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href="#Early_modern_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Early modern history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_modern_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ottoman_rule" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ottoman_rule"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Ottoman rule</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ottoman_rule-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-French_rule" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#French_rule"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>French rule</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-French_rule-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Algerian_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Algerian_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Algerian War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Algerian_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Independence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Independence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Independence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Independence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crisis_of_the_1990s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crisis_of_the_1990s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Crisis of the 1990s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crisis_of_the_1990s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Location" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Location"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Location</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Location-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Districts_of_Algiers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Districts_of_Algiers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Districts of Algiers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Districts_of_Algiers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate_change" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate_change"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>Climate change</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate_change-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Local_architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Local_architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Local architecture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Local_architecture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Local architecture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Local_architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Monuments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monuments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Monuments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Monuments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tourist_attractions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourist_attractions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Tourist attractions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourist_attractions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Public transport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Sports</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sports-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Sports subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Football_clubs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Football_clubs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Football clubs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Football_clubs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>International relations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-International_relations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle International relations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-International_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Twin_towns_–_sister_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Twin_towns_–_sister_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Twin towns – sister cities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Twin_towns_–_sister_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cooperation_agreements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cooperation_agreements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.2</span> <span>Cooperation agreements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cooperation_agreements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Films_about_Algiers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Films_about_Algiers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Films about Algiers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Films_about_Algiers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Notable people</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16.2</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Algiers</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 174 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-174" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">174 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%80_(%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8D)" title="Алжир (къалэ) – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Алжир (къалэ)" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгабзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algiers" title="Algiers – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Algiers" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algier" title="Algier – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Algier" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A0%E1%88%8D%E1%8C%80%E1%88%AD%E1%88%B5" title="አልጀርስ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="አልጀርስ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alger" title="Alger – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Alger" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%80_(%D0%B0%D2%9B%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D2%9B%D1%8C)" title="Алжир (ақалақь) – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Алжир (ақалақь)" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1_(%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A9)" title="الجزائر (مدينة) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الجزائر (مدينة)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcher" title="Alcher – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Alcher" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%93%DC%99%DC%90%DC%90%DC%AA_(%DC%A1%DC%95%DC%9D%DC%A2%DC%AC%DC%90)" title="ܓܙܐܐܪ (ܡܕܝܢܬܐ) – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܓܙܐܐܪ (ܡܕܝܢܬܐ)" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%AC%D5%AA%D5%A7" title="Ալժէ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Ալժէ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alg%C2%B7%C3%A8r" title="Alg·èr – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Alg·èr" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arxel" title="Arxel – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Arxel" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%8Flc%C9%99zair_(%C5%9F%C9%99h%C9%99r)" title="Əlcəzair (şəhər) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Əlcəzair (şəhər)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%87" title="الجزیره – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="الجزیره" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aljir" title="Aljir – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Aljir" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alger" title="Alger – Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Alger" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="Bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bamanankan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8" title="আলজিয়ার্স – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আলজিয়ার্স" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alger" title="Alger – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Alger" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aljir" title="Aljir – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Aljir" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%80_(%D2%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0)" title="Алжир (ҡала) – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Алжир (ҡала)" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B6%D1%8B%D1%80_(%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4)" title="Алжыр (горад) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Алжыр (горад)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B6%D1%8B%D1%80_(%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4)" title="Альжыр (горад) – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Альжыр (горад)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algiers" title="Algiers – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Algiers" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%80_(%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4)" title="Алжир (град) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Алжир (град)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A8%E0%BD%B1%E0%BD%A3%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%87%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A1%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8D" title="ཨཱལ་ཇི་ཡར་སི། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཨཱལ་ཇི་ཡར་སི།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%C5%BEir_(grad)" title="Alžir (grad) – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Alžir (grad)" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aljer" title="Aljer – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Aljer" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alger" title="Alger – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Alger" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%80_(%D1%85%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0)" title="Алжир (хула) – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Алжир (хула)" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algiers" title="Algiers – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Algiers" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%C5%BE%C3%ADr" title="Alžír – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Alžír" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algiers" title="Algiers – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Algiers" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeri" title="Algeri – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Algeri" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alger" title="Alger – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Alger" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algier" title="Algier – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Algier" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1_%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%85%D8%A9" title="لجزائر لعاصمة – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="لجزائر لعاصمة" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algier" title="Algier – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Algier" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A1%C5%82k%C3%A1%C3%A1%CA%BC_Dahndaa%CA%BCee%C5%82" title="Táłkááʼ Dahndaaʼeeł – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Táłkááʼ Dahndaaʼeeł" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%C5%BEiir" title="Alžiir – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Alžiir" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BB%CE%B3%CE%AD%CF%81%CE%B9" title="Αλγέρι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αλγέρι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argel" title="Argel – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Argel" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%C4%9Dero" title="Alĝero – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Alĝero" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argel" title="Argel – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Argel" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aljer" title="Aljer – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Aljer" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%87" title="الجزیره – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="الجزیره" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algiers" title="Algiers – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Algiers" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alger" title="Alger – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Alger" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alger" title="Alger – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Alger" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algiers" title="Algiers – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Algiers" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathair_na_hAilg%C3%A9ire" title="Cathair na hAilgéire – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Cathair na hAilgéire" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algiers" title="Algiers – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Algiers" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alxer" title="Alxer – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Alxer" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algiers" title="Algiers – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Algiers" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%8C%EC%A0%9C" title="알제 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="알제" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aljir" title="Aljir – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Aljir" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%AC%D5%AA%D5%AB%D6%80_(%D6%84%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%A1%D6%84)" title="Ալժիր (քաղաք) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ալժիր (քաղաք)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="अल्जीयर्स – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अल्जीयर्स" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%C5%BE%C4%9Br" title="Alžěr – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Alžěr" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%C5%BEir_(grad)" title="Alžir (grad) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Alžir (grad)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aljer" title="Aljer – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Aljer" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arhel" title="Arhel – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Arhel" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aljir" title="Aljir – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Aljir" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alger" title="Alger – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Alger" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alger" title="Alger – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Alger" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%80_(%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80)" title="Алжир (сахар) – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Алжир (сахар)" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algiers" title="Algiers – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Algiers" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeirsborg" title="Algeirsborg – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Algeirsborg" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeri" title="Algeri – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Algeri" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%92%27%D7%99%D7%A8" title="אלג'יר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אלג'יר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aljir" title="Aljir – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Aljir" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alizee" title="Alizee – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Alizee" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algiers" title="Algiers – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Algiers" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9F%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_(%E1%83%A5%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%A5%E1%83%98)" title="ალჟირი (ქალაქი) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ალჟირი (ქალაქი)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%80_(%D2%9B%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0)" title="Алжир (қала) – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Алжир (қала)" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aljeri" title="Aljeri – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Aljeri" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alger" title="Alger – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Alger" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aljazair" title="Aljazair – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Aljazair" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alje" title="Alje – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Alje" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cezayir_(bajar)" title="Cezayir (bajar) – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Cezayir (bajar)" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%80_%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Алжир шаары – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Алжир шаары" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%80_(%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0)" title="Алжир (хала) – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Алжир (хала)" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardjel" title="Ardjel – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Ardjel" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Algeria" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%C5%BE%C4%ABra" title="Alžīra – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Alžīra" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alger" title="Alger – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Alger" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%C5%BEyras_(miestas)" title="Alžyras (miestas) – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Alžyras (miestas)" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alg%C3%AA" title="Algê – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Algê" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alje" title="Alje – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Alje" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%C5%BEir_(linnu)" title="Alžir (linnu) – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Alžir (linnu)" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeri" title="Algeri – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Algeri" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alg%C3%ADr" title="Algír – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Algír" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="अल्जीएर्स – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="अल्जीएर्स" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%80_(%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4)" title="Алжир (град) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Алжир (град)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alger" title="Alger – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Alger" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B5%BE%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="അൾജിയേഴ്സ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അൾജിയേഴ്സ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%C4%A1iers" title="Alġiers – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Alġiers" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="अल्जीयर्स – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="अल्जीयर्स" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9F%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_(%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A6%E1%83%90)" title="ალჟირი (ნოღა) – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ალჟირი (ნოღა)" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B1_(%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%87)" title="الجزاير (مدينه) – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الجزاير (مدينه)" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%87" title="الجزیره – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="الجزیره" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algiers" title="Algiers – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Algiers" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%91%EA%AF%9C%EA%AF%96%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%8C%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%81" title="ꯑꯜꯖꯤꯌꯔꯁ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯑꯜꯖꯤꯌꯔꯁ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aljir" title="Aljir – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Aljir" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algiers" title="Algiers – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Algiers" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%80_(%D0%BE%D1%88)" title="Алжир (ош) – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Алжир (ош)" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%80_%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%82" title="Алжир хот – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Алжир хот" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9C%E1%80%82%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B7" title="အယ်လဂျီးယားမြို့ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အယ်လဂျီးယားမြို့" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algiers" title="Algiers – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Algiers" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="अल्जियर्स – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="अल्जियर्स" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A7" title="アルジェ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アルジェ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0_(%D0%B3%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0)" title="Алжазаира (гӀала) – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Алжазаира (гӀала)" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algier" title="Algier – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Algier" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alger" title="Alger – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Alger" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alger" title="Alger – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Alger" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algiers" title="Algiers – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Algiers" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argi%C3%A8r" title="Argièr – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Argièr" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazoir_(shahar)" title="Jazoir (shahar) – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Jazoir (shahar)" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%B2-%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%B0" title="ਅਲ-ਜਜ਼ਾਇਰ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਅਲ-ਜਜ਼ਾਇਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%B2" title="الجیرز – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="الجیرز" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algiers" title="Algiers – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Algiers" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%87" title="الجزيره – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="الجزيره" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeri" title="Algeri – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Algeri" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algier" title="Algier – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Algier" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algier" title="Algier – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Algier" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argel" title="Argel – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Argel" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alger" title="Alger – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Alger" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%80_(%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4)" title="Алжир (город) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Алжир (город)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%A1%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A5" title="ᱟᱞᱡᱤᱭᱟᱨᱥ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱟᱞᱡᱤᱭᱟᱨᱥ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeri" title="Algeri – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Algeri" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algiers" title="Algiers – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Algiers" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algjer" title="Algjer – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Algjer" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeri" title="Algeri – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Algeri" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algiers" title="Algiers – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Algiers" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1_%D8%B4%DA%BE%D8%B1" title="الجزائر شھر – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="الجزائر شھر" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%C5%BE%C3%ADr" title="Alžír – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Alžír" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%C5%BEir" title="Alžir – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Alžir" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alger" title="Alger – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Alger" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algiers" title="Algiers – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Algiers" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%95%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%B1_(%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1)" title="جەزائیر (شار) – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="جەزائیر (شار)" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%80_(%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4)" title="Алжир (град) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Алжир (град)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%C5%BEir_(grad)" title="Alžir (grad) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Alžir (grad)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aljir" title="Aljir – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Aljir" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alger" title="Alger – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Alger" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alger,_Algeriet" title="Alger, Algeriet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Alger, Algeriet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argel" title="Argel – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Argel" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9C%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D" title="அல்ஜியர்ஸ் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அல்ஜியர்ஸ்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dzayr_(tamdint)" title="Dzayr (tamdint) – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Dzayr (tamdint)" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lezzayer_(tamana%C9%A3t)" title="Lezzayer (tamanaɣt) – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Lezzayer (tamanaɣt)" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%98%D0%BB%D2%97%D3%99%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B8%D1%80_(%D1%88%D3%99%D2%BB%D3%99%D1%80)" title="Әлҗәзаир (шәһәр) – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Әлҗәзаир (шәһәр)" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="แอลเจียร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แอลเจียร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D2%B7%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Алҷазира – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Алҷазира" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cezayir_(%C5%9Fehir)" title="Cezayir (şehir) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Cezayir (şehir)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alger" title="Alger – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Alger" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Twi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%80_(%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80)" title="Алжир (кар) – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Алжир (кар)" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%80_(%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE)" title="Алжир (місто) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Алжир (місто)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1_%D8%B4%DB%81%D8%B1" title="الجزائر شہر – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="الجزائر شہر" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%89%D8%B1" title="ئالجىر – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئالجىر" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeri" title="Algeri – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Algeri" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%C5%BEir_(lidn)" title="Alžir (lidn) – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Alžir (lidn)" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algiers" title="Algiers – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Algiers" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A4sair" title="Cäsair – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Cäsair" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%C5%BEiir" title="Alžiir – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Alžiir" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algiers" title="Algiers – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Algiers" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alse" title="Alse – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Alse" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E5%8F%8A%E5%B0%94" title="阿尔及尔 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="阿尔及尔" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%96%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%A1" title="אלזשירס – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אלזשירס" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algiers" title="Algiers – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Algiers" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%88%BE%E5%8F%8A%E7%88%BE" title="阿爾及爾 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="阿爾及爾" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cezayir_(s%C3%BBke)" title="Cezayir (sûke) – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Cezayir (sûke)" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alhiers" title="Alhiers – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Alhiers" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%C5%BE%C4%ABrs_(miests)" title="Alžīrs (miests) – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Alžīrs (miests)" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%88%BE%E5%8F%8A%E7%88%BE" title="阿爾及爾 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="阿爾及爾" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aljir" title="Aljir – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Aljir" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the capital of Algeria. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Algiers_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Algiers (disambiguation)">Algiers (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Algerine" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Algerine_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Algerine (disambiguation)">Algerine (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Capital city in Algiers Province, Algeria</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Algiers</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-native"><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">الجزائر</span></span></div><div class="nickname ib-settlement-other-name">al-Jazāʾir</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">Capital city</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow ib-settlement-official"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">الجزائر العاصمة</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:272px;max-width:272px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:270px;max-width:270px"><div style="height:172px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:La_Grande_Poste_d%27Alger.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/La_Grande_Poste_d%27Alger.jpg/268px-La_Grande_Poste_d%27Alger.jpg" decoding="async" width="268" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/La_Grande_Poste_d%27Alger.jpg/402px-La_Grande_Poste_d%27Alger.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/La_Grande_Poste_d%27Alger.jpg/536px-La_Grande_Poste_d%27Alger.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5443" data-file-height="3506" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Grande_Poste_d%27Alger" title="Grande Poste d'Alger">Algiers Post Office</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:83px;max-width:83px"><div style="height:119px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Djama3_ketchaoua.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Djama3_ketchaoua.jpg/81px-Djama3_ketchaoua.jpg" decoding="async" width="81" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Djama3_ketchaoua.jpg/122px-Djama3_ketchaoua.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Djama3_ketchaoua.jpg/162px-Djama3_ketchaoua.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2874" data-file-height="4213" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Ketchaoua_Mosque" title="Ketchaoua Mosque">Ketchaoua Mosque</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:91px;max-width:91px"><div style="height:119px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Alger_Memorial-du-Martyr_IMG_1160.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Alger_Memorial-du-Martyr_IMG_1160.JPG/89px-Alger_Memorial-du-Martyr_IMG_1160.JPG" decoding="async" width="89" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Alger_Memorial-du-Martyr_IMG_1160.JPG/134px-Alger_Memorial-du-Martyr_IMG_1160.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Alger_Memorial-du-Martyr_IMG_1160.JPG/178px-Alger_Memorial-du-Martyr_IMG_1160.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="3648" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Maqam_Echahid" title="Maqam Echahid">Martyr's Monument</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:91px;max-width:91px"><div style="height:119px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Grande_Mosqu%C3%A9e_d%27Alger.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Grande_Mosqu%C3%A9e_d%27Alger.jpg/89px-Grande_Mosqu%C3%A9e_d%27Alger.jpg" decoding="async" width="89" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Grande_Mosqu%C3%A9e_d%27Alger.jpg/134px-Grande_Mosqu%C3%A9e_d%27Alger.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Grande_Mosqu%C3%A9e_d%27Alger.jpg/178px-Grande_Mosqu%C3%A9e_d%27Alger.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Djamaa_el_Djaza%C3%AFr" title="Djamaa el Djazaïr">Djamaa el Djazaïr</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:144px;max-width:144px"><div style="height:91px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Alger_Kasbah02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Alger_Kasbah02.jpg/142px-Alger_Kasbah02.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Alger_Kasbah02.jpg/213px-Alger_Kasbah02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Alger_Kasbah02.jpg/284px-Alger_Kasbah02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3382" data-file-height="2174" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Casbah_of_Algiers" title="Casbah of Algiers">Kasbah</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:124px;max-width:124px"><div style="height:91px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Bardo_National_Museum_of_Prehistory_and_Ethnography_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/The_Bardo_National_Museum_of_Prehistory_and_Ethnography_3.jpg/122px-The_Bardo_National_Museum_of_Prehistory_and_Ethnography_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="122" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/The_Bardo_National_Museum_of_Prehistory_and_Ethnography_3.jpg/183px-The_Bardo_National_Museum_of_Prehistory_and_Ethnography_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/The_Bardo_National_Museum_of_Prehistory_and_Ethnography_3.jpg/244px-The_Bardo_National_Museum_of_Prehistory_and_Ethnography_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Bardo_National_Museum_(Algiers)" title="Bardo National Museum (Algiers)">Bardo Museum</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:124px;max-width:124px"><div style="height:90px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Alger-Place-des-Martyrs-Casbah_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Alger-Place-des-Martyrs-Casbah_cropped.jpg/122px-Alger-Place-des-Martyrs-Casbah_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="122" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Alger-Place-des-Martyrs-Casbah_cropped.jpg/183px-Alger-Place-des-Martyrs-Casbah_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Alger-Place-des-Martyrs-Casbah_cropped.jpg/244px-Alger-Place-des-Martyrs-Casbah_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1766" data-file-height="1312" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Djamaa_el_Djedid" title="Djamaa el Djedid">Djamaa el Djedid</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:144px;max-width:144px"><div style="height:90px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Notre_Dame_d%27Afrique.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Notre_Dame_d%27Afrique.jpg/142px-Notre_Dame_d%27Afrique.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Notre_Dame_d%27Afrique.jpg/213px-Notre_Dame_d%27Afrique.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Notre_Dame_d%27Afrique.jpg/284px-Notre_Dame_d%27Afrique.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4645" data-file-height="2967" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Notre-Dame_d%27Afrique" title="Notre-Dame d'Afrique">Notre-Dame d'Afrique</a></div></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Algiers.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Algiers"><img alt="Flag of Algiers" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Flag_of_Algiers.svg/100px-Flag_of_Algiers.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Flag_of_Algiers.svg/150px-Flag_of_Algiers.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Flag_of_Algiers.svg/200px-Flag_of_Algiers.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1707" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Flag</div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Algiers.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Algiers"><img alt="Coat of arms of Algiers" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Coat_of_arms_of_Algiers.svg/66px-Coat_of_arms_of_Algiers.svg.png" decoding="async" width="66" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Coat_of_arms_of_Algiers.svg/99px-Coat_of_arms_of_Algiers.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Coat_of_arms_of_Algiers.svg/132px-Coat_of_arms_of_Algiers.