Barreto & Andrade (1995). Voucher specimen: ZUEC 12020. </p> <div class="row fig" id="fig27"> <a name="fig27"></a><div class="col-md-4 col-sm-4"><a href="" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#ModalFigfig27"><div class="thumbOff"><div class="zoom"><span class="sci-ico-zoom"></span></div></div></a></div> <div class="col-md-8 col-sm-8"><br></div> </div> <p></p> <p> <i>Physalaemus fuscomaculatus</i> </p> <p></p> <p> This moderate-size frog (SVL males = 32.8, SD = 3.8 mm; N = 20; SVL females = 37.8, SD = 4.4 mm; N = 23; <a href="" class="open-asset-modal" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#ModalFigfig28"><span class="sci-ico-fileFigure"></span>Fig. 28</a>) was very abundant at EEI. It was commonly captured in pitfall traps from all habitats sampled, except along gallery forests. It called in all types of temporary water bodies after heavy rains during both the dry and wet season. Generally males called floating in small sheltered puddles (<a href="" class="open-asset-modal" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#ModalFigfig27"><span class="sci-ico-fileFigure"></span>Fig. 27</a>). Amplectant pairs were found from 21:00 to 22:00h (N = 8) and egg laying (in foam nests) was observed at approximately 02:00h (N = 6). Tadpoles were commonly found in temporary water bodies. Additional information on the biology of <i>P. fuscomaculatus</i> was provided by Rossa-Feres & Jim (2001) and Giaretta & Menin (2003). Voucher specimens: ZUEC 12016-17. </p> <div class="row fig" id="fig28"> <a name="fig28"></a><div class="col-md-4 col-sm-4"><a href="" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#ModalFigfig28"><div class="thumbOff"><div class="zoom"><span class="sci-ico-zoom"></span></div></div></a></div> <div class="col-md-8 col-sm-8"><br></div> </div> <p></p> <p> <i>Physalaemus nattereri</i> </p> <p></p> <p>This moderate-sized species (SVL males = 37.8, SD = 4.5 mm; N = 51; SVL females = 43.0, SD = 6.3 mm = 7; <a href="" class="open-asset-modal" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#ModalFigfig29"><span class="sci-ico-fileFigure"></span>Fig. 29</a>) was relatively rare at EEI. It was captured in pitfall traps in all habitats with the exception of gallery forest. Males called after heavy rains throughout the rainy season from various types of temporary water bodies. Generally males called floating in small sheltered puddles. Amplectant pairs were observed at approximately 22:00h (N = 6), and eggs were deposited after 2:00h (N = 5). Additional information on the biology of <i>P. nattereri</i> was provided by Rossa-Feres & Jim (2001). Voucher specimens: ZUEC 12022-23. </p> <div class="row fig" id="fig29"> <a name="fig29"></a><div class="col-md-4 col-sm-4"><a href="" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#ModalFigfig29"><div class="thumbOff"><div class="zoom"><span class="sci-ico-zoom"></span></div></div></a></div> <div class="col-md-8 col-sm-8"><br></div> </div> <p></p> <p><i>Proceratophrys </i>sp<i>. </i></p> <p></p> <p>This moderated frog (SVL males = 28.0, SD = 3.1 mm, N = 65; SVL females = 36.6, SD = 4.9 mm; N = 75; <a href="" class="open-asset-modal" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#ModalFigfig30"><span class="sci-ico-fileFigure"></span>Fig. 30</a> e <a href="" class="open-asset-modal" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#ModalFigfig31"><span class="sci-ico-fileFigure"></span>31</a>) was abundant at EEI. It was found in the gallery forest of Capão stream and in <i>campo sujo</i>. It called manly after heavy rains throughout the rainy season. Males called during daytime. Voucher specimen: ZUEC 13021 </p> <div class="row fig" id="fig30"> <a name="fig30"></a><div class="col-md-4 col-sm-4"><a href="" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#ModalFigfig30"><div class="thumbOff"><div class="zoom"><span class="sci-ico-zoom"></span></div></div></a></div> <div class="col-md-8 col-sm-8"><br></div> </div> <div class="row fig" id="fig31"> <a name="fig31"></a><div class="col-md-4 col-sm-4"><a href="" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#ModalFigfig31"><div class="thumbOff"><div class="zoom"><span class="sci-ico-zoom"></span></div></div></a></div> <div class="col-md-8 col-sm-8"><br></div> </div> <p></p> <p>Microhylidae </p> <p></p> <p> <i>Chiasmocleis albopunctata</i> </p> <p></p> <p>Although rarely captured by pitfall traps, this diminutive frog (SVL males = 25.3, SD = 2.1 mm; N = 6; SVL females = 29.1, SD = 3.2 mm; N = 12; <a href="" class="open-asset-modal" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#ModalFigfig32"><span class="sci-ico-fileFigure"></span>Fig. 32</a>) was found in all vegetation types. Large aggregations of calling males were found in temporary ponds and small puddles after heavy rains, throughout the rainy season. Males called in a somewhat vertical posture, with the upper half of the body inside the water (<a href="" class="open-asset-modal" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#ModalFigfig31"><span class="sci-ico-fileFigure"></span>Fig. 31</a>). Voucher specimen: ZUEC 12032. </p> <div class="row fig" id="fig32"> <a name="fig32"></a><div class="col-md-4 col-sm-4"><a href="" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#ModalFigfig32"><div class="thumbOff"><div class="zoom"><span class="sci-ico-zoom"></span></div></div></a></div> <div class="col-md-8 col-sm-8"><br></div> </div> <p></p> <p><i>Elachistocleis </i>cf.<i> ovalis</i></p> <p></p> <p>This small frog (SVL males = 28.1 mm, SD = 3.2 mm; N = 29; SVL females = 33.9 mm, SD = 4.7 mm; N = 30; <a href="" class="open-asset-modal" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#ModalFigfig33"><span class="sci-ico-fileFigure"></span>Fig. 33</a>) was commonly captured by pitfall traps throughout the reserve. Males called from temporary ponds and swamps from the middle to the end of the rainy season. Males generally called from sheltered sites at ground level. Some amplectant pairs were observed laying eggs in temporary ponds at approximately 23:00h. Additional information on the biology of <i>Elachistocleis </i>cf.<i> ovalis</i> was provided by Rossa-Feres & Jim (2001) and Eterovick & Sazima (2004). Voucher specimen: ZUEC 12031. </p> <div class="row fig" id="fig33"> <a name="fig33"></a><div class="col-md-4 col-sm-4"><a href="" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#ModalFigfig33"><div class="thumbOff"><div class="zoom"><span class="sci-ico-zoom"></span></div></div></a></div> <div class="col-md-8 col-sm-8"><br></div> </div> <p></p> <p> <b>4.2 HABITAT USE </b> </p> <p></p> <p>Among the anuran species observed at EEI (28 spp.), only six were found in gallery forests (<a href="" class="open-asset-modal" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#ModalFigfig03"><span class="sci-ico-fileFigure"></span>Fig. 3</a>): <i>B. ornatus, H. albopunctatus, H. lundii, Scinax </i>cf.<i> berthae, Physalaemus cuvieri </i>and<i> Proceratophrys </i>sp). The level of dependence on gallery forests varies among those six species. The range of dependence level was divided into three categories: 1) totally dependent, 2) semi-dependent, and 3) incidental (e. g., Silva & Bates 1995; Brandão & Araújo 2000). </p> <p></p> <p>Only one species, <i>H. lundii</i>, could be considered as totally dependent of gallery forests. This species uses gallery forests during all phases of its life cycle (eggs, tadpoles, metamorphs, and adults). The exclusive occurrence of <i>H. lundii</i> in gallery forests was also observed in central Brazil (Brandão & Araújo 1998, 2000, Colli et al. 2002, Bastos et al. 2003). </p> <p></p> <p><i>Proceratophrys </i>sp. was considered semi-dependent of gallery forests. Although its tadpoles develop in gallery forests, adults are found in campo sujo areas surrounding these forests. Many amplectant pairs of this species were found in pitfall traps located at the border of these forests. These frogs were probably moving to gallery forests for oviposition.<i> Bufo</i><i>ornatus</i> had never been observed to breed in gallery forests, although adults and froglets were found in these forests at EEI, indicating that this species may breed in this habitat; if this is true, it would be considered semi-dependent of gallery forests. </p> <p></p> <p>Three species which breed in both gallery and open habitats were classified as incidental of gallery forests: <i>H. albopunctatus</i>, <i>Scinax</i> cf. <i>berthae</i>, and <i>P. curvieri</i>. Calling males of <i>H.</i> <i>albopunctata</i> were found inside or near gallery forests around permanent ponds. Both <i>Scinax </i>cf. <i>berthae</i> and <i>P. cuvieri</i> were incidentally found breeding in gallery forests. </p> <p></p> <p>In the EEI, <i>Proceratophrys </i>sp<i>. </i>and <i>H. lundii</i> were found only in the gallery forest that does not flood during the rainy season. On the other hand, <i>B</i>. <i>ornatus</i> was recorded only in the floodable gallery forest. <i>Hypsiboas albopunctatus</i> was found in both types of gallery forest. </p> <p></p> <p>The remainder species occurred in all types of open vegetation. Anurans at EEI utilized various types of breeding sites (<a href="" class="open-asset-modal" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#ModalTablea05tab01"><span class="sci-ico-fileTable"></span>Table 1</a>). Most hylids (12 of 14 species, 91.6%) bred in lentic habitats (e. g. temporary and permanent ponds, and swamps). Only <i>H. lundii</i> used streams in gallery forests for reproduction. On a single occasion, males of <i>Scinax</i> cf. <i>berthae</i> were found calling near streams. </p> <p></p> <p>Most leptodactylids used temporary ponds and puddles for reproduction, with the exception of <i>Proceratophrys</i> sp. which bred in streams. <i>Leptodactylus furnarius </i>preferred swampy areas, whereas the other species in the <i>fuscus</i> group (<i>L. fuscus</i> and <i>L. mystacinus</i>) used primarily shallow temporary ponds. Most <i>Physalaemus</i> species bred in ponds and temporary puddles. However, <i>P. cuvieri</i> used all habitat types for reproduction. Both species of microhylids used temporary and permanent ponds, temporary puddles, and swamps for reproduction. <i>Bufo</i> <i>ornatus</i> was found near streams, and <i>B. schneideri</i> near ponds and puddles. </p> <p></p> <p>Most species at EEI were habitat generalists. Possible this is an adaptation to unstable and unpredictable ephemeral habitats (Levins 1968) which show intense variation in hydroperiod. The ability to use many breeding habitats may facilitate the colonization of new areas (Rossa-Feres, 1994). Most species found in pristine habitats in the EEI are also found in the anthropogenic water bodies in the surroundings of the reserve, despite the generally small size of those water bodies and the presence of exotic and invasive plant species (<i>Bracchiaria</i> and <i>Pinnus</i>) in and around the water bodies. </p> <p></p> <p> <b>4.3 REPRODUCTIVE ACTIVITY</b> </p> <p></p> <p>All species presented predominantly nocturnal calling activity. Some species, as <i>Proceratophrys </i>sp<i>. </i>and <i>L. fuscus</i>, called also in the morning (up to 9:00h), and in the afternoon (after 15:00h). Most species also called during daytime when sunlight was blocked by dark thunderstorm clouds. </p> <p></p> <p>The Itirapina-Brotas region experiences marked dry and wet seasons, consistent with other Cerrado areas. The only permanent water bodies during the dry season were the streams inside gallery forests and a few permanent ponds associated with those streams. However, only a few species bred in these permanent ponds and in the streams to which they were associated. Since most species in the Itirapina-Brotas region bred in temporary ponds and puddles, the reproductive period is always limited to the rainy season (October to March, <a href="" class="open-asset-modal" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#ModalTablea05tab01"><span class="sci-ico-fileTable"></span>Table 1</a>, except for <i>H. lundii</i>, which seems to breed throughout the year), when these water bodies are formed. Furthermore, the beginning of anuran reproductive season for many species was driven by the onset of the wet season. </p> <p></p> <p>We detected a taxon-specific pattern for vocalization and breeding activity at EEI. In general, leptodactylids vocalized in the first half of the rainy season (onset to middle) while hylids and microhylids called during the second half of the rainy season (middle to end). This