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="377" data-file-height="570" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Algiers" title="Coat of arms of Algiers">Coat of arms</a></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Nicknames: <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname">Algiers the White; Algiers the Dazzling</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:275px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:275px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:275px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Algeria_relief_location_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Algiers is located in Algeria"><img alt="Algiers is located in Algeria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Algeria_relief_location_map.jpg/275px-Algeria_relief_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="275" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Algeria_relief_location_map.jpg/413px-Algeria_relief_location_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Algeria_relief_location_map.jpg/550px-Algeria_relief_location_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1287" data-file-height="1279" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:5.46%;left:56.474%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Algiers"><img alt="Algiers" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Algiers</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location in <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Algeria</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:275px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:275px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:275px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Africa_relief_location_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Algiers is located in Africa"><img alt="Algiers is located in Africa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Africa_relief_location_map.jpg/275px-Africa_relief_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="275" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Africa_relief_location_map.jpg/413px-Africa_relief_location_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Africa_relief_location_map.jpg/550px-Africa_relief_location_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1525" data-file-height="1440" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:3.499%;left:36.399%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Algiers"><img alt="Algiers" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Algiers</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Algiers (Africa)</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Africa</span></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Algiers&params=36_43_57_N_03_05_14_E_region:DZ_type:city"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">36°43′57″N</span> <span class="longitude">03°05′14″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">36.73250°N 3.08722°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">36.73250; 3.08722</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Algeria" title="Provinces of Algeria">Province</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Algiers_Province" title="Algiers Province">Algiers Province</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Algeria" title="Districts of Algeria">District</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sidi_M%27Hamed_District" title="Sidi M'Hamed District">Sidi M'Hamed District</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Incorporated</th><td class="infobox-data">944</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Wali_(administrative_title)" title="Wali (administrative title)">Wali</a> (<a href="/wiki/Governor" title="Governor">Governor</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">Ahmed Maâbed (since 2021)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • <a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">Capital city</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">363 km<sup>2</sup> (140 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Metro<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,190 km<sup>2</sup> (460 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Highest elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">424 m (1,391 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Lowest elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">2 m (7 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(2011)<sup id="cite_ref-citypop_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-citypop-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wup_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wup-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • <a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">Capital city</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">4,510,000</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">12,424/km<sup>2</sup> (32,180/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Metro density</th><td class="infobox-data">7,012/km<sup>2</sup> (18,160/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B01:00" title="UTC+01:00">UTC+01:00</a> (<a href="/wiki/Central_European_Time" title="Central European Time">Central European Time</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"> • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data">(Not Observed)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Postal codes</th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code">16000–16132</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbering_plan" title="Telephone numbering plan">Area code</a></th><td class="infobox-data">(+213) 021</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_registration_plates_of_Algeria" title="Vehicle registration plates of Algeria">Licence plate</a></th><td class="infobox-data">16</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Climate</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_climate" title="Mediterranean climate">Csa</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><div style="border:4px solid #0177D3; line-height: 1.5; text-align: center;"> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official name</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Casbah_of_Algiers" title="Casbah of Algiers">Casbah of Algiers</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data">Cultural</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Criteria</th><td class="infobox-data">ii, v</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Designated</th><td class="infobox-data">1992 (16th <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Committee" title="World Heritage Committee">session</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reference no.</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/565">565</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_Arab_states" title="List of World Heritage Sites in the Arab states">List of World Heritage Sites in North Africa</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Algiers</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/dʒ/: 'j' in 'jam'">dʒ</span><span title="/ɪər/: 'ear' in 'near'">ɪər</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">al-<span style="font-size:90%">JEERZ</span></i></a>; <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">الجزائر</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">al-Jazāʾir</i></span>) is the administrative, political and economic <a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">capital</a> and largest city of <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a> as well as the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Algiers_Province" title="Algiers Province">Algiers Province</a>. The city's population at the 2008 census was 2,988,145<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in 2020 was estimated to be around 4,500,000. Located in the north-central part of the country, it extends along the shores of the Bay of Algiers in the heart of the <a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a> region making it classified among the biggest cities in <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab world</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a>, making it a major center of <a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">culture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Arts">arts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gastronomy" title="Gastronomy">gastronomy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trade" title="Trade">trade</a>. </p><p>The city contains the largest infrastructure facilities in the country; railway and highway connections with neighbouring cities and international links via the <a href="/wiki/Houari_Boumediene_Airport" title="Houari Boumediene Airport">Houari Boumediene Airport</a> and Algiers Ferry Terminal. Algiers possesses notable <a href="/wiki/Mass_transit" class="mw-redirect" title="Mass transit">mass transit</a> options, that includes the <a href="/wiki/Algiers_Metro" title="Algiers Metro">Algiers Metro</a>, the city's subway system that recorded about 46 million passengers in 2023,<sup id="cite_ref-metro_ridership_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-metro_ridership-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> alongside the <a href="/wiki/Algiers_tramway" title="Algiers tramway">Algiers tramway</a> and several <a href="/wiki/Gondola_lift" title="Gondola lift">Gondola lift</a> lines helping with the difference in <a href="/wiki/Elevation" title="Elevation">elevation</a>, in addition to many <a href="/wiki/Bus" title="Bus">bus</a> lines connecting the suburbs and major population centers. </p><p>Algiers houses many museums, art galleries and cultural centers, the most notable of which are <a href="/wiki/Algiers_Opera_House" title="Algiers Opera House">Algiers Opera House</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Algerian_National_Theater_Mahieddine_Bachtarzi" title="Algerian National Theater Mahieddine Bachtarzi">Algerian National Theater Mahieddine Bachtarzi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bardo_National_Museum_(Algiers)" title="Bardo National Museum (Algiers)">Bardo National Museum (Algiers)</a>, the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Fine_Arts_of_Algiers" title="National Museum of Fine Arts of Algiers">National Museum of Fine Arts of Algiers</a>, The <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Antiquities_and_Islamic_Art" title="National Museum of Antiquities and Islamic Art">National Museum of Antiquities and Islamic Art</a>; the "National Museum of Miniatures, Illumination and Calligraphy" located inside of <a href="/wiki/Dar_Mustapha_Pacha" title="Dar Mustapha Pacha">Dar Mustapha Pacha</a>; "<a href="/wiki/Palais_des_Rais" title="Palais des Rais">Palais des Rais</a>"; Algerian Admiralty Museum; the Central Military Museum adjacent to <a href="/wiki/Maqam_Echahid" title="Maqam Echahid">Maqam Echahid</a> (Martyrs Memorial), a breathtaking <a href="/wiki/Monument" title="Monument">monument</a> that sits above the Martyrs National Museum. Other <a href="/wiki/Landmark" title="Landmark">landmarks</a> include <a href="/wiki/Djamaa_el_Djaza%C3%AFr" title="Djamaa el Djazaïr">Djamaa el Djazaïr</a>, the 3rd biggest <a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">mosque</a> in the world; <a href="/wiki/Botanical_Garden_Hamma" title="Botanical Garden Hamma">Botanical Garden Hamma</a>; Culture Palace Moufdi Zakaria; <a href="/wiki/Grande_Poste_d%27Alger" title="Grande Poste d'Alger">Grande Poste d'Alger</a>, located adjacent to <a href="/wiki/Kilometre_zero" title="Kilometre zero">Kilometre zero</a>; <a href="/wiki/Ketchaoua_Mosque" title="Ketchaoua Mosque">Ketchaoua Mosque</a>; <a href="/wiki/Notre-Dame_d%27Afrique" title="Notre-Dame d'Afrique">Notre-Dame d'Afrique</a>; <a href="/wiki/Emir_Abdelkader" title="Emir Abdelkader">Emir Abdelkader</a> Square as well as Martyr's Square. The city also contains a <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Casbah_of_Algiers" title="Casbah of Algiers">Casbah</a> or citadel,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that is a prominent example of <a href="/wiki/Casbah" class="mw-redirect" title="Casbah">Casbah</a> and Medina. </p><p>This metropolis has hosted many <a href="/wiki/Sports" class="mw-redirect" title="Sports">sports</a> events such as the <a href="/wiki/1975_Mediterranean_Games" title="1975 Mediterranean Games">1975 Mediterranean Games</a>, the <a href="/wiki/1990_African_Cup_of_Nations" title="1990 African Cup of Nations">1990 African Cup of Nations</a> alongside <a href="/wiki/Annaba" title="Annaba">Annaba</a>, the <a href="/wiki/1978_All-Africa_Games" title="1978 All-Africa Games">1978 All-Africa Games</a> and <a href="/wiki/2007_All-Africa_Games" title="2007 All-Africa Games">2007 All-Africa Games</a>, the <a href="/wiki/2018_African_Youth_Games" title="2018 African Youth Games">2018 African Youth Games</a>, the <a href="/wiki/2022%E2%80%9323_CAF_Confederation_Cup" title="2022–23 CAF Confederation Cup">2022–23 CAF Confederation Cup</a>, the <a href="/wiki/2023_Arab_Games" title="2023 Arab Games">2023 Arab Games</a> with 4 other cities; the <a href="/wiki/2022_African_Nations_Championship" title="2022 African Nations Championship">2022 African Nations Championship</a> with 3 other cities. <a href="/wiki/Sonatrach" title="Sonatrach">Sonatrach</a> Petroleum Corporation and <a href="/wiki/Air_Alg%C3%A9rie" title="Air Algérie">Air Algérie</a> are headquartered in the city. <span class="anchor" id="Etymology"></span><span class="anchor" id="Toponymy"></span><span class="anchor" id="Name"></span> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Names">Names</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Algiers&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The city's name is derived via <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> and <a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a> <span title="Catalan-language text"><i lang="ca">Alger</i></span><sup id="cite_ref-leschi_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-leschi-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from the Arabic name <span title="Arabic-language text"><i lang="ar-Latn">al-Jazāʾir</i></span> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">الجزائر</span></span>), "The Islands". This name refers to the four former islands which lay off the city's coast before becoming part of the mainland in 1525. <span title="Arabic-language text"><i lang="ar-Latn">Al-Jazāʾir</i></span> is itself a truncated form of the city's older name <span title="Arabic-language text"><i lang="ar-Latn">Jazaʾir Banī Mazghanna</i></span> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">جزائر بني مزغانة</span></span>), "islands of <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar-Latn" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Banu_(Arabic)" title="Banu (Arabic)">Banu</a></span></span> Mazghanna", used by early medieval geographers such as <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Idrisi" title="Muhammad al-Idrisi">Muhammad al-Idrisi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yaqut_al-Hamawi" title="Yaqut al-Hamawi">Yaqut al-Hamawi</a>. The name was given by <a href="/wiki/Buluggin_ibn_Ziri" title="Buluggin ibn Ziri">Buluggin ibn Ziri</a> after he established the city on the ruins of the <a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenician</a> city of <a href="/wiki/Icosium" title="Icosium">Icosium</a> in 950.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> rule, the name of the capital, <i>al-Jazā'ir,</i> was extended over the entire country, giving it the English name Algeria derived from the French name Algérie.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">classical antiquity</a>, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Graeco-Roman_geographers" title="List of Graeco-Roman geographers">ancient Greeks</a> knew the town as <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">Ikósion</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">Ἰκόσιον</span>), which was <a href="/wiki/Latinization_of_names" class="mw-redirect" title="Latinization of names">Latinized</a> as <a href="/wiki/Icosium" title="Icosium">Icosium</a> under <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman rule</a>. The Greeks <a href="/wiki/Folk_etymology" title="Folk etymology">explained the name</a> as coming from their word for "twenty" (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">εἴκοσι</span></span>, <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">eíkosi</i></span>), supposedly because it had been founded by 20 companions of <a href="/wiki/Hercules" title="Hercules">Hercules</a> when he visited the <a href="/wiki/Atlas_Mountains" title="Atlas Mountains">Atlas Mountains</a> during <a href="/wiki/Labors_of_Hercules" class="mw-redirect" title="Labors of Hercules">his labors</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-backtalk_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-backtalk-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Algiers is also known as <span title="Arabic-language text"><i lang="ar-Latn">el-Behdja</i></span> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">البهجة</span></span>, "The Joyous") or "Algiers the White" (French: <i lang="fr">Alger la Blanche</i>) for its whitewashed buildings. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Algiers&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a chronological guide, see <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Algiers" title="Timeline of Algiers">Timeline of Algiers</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:25em; ; font-size: 80%;"> <div class="quotebox-title" style="color: #202122;background-color: #B0C4DE;">Timeline of Algiers (<a href="/wiki/Icosium" title="Icosium">Icosium</a>)<br /><small>Historical affiliations</small></div> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p><span class="flagicon" style="padding-left:25px;"> </span><a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Punic_people" title="Punic people">Punicia</a> pre 202 BC<br /> <span class="flagicon" style="padding-left:25px;"> </span><a href="/wiki/Numidia" title="Numidia">Numidia</a> 202 BC–104 BC<br /> <span class="flagicon" style="padding-left:25px;"> </span><a href="/wiki/Mauretania" title="Mauretania">Mauretania</a> 104 BC-42 AD<br /> <span class="flagicon" style="padding-left:25px;"> </span><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> 42-435<br /> <span class="flagicon" style="padding-left:25px;"> </span><a href="/wiki/Vandal_Kingdom" title="Vandal Kingdom">Vandal Kingdom</a> 435–534<br /> <span class="flagicon" style="padding-left:25px;"> </span><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> 534-700s<br /> <span class="flagicon" style="padding-left:25px;"> </span><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad Caliphate</a> 700s–750<br /> <span class="flagicon" style="padding-left:25px;"> </span><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a> 750 AD-800<br /> <span class="flagicon" style="padding-left:25px;"> </span><a href="/wiki/Aghlabids" class="mw-redirect" title="Aghlabids">Aghlabids</a> (As a <a href="/wiki/Vassal_state" title="Vassal state">vassal state</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Abbasids" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbasids">Abbasids</a>) 800 AD–909<br /> <span class="flagicon" style="padding-left:25px;"> </span><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid Caliphate</a> 909–972<br /> <span class="flagicon" style="padding-left:25px;"> </span><a href="/wiki/Zirid_dynasty" title="Zirid dynasty">Zirid dynasty</a> (As a <a href="/wiki/Vassal_state" title="Vassal state">vassal state</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid Caliphate</a>) 972–1014<br /> <span class="flagicon" style="padding-left:25px;"> </span><a href="/wiki/Hammadid_dynasty" title="Hammadid dynasty">Hammadid dynasty</a> 1014–1082<br /> <span class="flagicon" style="padding-left:25px;"> </span><a href="/wiki/Almoravid_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Almoravid Empire">Almoravid Empire</a> 1082-1151<br /> <span class="flagicon" style="padding-left:25px;"> </span><a href="/wiki/Almohad_Caliphate" title="Almohad Caliphate">Almohad Caliphate</a> 1151–1235<br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Kingdom_of_Tlemcen_%281388-1488%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kingdom_of_Tlemcen_%281388-1488%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Kingdom_of_Tlemcen_%281388-1488%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kingdom_of_Tlemcen_%281388-1488%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Kingdom_of_Tlemcen_%281388-1488%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kingdom_of_Tlemcen_%281388-1488%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="799" data-file-height="499" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Thaaliba" title="Thaaliba">Thaaliba</a>, (<a href="/wiki/Tributary_state" title="Tributary state">tributary</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tlemcen" title="Kingdom of Tlemcen">Tlemcen</a>) 1235-1516<br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Regency_of_Algiers.svg/23px-Flag_of_Regency_of_Algiers.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Regency_of_Algiers.svg/35px-Flag_of_Regency_of_Algiers.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Regency_of_Algiers.svg/45px-Flag_of_Regency_of_Algiers.