pattern was also observed in other studies on anurans breeding in ephemeral habitats; it seems to reflect the reproductive strategy for each group, which could be related to phylogenetic constraints. Leptodactylid eggs frequently develop in foam nests on water surface or inside dug-out burrows; tadpoles develop rapidly in the foam nest, which offer protection from dehydration. These two characteristics allow reproduction at the beginning of the raining season, when water availability is limited and more unpredictable. In contrast, the gelatinous eggs of hylids and microhylids in the EEI are deposited underwater or on the water surface. For these species, tadpole development is slower and dependent on water availability. On most years, this condition occurs only around the middle of the rainy season. </p> <p></p> <p> <b>4.4 COMPARISON WITH OTHER FROG ASSEMBLAGES</b> </p> <p></p> <p>Considering species composition, the frog assemblage of EEI is more similar to those of other Cerrado areas and other open ecosystems (e. g. Caatinga) than to those of forests, as expected (<a href="" class="open-asset-modal" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#ModalFigfig34"><span class="sci-ico-fileFigure"></span>Fig. 34</a>). Even assemblages of forest areas that are much closer (e. g. Intervales, about 250 km far from EEI) than some Cerrado areas (e. g. Maracá, over 4000 km far from EEI) are less similar to the EEI assemblage. Among the frog assemblages of open areas, those located in the northern part of the country (Maracá, São José do Bonfim and Maturéia) are more similar to each other than those situated in Central and southeastern Brazil, despite the fact that two distinct types of open ecosystems (Caatinga and Cerrado) are included in the northern region. Among assemblages of Cerrado areas, the EEI assemblage is more similar to those of three central Brazil assemblages (Águas Emendadas, Silvania, and Manso) than to that of a closer locality (Canastra), mainly because the latter include areas of rocky fields in which many endemic frog species occur (see Haddad et al. 1988). </p> <div class="row fig" id="fig34"> <a name="fig34"></a><div class="col-md-4 col-sm-4"><a href="" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#ModalFigfig34"><div class="thumbOff"><div class="zoom"><span class="sci-ico-zoom"></span></div></div></a></div> <div class="col-md-8 col-sm-8"><br></div> </div> <p></p> <p> <b>5. ACKNOWLEGMENTS:</b> </p> <p></p> <p> We are grateful to Instituto Florestal, especially Denise Zanchetta, for permission to work at the Estação Ecológica de Itirapina and providing logistic support. We also thank IBAMA for the permit to collect specimens (02027.010426/99-21). Many people contributed to this paper with suggestions, information, and field work, especially Graziella Giraldelli, Felipe Spina, Carol Monteiro, Vagner Ariedi Jr., Alexandro Tozetti, Glauco Machado, Vinicius Bonato, Cynthia Prado, and Cristiano Nogueira. Katia Ferraz and Jeanne Robertson helped with the English version. Katia Ferraz and Norberto Hülle helped in drawings and figures. Célio Haddad helped in frog identification. Ivan Sazima, Alexandro Tozetti, and Luis Felipe Toledo provided photographs of frogs. CAB and RJS thank Fapesp, and MCK and MM thanks CNPq for fellowships. Most of the fieldwork was funded by FAPESP and CNPq. Additional funding was provided by the Graduate Program in Ecology, Instituto de Biociências, University of São Paulo, and the Neotropical Grassland Conservancy. This is publication number 8 of the project "Ecology of the Cerrados of Itirapina". </p> <p></p> <p> <b>6. LITERATURE CITED </b> </p> <p></p> <p>Date Received 03/07/2005 </p> <p></p> <p> Revised 05/06/2005 </p> <p></p> <p> Accepted 07/01/2005 </p> <p></p> <p>ISSN 1676-0611 </p> <p></p> <p> </p> </div> <div><div class="ref-list"><ul class="refList"> <li><div>Almeida, M.T. de & Nunes, R. 1999. <i>Osteocephalus langsdorffi</i> Herp. Rev.30 (3):173 </div></li> <li><div>Arzabe, C. 1999. Reproductive activity patterns of anurans in two different altitudinal sites within the Brazilian Caatinga. Rev. Bras. Zool. 16(3): 851-864. </div></li> <li><div>Bastos, R. P., Motta, J. A. de O., Lima, L. P. & Guimarães, L. D. 2003. Anfíbios da Floresta Nacional de Silvânia, estado de Goiás. Goiânia: R.P. Bastos. </div></li> <li><div>Barreto, L. & Andrade, G.V. 1995. Aspects of the reproductive biology of <i>Physalaemus cuvieri</i> (Anura, Leptodactylidae) in northeastern Brazil. Amphibia-Reptilia, 16 (1):67-76. </div></li> <li><div>Bertolucci, J.A. 2001. Anfíbios Anuros. In Intervales/ Fundação para Conservação a Produção Florestal do Estado de São Paulo - São Paulo - SP: A Fundação Florestal. p.159-167. </div></li> <li><div>Bokermann, W.C.A. 1962. Observações biológicas sobre "<i>Physalaemus cuvieri</i>" Fitz., 1826 (Amphibia, Salientia). Rev. Bras. Biol. 22(4): 391-399. </div></li> <li><div>Brandão, R.A. & Araújo, A.F.B. 1998. A herpetofauna da Estação Ecológica de Águas Emendadas. In Estação Ecológica de Águas Emendadas: História Natural de um Fragmento de Cerrado do Brasil Central. (J. Marinho-Filho, F. Rodrigues & M. Guimarães) GDF, Brasília, DF, Brasil. </div></li> <li><div>Brandão E.A. & Araújo A.F.B. 2000. A herpetofauna associada às Matas de Galeria no distrito Federal. In Cerrado: caracterização e recuperação de Matas de Galeria. (J.F. Ribeiro, C.E.L. da Fonseca & J.C.Sousa-Silva) Embrapa, Brasília, DF p -561-606 </div></li> <li><div>Cardoso A.J. 1981. Biologia e sobrevivência de <i>Physalaemus cuvieri</i> Fitz, 1826 (Amphibia, Anura), na natureza. Cien. Cult., 33: 1224-1228. </div></li> <li><div>Cardoso, A.J. & Haddad, C.F.B. 1984. Variabilidade acústica em diferentes populações e interações agressivas de <i>Hyla minuta</i> (Amphibia, Anura). Ciência e Cultura 36(8):1393-1399. </div></li> <li><div>Cechin, S.Z. & Martins, M. 2000. Eficiência de armadilhas de queda (pitfall traps) em amostragens de anfíbios e répteis no Brasil. Revta. Bras. Zool. 17:729-740. </div></li> <li><div>Colli, G.R., Bastos, R.P. & Araújo, A.F.B. 2002. The character and dynamics of Cerrado herpetofauna. In The Cerrados of Brazil: Ecology and Natural History of a Neotropical Savanna (P.S. Oliveira & R.J. Marquis eds). Columbia University Press. New York. p. 223-241 </div></li> <li><div>Dinerstein, E., Powell, G., Olson, D., Wikramanayake, E., Abell, R., Loucks, C., Underwood, E., Allnutt, T., Wettengel, W., Ricketts, T., Strand, H., O'Connor, S. & Burgess, N. 2000. A workbook for conducting biological assessments and developing biodiversity visions for ecoregion-based conservation. Conservation Science Program, World Wildlife Fund-US, Washington, DC, USA. </div></li> <li><div>Duellman, W. & Trueb, L. 1994. Biology of Amphibians. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company. </div></li> <li><div>Eiten, G. 1972. The Cerrado vegetational of Brazil. Bot. Rev. 38:201-341. </div></li> <li><div>Eterovick, P.A. & Sazima, I. 2004. Anfíbios da Serra do Cipó, Minas Gerais Brasil. Editora PUCMINAS. 150pp. </div></li> <li><div>Freitas, E.F.L., Spirandelli-Cruz, E.F. & Jim, J. 2001. Comportamento reprodutivo de <i>Leptodactylus fuscus</i> (Schneider, 1799) (Anura:Leptodactylidae). Com. Mus. Cienc. Tecnol. PUC-RS, Ser. Zool. 14(2):121-132. </div></li> <li><div>Furley, P.A. & Ratter, J.A. 1998. Soil resources and plant communities of the central Brazilian cerrado and their development. J. of Biogeogr. 15:97-108. </div></li> <li><div>Giaretta, A.A. & Kokobum, M.N. de C. 2003. Reproductive ecology of <i>Leptodactylus furnarius</i> Sazima & Bokermann, 1978, a frog that lays eggs in underground chambers (Anura:Leptodactylidae). Herpetozoa 16 (3/4): 115-126. </div></li> <li><div>Giaretta, A.A. & Menin, M. 2004. Reproduction, phenology, and mortality sources of <i>Physalaemus </i>(Anura: Leptodactylidae). J. Nat. Hist. 38: 1711-1722. </div></li> <li><div>Greenberg, C.H., Neary, D.G. & Harris, L.D. 1994. A comparison of herpetofaunal sampling effectiveness of pitfall, single-ended, and double-ended funnel traps with drift fences. J. Herpetol. 28:319-324. </div></li> <li><div>Haddad, C.F.B., Andrade, G. & Cardoso, A.J. 1988. Anfíbios anuros do Parque Nacional da Serra da Canastra, estado de Minas Gerais. Brasil Florestal 64:9-20. </div></li> <li><div>Heyer, W.R., Donnelly, M.A., Mcdiarmid, R.W., Hayek, L.C. & Foster, M.S. 1994. Measuring and monitoring biological diversity: standard methods for amphibians. Smithisonian Institution. 364pp. </div></li> <li><div>Levins, R. 1968. Evolution in changing environments, some theoretical explorations. Monogr. Pop. Biol. 2: 1-120. </div></li> <li><div>Kovach, W.L. 1999. MVSP - A multi-variate statistical package for windows, ver. 3.1. Kovach computing Services, Penthraeth. </div></li> <li><div>Kronka, F.J.N., Nalon, M.A., Matsukuma, C.K. 1998. Áreas de domínio do cerrado no Estado de São Paulo. Secretaria do Meio Ambiente - São Paulo, SP. </div></li> <li><div>Lucas, E.M. 2004. Ecologia reprodutiva de três espécies simpátricas de <i>Leptodactylus </i>do grupo <i>fuscus</i> em remanescente de Cerrado no estado de São Paulo. Dissertação de Mestrado. Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP. </div></li> <li><div>Martins, M. 1988. Biologia reprodutiva de <i>Leptodactylus fuscus</i> em Boa Vista, Roraima (Amphibia: Anura). Rev. Brasil. Biol. 48:969-977. </div></li> <li><div>Martins, M. 1993a. Observations on nest dynamics and embryonic and larval development in the nest building Gladiator frog, <i>Hyla faber</i> Amphibia-Reptilia 14:411-421. </div></li> <li><div>Martins, M. 1993b.Observations on the reproductive behavior in the Smith frog, <i>Hyla faber</i> Herp. J. 3: 31-34. </div></li> <li><div>Martins, M. 1998. The frogs of the Ilha de Maracá. In Maracá: The biodiversity & environment of Amazonian Rainforest (W. Milliken & J. Ratter, eds). P-285-306. </div></li> <li><div>Martins, M. & Haddad, C.F.B. 1988. Vocalization and reproductive behaviour in the smith frog, <i>Hyla faber</i> Wied (Amphibia:Hylidae). Amphibia-Reptilia 9: 49-60. </div></li> <li><div>Martins, M., Sazima, I. & Engler, S.G. 1993. Predators of the nest building gladiator frog, <i>Hyla faber</i>, in southeastern Brazil. Amphibia-Reptilia, 14:307-309. </div></li> <li><div>Martins, M., Pombal Jr, J.P. & HADDAD, C.F.B. 1998. Escalated aggressive behavior and facultative parental care in the nest building gladiator frog, <i>Hyla faber</i> Amphibia-Reptilia, 69:1-9. </div></li> <li><div>Martins, M., Pombal Jr, J. P. & HADDAD, C.F.B. 1998. Escalated aggressive behavior and facultative parental care in the nest building gladiator frog, <i>Hyla faber</i> Amphibia-Reptilia, 69:1-9. </div></li> <li><div>Mittermeier, R.A., Myers, N., Mittermeier, C.G. 2000. Hotspots: Earth´s biologically richest and most endangered terrestrial ecorregions. Mexico City: CEMEX. </div></li> <li><div>Moreira, G. & Barreto, L. 1996. Seasonal variation in nocturnal calling activity of savanna anuran community in central Brazil. Amphibia- Reptilia 18:49-57. </div></li> <li><div>Myers, N., Mittermeier, R.A., Mittermeier,C.G., da Fonseca G.A.B., Kent, J. 2000. Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities. Nature 403: 853-858. </div></li> <li><div>Ratter, J.A., Ribeiro, J.F. & Bridgewater, S. 1998<b>.</b> The Brazilian Cerrado vegetation and threats to its biodiversity. Ann. Bot. 80:223-230. </div></li> <li><div>Rossa-Feres, D.C. 1997. Ecologia de uma comunidade de anfíbios anuros da região do Estado de São Paulo: microhabitat, sazonalidade, dieta e nicho multidimensional. Tese de doutorado. Universidade Estadual Paulista, Rio Claro, SP. </div></li> <li><div>Rossa-Feres, D.C. & Jim, J. 2001. Similaridade do sítio de vocalização em uma comunidade de anfíbios anuros na região noroeste do Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Revta. Bras. Zool. 18 (2):439-454. </div></li> <li><div>Rossa-Feres, D.C., Menin, M. & Izzo, T.J. 1999. Ocorrência sazonal e comportamento territorial em <i>Leptodactylus fuscus</i> (Anura, Leptodactylidae). Ilheringia, Sér. Zool., 87: 93-100. </div></li> <li><div>Silva, J.M. & Bates, J.M. 2002. Biogeographic patterns and conservation in the South American Cerrado: a Tropical savanna hotspot. BioScience. 52:225-233. </div></li> <li><div>Sneath P.H.A & Sokal, R.R. 1973. Numerical Taxonomy. Freeman, San Francisco. </div></li> <li><div>Strussmann, C. 2000. Herpetofauna. In Fauna Silvestre da região do Rio Manso- MT.