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="960" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Regency_of_Algiers" title="Regency of Algiers">Regency of Algiers</a>, (<a href="/wiki/Tributary_state" title="Tributary state">tributary</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>) 1516–1830<br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, (<a href="/wiki/French_Algeria" title="French Algeria">French Algeria</a>) 1830–1962<br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a> 1962–present </p> </blockquote> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_history">Early history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Algiers&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Icosium" title="Icosium">Icosium</a></div> <p>The city's history is believed to date back to 1200 BC, but it was a small settlement without any significance until around the 3rd century BC when "Ikosim" became a small port town in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Carthage" title="Ancient Carthage">Carthage</a> where <a href="/wiki/Phoenicians" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoenicians">Phoenicians</a> were trading with other Mediterranean ports. After the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cirta" title="Battle of Cirta">Battle of Cirta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Numidia" title="Numidia">Numidia</a> got a hold of the town along with its neighboring regions at around 202 BC, after which the <a href="/wiki/Punic_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Punic wars">Punic wars</a> started weakening the <a href="/wiki/Berbers" title="Berbers">Berber</a> nation. On 104 BC, following the capturing of <a href="/wiki/Jughurta" class="mw-redirect" title="Jughurta">Jughurta</a> and executing him in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, the western half of his nation was given to <a href="/wiki/Mauretania" title="Mauretania">Mauretania</a> under the rule of <a href="/wiki/Bocchus_I" title="Bocchus I">Bocchus I</a>. At around 42 AD, <a href="/wiki/Claudius" title="Claudius">Claudius</a> divided Mauretania into two provinces, <a href="/wiki/Mauretania_Caesariensis" title="Mauretania Caesariensis">Mauretania Caesariensis</a> that included <a href="/wiki/Icosium" title="Icosium">Icosium</a> as one of its towns; the second province was <a href="/wiki/Mauretania_Tingitana" title="Mauretania Tingitana">Mauretania Tingitana</a> and were deemed as Roman <a href="/wiki/Municipium" title="Municipium">Municipiums</a>, additionally they were given <a href="/wiki/Latin_rights" title="Latin rights">Latin rights</a> by the emperor <a href="/wiki/Vespasian" title="Vespasian">Vespasian</a>. In 371-373 AD, Mauretania revolted with the help of <a href="/wiki/Firmus" title="Firmus">Firmus</a> in hopes of installing an independent State and <a href="/wiki/Icosium" title="Icosium">Icosium</a> was raided and damaged. Some clues show the presence of <a href="/wiki/Bishop" title="Bishop">bishops</a> in the region at this time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911655_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911655-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 435 AD, the <a href="/wiki/Vandal_Kingdom" title="Vandal Kingdom">Vandal Kingdom</a> took control of <a href="/wiki/Northern_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Africa">northern Africa</a> along the coasts of today's <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Roman Empire</a> that was ruling the area allowed the Vandals to settle when it became clear that they could not be defeated by Roman military forces. Though the city was damaged again due to the fighting between the two armies, the town was still slowly growing in population. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medieval_history">Medieval history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Algiers&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Medieval history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 534 AD, the Vandal kingdom was subjugated by the general <a href="/wiki/Belisarius" title="Belisarius">Belisarius</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Roman Empire">Eastern Roman Empire</a>, making Icosium a part of the empire. In the early 7th century, "Beni Mezghenna" who are a <a href="/wiki/Berbers" title="Berbers">Berber</a> tribe belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Sanhaja" title="Sanhaja">Sanhaja</a> as cited by <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldoun" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Khaldoun">Ibn Khaldoun</a>, settled on the plains of <a href="/wiki/Icosium" title="Icosium">Icosium</a> and the surrounding areas.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shortly after, in the late 7th century, the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_the_Maghreb" title="Muslim conquest of the Maghreb">Muslim conquest of the Maghreb</a> brought the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad Caliphate</a> into the region, but were faced with resistance from Berber forces led by <a href="/wiki/Kahina" title="Kahina">Kahina</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kusaila" title="Kusaila">Kusaila</a> in the 680s, who opposed the advancing Islamic armies. However, <a href="/wiki/Hassan_ibn_al-Nu%27man" title="Hassan ibn al-Nu'man">Hassan ibn al-Nu'man</a> and <a href="/wiki/Musa_ibn_Nusayr" title="Musa ibn Nusayr">Musa ibn Nusayr</a> later defeated both Berber leaders, killing Kusaila at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mamma" title="Battle of Mamma">Battle of Mamma</a> (688) and killing Dihya at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tabarka" title="Battle of Tabarka">Battle of Tabarka</a> (702), leading to the subjugation of the Berber tribes, bringing Islamic rule into North Africa. The <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a> succeeded <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad Caliphate</a> at around 750 AD. Independence movements across the <a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a> resulted in the breaking of two nations, the <a href="/wiki/Idrisid_dynasty" title="Idrisid dynasty">Idrisid dynasty</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Aghlabid_Emirate" class="mw-redirect" title="Aghlabid Emirate">Aghlabid Emirate</a> but acted as agents of the <a href="/wiki/Abbasids" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbasids">Abbasids</a> in <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>. Icosium fell into the hands of Aghlabids and abandoned the town. They were then overthrown by the <a href="/wiki/Fatimids" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatimids">Fatimids</a> in 909 AD, who went on to control all of <a href="/wiki/Ifriqiya" title="Ifriqiya">Ifriqiya</a> by 969 AD. </p><p>The present city was re-founded in 972 AD by <a href="/wiki/Buluggin_ibn_Ziri" title="Buluggin ibn Ziri">Buluggin ibn Ziri</a>, who was appointed by the Faṭimid caliph <a href="/wiki/Al-Mu%CA%BFizz" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Muʿizz">al-Muʿizz</a> as governor of <a href="/wiki/Al-Qayraw%C4%81n" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Qayrawān">al-Qayrawān</a> and any other territory his nation, the <a href="/wiki/Zirid_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Zirid Dynasty">Zirid Dynasty</a> might reclaim from its enemies, the <a href="/wiki/Zenata" title="Zenata">Zenata</a> tribesmen. His state accordingly expanded its boundaries westward. In approximately 1014 AD, under the reign of <a href="/wiki/Badis_ibn_al-Mansur" title="Badis ibn al-Mansur">Badis ibn al-Mansur</a>, the dynasty was divided between the Zirids at al-Qayrawan in the east, and the <a href="/wiki/Hammadids" class="mw-redirect" title="Hammadids">Hammadids</a> at <a href="/wiki/Qal%27at_Bani_Hammad" title="Qal'at Bani Hammad">Qal'at Bani Hammad</a>; "Jazaʾir Banī Mazghanna", commonly known as "Algiers" as the new name of <a href="/wiki/Icosium" title="Icosium">Icosium</a> was absorbed into the <a href="/wiki/Hammadid_dynasty" title="Hammadid dynasty">Hammadid dynasty</a><sup id="cite_ref-Ruedy2005_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ruedy2005-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who in 1067 AD relocated to <a href="/wiki/Bejaia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bejaia">Bejaia</a> and carried on a lively trade while most of North Africa was under a state of <a href="/wiki/Anarchy" title="Anarchy">anarchy</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1079 AD, <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Tashfin" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Tashfin">Ibn Tashfin</a>, a Sanhaja leader of the <a href="/wiki/Almoravid_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Almoravid Empire">Almoravid Empire</a> sent an army of 20,000 men from Marrakesh to push towards what is now <a href="/wiki/Tlemcen" title="Tlemcen">Tlemcen</a> to attack the "Banu Ya'la", the <a href="/wiki/Zenata" title="Zenata">Zenata</a> tribe occupying the area. Led by <a href="/wiki/Mazdali_ibn_Tilankan" title="Mazdali ibn Tilankan">Mazdali ibn Tilankan</a>, the army defeated the Banu Ya'la in battle near the valley of the <a href="/wiki/Moulouya_River" title="Moulouya River">Moulouya River</a> and executed their commander, the son of Tlemcen's ruler. However, <a href="/wiki/Mazdali_ibn_Tilankan" title="Mazdali ibn Tilankan">Mazdali ibn Tilankan</a> did not push to Tlemcen right away as the city of <a href="/wiki/Oujda" title="Oujda">Oujda</a> was too strong to capture. Instead, Ibn Tashfin himself returned with an army in 1081 AD that captured Oujda and then conquered Tlemcen, massacring the <a href="/wiki/Maghrawa" title="Maghrawa">Maghrawa</a> forces there and their leader; He pressed on and by 1082 AD he had captured "Jazaʾir Banī Mazghanna". </p><p>In 1151 AD, <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Mu%27min" title="Abd al-Mu'min">Abd al-Mu'min</a> launched an expedition to the east, conquering <a href="/wiki/Bejaia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bejaia">Bejaia</a> in August 1152, the capital of the Hammadids; on their way, Beni Mezghanna did not succumb and was now under the <a href="/wiki/Almohad_Caliphate" title="Almohad Caliphate">Almohad Caliphate</a>'s control. The caliphate suffered from states breaking out of its rule, most notably, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tlemcen" title="Kingdom of Tlemcen">Kingdom of Tlemcen</a> in 1235 AD. The town once again came under the dominion of the <a href="/wiki/Ziyanid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ziyanid">Ziyanid</a> <a href="/wiki/Sultans" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultans">sultans</a> of the Kingdom but experienced a large measure of independence under <a href="/wiki/Thaaliba" title="Thaaliba">Thaaliba</a> <a href="/wiki/Amirs" class="mw-redirect" title="Amirs">amirs</a> who settled the <a href="/wiki/Mitidja" title="Mitidja">Mitidja</a> plain at around 1200 AD. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_modern_history">Early modern history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Algiers&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Early modern history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Algiers_islets.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Algiers_islets.svg/220px-Algiers_islets.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Algiers_islets.svg/330px-Algiers_islets.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Algiers_islets.svg/440px-Algiers_islets.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="725" data-file-height="821" /></a><figcaption>Illustration of the <a href="/wiki/Islet" title="Islet">islets</a> off the coast of Algiers before Pier "Kheireddine" was built.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tlemcen" title="Kingdom of Tlemcen">Kingdom of Tlemcen</a> was the target of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a>'s and the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese Empire</a>'s campaigns and conquests against its coasts, beginning in 1501 AD. However, Algiers continued to be of comparatively little importance until after the <a href="/wiki/Reconquista#Conversions_and_expulsions" title="Reconquista">expulsion of the Moors</a> from Spain, many of whom sought asylum in the city, after which the Spanish led by <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Navarro" title="Pedro Navarro">Pedro Navarro</a> established a fortified base and <a href="/wiki/Garrison" title="Garrison">garrison</a> on one of the <a href="/wiki/Islet" title="Islet">islets</a> off the coast of Algiers, and named it "Peñón de Argel" or Peñón of Algiers, . By that time, Algiers had an <a href="/wiki/Emir" title="Emir">emir</a>, Salim al-Thumi who had to "swear obedience and loyalty" to <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Aragon" title="Ferdinand II of Aragon">Ferdinand II of Aragon</a> who also imposed a levy intended to suppress the <a href="/wiki/Barbary_pirates" title="Barbary pirates">Barbary pirates</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911655_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911655-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Çelik1997_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Çelik1997-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ottoman_rule">Ottoman rule</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Algiers&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Ottoman rule"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Civitates_orbis_terrarum._De_praecipuis_totius_universi_urbibus._Liber_secundus_(page_128).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Civitates_orbis_terrarum._De_praecipuis_totius_universi_urbibus._Liber_secundus_%28page_128%29.jpg/220px-Civitates_orbis_terrarum._De_praecipuis_totius_universi_urbibus._Liber_secundus_%28page_128%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Civitates_orbis_terrarum._De_praecipuis_totius_universi_urbibus._Liber_secundus_%28page_128%29.jpg/330px-Civitates_orbis_terrarum._De_praecipuis_totius_universi_urbibus._Liber_secundus_%28page_128%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Civitates_orbis_terrarum._De_praecipuis_totius_universi_urbibus._Liber_secundus_%28page_128%29.jpg/440px-Civitates_orbis_terrarum._De_praecipuis_totius_universi_urbibus._Liber_secundus_%28page_128%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5000" data-file-height="3644" /></a><figcaption>Algiers by <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Salamanca" title="Antonio Salamanca">Antonio Salamanca</a>, circa 1540, published in <a href="/wiki/Civitates_Orbis_Terrarum" class="mw-redirect" title="Civitates Orbis Terrarum">Civitates Orbis Terrarum</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Duquesne_fait_liberer_des_captifs_chretiens_apres_le_bombardement_d_Alger_en_1683.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Duquesne_fait_liberer_des_captifs_chretiens_apres_le_bombardement_d_Alger_en_1683.jpg/220px-Duquesne_fait_liberer_des_captifs_chretiens_apres_le_bombardement_d_Alger_en_1683.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Duquesne_fait_liberer_des_captifs_chretiens_apres_le_bombardement_d_Alger_en_1683.jpg/330px-Duquesne_fait_liberer_des_captifs_chretiens_apres_le_bombardement_d_Alger_en_1683.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Duquesne_fait_liberer_des_captifs_chretiens_apres_le_bombardement_d_Alger_en_1683.jpg/440px-Duquesne_fait_liberer_des_captifs_chretiens_apres_le_bombardement_d_Alger_en_1683.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1149" data-file-height="922" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Duquesne" title="Abraham Duquesne">Abraham Duquesne</a> delivering Christian captives in Algiers after the bombing in 1683.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1516, the amir of Algiers, Selim b. Teumi, invited the corsair brothers <a href="/wiki/Oru%C3%A7_Reis" class="mw-redirect" title="Oruç Reis">Oruç Reis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hayreddin_Barbarossa" title="Hayreddin Barbarossa">Hayreddin Barbarossa</a> to expel the <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Spain" title="Habsburg Spain">Spaniards</a>. Oruç Reis came to Algiers, ordered the assassination of Selim, and seized the town and ousted the Spanish in the <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Algiers_(1516)" title="Capture of Algiers (1516)">Capture of Algiers (1516)</a>. Hayreddin, succeeding Oruç after the latter was killed in battle against the Spaniards in the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Tlemcen_(1518)" title="Fall of Tlemcen (1518)">1518 fall of Tlemcen</a>, was the founder of the <i><a href="/wiki/Pashaluk" class="mw-redirect" title="Pashaluk">pashaluk</a></i>, which subsequently became the <i><a href="/wiki/Bey" title="Bey">beylik</a></i>, of Algeria. Barbarossa lost Algiers in 1524 but regained it with the <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Pe%C3%B1%C3%B3n_of_Algiers_(1529)" title="Capture of Peñón of Algiers (1529)">1529 Capture of Peñón of Algiers</a>, and then formally invited the Sultan <a href="/wiki/Suleiman_the_Magnificent" title="Suleiman the Magnificent">Suleiman the Magnificent</a> to accept sovereignty over the territory and to annex Algiers to the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Algiers_and_Bejaia_by_Piri_Reis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Algiers_and_Bejaia_by_Piri_Reis.jpg/170px-Algiers_and_Bejaia_by_Piri_Reis.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Algiers_and_Bejaia_by_Piri_Reis.jpg/255px-Algiers_and_Bejaia_by_Piri_Reis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Algiers_and_Bejaia_by_Piri_Reis.jpg/340px-Algiers_and_Bejaia_by_Piri_Reis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="531" data-file-height="817" /></a><figcaption>Historic map of Algiers by <a href="/wiki/Piri_Reis" title="Piri Reis">Piri Reis</a></figcaption></figure> <p><span class="anchor" id="Algerine"></span> Algiers from this time became the chief seat of the <a href="/wiki/Barbary_pirates" title="Barbary pirates">Barbary pirates</a>. In October 1541 in the <a href="/wiki/Algiers_expedition_(1541)" title="Algiers expedition (1541)">Algiers expedition</a>, the King of Spain and <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor</a> sought to capture the city, but a storm destroyed a great number of his ships, and his army of some 30,000, chiefly made up of Spaniards, was defeated by the Algerians under their <a href="/wiki/Pasha" title="Pasha">pasha</a>, Hassan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911655_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911655-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ottoman_cannon_end_of_16th_century_length_385cm_cal_178mm_weight_2910_stone_projectile_founded_8_October_1581_Alger_seized_1830.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Ottoman_cannon_end_of_16th_century_length_385cm_cal_178mm_weight_2910_stone_projectile_founded_8_October_1581_Alger_seized_1830.jpg/220px-Ottoman_cannon_end_of_16th_century_length_385cm_cal_178mm_weight_2910_stone_projectile_founded_8_October_1581_Alger_seized_1830.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Ottoman_cannon_end_of_16th_century_length_385cm_cal_178mm_weight_2910_stone_projectile_founded_8_October_1581_Alger_seized_1830.jpg/330px-Ottoman_cannon_end_of_16th_century_length_385cm_cal_178mm_weight_2910_stone_projectile_founded_8_October_1581_Alger_seized_1830.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Ottoman_cannon_end_of_16th_century_length_385cm_cal_178mm_weight_2910_stone_projectile_founded_8_October_1581_Alger_seized_1830.jpg/440px-Ottoman_cannon_end_of_16th_century_length_385cm_cal_178mm_weight_2910_stone_projectile_founded_8_October_1581_Alger_seized_1830.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2889" data-file-height="1981" /></a><figcaption>Ornate <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_weapons" title="Ottoman weapons">Ottoman cannon</a> found in Algiers on 8 October 1581 by Ca'fer el-Mu'allim. Length: 385 cm, cal:178 mm, weight: 2910 kg, stone projectile. Seized by France during the <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Algiers_in_1830" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of Algiers in 1830">invasion of Algiers in 1830</a>. <a href="/wiki/Army_Museum_(Paris)" title="Army Museum (Paris)">Army Museum, Paris</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Formally part of the Ottoman Empire but essentially free from Ottoman control, starting in the 16th century Algiers turned to piracy and ransoming. Due to its location on the periphery of both the Ottoman and European economic spheres, and depending for its existence on a Mediterranean that was increasingly controlled by European shipping, backed by European navies, piracy became the primary economic activity. Repeated attempts were made by various nations to subdue the pirates that disturbed shipping in the western Mediterranean and engaged in slave raids as far north as Iceland.