(Alho, C.J.R, ed). Edições Ibama, Brasília, DF. p-153-189. </div></li> <li><div>Toledo, L.F., Zina, J. & Haddad, C.F.B. 2003. Distribuição Espacial e Temporal de uma comunidade de anfíbios anuros do Município de Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brasil. Holos Envir. 3 (2): 136-149. </div></li> <li><div>Wolda, H. 1981. Similarity indices, sample size and diversity. Oecologia. 50:296-302. </div></li> </ul></div></div> <li> <span class="xref big">1</span> <div>Autor para correspondência: </div> <div> <a href="mailto:cinthia_brasileiro@yahoo.com.br">cinthia_brasileiro@yahoo.com.br</a> </div> </li> <div class="articleSection" data-anchor="Publication Dates"> <h1 class="articleSectionTitle">Publication Dates</h1> <div class="row"><div class="col-md-12 col-sm-12"><ul class="articleTimeline"> <li> <strong>Publication in this collection</strong><br>23 Oct 2006</li> <li> <strong>Date of issue</strong><br>2005</li> </ul></div></div> </div> <div class="articleSection" data-anchor="History"> <h1 class="articleSectionTitle">History</h1> <div class="row"><div class="col-md-12 col-sm-12"><ul class="articleTimeline"> <li> <strong>Received</strong><br>03 July 2005</li> <li> <strong>Accepted</strong><br>07 Jan 2005</li> </ul></div></div> </div> <section class="documentLicense"><div class="container-license"><div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-3 col-md-2"><a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" target="_blank" title=""><img src="https://licensebuttons.net/l/by-nc/4.0//88x31.png" alt="Creative Common - by-nc 4.0 "></a></div> <div class="col-sm-9 col-md-10"><a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" target="_blank" title="">This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</a></div> </div></div></section></article> </div> </div></div></section><div class="modal fade ModalDefault ModalTutors" id="ModalTutors" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" aria-hidden="true"><div class="modal-dialog"><div class="modal-content"> <div class="modal-header"> <button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="modal"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span><span class="sr-only">Close</span></button><h4 class="modal-title">Authorship</h4> </div> <div class="modal-body"><div class="info"> <div class="tutors"> <strong> Cínthia Aguirre Brasileiro </strong><br><div> <span data-aff-display="aff01">Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia , Museu de História Natural, São Paulo, Brazil</span><span data-aff-orgname="aff01" hidden="">Universidade Estadual de Campinas</span><span data-aff-country="aff01" hidden="">Brazil</span><span data-aff-country-code="aff01" hidden="" country="BR"></span><span data-aff-location="aff01" hidden="">São Paulo, Brazil</span><span data-aff-full="aff01" hidden="">Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia , Museu de História Natural, São Paulo, Brazil</span><a href="" class="scimago-link" data-scimago-link="aff01"></a> </div> <div> <span data-aff-display="aff02">Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Biociências , Departamento de Ecologia, São Paulo, Brazil</span><span data-aff-orgname="aff02" hidden="">Universidade de São Paulo</span><span data-aff-country="aff02" hidden="">Brazil</span><span data-aff-country-code="aff02" hidden="" country="BR"></span><span data-aff-location="aff02" hidden="">São Paulo, Brazil</span><span data-aff-full="aff02" hidden="">Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Biociências , Departamento de Ecologia, São Paulo, Brazil</span><a href="" class="scimago-link" data-scimago-link="aff02"></a> </div> <div class="clearfix"></div> </div> <div class="tutors"> <strong> Ricardo J. Sawaya </strong><br><div> <span data-aff-display="aff03">Instituto Butantan, Laboratório de Herpetologia </span><span data-aff-orgname="aff03" hidden="">Instituto Butantan</span><span data-aff-country="aff03" hidden=""></span><span data-aff-country-code="aff03" hidden=""></span><span data-aff-location="aff03" hidden=""></span><span data-aff-full="aff03" hidden="">Instituto Butantan, Laboratório de Herpetologia </span><a href="" class="scimago-link" data-scimago-link="aff03"></a> </div> <div class="clearfix"></div> </div> <div class="tutors"> <strong> Mara C. Kiefer </strong><br><div> <span data-aff-display="aff04">Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia , Departamento de Zoologia, São Paulo, Brazil</span><span data-aff-orgname="aff04" hidden="">Universidade Estadual de Campinas</span><span data-aff-country="aff04" hidden="">Brazil</span><span data-aff-country-code="aff04" hidden="" country="BR"></span><span data-aff-location="aff04" hidden="">São Paulo, Brazil</span><span data-aff-full="aff04" hidden="">Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia , Departamento de Zoologia, São Paulo, Brazil</span><a href="" class="scimago-link" data-scimago-link="aff04"></a> </div> <div> <span data-aff-display="aff05">Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Departamento de Ecologia , Rio de Janeiro, Brazil</span><span data-aff-orgname="aff05" hidden="">Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro</span><span data-aff-country="aff05" hidden="">Brazil</span><span data-aff-country-code="aff05" hidden="" country="BR"></span><span data-aff-location="aff05" hidden="">Rio de Janeiro, Brazil</span><span data-aff-full="aff05" hidden="">Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Departamento de Ecologia , Rio de Janeiro, Brazil</span><a href="" class="scimago-link" data-scimago-link="aff05"></a> </div> <div class="clearfix"></div> </div> <div class="tutors"> <strong> Marcio Martins </strong><br><div> <span data-aff-display="aff02">Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Biociências , Departamento de Ecologia, São Paulo, Brazil</span><span data-aff-orgname="aff02" hidden="">Universidade de São Paulo</span><span data-aff-country="aff02" hidden="">Brazil</span><span data-aff-country-code="aff02" hidden="" country="BR"></span><span data-aff-location="aff02" hidden="">São Paulo, Brazil</span><span data-aff-full="aff02" hidden="">Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Biociências , Departamento de Ecologia, São Paulo, Brazil</span><a href="" class="scimago-link" data-scimago-link="aff02"></a> </div> <div class="clearfix"></div> </div> </div></div> </div></div></div> <div class="modal fade ModalDefault ModalTutors" id="ModalScimago" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" aria-hidden="true"><div class="modal-dialog"><div class="modal-content"> <div class="modal-header"> <button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="modal"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span><span class="sr-only">Close</span></button><h4 class="modal-title"> SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS </h4> </div> <div class="modal-body"><div class="info"> <div> <span data-aff-display="aff03">Instituto Butantan, Laboratório de Herpetologia </span><span data-aff-orgname="aff03" hidden="">Instituto Butantan</span><span data-aff-country="aff03" hidden=""></span><span data-aff-country-code="aff03" hidden=""></span><span data-aff-location="aff03" hidden=""></span><span data-aff-full="aff03" hidden="">Instituto Butantan, Laboratório de Herpetologia </span><a href="" class="scimago-link" data-scimago-link="aff03"></a><br> </div> <div> <span data-aff-display="aff01">Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia , Museu de História Natural, São Paulo, Brazil</span><span data-aff-orgname="aff01" hidden="">Universidade Estadual de Campinas</span><span data-aff-country="aff01" hidden="">Brazil</span><span data-aff-country-code="aff01" hidden="" country="BR"></span><span data-aff-location="aff01" hidden="">São Paulo, Brazil</span><span data-aff-full="aff01" hidden="">Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia , Museu de História Natural, São Paulo, Brazil</span><a href="" class="scimago-link" data-scimago-link="aff01"></a><br> </div> <div> <span data-aff-display="aff02">Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Biociências , Departamento de Ecologia, São Paulo, Brazil</span><span data-aff-orgname="aff02" hidden="">Universidade de São Paulo</span><span data-aff-country="aff02" hidden="">Brazil</span><span data-aff-country-code="aff02" hidden="" country="BR"></span><span data-aff-location="aff02" hidden="">São Paulo, Brazil</span><span data-aff-full="aff02" hidden="">Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Biociências , Departamento de Ecologia, São Paulo, Brazil</span><a href="" class="scimago-link" data-scimago-link="aff02"></a><br> </div> <div> <span data-aff-display="aff04">Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia , Departamento de Zoologia, São Paulo, Brazil</span><span data-aff-orgname="aff04" hidden="">Universidade Estadual de Campinas</span><span data-aff-country="aff04" hidden="">Brazil</span><span data-aff-country-code="aff04" hidden="" country="BR"></span><span data-aff-location="aff04" hidden="">São Paulo, Brazil</span><span data-aff-full="aff04" hidden="">Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia , Departamento de Zoologia, São Paulo, Brazil</span><a href="" class="scimago-link" data-scimago-link="aff04"></a><br> </div> <div> <span data-aff-display="aff05">Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Departamento de Ecologia , Rio de Janeiro, Brazil</span><span data-aff-orgname="aff05" hidden="">Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro</span><span data-aff-country="aff05" hidden="">Brazil</span><span data-aff-country-code="aff05" hidden="" country="BR"></span><span data-aff-location="aff05" hidden="">Rio de Janeiro, Brazil</span><span data-aff-full="aff05" hidden="">Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Departamento de Ecologia , Rio de Janeiro, Brazil</span><a href="" class="scimago-link" data-scimago-link="aff05"></a><br> </div> </div></div> </div></div></div> <div class="modal fade ModalDefault" id="ModalTablesFigures" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" aria-hidden="true"><div class="modal-dialog"><div class="modal-content"> <div class="modal-header"> <button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="modal"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span><span class="sr-only">Close</span></button><h4 class="modal-title">Figures | Tables</h4> </div> <div class="modal-body"> <ul class="nav nav-tabs md-tabs" role="tablist"> <li role="presentation" class="col-md-4 col-sm-4 active"><a href="#figures" aria-controls="figures" role="tab" data-toggle="tab">Figures (34) </a></li> <li role="presentation" class="col-md-4 col-sm-4 "><a href="#tables" aria-controls="tables" role="tab" data-toggle="tab">Tables (1) </a></li> </ul> <div class="clearfix"></div> <div class="tab-content"> <div role="tabpanel" class="tab-pane active" id="figures"> <div class="row fig"> <div class="col-md-4"><a data-toggle="modal" data-target="#ModalFigfig01"><div class="thumbOff"> Thumbnail <div class="zoom"><span class="sci-ico-zoom"></span></div> </div></a></div> <div class="col-md-8"> </div> </div> <div class="row fig"> <div class="col-md-4"><a data-toggle="modal" data-target="#ModalFigfig02"><div class="thumbOff"> Thumbnail <div class="zoom"><span class="sci-ico-zoom"></span></div> </div></a></div> <div class="col-md-8"> </div> </div> <div class="row fig"> <div class="col-md-4"><a data-toggle="modal" data-target="#ModalFigfig03"><div class="thumbOff"> Thumbnail <div class="zoom"><span class="sci-ico-zoom"></span></div> </div></a></div> <div class="col-md-8"> </div> </div> <div class="row fig"> <div class="col-md-4"><a data-toggle="modal" data-target="#ModalFigfig04"><div class="thumbOff"> Thumbnail <div class="zoom"><span class="sci-ico-zoom"></span></div> </div></a></div> <div class="col-md-8"> </div> </div> <div class="row fig"> <div class="col-md-4"><a data-toggle="modal" data-target="#ModalFigfig05"><div class="thumbOff"> Thumbnail <div class="zoom"><span class="sci-ico-zoom"></span></div> </div></a></div> <div class="col-md-8"> </div> </div> <div class="row fig"> <div class="col-md-4"><a data-toggle="modal" data-target="#ModalFigfig06"><div class="thumbOff"> Thumbnail <div class="zoom"><span class="sci-ico-zoom"></span></div> </div></a></div> <div class="col-md-8"> </div> </div> <div class="row fig"> <div class="col-md-4"><a data-toggle="modal" data-target="#ModalFigfig07"><div class="thumbOff"> Thumbnail <div class="zoom"><span class="sci-ico-zoom"></span></div> </div></a></div> <div class="col-md-8"> </div> </div> <div class="row fig"> <div class="col-md-4"><a data-toggle="modal" data-target="#ModalFigfig08"><div class="thumbOff"> Thumbnail <div class="zoom"><span class="sci-ico-zoom"></span></div> </div></a></div> <div class="col-md-8"> </div> </div> <div class="row fig"> <div class="col-md-4"><a data-toggle="modal" data-target="#ModalFigfig09"><div class="thumbOff"> Thumbnail <div class="zoom"><span class="sci-ico-zoom"></span></div> </div></a></div> <div class="col-md-8"> </div> </div> <div class="row fig"> <div class="col-md-4"><a data-toggle="modal" data-target="#ModalFigfig10"><div class="thumbOff"> Thumbnail <div class="zoom"><span class="sci-ico-zoom"></span></div> </div></a></div> <div class="col-md-8"> </div> </div> <div class="row fig"> <div class="col-md-4"><a data-toggle="modal" data-target="#ModalFigfig11"><div class="thumbOff"> Thumbnail <div class="zoom"><span class="sci-ico-zoom"></span></div> </div></a></div> <div class="col-md-8"> </div> </div> <div class="row fig"> <div class="col-md-4"><a data-toggle="modal" data-target="#ModalFigfig12"><div class="thumbOff"> Thumbnail <div class="zoom"><span class="sci-ico-zoom"></span></div> </div></a></div> <div class="col-md-8"> </div> </div> <div class="row fig"> <div class="col-md-4"><a data-toggle="modal" data-target="#ModalFigfig13"><div class="thumbOff"> Thumbnail <div class="zoom"><span class="sci-ico-zoom"></span></div> </div></a></div> <div class="col-md-8"> </div> </div> <div class="row fig"> <div class="col-md-4"><a data-toggle="modal" data-target="#ModalFigfig14"><div class="thumbOff"> Thumbnail <div class="zoom"><span class="sci-ico-zoom"></span></div> </div></a></div> <div class="col-md-8"> </div> </div> <div class="row fig"> <div class="col-md-4"><a data-toggle="modal" data-target="#ModalFigfig15"><div class="thumbOff"> Thumbnail <div class="zoom"><span class="sci-ico-zoom"></span></div> </div></a></div> <div class="col-md-8"> </div> </div> <div class="row fig"> <div class="col-md-4"><a data-toggle="modal" data-target="#ModalFigfig16"><div class="thumbOff"> Thumbnail <div class="zoom"><span class="sci-ico-zoom"></span></div> </div></a></div> <div class="col-md-8"> </div> </div> <div class="row fig"> <div class="col-md-4"><a data-toggle="modal" data-target="#ModalFigfig17"><div class="thumbOff"> Thumbnail <div class="zoom"><span class="sci-ico-zoom"></span></div> </div></a></div> <div class="col-md-8"> </div> </div> <div class="row fig"> <div class="col-md-4"><a data-toggle="modal" data-target="#ModalFigfig18"><div class="thumbOff"> Thumbnail <div class="zoom"><span class="sci-ico-zoom"></span></div> </div></a></div> <div class="col-md-8"> </div> </div> <div class="row fig"> <div class="col-md-4"><a data-toggle="modal" data-target="#ModalFigfig19"><div class="thumbOff"> Thumbnail <div class="zoom"><span class="sci-ico-zoom"></span></div> </div></a></div> <div class="col-md-8"> </div> </div> <div class="row fig"> <div class="col-md-4"><a data-toggle="modal" data-target="#ModalFigfig20"><div class="thumbOff"> Thumbnail <div class="zoom"><span class="sci-ico-zoom"></span></div> </div></a></div> <div class="col-md-8"> </div> </div> <div class="row fig"> <div class="col-md-4"><a data-toggle="modal" data-target="#ModalFigfig21"><div class="thumbOff"> Thumbnail <div class="zoom"><span class="sci-ico-zoom"></span></div> </div></a></div> <div class="col-md-8"> </div> </div> <div class="row fig"> <div class="col-md-4"><a data-toggle="modal" data-target="#ModalFigfig22"><div class="thumbOff"> Thumbnail <div class="zoom"><span class="sci-ico-zoom"></span></div> </div></a></div> <div class="col-md-8"> </div> </div> <div class="row fig"> <div class="col-md-4"><a data-toggle="modal" data-target="#ModalFigfig23"><div class="thumbOff"> Thumbnail <div class="zoom"><span class="sci-ico-zoom"></span></div> </div></a></div> <div class="col-md-8"> </div> </div> <div class="row fig"> <div class="col-md-4"><a data-toggle="modal" data-target="#ModalFigfig24"><div class="thumbOff"> Thumbnail <div class="zoom"><span class="sci-ico-zoom"></span></div> </div></a></div> <div class="col-md-8"> </div> </div> <div class="row fig"> <div class="col-md-4"><a data-toggle="modal" data-target="#ModalFigfig25"><div class="thumbOff"> Thumbnail <div class="zoom"><span class="sci-ico-zoom"></span></div> </div></a></div> <div class="col-md-8"> </div> </div> <div class="row fig"> <div class="col-md-4"><a data-toggle="modal" data-target="#ModalFigfig26"><div class="thumbOff"> Thumbnail <div class="zoom"><span class="sci-ico-zoom"></span></div> </div></a></div> <div class="col-md-8"> </div> </div> <div class="row fig"> <div class="col-md-4"><a data-toggle="modal" data-target="#ModalFigfig27"><div class="thumbOff"> Thumbnail <div class="zoom"><span class="sci-ico-zoom"></span></div> </div></a></div> <div class="col-md-8"> </div> </div> <div class="row fig"> <div class="col-md-4"><a data-toggle="modal" data-target="#ModalFigfig28"><div class="thumbOff"> Thumbnail <div class="zoom"><span class="sci-ico-zoom"></span></div> </div></a></div> <div class="col-md-8"> </div> </div> <div class="row fig"> <div class="col-md-4"><a data-toggle="modal" data-target="#ModalFigfig29"><div class="thumbOff"> Thumbnail <div class="zoom"><span class="sci-ico-zoom"></span></div> </div></a></div> <div class="col-md-8"> </div> </div> <div class="row fig"> <div class="col-md-4"><a data-toggle="modal" data-target="#ModalFigfig30"><div class="thumbOff"> Thumbnail <div class="zoom"><span class="sci-ico-zoom"></span></div> </div></a></div> <div class="col-md-8"> </div> </div> <div class="row fig"> <div class="col-md-4"><a data-toggle="modal" data-target="#ModalFigfig31"><div class="thumbOff"> Thumbnail <div class="zoom"><span class="sci-ico-zoom"></span></div> </div></a></div> <div class="col-md-8"> </div> </div> <div class="row fig"> <div class="col-md-4"><a data-toggle="modal" data-target="#ModalFigfig32"><div class="thumbOff"> Thumbnail <div class="zoom"><span class="sci-ico-zoom"></span></div> </div></a></div> <div class="col-md-8"> </div> </div> <div class="row fig"> <div class="col-md-4"><a data-toggle="modal" data-target="#ModalFigfig33"><div class="thumbOff"> Thumbnail <div class="zoom"><span class="sci-ico-zoom"></span></div> </div></a></div> <div class="col-md-8"> </div> </div> <div class="row fig"> <div class="col-md-4"><a data-toggle="modal" data-target="#ModalFigfig34"><div class="thumbOff"> Thumbnail <div class="zoom"><span class="sci-ico-zoom"></span></div> </div></a></div> <div class="col-md-8"> </div> </div> </div> <div role="tabpanel" class="tab-pane " id="tables"><div class="row table"> <div class="col-md-4"><a data-toggle="modal" data-target="#ModalTablea05tab01"><div class="thumbOff"> Thumbnail <div class="zoom"><span class="sci-ico-zoom"></span></div> </div></a></div> <div class="col-md-8"> </div> </div></div> </div> </div> </div></div></div> <div class="modal fade ModalFigs" id="ModalFigfig01" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" aria-hidden="true"><div class="modal-dialog modal-lg"><div class="modal-content"> <div class="modal-header"> <button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="modal"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span><span class="sr-only">Close</span></button><a class="link-newWindow showTooltip" target="_blank" data-placement="left" title="Open new window" href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1676-0611/my6G6C3FxLs9Q5q5qjfHrGv/e26c91782950ae6cf31f7a940bd956076f699493.gif"><span class="sci-ico-newWindow"></span></a><h4 class="modal-title"> <span class="sci-ico-fileFigure"></span><br> </h4> </div> <div class="modal-body"><img style="max-width:100%" src="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1676-0611/my6G6C3FxLs9Q5q5qjfHrGv/e26c91782950ae6cf31f7a940bd956076f699493.gif"></div> </div></div></div> <div class="modal fade ModalFigs" id="ModalFigfig02" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" aria-hidden="true"><div class="modal-dialog modal-lg"><div class="modal-content"> <div class="modal-header"> <button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="modal"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span><span class="sr-only">Close</span></button><a class="link-newWindow showTooltip" target="_blank" data-placement="left" title="Open new window" href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1676-0611/my6G6C3FxLs9Q5q5qjfHrGv/88784ea15749e938889623ed4069ed55267e2a4a.jpg"><span class="sci-ico-newWindow"></span></a><h4 class="modal-title"> <span class="sci-ico-fileFigure"></span><br> </h4> </div> <div class="modal-body"><img style="max-width:100%" src="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1676-0611/my6G6C3FxLs9Q5q5qjfHrGv/88784ea15749e938889623ed4069ed55267e2a4a.jpg"></div> </div></div></div> <div class="modal fade ModalFigs" id="ModalFigfig03" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" aria-hidden="true"><div class="modal-dialog modal-lg"><div class="modal-content"> <div class="modal-header"> <button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="modal"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span><span class="sr-only">Close</span></button><a class="link-newWindow showTooltip" target="_blank" data-placement="left" title="Open new window" href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1676-0611/my6G6C3FxLs9Q5q5qjfHrGv/e987445b6f7e254675a598b385d57b5fc2c9486e.jpghttps://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1676-0611/my6G6C3FxLs9Q5q5qjfHrGv/35d4a4ca614f9e2e02be78269dad7490fbba10b0.jpghttps://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1676-0611/my6G6C3FxLs9Q5q5qjfHrGv/d0105edeae3c40044da326e680ad789b657a91ba.jpg"><span class="sci-ico-newWindow"></span></a><h4 class="modal-title"> <span class="sci-ico-fileFigure"></span><br> </h4> </div> <div class="modal-body"> <img style="max-width:100%" src="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1676-0611/my6G6C3FxLs9Q5q5qjfHrGv/e987445b6f7e254675a598b385d57b5fc2c9486e.jpg"><img style="max-width:100%" src="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1676-0611/my6G6C3FxLs9Q5q5qjfHrGv/35d4a4ca614f9e2e02be78269dad7490fbba10b0.jpg"><img style="max-width:100%" src="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1676-0611/my6G6C3FxLs9Q5q5qjfHrGv/d0105edeae3c40044da326e680ad789b657a91ba.jpg"> </div> </div></div></div> <div class="modal fade ModalFigs" id="ModalFigfig04" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" aria-hidden="true"><div class="modal-dialog modal-lg"><div class="modal-content"> <div class="modal-header"> <button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="modal"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span><span class="sr-only">Close</span></button><a class="link-newWindow showTooltip" target="_blank" data-placement="left" title="Open new window" href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1676-0611/my6G6C3FxLs9Q5q5qjfHrGv/94f05c0376d58ee60410adcd6147ba15c12bc7ca.jpghttps://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1676-0611/my6G6C3FxLs9Q5q5qjfHrGv/ba27742e1f06d0e0546907a615045e298bcf82d9.jpg"><span class="sci-ico-newWindow"></span></a><h4 class="modal-title"> <span class="sci-ico-fileFigure"></span><br> </h4> </div> <div class="modal-body"> <img style="max-width:100%" src="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1676-0611/my6G6C3FxLs9Q5q5qjfHrGv/94f05c0376d58ee60410adcd6147ba15c12bc7ca.jpg"><img style="max-width:100%" src="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1676-0611/my6G6C3FxLs9Q5q5qjfHrGv/ba27742e1f06d0e0546907a615045e298bcf82d9.jpg"> </div> </div></div></div> <div class="modal fade ModalFigs" id="ModalFigfig05" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" aria-hidden="true"><div class="modal-dialog modal-lg"><div class="modal-content"> <div class="modal-header"> <button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="modal"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span><span class="sr-only">Close</span></button><a class="link-newWindow showTooltip" target="_blank" data-placement="left" title="Open new window" href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1676-0611/my6G6C3FxLs9Q5q5qjfHrGv/37677f93640e40eaadda2ac25893848593cd00b8.jpg"><span class="sci-ico-newWindow"></span></a><h4 class="modal-title"> <span class="sci-ico-fileFigure"></span><br> </h4> </div> <div class="modal-body"><img style="max-width:100%" src="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1676-0611/my6G6C3FxLs9Q5q5qjfHrGv/37677f93640e40eaadda2ac25893848593cd00b8.jpg"></div> </div></div></div> <div class="modal fade