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 17th century, up to 40% of the city's 100,000 inhabitants were enslaved Europeans.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> fought two wars (the <a href="/wiki/First_Barbary_War" title="First Barbary War">First</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Barbary_War" title="Second Barbary War">Second Barbary Wars</a>) over Algiers' attacks on shipping. </p><p>Among the notable people held for ransom was the future Spanish novelist, <a href="/wiki/Miguel_de_Cervantes" title="Miguel de Cervantes">Miguel de Cervantes</a>, who was held captive in Algiers for almost five years, and wrote two plays set in Algiers of the period. The primary source for knowledge of Algiers of this period, since there are no contemporary local sources, is the <i>Topografía e historia general de Argel</i> (1612, but written earlier), published by Diego de Haedo, but whose authorship is disputed.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This work describes in detail the city, the behavior of its inhabitants, and its military defenses, with the unsuccessful hope of facilitating an attack by Spain so as to end the piracy. </p><p>A significant number of renegades lived in Algiers at the time, Christians converted voluntarily to <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, many fleeing the law or other problems at home. Once converted to Islam, they were safe in Algiers. Many occupied positions of authority, such as <a href="/wiki/Samson_Rowlie" title="Samson Rowlie">Samson Rowlie</a>, an Englishman who became Treasurer of Algiers.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Atlas_Van_der_Hagen-KW1049B13_058-The_City_of_ALGIER.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Atlas_Van_der_Hagen-KW1049B13_058-The_City_of_ALGIER.jpeg/220px-Atlas_Van_der_Hagen-KW1049B13_058-The_City_of_ALGIER.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Atlas_Van_der_Hagen-KW1049B13_058-The_City_of_ALGIER.jpeg/330px-Atlas_Van_der_Hagen-KW1049B13_058-The_City_of_ALGIER.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Atlas_Van_der_Hagen-KW1049B13_058-The_City_of_ALGIER.jpeg/440px-Atlas_Van_der_Hagen-KW1049B13_058-The_City_of_ALGIER.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="5500" data-file-height="4121" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Casbah_of_Algiers" title="Casbah of Algiers">Casbah of Algiers</a> under Ottoman rule in 1690.</figcaption></figure> <p>The city under Ottoman control was enclosed by a wall on all sides, including along the seafront. In this wall, five gates allowed access to the city, with five roads from each gate dividing the city and meeting in front of the Ketchaoua Mosque. In 1556, a citadel, <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_the_Dey" title="Palace of the Dey">Palace of the Dey</a> was constructed at the highest point in the wall. A major road running north to south divided the city in two: The upper city (al-Gabal, or 'the mountain') which consisted of about fifty small quarters of <a href="/wiki/Andalusians" title="Andalusians">Andalusian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Algerian_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Algerian Jews">Jewish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moors" title="Moors">Moorish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kabyle_people" title="Kabyle people">Kabyle</a> communities, and the lower city (al-Wata, or 'the plains') which was the administrative, military and commercial centre of the city, mostly inhabited by <a href="/wiki/Kouloughlis" title="Kouloughlis">Ottoman Turkish dignitaries</a> and other upper-class families.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sm_Bombardment_of_Algiers,_August_1816-Luny.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Sm_Bombardment_of_Algiers%2C_August_1816-Luny.jpg/220px-Sm_Bombardment_of_Algiers%2C_August_1816-Luny.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Sm_Bombardment_of_Algiers%2C_August_1816-Luny.jpg/330px-Sm_Bombardment_of_Algiers%2C_August_1816-Luny.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Sm_Bombardment_of_Algiers%2C_August_1816-Luny.jpg/440px-Sm_Bombardment_of_Algiers%2C_August_1816-Luny.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1320" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Algiers_(1816)" title="Bombardment of Algiers (1816)">bombardment of Algiers</a> under <a href="/wiki/Edward_Pellew,_1st_Viscount_Exmouth" title="Edward Pellew, 1st Viscount Exmouth">Viscount Exmouth</a>, August 1816, painted by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Luny" title="Thomas Luny">Thomas Luny</a></figcaption></figure> <p>On August 27, 1816, the <a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Algiers_(1816)" title="Bombardment of Algiers (1816)">Bombardment of Algiers</a> took place city by a British squadron under <a href="/wiki/Edward_Pellew,_1st_Viscount_Exmouth" title="Edward Pellew, 1st Viscount Exmouth">Lord Exmouth</a> (a descendant of Thomas Pellew, taken in an Algerian slave raid in 1715<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on a self-published source. (February 2020)">self-published source?</span></a></i>]</sup>), assisted by men-of-war from the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="Kingdom of the Netherlands">Kingdom of the Netherlands</a>, destroying the corsair fleet harboured in Algiers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911655_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911655-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hussein_dey_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Hussein_dey_portrait.jpg/220px-Hussein_dey_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Hussein_dey_portrait.jpg/330px-Hussein_dey_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Hussein_dey_portrait.jpg/440px-Hussein_dey_portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="722" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of <a href="/wiki/Hussein_Dey" title="Hussein Dey">Hussein Dey</a>, the last <a href="/wiki/Dey" title="Dey">Dey</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Deylik_of_Algiers" class="mw-redirect" title="Deylik of Algiers">Deylik of Algiers</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Regency_of_Algiers" title="Regency of Algiers">Regency of Algiers</a> had a commercial–political conflict called the <a href="/wiki/Bakri-Busnach_affair" title="Bakri-Busnach affair">Bakri-Busnach affair</a> which has been bothering both nations in the 19th century. On April 29, 1827, foreign consuls and diplomatic agents gathered in the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_the_Dey" title="Palace of the Dey">Palace of the Dey</a> for a conference with the <a href="/wiki/Regency_of_Algiers" title="Regency of Algiers">Regency of Algiers</a> ruler <a href="/wiki/Hussein_Dey" title="Hussein Dey">Hussein Dey</a>. Tensions were high because of <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>'s failure to pay outstanding debts. In a heated moment later referred to as "fly-whisk incident", the <a href="/wiki/Dey" title="Dey">Dey</a> struck the French consul in the face with the handle of a <a href="/wiki/Fly-whisk" title="Fly-whisk">fly-whisk</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In an attempt by <a href="/wiki/Charles_X_of_France" title="Charles X of France">Charles X of France</a> to increase his popularity amongst the French, he sought to bolster <a href="/wiki/Patriotic_sentiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriotic sentiment">patriotic sentiment</a>, and turn eyes away from his domestic policies, by treating the incident as a public insult and demanded an apology. Failure to respond was met by operations against the dey.<sup id="cite_ref-EncBrit_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EncBrit-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A naval siege on the port of Algiers by the <a href="/wiki/French_Navy" title="French Navy">French Navy</a> began the following days which lasted 3 years and impacted the French and Algerian economies due to their former extensive trade treaties. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Keys_of_Algiers_1830.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Keys_of_Algiers_1830.jpg/220px-Keys_of_Algiers_1830.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Keys_of_Algiers_1830.jpg/330px-Keys_of_Algiers_1830.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Keys_of_Algiers_1830.jpg/440px-Keys_of_Algiers_1830.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="1522" /></a><figcaption>The keys of the city of Algiers, which were handed to the <a href="/wiki/French_Army" title="French Army">French Army</a> on 5 July 1830.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bombardementd_alger-1830.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Bombardementd_alger-1830.jpg/220px-Bombardementd_alger-1830.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Bombardementd_alger-1830.jpg/330px-Bombardementd_alger-1830.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Bombardementd_alger-1830.jpg/440px-Bombardementd_alger-1830.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6019" data-file-height="4096" /></a><figcaption>Bombardment of Algiers by sea on July 3, 1830</figcaption></figure> <p>Tensions only continued rising while the <a href="/wiki/French_Armed_Forces" title="French Armed Forces">French Armed Forces</a> were preparing for the <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Algiers_in_1830" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of Algiers in 1830">1830 invasion of Algiers</a>. The naval fleet departed from <a href="/wiki/Touron" title="Touron">Touron</a> on May 25, 1830, and successfully reached the western coast of the Regency near what is today <a href="/wiki/Sidi_Fredj" title="Sidi Fredj">Sidi Fredj</a> on June 14, 1830. The Algerian forces met their French opponents in the "Battle of Sidi Fredj" on June 19, 1830, to which the <a href="/wiki/Dey" title="Dey">Dey</a>'s forces were defeated, this enabled the colonial army to advance into the city and made <a href="/wiki/Hussein_Dey" title="Hussein Dey">Hussein Dey</a> surrender to French <a href="/wiki/Louis-Auguste-Victor,_Count_de_Ghaisnes_de_Bourmont" title="Louis-Auguste-Victor, Count de Ghaisnes de Bourmont">General de Bourmont</a> on 5 July 1830. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="French_rule">French rule</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Algiers&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: French rule"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Under French rule, Algiers became the capital of <a href="/wiki/French_Algeria" title="French Algeria">French Algeria</a>, "an integral part of the <a href="/wiki/French_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="French Republic">French Republic</a>" according to a formal annexation declared on June 22, 1834.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> France focused their interest into areas inhabited by locals, this in turn was the <a href="/wiki/French_conquest_of_Algeria" title="French conquest of Algeria">French conquest of Algeria</a> that shared goals with its <a href="/wiki/Pacification_of_Algeria" title="Pacification of Algeria">pacification</a> efforts; Establishing a European <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Europe" title="Culture of Europe">cultural</a>, <a href="/wiki/Economic" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic">economic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Political" class="mw-redirect" title="Political">political</a> presence in <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a> without considering the <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_population" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous population">indigenous population</a>'s lifestyle or connection to their land. </p><p>The city had a minority of "<a href="/wiki/Pieds-noirs" title="Pieds-noirs">Pieds-noirs</a>", <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Europe" title="Ethnic groups in Europe">European</a> <a href="/wiki/Settlers" class="mw-redirect" title="Settlers">settlers</a> due to laws and regulations put by the French government that granted <a href="/wiki/French_citizenship" class="mw-redirect" title="French citizenship">French citizenship</a> to them under the <a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%A9mieux_Decree" title="Crémieux Decree">Crémieux Decree</a> while releasing <a href="/wiki/Code_de_l%27indig%C3%A9nat" class="mw-redirect" title="Code de l'indigénat">Code de l'indigénat</a> giving inferiority to the "Arabs" and "Muslims" which were getting forcibly removed from their land in favor of building settlements. Many parts of the city were only accessible by settlers in an attempt to separate "Alger" by <a href="/wiki/Race_(human_categorization)" title="Race (human categorization)">race</a>, <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">language</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AlloucheLaloum1987_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AlloucheLaloum1987-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>French casualties in Algeria (1830–1851)<sup id="cite_ref-Bennoune_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bennoune-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Year</th> <th>Active</th> <th>Died in hospital</th> <th>Killed in battle </th></tr> <tr> <td>1831</td> <td>71,190</td> <td>1,005</td> <td>55 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1832</td> <td>21,511</td> <td>1,998</td> <td>48 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1833</td> <td>26,681</td> <td>2,512</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1834</td> <td>29,858</td> <td>1,991</td> <td>24 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1835</td> <td>29,485</td> <td>2,335</td> <td>310 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1836</td> <td>29,897</td> <td>2,139</td> <td>606 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1837</td> <td>40,147</td> <td>4,502</td> <td>121 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1838</td> <td>48,167</td> <td>2,413</td> <td>150 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1839</td> <td>50,367</td> <td>3,600</td> <td>163 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1840</td> <td>61,204</td> <td>9,567</td> <td>227 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1841</td> <td>72,000</td> <td>7,802</td> <td>349 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1842</td> <td>70,853</td> <td>5,588</td> <td>225 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1843</td> <td>75,034</td> <td>4,809</td> <td>84 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1844</td> <td>82,037</td> <td>4,664</td> <td>167 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1845</td> <td>95,000</td> <td>4,664</td> <td>601 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1846</td> <td>99,700</td> <td>6,862</td> <td>116 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1847</td> <td>87,704</td> <td>4,437</td> <td>77 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1848</td> <td>75,017</td> <td>4,406</td> <td>13 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1849</td> <td>70,774</td> <td>9,744</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1850</td> <td>71,496</td> <td>4,098</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1851</td> <td>65,598</td> <td>3,193</td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Many Europeans settled in Algiers, and by the early 20th century they formed a majority of the city's population.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the 1930s, the architect <a href="/wiki/Le_Corbusier" title="Le Corbusier">Le Corbusier</a> drew up plans for a complete redesign of the colonial city. Le Corbusier was highly critical of the urban style of Algiers, describing the European district as "nothing but crumbling walls and devastated nature, the whole a sullied blot". He also criticised the difference in living standards he perceived between the European and African residents of the city, describing a situation in which "the 'civilised' live like rats in holes" whereas "the 'barbarians' live in solitude, in well-being".<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, these plans were ultimately ignored by the French administration. </p><p>During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, Algiers was the first city to be seized from the Axis by the Allies in <a href="/wiki/Operation_Terminal" title="Operation Terminal">Operation Terminal</a>, a part of <a href="/wiki/Operation_Torch" title="Operation Torch">Operation Torch</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Algiers_CNE-v1-p58-J.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Algiers_CNE-v1-p58-J.jpg/220px-Algiers_CNE-v1-p58-J.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Algiers_CNE-v1-p58-J.jpg/330px-Algiers_CNE-v1-p58-J.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Algiers_CNE-v1-p58-J.jpg/440px-Algiers_CNE-v1-p58-J.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1941" data-file-height="1342" /></a><figcaption>City and harbour of Algiers, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1921</span></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Algerian_War">Algerian War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Algiers&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Algerian War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/1962-03-22_Algeria_tense_cease_fire.ogv/220px--1962-03-22_Algeria_tense_cease_fire.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="54" data-mwtitle="1962-03-22_Algeria_tense_cease_fire.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:1962-03-22_Algeria_tense_cease_fire.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c5/1962-03-22_Algeria_tense_cease_fire.ogv/1962-03-22_Algeria_tense_cease_fire.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c5/1962-03-22_Algeria_tense_cease_fire.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c5/1962-03-22_Algeria_tense_cease_fire.ogv/1962-03-22_Algeria_tense_cease_fire.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c5/1962-03-22_Algeria_tense_cease_fire.ogv/1962-03-22_Algeria_tense_cease_fire.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c5/1962-03-22_Algeria_tense_cease_fire.ogv/1962-03-22_Algeria_tense_cease_fire.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c5/1962-03-22_Algeria_tense_cease_fire.ogv/1962-03-22_Algeria_tense_cease_fire.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3A1962-03-22_Algeria_tense_cease_fire.ogv&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video></span><figcaption>The "tense truce" between Algerian rebels, French army and the OAS in 1962</figcaption></figure> <p>Algiers also played a pivotal role in the <a href="/wiki/Algerian_War" title="Algerian War">Algerian War</a> (1954–1962), a bloody independence struggle in which hundreds of thousands (estimates range between 350,000 and 1,500,000) died (mostly Algerians but also French and <a href="/wiki/Pied-Noir" class="mw-redirect" title="Pied-Noir">Pieds-Noirs</a>). In particular, it saw the <a href="/wiki/Algerian_War#Battle_of_Algiers" title="Algerian War">Battle of Algiers</a> when the 10th Parachute Division of the French Army, starting on January 7, 1957, and on the orders of the French Minister of Justice <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand" title="François Mitterrand">François Mitterrand</a> (who authorized any means "to eliminate the insurrectionists"<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>), led attacks against the Algerian fighters for independence. Algiers remains marked by this battle, which was characterized by merciless fighting between FLN forces which carried out a guerrilla campaign against the French military and police and pro-French Algerian soldiers, and the French Army which responded with a bloody repression, torture and blanket terrorism against the native population. The demonstrations of May 13 during the crisis of 1958 provoked the fall of the <a href="/wiki/French_Fourth_Republic" title="French Fourth Republic">Fourth Republic</a> in France, as well as the return of General <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">de Gaulle</a> to power. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Independence">Independence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Algiers&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Independence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Algeria achieved <a href="/wiki/Independence" title="Independence">independence</a> on July 5, 1962, with Algiers as its capital. Since then, despite losing its entire <i><a href="/wiki/Pied-noir" class="mw-redirect" title="Pied-noir">pied-noir</a></i> population, the city has expanded massively. It now has about five million inhabitants, or 10 percent of Algeria's population—and its suburbs now cover most of the surrounding <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Algeria" title="Geography of Algeria">Mitidja</a> plain. Run by the FLN that had secured independence, Algiers became a member of <a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>. In October 1988, one year before the fall of the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Wall" title="Berlin Wall">Berlin Wall</a>, Algiers was the site of demonstrations demanding the end of the single-party system and the creation of a <i>real</i> <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democracy</a> baptized the "Spring of Algiers". The demonstrators were repressed by the authorities (more than 300 dead), but the movement constituted a turning point in the political history of modern Algeria. The <a href="/wiki/1989_Algerian_constitutional_referendum" title="1989 Algerian constitutional referendum">1989 Algerian constitutional referendum</a> took place and a new constitution was adopted that put an end to the one-party rule and saw the creation of more than fifty political parties, as well as official freedom of the press. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crisis_of_the_1990s">Crisis of the 1990s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Algiers&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Crisis of the 1990s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The city became the theatre of many political demonstrations of all descriptions until 1993. In 1991, a political entity dominated by religious conservatives called the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Salvation_Front" title="Islamic Salvation Front">Islamic Salvation Front</a> engaged in a political test of wills with the authorities. In the 1992 elections for the Algerian National Assembly, the Islamists garnered a large amount of support in the first round. Fearing an eventual win by the Islamists, the army canceled the election process, setting off the <a href="/wiki/Algerian_Civil_War" title="Algerian Civil War">civil war</a> between the State and armed religious conservatives which would last for a decade. </p><p>On December 11, 2007, two car <a href="/wiki/11_December_2007_Algiers_bombings" class="mw-redirect" title="11 December 2007 Algiers bombings">bombs exploded in Algiers</a>. One bomb targeted two <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> office buildings and the other targeted a government building housing the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Algeria" title="Supreme Court of Algeria">Supreme Court of Algeria</a>. The death toll was at least 62, with over two hundred injured in the attacks.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, only 26 remained hospitalized the following day.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2008<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Algiers&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, it is speculated that the attack was carried out by the <a href="/wiki/Al_Qaeda" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Qaeda">Al Qaeda</a> cell within the city.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Indigenous terrorist groups have been actively <a href="/wiki/Islamic_insurgency_in_Algeria_(2002%E2%80%93present)#2007" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic insurgency in Algeria (2002–present)">operating in Algeria since around 2002</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Algiers&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Location">Location</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Algiers&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Location"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ISS064-E-411_-_View_of_Earth.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/ISS064-E-411_-_View_of_Earth.jpg/220px-ISS064-E-411_-_View_of_Earth.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/ISS064-E-411_-_View_of_Earth.jpg/330px-ISS064-E-411_-_View_of_Earth.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/ISS064-E-411_-_View_of_Earth.jpg/440px-ISS064-E-411_-_View_of_Earth.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5568" data-file-height="3712" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Satellite_image" class="mw-redirect" title="Satellite image">Satellite image</a> of Algiers</figcaption></figure> <p>Algiers is located in the north-central part of <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>, extending along the Bay of Algiers and into the <a href="/wiki/Mitidja" title="Mitidja">Mitidja</a> plain and on top of and around the "Sahel of Algiers" and the <a href="/wiki/Bouzar%C3%A9ah" title="Bouzaréah">Bouzaréah</a> <a href="/wiki/Massif" title="Massif">massif</a>. It sits at roughly 2 m above sea level, while the highest point is at 407 m.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Oued_El_Harrach" title="Oued El Harrach">Oued El Harrach</a> meets the sea while crossing near <a href="/wiki/El_Harrach" title="El Harrach">El Harrach</a>, a neighbourhood of the city hence the name, while <a href="/wiki/Mazafran_River" title="Mazafran River">Mazafran River</a> ends near the far western suburbs dividing <a href="/wiki/Algiers_Province" title="Algiers Province">Algiers Province</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tipaza_Province" title="Tipaza Province">Tipaza Province</a>; Both of these are called "Widan" which help in supplying agricultural needs in "Mitidja" which borders the <a href="/wiki/Tell_Atlas" title="Tell Atlas">Tell Atlas</a> <a href="/wiki/Mountain_range" title="Mountain range">mountain range</a> which could be spotted from the city. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Districts_of_Algiers">Districts of Algiers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Algiers&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Districts of Algiers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NOTRE_DAME_D%27AFRIQUE.ALGER.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/NOTRE_DAME_D%27AFRIQUE.ALGER.jpg/220px-NOTRE_DAME_D%27AFRIQUE.ALGER.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/NOTRE_DAME_D%27AFRIQUE.ALGER.jpg/330px-NOTRE_DAME_D%27AFRIQUE.ALGER.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/NOTRE_DAME_D%27AFRIQUE.ALGER.jpg/440px-NOTRE_DAME_D%27AFRIQUE.ALGER.jpg 2x" data-file-width="798" data-file-height="571" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Notre_Dame_d%27Afrique" class="mw-redirect" title="Notre Dame d'Afrique">Notre Dame d'Afrique</a>, built by European settlers in 1872<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Casbah_of_Algiers" title="Casbah of Algiers">The Casbah</a></b> (of <i>Al Qasbah</i>, "the Citadel"), 1st District of Algiers: called <i>Al-Djazaïr Al Mahroussa</i> ("Well Kept Algiers"), is founded on the ruins of old Icosium. It is a small city of picturesque winding lanes built on a hill and descending towards the sea, divided into two sections: the High City and the Low City. It includes 17th-century buildings: <a href="/wiki/Ketchaoua_Mosque" title="Ketchaoua Mosque">Ketchaoua Mosque</a> (rebuilt in the 18th century by the <a href="/wiki/Hasan_Pasha_(son_of_Barbarossa)" title="Hasan Pasha (son of Barbarossa)">Dey Baba Hassan</a>), <a href="/wiki/Djamaa_el_Djedid" title="Djamaa el Djedid">El Djedid Mosque</a> (built in 1660, at the time of Turkish regency), <a href="/wiki/Djamaa_el_Kebir" title="Djamaa el Kebir">El Kebir Mosque</a> (oldest of the mosques, built by <a href="/wiki/Almoravid" class="mw-redirect" title="Almoravid">Almoravid</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Youssef_Ibn_Tachfin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Youssef Ibn Tachfin (page does not exist)">Youssef Ibn Tachfin</a> and rebuilt in 1794), the <a href="/wiki/Ali_Bitchin_Mosque" title="Ali Bitchin Mosque">Ali Bitchin Mosque</a> (Raïs, 1623), and <a href="/wiki/Dar_Aziza" title="Dar Aziza">Dar Aziza</a>, formerly part of the Palace of Jénina.</li> <li><b> <a href="/wiki/Bab_El_Oued" title="Bab El Oued">Bab El Oued</a></b>: Literally <i>the River's Gate</i>, the popular district which extends from the Casbah beyond "the gate of the river". It is the capital's darling and best liked borough. Famous for its square with "the three clocks" and for its "market Triplet", it is also a district of workshops and manufacturing plants.</li> <li><b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Edge_of_sea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edge of sea (page does not exist)">Edge of sea</a></b>: from 1840, the architects Pierre-August Guiauchain and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chass%C3%A9riau" title="Charles Frédéric Chassériau">Charles Frédéric Chassériau</a> designed new buildings apart from the Casbah, town hall, law courts, buildings, theatre, palace of the Governor, and casino, to form an elegant walk bordered by arcades which is today the boulevard <a href="/wiki/Che_Guevara" title="Che Guevara">Che Guevara</a> (formerly the Boulevard of the <a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">Republic</a>).</li> <li><b> <a href="/wiki/Kouba,_Algeria" title="Kouba, Algeria">Kouba</a></b> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Will_daira&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Will daira (page does not exist)">will daira</a> of <a href="/wiki/Hussein-dey" class="mw-redirect" title="Hussein-dey">Hussein-dey</a>): Kouba is an old village which was absorbed by the expansion of the town of Algiers. Kouba quickly developed under the French colonial era then continued growing due to formidable demographic expansion that Algiers saw after the independence of Algeria in 1962. It is today a district of Algiers which is largely made up of houses, villas, and buildings not exceeding five stories.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Harrach" title="El Harrach">El Harrach</a>, a suburb of Algiers, is located about 10 kilometres (6 miles) to the east of the city.</li> <li>The communes of <a href="/wiki/Hydra_(Algiers)_will" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydra (Algiers) will">Hydra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ben_Aknoun" title="Ben Aknoun">Ben Aknoun</a>, <a href="/wiki/El-Biar" class="mw-redirect" title="El-Biar">El-Biar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bouzareah" class="mw-redirect" title="Bouzareah">Bouzareah</a> form what the inhabitants of Algiers call the "Heights of Algiers". These communes shelter the majority of the foreign embassies of Algiers, of many ministries and university centres, which makes it one of the administrative and policy centres of the country.</li> <li>The <b>Didouche Mourad street</b> is located in the 3rd district Of Algiers. It extends from the <b>Grande Post office</b> to the Heights of Algiers. It crosses in particular the <b>place Audin</b>, <b>the <a href="/wiki/Algiers_1_University" title="Algiers 1 University">Faculty of Algiers</a></b>, <b>The Crowned Heart</b> and <b>the Freedom Park (formerly Galland)</b>. It is bordered by smart stores and restaurants along most of its length. It is regarded as the heart of the capital.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Algiers&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Algiers has a <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_climate" title="Mediterranean climate">Mediterranean climate</a> (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen climate classification</a> <i>Csa</i>). Its proximity to the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a> aids in moderating the city's temperatures. As a result, Algiers usually does not see the extreme temperatures that are experienced in the adjacent interior. Algiers on average receives roughly 600 millimetres (24 in) of rain per year, the bulk of which is seen between October and April. The precipitation is higher than in most of coastal Mediterranean <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, and similar to most of coastal Mediterranean <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, as opposed to the interior North African semi-arid or arid climate. </p><p>Snow is very rare; in 2012, the city received 100 millimetres (4 in) of snowfall, its first snowfall in eight years.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Algiers (<a href="/wiki/Houari_Boumediene_Airport" title="Houari Boumediene Airport">Houari Boumediene Airport</a>) 1991–2020, extremes 1838–present </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF5F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.6<br />(81.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF4500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.4<br />(88.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF2300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.3<br />(97.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF2200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.5<br />(97.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF0200; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">41.1<br />(106.0) </td> <td style="background: #D40000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">44.6<br />(112.3) </td> <td style="background: #9B0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">48.7<br />(119.7) </td> <td style="background: #AC0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">47.5<br />(117.5) </td> <td style="background: #D70000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">44.4<br />(111.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF0D00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">39.5<br />(103.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF3000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.4<br />(93.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF4C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.4<br />(86.7) </td> <td style="background: #9B0000; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">48.7<br />(119.7) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFA851; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.1<br />(62.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFA54B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.5<br />(63.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF962D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.7<br />(67.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF8710; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.8<br />(71.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF7100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.0<br />(77.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF5600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.0<br />(84.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF4000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.1<br />(89.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF3B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.9<br />(91.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF5000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.8<br />(85.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF6700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.5<br />(79.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF8B18; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.2<br />(70.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFA042; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.2<br />(64.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF7700; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">24.2<br />(75.6) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFD0A1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.3<br />(52.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFCE9E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.5<br />(52.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFC081; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.6<br />(56.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFB266; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.6<br />(60.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF9C39; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.8<br />(65.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF8205; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.6<br />(72.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF6C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.7<br />(78.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF6600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.6<br />(79.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF7900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.9<br />(75.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF9123; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.4<br />(68.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFB164; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.7<br />(60.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFC78F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.6<br />(54.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFA042; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">18.2<br />(64.8) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFF8F1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.5<br />(41.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFF7EF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.6<br />(42.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFEAD5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.5<br />(45.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFDDBB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.4<br />(48.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFC78F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.6<br />(54.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFAE5D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.2<br />(61.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF9831; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.4<br />(66.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF9123; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.4<br />(68.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFA246; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.9<br />(64.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFBB77; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.3<br />(57.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFD8B1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.1<br />(50.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFEDDC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.0<br />(44.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFC994; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">12.2<br />(54.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #D4D4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.3<br />(26.1) </td> <td style="background: #DCDCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.9<br />(28.6) </td> <td style="background: #E1E1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.0<br />(30.2) </td> <td style="background: #E2E2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.8<br />(30.6) </td> <td style="background: #F4F4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.6<br />(36.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFF8F1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.5<br />(41.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFDFC0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.0<br />(48.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFDCBA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.5<br />(49.