ModalFigs" id="ModalFigfig06" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" aria-hidden="true"><div class="modal-dialog modal-lg"><div class="modal-content"> <div class="modal-header"> <button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="modal"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span><span class="sr-only">Close</span></button><a class="link-newWindow showTooltip" target="_blank" data-placement="left" title="Open new window" href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1676-0611/my6G6C3FxLs9Q5q5qjfHrGv/46143e6026aa92051a775f2d15f302b9f267de46.jpg"><span class="sci-ico-newWindow"></span></a><h4 class="modal-title"> <span class="sci-ico-fileFigure"></span><br> </h4> </div> <div class="modal-body"><img style="max-width:100%" src="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1676-0611/my6G6C3FxLs9Q5q5qjfHrGv/46143e6026aa92051a775f2d15f302b9f267de46.jpg"></div> </div></div></div> <div class="modal fade ModalFigs" id="ModalFigfig07" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" aria-hidden="true"><div class="modal-dialog modal-lg"><div class="modal-content"> <div class="modal-header"> <button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="modal"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span><span class="sr-only">Close</span></button><a class="link-newWindow showTooltip" target="_blank" data-placement="left" title="Open new window" href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1676-0611/my6G6C3FxLs9Q5q5qjfHrGv/78ee444acd6de0c543fb223589b4aeea7a0c82bd.jpg"><span class="sci-ico-newWindow"></span></a><h4 class="modal-title"> <span class="sci-ico-fileFigure"></span><br> </h4> </div> <div class="modal-body"><img style="max-width:100%" src="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1676-0611/my6G6C3FxLs9Q5q5qjfHrGv/78ee444acd6de0c543fb223589b4aeea7a0c82bd.jpg"></div> </div></div></div> <div class="modal fade ModalFigs" id="ModalFigfig08" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" aria-hidden="true"><div class="modal-dialog modal-lg"><div class="modal-content"> <div class="modal-header"> <button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="modal"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span><span class="sr-only">Close</span></button><a class="link-newWindow showTooltip" target="_blank" data-placement="left" title="Open new window" href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1676-0611/my6G6C3FxLs9Q5q5qjfHrGv/e6f8f6ba304c1866e4594a00d38934319803973d.jpg"><span class="sci-ico-newWindow"></span></a><h4 class="modal-title"> <span class="sci-ico-fileFigure"></span><br> </h4> </div> <div class="modal-body"><img style="max-width:100%" src="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1676-0611/my6G6C3FxLs9Q5q5qjfHrGv/e6f8f6ba304c1866e4594a00d38934319803973d.jpg"></div> </div></div></div> <div class="modal fade ModalFigs" id="ModalFigfig09" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" aria-hidden="true"><div class="modal-dialog modal-lg"><div class="modal-content"> <div class="modal-header"> <button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="modal"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span><span class="sr-only">Close</span></button><a class="link-newWindow showTooltip" target="_blank" data-placement="left" title="Open new window" href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1676-0611/my6G6C3FxLs9Q5q5qjfHrGv/a0d0318f5169c033c40995b28bc7cdb6371f46f6.jpg"><span class="sci-ico-newWindow"></span></a><h4 class="modal-title"> <span class="sci-ico-fileFigure"></span><br> </h4> </div> <div class="modal-body"><img style="max-width:100%" src="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1676-0611/my6G6C3FxLs9Q5q5qjfHrGv/a0d0318f5169c033c40995b28bc7cdb6371f46f6.jpg"></div> </div></div></div> <div class="modal fade ModalFigs" id="ModalFigfig10" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" aria-hidden="true"><div class="modal-dialog modal-lg"><div class="modal-content"> <div class="modal-header"> <button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="modal"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span><span class="sr-only">Close</span></button><a class="link-newWindow showTooltip" target="_blank" data-placement="left" title="Open new window" href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1676-0611/my6G6C3FxLs9Q5q5qjfHrGv/7e58b1cdd82c6aa2d4dbb7b14607fb928cdf57ff.jpg"><span class="sci-ico-newWindow"></span></a><h4 class="modal-title"> <span class="sci-ico-fileFigure"></span><br> </h4> </div> <div class="modal-body"><img style="max-width:100%" src="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1676-0611/my6G6C3FxLs9Q5q5qjfHrGv/7e58b1cdd82c6aa2d4dbb7b14607fb928cdf57ff.jpg"></div> </div></div></div> <div class="modal fade ModalFigs" id="ModalFigfig11" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" aria-hidden="true"><div class="modal-dialog modal-lg"><div class="modal-content"> <div class="modal-header"> <button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="modal"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span><span class="sr-only">Close</span></button><a class="link-newWindow showTooltip" target="_blank" data-placement="left" title="Open new window" href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1676-0611/my6G6C3FxLs9Q5q5qjfHrGv/ee164d92fa7e449c911569e0e09e0fa526168959.jpg"><span class="sci-ico-newWindow"></span></a><h4 class="modal-title"> <span class="sci-ico-fileFigure"></span><br> </h4> </div> <div class="modal-body"><img style="max-width:100%" src="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1676-0611/my6G6C3FxLs9Q5q5qjfHrGv/ee164d92fa7e449c911569e0e09e0fa526168959.jpg"></div> </div></div></div> <div class="modal fade ModalFigs" id="ModalFigfig12" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" aria-hidden="true"><div class="modal-dialog modal-lg"><div class="modal-content"> <div class="modal-header"> <button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="modal"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span><span class="sr-only">Close</span></button><a class="link-newWindow showTooltip" target="_blank" data-placement="left" title="Open new window" href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1676-0611/my6G6C3FxLs9Q5q5qjfHrGv/75ddf71c9171ca8a5c729b088e8257585d1186de.jpg"><span class="sci-ico-newWindow"></span></a><h4 class="modal-title"> <span class="sci-ico-fileFigure"></span><br> </h4> </div> <div class="modal-body"><img style="max-width:100%" src="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1676-0611/my6G6C3FxLs9Q5q5qjfHrGv/75ddf71c9171ca8a5c729b088e8257585d1186de.jpg"></div> </div></div></div> <div class="modal fade ModalFigs" id="ModalFigfig13" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" aria-hidden="true"><div class="modal-dialog modal-lg"><div class="modal-content"> <div class="modal-header"> <button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="modal"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span><span class="sr-only">Close</span></button><a class="link-newWindow showTooltip" target="_blank" data-placement="left" title="Open new window" href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1676-0611/my6G6C3FxLs9Q5q5qjfHrGv/45b92408ad690f40c7a4597b626830e7573221a0.jpg"><span class="sci-ico-newWindow"></span></a><h4 class="modal-title"> <span class="sci-ico-fileFigure"></span><br> </h4> </div> <div class="modal-body"><img style="max-width:100%" src="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1676-0611/my6G6C3FxLs9Q5q5qjfHrGv/45b92408ad690f40c7a4597b626830e7573221a0.jpg"></div> </div></div></div> <div class="modal fade ModalFigs" id="ModalFigfig14" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" aria-hidden="true"><div class="modal-dialog modal-lg"><div class="modal-content"> <div class="modal-header"> <button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="modal"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span><span class="sr-only">Close</span></button><a class="link-newWindow showTooltip" target="_blank" data-placement="left" title="Open new window" href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1676-0611/my6G6C3FxLs9Q5q5qjfHrGv/85f3e7294fa2ceada30283d4da30d7b260987a44.jpg"><span class="sci-ico-newWindow"></span></a><h4 class="modal-title"> <span class="sci-ico-fileFigure"></span><br> </h4> </div> <div class="modal-body"><img style="max-width:100%" src="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1676-0611/my6G6C3FxLs9Q5q5qjfHrGv/85f3e7294fa2ceada30283d4da30d7b260987a44.jpg"></div> </div></div></div> <div class="modal fade ModalFigs" id="ModalFigfig15" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" aria-hidden="true"><div class="modal-dialog modal-lg"><div class="modal-content"> <div class="modal-header"> <button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="modal"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span><span class="sr-only">Close</span></button><a class="link-newWindow showTooltip" target="_blank" data-placement="left" title="Open new window" href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1676-0611/my6G6C3FxLs9Q5q5qjfHrGv/73b597dc4b01fe407740f0bde79bb4ad64874908.jpg"><span class="sci-ico-newWindow"></span></a><h4 class="modal-title"> <span class="sci-ico-fileFigure"></span><br> </h4> </div> <div class="modal-body"><img style="max-width:100%" src="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1676-0611/my6G6C3FxLs9Q5q5qjfHrGv/73b597dc4b01fe407740f0bde79bb4ad64874908.jpg"></div> </div></div></div> <div class="modal fade ModalFigs" id="ModalFigfig16" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" aria-hidden="true"><div class="modal-dialog modal-lg"><div class="modal-content"> <div class="modal-header"> <button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="modal"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span><span class="sr-only">Close</span></button><a class="link-newWindow showTooltip" target="_blank" data-placement="left" title="Open new window" href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1676-0611/my6G6C3FxLs9Q5q5qjfHrGv/0e17690a6b8fac837c14331735f4bde5435cacc8.jpg"><span class="sci-ico-newWindow"></span></a><h4 class="modal-title"> <span class="sci-ico-fileFigure"></span><br> </h4> </div> <div class="modal-body"><img style="max-width:100%" src="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1676-0611/my6G6C3FxLs9Q5q5qjfHrGv/0e17690a6b8fac837c14331735f4bde5435cacc8.jpg"></div> </div></div></div> <div class="modal fade ModalFigs" id="ModalFigfig17" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" aria-hidden="true"><div class="modal-dialog modal-lg"><div class="modal-content"> <div class="modal-header"> <button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="modal"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span><span class="sr-only">Close</span></button><a class="link-newWindow showTooltip" target="_blank" data-placement="left" title="Open new window" href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1676-0611/my6G6C3FxLs9Q5q5qjfHrGv/70577289c7ce1091c2671ef4144685bc99de4b24.jpg"><span class="sci-ico-newWindow"></span></a><h4 class="modal-title"> <span class="sci-ico-fileFigure"></span><br> </h4> </div> <div class="modal-body"><img style="max-width:100%" src="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1676-0611/my6G6C3FxLs9Q5q5qjfHrGv/70577289c7ce1091c2671ef4144685bc99de4b24.jpg"></div> </div></div></div> <div class="modal fade ModalFigs" id="ModalFigfig18" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" aria-hidden="true"><div class="modal-dialog modal-lg"><div class="modal-content"> <div class="modal-header"> <button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="modal"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span><span class="sr-only">Close</span></button><a class="link-newWindow showTooltip" target="_blank" data-placement="left" title="Open new window" href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1676-0611/my6G6C3FxLs9Q5q5qjfHrGv/df21549b51a3a4cc87c9687d1fbb8e3bea19f3ed.jpg"><span class="sci-ico-newWindow"></span></a><h4 class="modal-title"> <span class="sci-ico-fileFigure"></span><br> </h4> </div> <div class="modal-body"><img style="max-width:100%" src="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1676-0611/my6G6C3FxLs9Q5q5qjfHrGv/df21549b51a3a4cc87c9687d1fbb8e3bea19f3ed.jpg"></div> </div></div></div> <div class="modal fade ModalFigs" id="ModalFigfig19" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" aria-hidden="true"><div class="modal-dialog modal-lg"><div class="modal-content"> <div class="modal-header"> <button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="modal"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span><span class="sr-only">Close</span></button><a class="link-newWindow showTooltip" target="_blank" data-placement="left" title="Open new window" href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1676-0611/my6G6C3FxLs9Q5q5qjfHrGv/e00ebed064b5bb33f47668d5d6c5c58d574d4a76.jpg"><span class="sci-ico-newWindow"></span></a><h4 class="modal-title"> <span class="sci-ico-fileFigure"></span><br> </h4> </div> <div class="modal-body"><img style="max-width:100%" src="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1676-0611/my6G6C3FxLs9Q5q5qjfHrGv/e00ebed064b5bb33f47668d5d6c5c58d574d4a76.jpg"></div> </div></div></div> <div class="modal fade ModalFigs" id="ModalFigfig20" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" aria-hidden="true"><div class="modal-dialog modal-lg"><div class="modal-content"> <div class="modal-header"> <button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="modal"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span><span class="sr-only">Close</span></button><a class="link-newWindow showTooltip" target="_blank" data-placement="left" title="Open new window" href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1676-0611/my6G6C3FxLs9Q5q5qjfHrGv/95a4e3f09f6239c2dd41fdecbdae449de693e1e1.jpg"><span class="sci-ico-newWindow"></span></a><h4 class="modal-title"> <span class="sci-ico-fileFigure"></span><br> </h4> </div> <div class="modal-body"><img style="max-width:100%" src="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1676-0611/my6G6C3FxLs9Q5q5qjfHrGv/95a4e3f09f6239c2dd41fdecbdae449de693e1e1.jpg"></div> </div></div></div> <div class="modal fade ModalFigs" id="ModalFigfig21" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" aria-hidden="true"><div class="modal-dialog modal-lg"><div class="modal-content"> <div class="modal-header"> <button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="modal"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span><span class="sr-only">Close</span></button><a class="link-newWindow showTooltip" target="_blank" data-placement="left" title="Open new window" href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1676-0611/my6G6C3FxLs9Q5q5qjfHrGv/c80e5d159287cee742d19b9cb35cbdb85c133d81.jpg"><span class="sci-ico-newWindow"></span></a><h4 class="modal-title"> <span class="sci-ico-fileFigure"></span><br> </h4> </div> <div class="modal-body"><img style="max-width:100%" src="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1676-0611/my6G6C3FxLs9Q5q5qjfHrGv/c80e5d159287cee742d19b9cb35cbdb85c133d81.jpg"></div> </div></div></div> <div class="modal fade ModalFigs" id="ModalFigfig22" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" aria-hidden="true"><div class="modal-dialog modal-lg"><div class="modal-content"> <div class="modal-header"> <button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="modal"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span><span class="sr-only">Close</span></button><a class="link-newWindow showTooltip" target="_blank" data-placement="left" title="Open new window" href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1676-0611/my6G6C3FxLs9Q5q5qjfHrGv/0d70336c1a4f5ebbb34c5b14614ee471e7f8c072.jpg"><span class="sci-ico-newWindow"></span></a><h4 class="modal-title"> <span class="sci-ico-fileFigure"></span><br> </h4> </div> <div class="modal-body"><img style="max-width:100%" src="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1676-0611/my6G6C3FxLs9Q5q5qjfHrGv/0d70336c1a4f5ebbb34c5b14614ee471e7f8c072.jpg"></div> </div></div></div> <div class="modal fade ModalFigs" id="ModalFigfig23" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" aria-hidden="true"><div class="modal-dialog modal-lg"><div class="modal-content"> <div class="modal-header"> <button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="modal"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span><span class="sr-only">Close</span></button><a class="link-newWindow showTooltip" target="_blank" data-placement="left" title="Open new window" href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1676-0611/my6G6C3FxLs9Q5q5qjfHrGv/8f1bdfb7f22daf65fc69c14aa33241651dfe845c.jpg"><span class="sci-ico-newWindow"></span></a><h4 class="modal-title"> <span class="sci-ico-fileFigure"></span><br> </h4> </div> <div class="modal-body"><img style="max-width:100%" src="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1676-0611/my6G6C3FxLs9Q5q5qjfHrGv/8f1bdfb7f22daf65fc69c14aa33241651dfe845c.jpg"></div> </div></div></div> <div class="modal fade ModalFigs" id="ModalFigfig24" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" aria-hidden="true"><div class="modal-dialog modal-lg"><div class="modal-content"> <div class="modal-header"> <button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="modal"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span><span class="sr-only">Close</span></button><a class="link-newWindow showTooltip" target="_blank" data-placement="left" title="Open new window" href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1676-0611/my6G6C3FxLs9Q5q5qjfHrGv/711fa1f9706cf253ab806cf497423c1aff5401fe.jpg"><span class="sci-ico-newWindow"></span></a><h4 class="modal-title"> <span class="sci-ico-fileFigure"></span><br> </h4> </div> <div class="modal-body"><img style="max-width:100%" src="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1676-0611/my6G6C3FxLs9Q5q5qjfHrGv/711fa1f9706cf253ab806cf497423c1aff5401fe.jpg"></div> </div></div></div> <div class="modal fade ModalFigs" id="ModalFigfig25" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" aria-hidden="true"><div class="modal-dialog modal-lg"><div class="modal-content"> <div class="modal-header"> <button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="modal"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span><span class="sr-only">Close</span></button><a class="link-newWindow showTooltip" target="_blank" data-placement="left" title="Open new window" href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1676-0611/my6G6C3FxLs9Q5q5qjfHrGv/9314aa334aee7d568cda310dbcd9cc822982d5b1.jpg"><span class="sci-ico-newWindow"></span></a><h4 class="modal-title"> <span class="sci-ico-fileFigure"></span><br> </h4> </div> <div class="modal-body"><img style="max-width:100%" src="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1676-0611/my6G6C3FxLs9Q5q5qjfHrGv/9314aa334aee7d568cda310dbcd9cc822982d5b1.jpg"></div> </div></div></div> <div class="modal fade ModalFigs" id="ModalFigfig26" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" aria-hidden="true"><div class="modal-dialog modal-lg"><div class="modal-content"> <div class="modal-header"> <button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="modal"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span><span class="sr-only">Close</span></button><a class="link-newWindow showTooltip" target="_blank" data-placement="left" title="Open new window" href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1676-0611/my6G6C3FxLs9Q5q5qjfHrGv/299d3004c843349200cc2d0b0252788752a8bf2b.jpg"><span class="sci-ico-newWindow"></span></a><h4 class="modal-title"> <span class="sci-ico-fileFigure"></span><br> </h4> </div> <div class="modal-body"><img style="max-width:100%" src="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1676-0611/my6G6C3FxLs9Q5q5qjfHrGv/299d3004c843349200cc2d0b0252788752a8bf2b.jpg"></div> </div></div></div> <div class="modal fade ModalFigs" id="ModalFigfig27" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" aria-hidden="true"><div class="modal-dialog modal-lg"><div class="modal-content"> <div class="modal-header"> <button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="modal"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span><span class="sr-only">Close</span></button><a class="link-newWindow showTooltip" target="_blank" data-placement="left" title="Open new window" href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1676-0611/my6G6C3FxLs9Q5q5qjfHrGv/7e8e29be5f6b1d6c0ea50ed4ce45cd3ea89e8bc7.jpg"><span class="sci-ico-newWindow"></span></a><h4 class="modal-title"> <span class="sci-ico-fileFigure"></span><br> </h4> </div> <div class="modal-body"><img style="max-width:100%" src="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1676-0611/my6G6C3FxLs9Q5q5qjfHrGv/7e8e29be5f6b1d6c0ea50ed4ce45cd3ea89e8bc7.jpg"></div> </div></div></div> <div class="modal fade ModalFigs" id="ModalFigfig28" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" aria-hidden="true"><div class="modal-dialog modal-lg"><div class="modal-content"> <div class="modal-header"> <button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="modal"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span><span class="sr-only">Close</span></button><a class="link-newWindow showTooltip" target="_blank" data-placement="left" title="Open new window" href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1676-0611/my6G6C3FxLs9Q5q5qjfHrGv/b0462ee48f45ffa0f2fa8067f80847d21c9db91a.jpg"><span class="sci-ico-newWindow"></span></a><h4 class="modal-title"> <span class="sci-ico-fileFigure"></span><br> </h4> </div> <div class="modal-body"><img style="max-width:100%" src="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1676-0611/my6G6C3FxLs9Q5q5qjfHrGv/b0462ee48f45ffa0f2fa8067f80847d21c9db91a.jpg"></div> </div></div></div> <div class="modal fade ModalFigs" id="ModalFigfig29" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" aria-hidden="true"><div class="modal-dialog modal-lg"><div class="modal-content"> <div class="modal-header"> <button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="modal"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span><span class="sr-only">Close</span></button><a class="link-newWindow showTooltip" target="_blank" data-placement="left" title="Open new window" href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1676-0611/my6G6C3FxLs9Q5q5qjfHrGv/2d89bd54ff864108c43cd29c412d4504da2652d6.jpg"><span class="sci-ico-newWindow"></span></a><h4 class="modal-title"> <span class="sci-ico-fileFigure"></span><br> </h4> </div> <div class="modal-body"><img style="max-width:100%" src="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1676-0611/my6G6C3FxLs9Q5q5qjfHrGv/2d89bd54ff864108c43cd29c412d4504da2652d6.jpg"></div> </div></div></div> <div class="modal fade ModalFigs" id="ModalFigfig30" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" aria-hidden="true"><div class="modal-dialog modal-lg"><div class="modal-content"> <div class="modal-header"> <button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="modal"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span><span class="sr-only">Close</span></button><a class="link-newWindow showTooltip" target="_blank" data-placement="left" title="Open new window" href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1676-0611/my6G6C3FxLs9Q5q5qjfHrGv/b98b1163fb356f3bb1c4f66d145d465c9c7cda25.jpg"><span class="sci-ico-newWindow"></span></a><h4 class="modal-title"> <span class="sci-ico-fileFigure"></span><br> </h4> </div> <div class="modal-body"><img style="max-width:100%" src="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1676-0611/my6G6C3FxLs9Q5q5qjfHrGv/b98b1163fb356f3bb1c4f66d145d465c9c7cda25.jpg"></div> </div></div></div> <div class="modal fade ModalFigs" id="ModalFigfig31" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" aria-hidden="true"><div class="modal-dialog modal-lg"><div class="modal-content"> <div class="modal-header"> <button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="modal"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span><span class="sr-only">Close</span></button><a class="link-newWindow showTooltip" target="_blank" data-placement="left" title="Open new window" href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1676-0611/my6G6C3FxLs9Q5q5qjfHrGv/c2620deea171a576d7c6a9eb8762d35711f101ae.jpg"><span class="sci-ico-newWindow"></span></a><h4 class="modal-title"> <span class="sci-ico-fileFigure"></span><br> </h4> </div> <div class="modal-body"><img style="max-width:100%" src="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1676-0611/my6G6C3FxLs9Q5q5qjfHrGv/c2620deea171a576d7c6a9eb8762d35711f101ae.jpg"></div> </div></div></div> <div class="modal fade ModalFigs" id="ModalFigfig32" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" aria-hidden="true"><div class="modal-dialog