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFE5CC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.2<br />(46.8) </td> <td style="background: #FCFCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.1<br />(39.4) </td> <td style="background: #E6E6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.1<br />(31.8) </td> <td style="background: #DADAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.3<br />(27.9) </td> <td style="background: #D4D4FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−3.3<br />(26.1) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #81FF81; color:#000000;" class="notheme">84.2<br />(3.31) </td> <td style="background: #89FF89; color:#000000;" class="notheme">72.1<br />(2.84) </td> <td style="background: #A7FFA7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">58.9<br />(2.32) </td> <td style="background: #A5FFA5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">58.0<br />(2.28) </td> <td style="background: #C4FFC4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">39.0<br />(1.54) </td> <td style="background: #F1FFF1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.6<br />(0.34) </td> <td style="background: #FCFFFC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.5<br />(0.06) </td> <td style="background: #EFFFEF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.6<br />(0.42) </td> <td style="background: #D4FFD4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.5<br />(1.08) </td> <td style="background: #B2FFB2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">51.5<br />(2.03) </td> <td style="background: #60FF60; color:#000000;" class="notheme">102.7<br />(4.04) </td> <td style="background: #7EFF7E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">86.4<br />(3.40) </td> <td style="background: #B2FFB2; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">601<br />(23.7) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days <span style="font-size:90%;" class="nowrap">(≥ 1 mm)</span> </th> <td style="background: #9797FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.4 </td> <td style="background: #8989FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.7 </td> <td style="background: #A8A8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.0 </td> <td style="background: #B1B1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.1 </td> <td style="background: #C9C9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.3 </td> <td style="background: #EDEDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.4 </td> <td style="background: #FAFAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.4 </td> <td style="background: #EDEDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.4 </td> <td style="background: #CCCCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.0 </td> <td style="background: #BCBCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.4 </td> <td style="background: #8989FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.2 </td> <td style="background: #9999FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.2 </td> <td style="background: #BBBBFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">64.5 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) </th> <td style="background: #0000EE; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">71 </td> <td style="background: #0202FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">66 </td> <td style="background: #0606FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">65 </td> <td style="background: #1111FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">62 </td> <td style="background: #0202FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">66 </td> <td style="background: #0202FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">66 </td> <td style="background: #0000FD; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">67 </td> <td style="background: #0606FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">65 </td> <td style="background: #0000F9; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">68 </td> <td style="background: #0202FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">66 </td> <td style="background: #0000F9; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">68 </td> <td style="background: #0000F9; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">68 </td> <td style="background: #0000FD; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">67 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #BFBF2A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">139.5 </td> <td style="background: #CECE00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">158.2 </td> <td style="background: #D9D900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">207.7 </td> <td style="background: #DFDF00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">228.0 </td> <td style="background: #EEEE0B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">300.7 </td> <td style="background: #F0F011; color:#000000;" class="notheme">300.0 </td> <td style="background: #FAFA28; color:#000000;" class="notheme">353.4 </td> <td style="background: #F4F419; color:#000000;" class="notheme">325.5 </td> <td style="background: #E9E900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">267.0 </td> <td style="background: #D7D700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">198.4 </td> <td style="background: #C7C700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">153.0 </td> <td style="background: #C2C219; color:#000000;" class="notheme">145.7 </td> <td style="background: #DFDF00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">2,777.1 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #C0C024; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.5 </td> <td style="background: #CFCF00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.6 </td> <td style="background: #DADA00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.7 </td> <td style="background: #E0E000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.6 </td> <td style="background: #EFEF0E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.7 </td> <td style="background: #F1F113; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.0 </td> <td style="background: #FBFB2B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.4 </td> <td style="background: #F5F51C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.5 </td> <td style="background: #E9E900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.9 </td> <td style="background: #D7D700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.4 </td> <td style="background: #C8C800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.1 </td> <td style="background: #C3C313; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.7 </td> <td style="background: #E0E000; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">7.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: <a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">NOAA</a><sup id="cite_ref-WMOCLINO_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WMOCLINO-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: Arab Meteorology Book (humidity and sun),<sup id="cite_ref-climate_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-climate-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meteo Climat (record highs and lows)<sup id="cite_ref-meteoclimat_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-meteoclimat-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Climate_change">Climate change</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Algiers&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Climate change"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A 2019 paper published in <a href="/wiki/PLOS_One" title="PLOS One">PLOS One</a> estimated that under <a href="/wiki/Representative_Concentration_Pathway#4.5" title="Representative Concentration Pathway">Representative Concentration Pathway 4.5</a>, a "moderate" scenario of <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a> where global warming reaches ~2.5–3 °C (4.5–5.4 °F) by 2100, the climate of Algiers in the year 2050 would most closely resemble the current climate of <a href="/wiki/Perth" title="Perth">Perth</a> in <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>. The annual temperature would increase by 2.6 °C (4.7 °F), and the temperature of the warmest month by 1.9 °C (3.4 °F), while the temperature of the coldest month would be 3.8 °C (6.8 °F) higher.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Climate_Action_Tracker" title="Climate Action Tracker">Climate Action Tracker</a>, the current warming trajectory appears consistent with 2.7 °C (4.9 °F), which closely matches <a href="/wiki/Representative_Concentration_Pathway" title="Representative Concentration Pathway">Representative Concentration Pathway</a> (RCP) 4.5.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Moreover, according to the 2022 <a href="/wiki/IPCC_Sixth_Assessment_Report" title="IPCC Sixth Assessment Report">IPCC Sixth Assessment Report</a>, Algiers is one of 12 major African cities (<a href="/wiki/Abidjan" title="Abidjan">Abidjan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a>, Algiers, <a href="/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</a>, <a href="/wiki/Casablanca" title="Casablanca">Casablanca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dakar" title="Dakar">Dakar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dar_es_Salaam" title="Dar es Salaam">Dar es Salaam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Durban" title="Durban">Durban</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lagos" title="Lagos">Lagos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lom%C3%A9" title="Lomé">Lomé</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luanda" title="Luanda">Luanda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maputo" title="Maputo">Maputo</a>) which would be the most severely affected by the future <a href="/wiki/Sea_level_rise" title="Sea level rise">sea level rise</a>. It estimates that they would collectively sustain cumulative damages of U$65 billion under RCP 4.5 and US$86.5 billion for the high-emission scenario RCP 8.5 by the year 2050. Additionally, RCP 8.5 combined with the hypothetical impact from <a href="/wiki/Marine_ice_sheet_instability" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine ice sheet instability">marine ice sheet instability</a> at high levels of warming would involve up to US$137.5 billion in damages, while the additional accounting for the "low-probability, high-damage events" may increase aggregate risks to $187 billion for the "moderate" RCP 4.5, $206 billion for RCP 8.5 and $397 billion under the high-end ice sheet instability scenario.<sup id="cite_ref-AR6Ch9_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AR6Ch9-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since sea level rise would continue for about 10,000 years under every scenario of climate change, future costs of sea level rise would only increase, especially without adaptation measures.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Casbah is on a list of 10 African <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a> most threatened by sea level rise.<sup id="cite_ref-AR6Ch9_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AR6Ch9-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government">Government</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Algiers&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Algiers" title="List of mayors of Algiers">List of mayors of Algiers</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alger#Administration_et_politique" class="extiw" title="fr:Alger">fr:Alger § Administration et politique</a></div> <p>The city (and province) of Algiers is composed of 13 administrative districts, sub-divided into 57 <i>communes</i> listed below with their populations at the 1998 and 2008 Censuses: </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th><b>Name</b> </th> <th><b>Name in <br /> Arabic </b> </th> <th><b>Population<br />(1998)</b><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th><b>Population<br />(2008)</b><sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bab_El_Oued" title="Bab El Oued">Bab El Oued</a> </td> <td>باب الوادي </td> <td align="right">87,557 </td> <td align="right">64,732 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bologhine" title="Bologhine">Bologhine</a> </td> <td>بولوغين </td> <td align="right">43,283 </td> <td align="right">43,835 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Casbah_of_Algiers" title="Casbah of Algiers">Casbah</a> </td> <td>القصبة </td> <td align="right">50,453 </td> <td align="right">36,762 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Oued_Koriche" title="Oued Koriche">Oued Koriche</a> </td> <td>وادي قريش </td> <td align="right">53,378 </td> <td align="right">46,182 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%AFs_Hamidou,_Algeria" title="Raïs Hamidou, Algeria">Raïs Hamidou</a> </td> <td>الرايس حميدو </td> <td align="right">21,518 </td> <td align="right">28,451 </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><b><a href="/wiki/Bab_El_Oued_District" title="Bab El Oued District">Bab El Oued District</a></b></i> </td> <td> </td> <td align="right">256,189 </td> <td align="right">219,962 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Baraki,_Algiers" title="Baraki, Algiers">Baraki</a> </td> <td>براقي </td> <td align="right">95,247 </td> <td align="right">116,375 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Les_Eucalyptus" title="Les Eucalyptus">Les Eucalyptus</a> </td> <td>الكليتوس </td> <td align="right">96,310 </td> <td align="right">116,107 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sidi_Moussa,_Algeria" title="Sidi Moussa, Algeria">Sidi Moussa</a> </td> <td>سيدي موسى </td> <td align="right">27,888 </td> <td align="right">40,750 </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><b><a href="/wiki/Baraki_District" title="Baraki District">Baraki District</a></b></i> </td> <td> </td> <td align="right">219,445 </td> <td align="right">273,232 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bir_Mourad_Ra%C3%AFs" title="Bir Mourad Raïs">Bir Mourad Raïs</a> </td> <td>بئر مراد رايس </td> <td align="right">43,254 </td> <td align="right">45,345 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Birkhadem" title="Birkhadem">Birkhadem</a> </td> <td>بئر خادم </td> <td align="right">55,084 </td> <td align="right">77,749 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Djasr_Kasentina" title="Djasr Kasentina">Djasr Kasentina</a> </td> <td>جسر قسنطينة </td> <td align="right">82,729 </td> <td align="right">133,247 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hydra_(Algiers)_will" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydra (Algiers) will">Hydra</a> </td> <td>حيدرة </td> <td align="right">35,727 </td> <td align="right">31,133 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Saoula" title="Saoula">Saoula</a> </td> <td>سحاولة </td> <td align="right">31,388 </td> <td align="right">41,690 </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><b><a href="/wiki/Bir_Mourad_Ra%C3%AFs_District" title="Bir Mourad Raïs District">Bir Mourad Raïs District</a></b></i> </td> <td> </td> <td align="right">248,182 </td> <td align="right">329,164 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Birtouta" title="Birtouta">Birtouta</a> </td> <td>بئر توتة </td> <td align="right">21,808 </td> <td align="right">30,575 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ouled_Chebel" title="Ouled Chebel">Ouled Chebel</a> </td> <td>أولاد الشبل </td> <td align="right">16,335 </td> <td align="right">20,006 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tessala_El_Merdja" title="Tessala El Merdja">Tessala El Merdja</a> </td> <td>تسالة المرجى </td> <td align="right">10,792 </td> <td align="right">15,847 </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><b><a href="/wiki/Birtouta_District" title="Birtouta District">Birtouta District</a></b></i> </td> <td> </td> <td align="right">48,935 </td> <td align="right">66,428 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ben_Aknoun" title="Ben Aknoun">Ben Aknoun</a> </td> <td>بن عكنون </td> <td align="right">19,404 </td> <td align="right">18,838 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Beni_Messous" class="mw-redirect" title="Beni Messous">Beni Messous</a> </td> <td>بني مسوس </td> <td align="right">17,490 </td> <td align="right">36,191 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bouzareah" class="mw-redirect" title="Bouzareah">Bouzareah</a> </td> <td>بوزريعة </td> <td align="right">69,153 </td> <td align="right">83,797 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/El-Biar" class="mw-redirect" title="El-Biar">El Biar</a> </td> <td>الأبيار </td> <td align="right">52,582 </td> <td align="right">47,332 </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><b><a href="/wiki/Bouzareah_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Bouzareah District">Bouzareah District</a></b></i> </td> <td> </td> <td align="right">158,629 </td> <td align="right">186,158 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/A%C3%AFn_B%C3%A9nian,_Algiers" title="Aïn Bénian, Algiers">Aïn Bénian</a> </td> <td>عين البنيان </td> <td align="right">52,343 </td> <td align="right">68,354 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A9raga" title="Chéraga">Chéraga</a> </td> <td>الشراقة </td> <td align="right">60,374 </td> <td align="right">80,824 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dely_Ibrahim" class="mw-redirect" title="Dely Ibrahim">Dely Ibrahim</a> </td> <td>دالي إبرهيم </td> <td align="right">30,576 </td> <td align="right">35,230 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/El_Hammamet" class="mw-redirect" title="El Hammamet">El Hammamet</a> </td> <td>الحمامات الرومانية </td> <td align="right">19,651 </td> <td align="right">23,990 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ouled_Fayet" title="Ouled Fayet">Ouled Fayet</a> </td> <td>أولاد فايت </td> <td align="right">15,209 </td> <td align="right">27,593 </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><b><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A9raga_District" title="Chéraga District">Chéraga District</a></b></i> </td> <td> </td> <td align="right">178,153 </td> <td align="right">235,991 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/A%C3%AFn_Taya" title="Aïn Taya">Aïn Taya</a> </td> <td>عين طاية </td> <td align="right">29,515 </td> <td align="right">34,501 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bab_Ezzouar" title="Bab Ezzouar">Bab Ezzouar</a> </td> <td>باب الزوار </td> <td align="right">92,157 </td> <td align="right">96,597 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bordj_El_Bahri" title="Bordj El Bahri">Bordj El Bahri</a> </td> <td>برج البحري </td> <td align="right">27,905 </td> <td align="right">52,816 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bordj_El_Kiffan" title="Bordj El Kiffan">Bordj El Kiffan</a> </td> <td>برج الكيفان </td> <td align="right">103,690 </td> <td align="right">151,950 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dar_El_Be%C3%AFda" title="Dar El Beïda">Dar El Beïda</a> </td> <td>الدار البيضاء </td> <td align="right">44,753 </td> <td align="right">80,033 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/El_Marsa,_Algiers" title="El Marsa, Algiers">El Marsa</a> </td> <td>المرسى </td> <td align="right">8,784 </td> <td align="right">12,100 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mohammedia,_Algiers" title="Mohammedia, Algiers">Mohammedia</a> </td> <td>المحمدية </td> <td align="right">42,079 </td> <td align="right">62,543 </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><b><a href="/wiki/Dar_El_Be%C3%AFda_District" title="Dar El Beïda District">Dar El Beïda District</a></b></i> </td> <td> </td> <td align="right">348,883 </td> <td align="right">490,540 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Baba_Hassen" title="Baba Hassen">Baba Hassen</a> </td> <td>بابا حسن </td> <td align="right">13,827 </td> <td align="right">23,756 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Douera" class="mw-redirect" title="Douera">Douera</a> </td> <td>دويرة </td> <td align="right">41,804 </td> <td align="right">56,998 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Draria" title="Draria">Draria</a> </td> <td>درارية </td> <td align="right">23,050 </td> <td align="right">44,141 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/El_Achour" title="El Achour">El Achour</a> </td> <td>العاشور </td> <td align="right">19,524 </td> <td align="right">41,070 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Khraicia" class="mw-redirect" title="Khraicia">Khraicia</a> </td> <td>خراسية </td> <td align="right">17,690 </td> <td align="right">27,910 </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><b><a