modal-lg"><div class="modal-content"> <div class="modal-header"> <button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="modal"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span><span class="sr-only">Close</span></button><a class="link-newWindow showTooltip" target="_blank" data-placement="left" title="Open new window" href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1676-0611/my6G6C3FxLs9Q5q5qjfHrGv/c1a93099ec820cde87859b03609b53afd2b1a0f9.jpg"><span class="sci-ico-newWindow"></span></a><h4 class="modal-title"> <span class="sci-ico-fileFigure"></span><br> </h4> </div> <div class="modal-body"><img style="max-width:100%" src="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1676-0611/my6G6C3FxLs9Q5q5qjfHrGv/c1a93099ec820cde87859b03609b53afd2b1a0f9.jpg"></div> </div></div></div> <div class="modal fade ModalFigs" id="ModalFigfig33" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" aria-hidden="true"><div class="modal-dialog modal-lg"><div class="modal-content"> <div class="modal-header"> <button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="modal"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span><span class="sr-only">Close</span></button><a class="link-newWindow showTooltip" target="_blank" data-placement="left" title="Open new window" href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1676-0611/my6G6C3FxLs9Q5q5qjfHrGv/f0cd870834f42538d1611e26f35f7c5389ab37d6.jpg"><span class="sci-ico-newWindow"></span></a><h4 class="modal-title"> <span class="sci-ico-fileFigure"></span><br> </h4> </div> <div class="modal-body"><img style="max-width:100%" src="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1676-0611/my6G6C3FxLs9Q5q5qjfHrGv/f0cd870834f42538d1611e26f35f7c5389ab37d6.jpg"></div> </div></div></div> <div class="modal fade ModalFigs" id="ModalFigfig34" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" aria-hidden="true"><div class="modal-dialog modal-lg"><div class="modal-content"> <div class="modal-header"> <button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="modal"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span><span class="sr-only">Close</span></button><a class="link-newWindow showTooltip" target="_blank" data-placement="left" title="Open new window" href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1676-0611/my6G6C3FxLs9Q5q5qjfHrGv/8d6ba836f8aa3b57327c9195aff7e0c156411d21.jpghttps://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1676-0611/my6G6C3FxLs9Q5q5qjfHrGv/c179ae0e4d0f011465c621208f12ca2701237423.jpg"><span class="sci-ico-newWindow"></span></a><h4 class="modal-title"> <span class="sci-ico-fileFigure"></span><br> </h4> </div> <div class="modal-body"> <img style="max-width:100%" src="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1676-0611/my6G6C3FxLs9Q5q5qjfHrGv/8d6ba836f8aa3b57327c9195aff7e0c156411d21.jpg"><img style="max-width:100%" src="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1676-0611/my6G6C3FxLs9Q5q5qjfHrGv/c179ae0e4d0f011465c621208f12ca2701237423.jpg"> </div> </div></div></div> <div class="modal fade ModalTables" id="ModalTablea05tab01" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" aria-hidden="true"><div class="modal-dialog modal-lg"><div class="modal-content"> <div class="modal-header"> <button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="modal"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span><span class="sr-only">Close</span></button><a class="link-newWindow showTooltip" href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1676-0611/my6G6C3FxLs9Q5q5qjfHrGv/9c6f1a46b3b4ff515b8831be961e014bfa926958.gif" target="_blank" data-placement="left" title="Open new window"><span class="sci-ico-newWindow"></span></a><h4 class="modal-title"> <span class="sci-ico-fileTable"></span><strong></strong><br> </h4> </div> <div class="modal-body"><img style="max-width:100%" src="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1676-0611/my6G6C3FxLs9Q5q5qjfHrGv/9c6f1a46b3b4ff515b8831be961e014bfa926958.gif"></div> <div class="modal-footer"></div> </div></div></div> <div class="modal fade ModalDefault" id="ModalArticles" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" aria-hidden="true"><div class="modal-dialog"><div class="modal-content"> <div class="modal-header"> <button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="modal"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span><span class="sr-only">Close</span></button><h4 class="modal-title">How to cite</h4> </div> <div class="modal-body"> <p id="citation"></p> <input id="citationCut" type="text" value=""><a class="copyLink" data-clipboard-target="#citationCut"><span class="glyphBtn copyIcon"></span>copy</a> </div> </div></div></div> <script type="text/javascript"> function currentDate() { var today = new Date(); var months = ['January', 'February', 'March', 'April', 'May', 'June', 'July', 'August', 'September', 'October', 'November', 'December'] today.setTime(today.getTime()); return today.getDate() + " " + months[today.getMonth()] + " " + today.getFullYear(); } var citation = 'Brasileiro, Cínthia Aguirre et al. Amphibians of an open cerrado fragment in southeastern Brazil. Biota Neotropica [online]. 2005, v. 5, n. 2 [Accessed CURRENTDATE], pp. 93-109. Available from: <https://doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032005000300006>. Epub 23 Oct 2006. ISSN 1676-0611. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032005000300006.'.replace('CURRENTDATE', currentDate()); document.getElementById('citation').innerHTML = citation; document.getElementById('citationCut').value = citation.replace('<', '<').replace('>', ">"); </script> </div> <div class="floatingMenuCtt"> <a class="floatingMenuItem fm-button-child item-goto" data-fm-label="Ir para o topo" href="#top"> <span class="sci-ico-top glyphFloatMenu"></span> </a> <a href="javascript:;" class="floatingMenuItem fm-button-child item-download" data-fm-label="PDFs" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#ModalDownloads"> <span class="sci-ico-download glyphFloatMenu"></span> </a> <a href="javascript:;" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#metric_modal_id" class="floatingMenuItem fm-button-child item-metrics" data-fm-label="Métricas" target="_blank"> <span class="sci-ico-metrics glyphFloatMenu"></span> </a> <ul class="floatingMenu fm-slidein" data-fm-toogle="hover"> <li class="fm-wrap"> <a href="javascript:;" class="fm-button-main"> <span class="sci-ico-floatingMenuDefault glyphFloatMenu"></span> <span class="sci-ico-floatingMenuClose glyphFloatMenu"></span> </a> <ul class="fm-list"> <li> <a class="fm-button-child" data-fm-label="Figuras e tabelas" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#ModalTablesFigures"> <span class="sci-ico-figures glyphFloatMenu"></span> </a> </li> <li> <a class="fm-button-child" data-fm-label="Versões e traduções" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#ModalVersionsTranslations"> <span class="sci-ico-translation glyphFloatMenu"></span> </a> </li> <li> <a class="fm-button-child" data-fm-label="Como citar este artigo" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#ModalHowcite"> <span class="sci-ico-citation glyphFloatMenu"></span> </a> </li> <li> <a class="fm-button-child" data-fm-label="Artigos relacionados" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#ModalRelatedArticles"> <span class="sci-ico-similar glyphFloatMenu"></span> </a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div>  <ul class="floatingMenuMobile fm-slidein" data-fm-toogle="hover"> <li class="fm-wrap"> <a href="javascript:;" class="fm-button-main"> <span class="sci-ico-floatingMenuDefault glyphFloatMenu"></span> <span class="sci-ico-floatingMenuClose glyphFloatMenu"></span> </a> <ul class="fm-list"> <li> <a class="fm-button-child item-goto" data-fm-label="Ir para o topo" href="#top"> <span class="sci-ico-top glyphFloatMenu"></span> </a> </li> <li> <a class="fm-button-child item-download" data-fm-label="PDFs" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#ModalDownloads" href="#"> <span class="sci-ico-download glyphFloatMenu"></span> </a> </li> <li> <a data-toggle="modal" data-target="#metric_modal_id" class="fm-button-child item-metrics" data-fm-label="Métricas" href="#" target="_blank"> <span class="sci-ico-metrics glyphFloatMenu"></span> </a> </li> <li> <a class="fm-button-child" data-fm-label="Figuras e tabelas" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#ModalTablesFigures" href="#"> <span class="sci-ico-figures glyphFloatMenu"></span> </a> </li> <li> <a class="fm-button-child" data-fm-label="Versões e traduções" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#ModalVersionsTranslations" href="#"> <span class="sci-ico-translation glyphFloatMenu"></span> </a> </li> <li> <a class="fm-button-child" data-fm-label="Como citar este artigo" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#ModalArticles" href="#"> <span class="sci-ico-citation glyphFloatMenu"></span> </a> </li> <li> <a class="fm-button-child" data-fm-label="Artigos e similares" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#ModalRelatedArticles" href="#"> <span class="sci-ico-similar glyphFloatMenu"></span> </a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul>  <section class="journalContacts"> <div class="container"> <div class="col-md-5 col-sm-5 journalAddress"> <div class="col-md-1 col-sm-2"> <span class="glyphBtn pin"></span> </div> <div class="col-md-10 col-sm-9"> <strong>Instituto Virtual da Biodiversidade | BIOTA - FAPESP</strong> Departamento de Biologia Vegetal - Instituto de Biologia, UNICAMP CP 6109, 13083-970 - Campinas/SP, Tel.: (+55 19) 3521-6166, Fax: (+55 19) 3521-6168 - Campinas - SP - Brazil <br/> <b>E-mail:</b> contato@biotaneotropica.org.br </div> </div> <div id="followus" class="col-md-4 col-sm-4 journalLinks"> </div> <div class="col-md-3 col-sm-3 journalLinks"> <a href="/journal/bn/feed/" data-toggle="tooltip" title="RSS do número mais recente do periódico" target="_blank"> <span class="glyphBtn bigRSS"></span> </a> <span class="text" style="width: 70%;"> Acompanhe os números deste periódico no seu leitor de RSS </span> </div> <div class="clearfix"></div> </div> </section> <div class="modal fade ModalDefault" id="ModalDownloads" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="modal-dialog"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="modal-header"> <button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="modal"> <span aria-hidden="true">×</span><span class="sr-only">Fechar</span> </button> <h4 class="modal-title">Versão para download de PDF</h4> </div> <div class="modal-body"> <div class="row modal-center"> <div class="col-md-12"> <span class="sci-ico-filePDF"></span> <br/> <strong>PDF</strong> <ul class="md-list"> <li> <a target='_blank' href="/j/bn/a/my6G6C3FxLs9Q5q5qjfHrGv/?lang=en&format=pdf"> Inglês </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="modal fade ModalDefault" id="ModalRelatedArticles" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="modal-dialog modal-sm"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="modal-header"> <button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="modal"> <span aria-hidden="true">×</span> <span class="sr-only">Fechar</span> </button> <h4 class="modal-title">Artigos relacionados</h4> </div> <div class="modal-body"> <div class="modal-center"> <ul class="md-list inline"> <li> <a href="https://www.google.com/search?q="Amphibians of an open cerrado fragment in southeastern Brazil" "Brasileiro, Cínthia Aguirre" "Sawaya, Ricardo J." "Kiefer, Mara C." "Martins, Marcio" "2005" "Biota Neotropica"" target="_blank"> Google </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q="Amphibians of an open cerrado fragment in southeastern Brazil" "Brasileiro, Cínthia Aguirre" "Sawaya, Ricardo J." "Kiefer, Mara C." "Martins, Marcio" "2005" "Biota Neotropica"" target="_blank"> Google Scholar </a> </li> </ul> <div class="clearfix"></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="modal fade ModalDefault" id="ModalVersionsTranslations" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="modal-dialog"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="modal-header"> <button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="modal"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span><span class="sr-only">Close</span></button> <h4 class="modal-title">Versões e tradução automática</h4> </div> <div class="modal-body"> <div class="row modal-center"> <div class="col-md-4 col-md-offset-1"> <strong>Versão original do texto</strong> <ul class="md-list"> <li> <a href="/j/bn/a/my6G6C3FxLs9Q5q5qjfHrGv/?lang=en">English</a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2 md-body-dashVertical"></div> <div class="col-md-4"> <strong>Tradução automática</strong> <ul class="md-list"> <li><a href="">Google Translator</a></li> <li><a href="">Microsoft Translator</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <style> pre { display: block; padding: 9.5px; margin: 0 0 10px; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word; background-color: #f5f5f5; border: 1px solid #ccc; border-radius: 4px; white-space: pre-wrap; word-break: break-word; } </style> <div class="modal fade ModalDefault" id="ModalHowcite" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> <div class="modal-dialog"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="modal-header"> <button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="modal"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span><span class="sr-only">Close</span></button> <h4 class="modal-title">Como citar</h4> </div> <div class="modal-body"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-3" style="text-align: center;"> <a href="/citation/export/my6G6C3FxLs9Q5q5qjfHrGv/?format=ris" class="btn hidden-sm"> <span class="glyphicon glyphicon-download" aria-hidden="true"></span> RIS </a> </div> <div class="col-sm-3" style="text-align: center;"> <a href="/citation/export/my6G6C3FxLs9Q5q5qjfHrGv/?format=bib" class="btn hidden-sm"> <span class="glyphicon glyphicon-download" aria-hidden="true"></span> BIBTEX </a> </div> </div> </div> <br> <div id='initial_csl'></div> <label id="select_label">Outros formatos de citação e exportação:</label> <select id="select_csl" class="js-data-example-ajax" style="width: 100%"> <option value="" selected="selected">Enter references manager format or citation style (e.g., "APA", "AMA", "MLA", "Vancouver")</option> </select> <br> <br> <pre id="citation_text" style="display:none;"></pre> </div> </div> </div> </div> <footer> <div class="collectionSignature"> <div class="container"> <div class="col-md-2 col-sm-2"> <span class="logo-svg-footer"></span> </div> <div class="col-md-8 col-sm-9"> <strong>SciELO - Scientific Electronic Library Online</strong><br /> Rua Dr. Diogo de Faria, 1087 – 9º andar – Vila Clementino 04037-003 São Paulo/SP - Brasil<br /> E-mail: scielo@scielo.org </div> <div class="container-license"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-3 col-md-2"> <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" target="_blank" title="" rel="license"><img src="https://licensebuttons.net/l/by/4.0/88x31.png" alt="Creative Common - by 4.0"> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="partners"> <a href="http://www.fapesp.br/" target="_blank"> <img src="https://www.scielo.br/media/images/FAPESP.png" alt="FAPESP"> </a> <a href="http://www.capes.gov.br/" target="_blank"> <img src="https://www.scielo.br/media/images/CAPES.png" alt="CAPES"> </a> <a href="http://www.cnpq.br/" target="_blank"> <img src="https://www.scielo.br/media/images/CNPq.png" alt="CNPq"> </a> <a href="http://bvsalud.org/" target="_blank"> <img src="https://www.scielo.br/media/images/BVS.png" alt="BVS"> </a> <a href="http://regional.bvsalud.org/bvs/bireme/homepage.htm" target="_blank"> <img src="https://www.scielo.br/media/images/BIREME.png" alt="BIREME"> </a> <a href="https://www.fapunifesp.edu.br/" target="_blank"> <img src="https://www.scielo.br/media/images/FAP-UNIFESP.png" alt="FAP-UNIFESP"> </a> </div> <div class="container collectionLicense"> <a href="/about/"> <img alt="Open Access" style="border-width:0" class="image" src="/static/img/oa_logo_32.png"> <span> <strong>Leia</strong> a Declaração de Acesso Aberto </span> </a> </div> </footer> <div class="modal fade ModalDefault" id="metric_modal_id" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="modal-dialog"> <div class="modal-content" style="width: 673px;"> <div class="modal-header"> <button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="modal"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span><span class="sr-only">Fechar</span></button> <h4 class="modal-title">Métricas</h4> </div> <div class="modal-body row" style="margin-left: 30px;"> <div class="col-md-4"> <div class="badge-link col-center"> <a target="_blank" href="http://analytics.scielo.org/w/accesses?document=S1676-06032005000300006&collection=scl"> <div class="logo-statistc logo-statistc-scielo"></div> <div>SciELO Analytics</div> </a> </div> </div> <div class="col-md-4"> <div class="badge-link col-center"> <div class="logo-statistc logo-statistc-dimension"> <div class="badge-logo"> <span class="__dimensions_badge_embed__" data-doi="10.1590/S1676-06032005000300006" data-legend="never" data-style="small_circle"> </span> </div> </div> <a target="_blank" href="https://badge.dimensions.ai/details/doi/10.1590/S1676-06032005000300006"> <div>Dimensions</div> </a> </div> </div> <div class="col-md-4"> <div class="badge-link col-center"> <div class="logo-statistc logo-statistc-altmetric"> <div class="badge-logo"> <div class='altmetric-embed' data-badge-type='donut' data-doi="10.1590/S1676-06032005000300006" data-link-target='_blank'> </div> </div> </div> <a target="_blank" href="https://www.altmetric.com/details.php?&doi=10.1590/S1676-06032005000300006"> <div>Altmetric</div> </a> </div> </div> <div class="col-md-4" style="margin-top: 50px;"> <div class="badge-link col-center"> <div id="scienceopen" data-doi="10.1590/S1676-06032005000300006"></div> </div> </div> <div class="col-md-4" style="margin-top: 18px;"> <div class="badge-link col-center"> <div class="scite-badge" data-doi="10.1590/S1676-06032005000300006" data-layout="vertical" data-tooltip-placement="right" data-show-zero="false" data-show-labels="false"> </div> <a target="_blank" href="https://scite.ai/reports/10.1590/S1676-06032005000300006"> <div>Scite_</div> </a> </div> </div> <div class="col-md-4" style="margin-top: 50px;"> <div class="badge-link col-center"> <div class="logo-statistc logo-statistc-plumx"> <div class="badge-logo"> <a href="https://plu.mx/scielo/a/?doi=10.1590/S1676-06032005000300006" data-popup="right" data-size="large" class="plumx-plum-print-popup" data-hide-when-empty="true" target="_blank"> Amphibians of an open cerrado fragment in southeastern Brazil </a> </div> </div> <a target="_blank" href="https://plu.mx/scielo/a/?doi=10.1590/S1676-06032005000300006"> <div>PlumX</div> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div>  <div class="modal fade" id="share_modal_id" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" aria-hidden="true"></div> <div class="modal fade in" id="share_modal_confirm_id" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" aria-hidden="false"> <div class="modal-dialog modal-sm"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="modal-header"> <button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="modal"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span><span class="sr-only">Close</span></button> <h4 class="modal-title">Mensagem</h4> </div> <div class="modal-body"> <div class="midGlyph"> <br><br> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div>   <div class="modal fade" id="error_modal_id" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" aria-hidden="true"></div> <div class="modal fade in" id="error_modal_confirm_id" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" aria-hidden="false"> <div class="modal-dialog modal-sm"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="modal-header"> <button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="modal"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span><span class="sr-only">Close</span></button> <h4 class="modal-title">Mensagem</h4> </div> <div class="modal-body"> <div class="midGlyph"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <script src="/static/js/scielo-bundle-min.js"></script> <script src="https://static.scielo.org/js/cookiePolicy.min.js"></script> <script src="//www.google.com/recaptcha/api.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/static/js/scielo-article-min.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="//cdn.plu.mx/widget-popup.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://d1bxh8uas1mnw7.cloudfront.net/assets/embed.js"></script> <script id="9cf9cf8f-3a99-fe86-4013-f630edbf80ac" src="https://www.scienceopen.com/script/badge2.js" async defer></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/static/js/scienceopen.js"></script> <script async type="application/javascript" src="//cdn.scite.ai/badge/scite-badge-latest.min.js"></script> <script sync src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/mathjax/2.7.5/latest.js?config=TeX-MML-AM_SVG" charset="utf-8"></script>  <script type="text/javascript" src="//badge.dimensions.ai/badge.js" charset="utf-8" async></script> <script src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/select2@4.1.0-rc.0/dist/js/select2.min.js"></script> <script src="//cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/toastr.js/latest/toastr.min.js"></script>   <script> //Change the bootstrap gobally behavior to select2 work with modal, more about see: https://select2.org/troubleshooting/common-problems $.fn.modal.Constructor.prototype.enforceFocus = function () { }; affiliations = {}; function add_scimago_image(selector, remove_br=true, add_br_after=true, find_div=false){ $(selector).each( function () { if (remove_br){ $(this).find("br").remove() } internal_items = find_div ? $(this).find('div').not(".clearfix") : $(this).not(".clearfix") internal_items.each(function () { self = $(this); affiliation_name = $('span:nth-child(2)', self).text(); if (affiliation_name){ scimago_link = ' <a href="#" target="_blank" class="scimago_link" data-affiliation="' + affiliation_name + '" ><img src="/static/img/scimago.svg" alt=" SCImago image" height="12" data-toggle="tooltip" data-placement="top" title="Link to SCImago Institutions Rankings"></a>'; self.append(scimago_link); } }); if (add_br_after){ $(this).after("<br />") } }); } add_scimago_image('#ModalScimago .info div') add_scimago_image('.tutors', remove_br=false, add_br_after=false, find_div=true) $(".scimago_link").click(function(e){ e.preventDefault(); affiliation_name = $(this).data("affiliation"); if (affiliation_name){ if (affiliations[affiliation_name]) { window.open(affiliations[affiliation_name], '_blank'); } else { $.ajax({ type: "GET", async: false, url: "/scimago/query", data: 'q=' + encodeURI(affiliation_name), success: function (data) { if (data) { affiliations[affiliation_name] = 'https://www.scimagoir.com/' + data window.open(affiliations[affiliation_name], '_blank'); }else{ toastr.options = { positionClass: 'toast-top-center' }; toastr.error('Link temporariamente indisponível'); } } }); } } }); var howcite_initialized = false; $('#ModalHowcite').on('shown.bs.modal', function () { if (!howcite_initialized) { initial = { "American Psychological Association": "apa", "Vancouver": "vancouver" } $.each(initial, function (key, value) { $.ajax({ url: "/citation/my6G6C3FxLs9Q5q5qjfHrGv/?style=" + value, dataType: 'html', delay: 250, async: true }) .done(function (html) { $("<span><b>" + key + "</b></span>" + "<pre>" + html + "</pre>").insertBefore($("#select_label")); }) }); howcite_initialized = true; } $(".js-data-example-ajax").select2({ ajax: { url: "/citation/list", dataType: 'json', delay: 250, data: function (params) { return { q: params.term, // search term }; }, processResults: function (data, params) { return { results: data.results }; }, cache: true }, escapeMarkup: function (markup) { return markup; }, minimumInputLength: 1, }); $(document).on('select2:open', () => { document.querySelector('.select2-search__field').focus(); }); $(".js-data-example-ajax").on('select2:select', function (e) { var data = e.params.data; $.ajax({ url: "/citation/my6G6C3FxLs9Q5q5qjfHrGv/?style=" + data.id, dataType: 'html', delay: 250 }) .done(function (html) { if ($('#citation_text').css('display') == 'none') { $('#citation_text').show() } $("#citation_text").html(html); }) .fail(function () { alert("Erro ao tentar obter esse estilo de citação"); }) }); }); </script> <script> // Garante que o valor do campo share_url é a URL corrente. $('#share_url').val(window.location.href); moment.locale('pt_BR'); $("#date").text(moment().format("L HH:mm:ss ZZ")); </script> </body> </html>

CINXE.COM

SciELO - Brasil - Amphibians of an open cerrado fragment in southeastern Brazil Amphibians of an open cerrado fragment in southeastern Brazil