href="/wiki/Draria_District" title="Draria District">Draria District</a></b></i> </td> <td> </td> <td align="right">115,895 </td> <td align="right">193,875 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bachdjerrah" title="Bachdjerrah">Bachdjerrah</a> </td> <td>باش جراح </td> <td align="right">90,073 </td> <td align="right">93,289 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bourouba" title="Bourouba">Bourouba</a> </td> <td>بوروبة </td> <td align="right">77,498 </td> <td align="right">71,661 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/El_Harrach" title="El Harrach">El Harrach</a> </td> <td>الحراش </td> <td align="right">48,167 </td> <td align="right">48,869 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Oued_Smar" title="Oued Smar">Oued Smar</a> </td> <td>وادي سمار </td> <td align="right">21,397 </td> <td align="right">32,062 </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><b><a href="/wiki/El_Harrach_District" title="El Harrach District">El Harrach District</a></b></i> </td> <td> </td> <td align="right">237,135 </td> <td align="right">245,881 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/El_Magharia" title="El Magharia">El Magharia</a> </td> <td>المغارية </td> <td align="right">30,457 </td> <td align="right">31,453 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hussein_Dey_(commune)" title="Hussein Dey (commune)">Hussein Dey</a> </td> <td>حسين داي </td> <td align="right">49,921 </td> <td align="right">40,698 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kouba,_Algeria" title="Kouba, Algeria">Kouba</a> </td> <td>القبة </td> <td align="right">105,253 </td> <td align="right">104,708 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Belouizdad" title="Mohamed Belouizdad">Mohamed Belouizdad</a> <br />(Hamma Annassers) </td> <td>الحامة العناصر </td> <td align="right">59,248 </td> <td align="right">44,050 </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><b><a href="/wiki/Hussein_Dey_District" title="Hussein Dey District">Hussein Dey District</a></b></i> </td> <td> </td> <td align="right">244,879 </td> <td align="right">220,909 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Haraoua" class="mw-redirect" title="Haraoua">Haraoua</a> </td> <td>الهراوة </td> <td align="right">18,167 </td> <td align="right">27,565 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Regha%C3%AFa" title="Reghaïa">Reghaïa</a> </td> <td>رغاية </td> <td align="right">66,215 </td> <td align="right">85,452 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rou%C3%AFba" title="Rouïba">Rouïba</a> </td> <td>الرويبة </td> <td align="right">49,881 </td> <td align="right">61,984 </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><b><a href="/wiki/Rou%C3%AFba_District" title="Rouïba District">Rouïba District</a></b></i> </td> <td> </td> <td align="right">134,263 </td> <td align="right">175,001 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Alger_Centre" title="Alger Centre">Alger Centre</a> </td> <td>الجزائرالوسطى </td> <td align="right">96,329 </td> <td align="right">75,541 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/El_Madania" title="El Madania">El Madania</a> </td> <td>المدنية </td> <td align="right">51,404 </td> <td align="right">40,301 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/El_Mouradia" title="El Mouradia">El Mouradia</a> </td> <td>المرادية </td> <td align="right">29,503 </td> <td align="right">22,813 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sidi_M%27Hamed" title="Sidi M'Hamed">Sidi M'Hamed</a> </td> <td>سيدي امحمد </td> <td align="right">90,455 </td> <td align="right">67,873 </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><b><a href="/wiki/Sidi_M%27Hamed_District" title="Sidi M'Hamed District">Sidi M'Hamed District</a></b></i> </td> <td> </td> <td align="right">267,691 </td> <td align="right">206,528 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mahelma" title="Mahelma">Mahelma</a> </td> <td>محالمة </td> <td align="right">14,810 </td> <td align="right">20,758 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rahmania" title="Rahmania">Rahmania</a> </td> <td>الرحمانية </td> <td align="right">5,759 </td> <td align="right">7,396 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Souidania" title="Souidania">Souidania</a> </td> <td>سويدانية </td> <td align="right">11,620 </td> <td align="right">17,105 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Staoueli" class="mw-redirect" title="Staoueli">Staoueli</a> </td> <td>سطاوالي </td> <td align="right">38,915 </td> <td align="right">47,664 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Z%C3%A9ralda" title="Zéralda">Zéralda</a> </td> <td>زرالدة </td> <td align="right">33,047 </td> <td align="right">51,552 </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><b><a href="/wiki/Z%C3%A9ralda_District" title="Zéralda District">Zéralda District</a></b></i> </td> <td> </td> <td align="right">104,151 </td> <td align="right">144,475 </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><b>Totals</b></i> </td> <td>الجزائر </td> <td align="right">2,562,428 </td> <td align="right">2,988,145 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Local_architecture">Local architecture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Algiers&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Local architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alger_front_de_mer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Alger_front_de_mer.jpg/360px-Alger_front_de_mer.jpg" decoding="async" width="360" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Alger_front_de_mer.jpg/540px-Alger_front_de_mer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Alger_front_de_mer.jpg/720px-Alger_front_de_mer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="206" /></a><figcaption>Algiers waterfront</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Algeri04.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Algeri04.jpg/220px-Algeri04.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Algeri04.jpg/330px-Algeri04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Algeri04.jpg/440px-Algeri04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption>Cosmopolitan Algiers</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_mosques_in_Algeria" title="List of mosques in Algeria">List of mosques in Algeria</a></div> <p>There are many public buildings of interest, including the whole <a href="/wiki/Kasbah" title="Kasbah">Kasbah</a> quarter, Martyrs Square (<i>Sahat ech-Chouhada</i> ساحة الشهداء), the government offices (formerly the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">British</a> consulate), the "<a href="/wiki/Djamaa_el_Kebir" title="Djamaa el Kebir">Grand</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Djamaa_el_Djedid" title="Djamaa el Djedid">New</a>", and <a href="/wiki/Ketchaoua_Mosque" title="Ketchaoua Mosque">Ketchaoua</a> Mosques, the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a> cathedral of <a href="/wiki/Notre_Dame_d%27Afrique" class="mw-redirect" title="Notre Dame d'Afrique">Notre Dame d'Afrique</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bardo_National_Museum_of_Prehistory_and_Ethnography" class="mw-redirect" title="Bardo National Museum of Prehistory and Ethnography">Bardo Museum</a>, the old <i>Bibliothèque Nationale d'Alger</i>—a moorish palace built in 1799–1800 and the new <a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Algeria" title="National Library of Algeria">National Library</a>, built in a style reminiscent of the <a href="/wiki/British_Library" title="British Library">British Library</a>. </p><p>The main building in the Kasbah was begun in 1516 on the site of an older building, and served as the palace of the deys until the French conquest. A road has been cut through the centre of the building, the mosque turned into <a href="/wiki/Barracks" title="Barracks">barracks</a>, and the hall of audience allowed to fall into ruin. There still remain a <a href="/wiki/Minaret" title="Minaret">minaret</a> and some marble arches and columns. Traces exist of the vaults in which were stored the treasures of the dey.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911654_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911654-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Djamaa_el_Kebir" title="Djamaa el Kebir">Djamaa el Kebir</a> (<i>Jamaa-el-Kebir</i> الجامع الكبير) is the oldest mosque in Algiers. It was first built by <a href="/wiki/Yusuf_ibn_Tashfin" title="Yusuf ibn Tashfin">Yusuf ibn Tashfin</a>, but reconstructed many times. The pulpit (<i><a href="/wiki/Minbar" title="Minbar">minbar</a></i> منبر) bears an inscription showing that the building existed in 1097. The minaret was built by the sultan of <a href="/wiki/Tlemcen" title="Tlemcen">Tlemcen</a>, in 1324.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The interior of the mosque is square and is divided into aisles by columns joined by <a href="/wiki/Moors" title="Moors">Moorish</a> arches.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911654_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911654-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Djamaa_el_Djedid" title="Djamaa el Djedid">New Mosque</a> (<i>Jamaa-el-Jedid</i> الجامع الجديد), dating from the 17th century, is in the form of a <a href="/wiki/Greek_cross" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek cross">Greek cross</a>, surmounted by a large white cupola, with four small cupolas at the corners. The minaret is 27 metres (89 ft) high. The interior resembles that of the Grand Mosque.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911654_46-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911654-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The church of the Holy Trinity (built in 1870) stands at the southern end of the <i>rue d'Isly</i> near the site of the demolished Fort Bab Azoun باب عزون. The interior is richly decorated with various coloured marbles. Many of these marbles contain memorial inscriptions relating to the British residents (voluntary and involuntary) of Algiers from the time of John Tipton, the first English consul, in 1580 (NB Some sources give 1585). One tablet records that in 1631 two Algerine pirate crews landed in <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a>, sacked <a href="/wiki/Baltimore,_County_Cork" title="Baltimore, County Cork">Baltimore</a>, and enslaved its inhabitants.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911654_46-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911654-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mosqu%C3%A9e_Ketchaoua.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Mosqu%C3%A9e_Ketchaoua.jpg/170px-Mosqu%C3%A9e_Ketchaoua.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Mosqu%C3%A9e_Ketchaoua.jpg/255px-Mosqu%C3%A9e_Ketchaoua.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Mosqu%C3%A9e_Ketchaoua.jpg/340px-Mosqu%C3%A9e_Ketchaoua.jpg 2x" data-file-width="456" data-file-height="584" /></a><figcaption>The Ketchaoua Mosque</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Algiers_new_mosque_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Algiers_new_mosque_1.jpg/220px-Algiers_new_mosque_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Algiers_new_mosque_1.jpg/330px-Algiers_new_mosque_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Algiers_new_mosque_1.jpg/440px-Algiers_new_mosque_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3016" data-file-height="4032" /></a><figcaption> Mosque in the City of Algiers.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Ketchaoua_Mosque" title="Ketchaoua Mosque">Ketchaoua Mosque</a> (<i>Djamaa Ketchaoua</i> جامع كتشاوة), at the foot of the Casbah, was before independence in 1962 the cathedral of St Philippe, itself made in 1845 from a mosque dating from 1612. The principal entrance, reached by a flight of 23 steps, is ornamented with a <a href="/wiki/Portico" title="Portico">portico</a> supported by four black-veined marble columns. The roof of the nave is of <a href="/wiki/Moorish_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Moorish Empire">Moorish</a> <a href="/wiki/Plaster" title="Plaster">plaster</a> work. It rests on a series of arcades supported by white marble columns. Several of these columns belonged to the original mosque. In one of the chapels was a tomb containing the bones of <a href="/wiki/Geronimo_(martyr)" title="Geronimo (martyr)">Geronimo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911654_46-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911654-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The building seems a curious blend of Moorish and <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a> styles. </p><p>Algiers possesses a college with schools of law, medicine, science and letters. The college buildings are large and handsome. The <a href="/wiki/Bardo_National_Museum_(Algiers)" title="Bardo National Museum (Algiers)">Bardo Museum</a> holds some of the ancient sculptures and mosaics discovered in Algeria, together with medals and Algerian money.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911654_46-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911654-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The port of Algiers is sheltered from all winds. There are two harbours, both artificial—the old or northern harbour and the southern or Agha harbour. The northern harbour covers an area of 95 hectares (235 acres). An opening in the south <a href="/wiki/Jetty" title="Jetty">jetty</a> affords an entrance into Agha harbour, constructed in Agha Bay. Agha harbour has also an independent entrance on its southern side. The inner harbour was begun in 1518 by <a href="/wiki/Khair-ad-Din_Barbarossa" class="mw-redirect" title="Khair-ad-Din Barbarossa">Khair-ad-Din Barbarossa</a> (see History, below), who, to accommodated his pirate vessels, caused the island on which was Fort Penon to be connected with the mainland by a <a href="/wiki/Mole_(architecture)" title="Mole (architecture)">mole</a>. The lighthouse which occupies the site of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fort_Penon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fort Penon (page does not exist)">Fort Penon</a> was built in 1544.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911654_46-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911654-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Algiers was a walled city from the time of the deys until the close of the 19th century. The French, after their occupation of the city (1830), built a <a href="/wiki/Defensive_wall" title="Defensive wall">rampart</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parapet" title="Parapet">parapet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ditch_(fortification)" title="Ditch (fortification)">ditch</a>, with two terminal forts, <a href="/wiki/Bab_Azoun" title="Bab Azoun">Bab Azoun</a> باب عزون to the south and <a href="/wiki/Bab-el-Oued" class="mw-redirect" title="Bab-el-Oued">Bab-el-Oued</a> اد to the north. The forts and part of the ramparts were demolished at the beginning of the 20th century, when a line of forts occupying the heights of <a href="/wiki/Bouzareah" class="mw-redirect" title="Bouzareah">Bouzareah</a> بوزريعة (at an elevation of 396 metres (1,299 ft) above the sea) took their place.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911654_46-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911654-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Notre_Dame_d%27Afrique" class="mw-redirect" title="Notre Dame d'Afrique">Notre Dame d'Afrique</a>, a church built (1858–1872) in a mixture of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a> styles, is conspicuously situated overlooking the sea, on the shoulder of the <a href="/wiki/Bouzareah" class="mw-redirect" title="Bouzareah">Bouzareah</a> hills, 3 km (2 mi) to the north of the city. Above the altar is a statue of the <a href="/wiki/Mary,_the_mother_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary, the mother of Jesus">Virgin</a> depicted as a black woman. The church also contains a solid silver statue of the <a href="/wiki/Archangel_Michael" class="mw-redirect" title="Archangel Michael">archangel Michael</a>, belonging to the confraternity of <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Neapolitan</a> fishermen.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911655_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911655-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Villa_Abd-el-Tif" title="Villa Abd-el-Tif">Villa Abd-el-Tif</a>, former residence of the <a href="/wiki/Dey" title="Dey">dey</a>, was used during the French period, to accommodate French artists, chiefly painters, and winners of the <a href="/wiki/Abd-el-Tif_prize" title="Abd-el-Tif prize">Abd-el-Tif prize</a>, among whom <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Boitel" title="Maurice Boitel">Maurice Boitel</a>, for a while of two years. Nowadays, Algerian artists are back in the villa's studios. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Monuments">Monuments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Algiers&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Monuments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Notre_Dame_d%27Afrique_at_night.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Basilica of Our Lady of Africa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Notre_Dame_d%27Afrique_at_night.jpg/220px-Notre_Dame_d%27Afrique_at_night.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Notre_Dame_d%27Afrique_at_night.jpg/330px-Notre_Dame_d%27Afrique_at_night.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Notre_Dame_d%27Afrique_at_night.jpg/440px-Notre_Dame_d%27Afrique_at_night.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1537" /></a><figcaption>Basilica of Our Lady of Africa - Algiers</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Makamelchahid.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Makamelchahid.JPG/220px-Makamelchahid.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Makamelchahid.JPG/330px-Makamelchahid.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Makamelchahid.JPG/440px-Makamelchahid.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2320" data-file-height="1740" /></a><figcaption>The Monument of the Martyrs (Maquam E'chahid)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alger_-_Grande_Poste.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Alger_-_Grande_Poste.jpg/220px-Alger_-_Grande_Poste.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Alger_-_Grande_Poste.jpg/330px-Alger_-_Grande_Poste.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Alger_-_Grande_Poste.jpg/440px-Alger_-_Grande_Poste.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Grand Post Office</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Notre_Dame_d%27Afrique" class="mw-redirect" title="Notre Dame d'Afrique">Notre Dame d'Afrique</a>, accessible by one <a href="/wiki/Aerial_tramway" title="Aerial tramway">cable car</a>, is one of the city's most outstanding monuments: located in the district of Z' will ghara, the basilica was built around 1858.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monument_des_Martyrs" class="mw-redirect" title="Monument des Martyrs">Monument des Martyrs</a> (<i>Marquand E' chahid</i>): an iconic concrete monument commemorating the <a href="/wiki/Algerian_War" title="Algerian War">Algerian war for independence</a>. The monument was opened in 1982 on the 20th anniversary of Algeria's independence. It is fashioned in the shape of three standing palm leaves which shelter the "Eternal Flame" beneath. At the edge of each palm leaf stands a statue of a soldier, each representing a stage of Algeria's struggle.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Algiers_mosque.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Algiers_mosque.jpg/170px-Algiers_mosque.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Algiers_mosque.jpg/255px-Algiers_mosque.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Algiers_mosque.jpg/340px-Algiers_mosque.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption>The El Jedid mosque at the Place des Martyrs</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>The El Jedid mosque at the Place des Martyrs near the port.</li> <li>Place of the Emir Abdelkader (formerly <a href="/wiki/Thomas-Robert_Bugeaud" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas-Robert Bugeaud">Bugeaud</a>): in memory of the famous emir <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Qadir_al-Jaza%27iri" class="mw-redirect" title="Abd al-Qadir al-Jaza'iri">Abd El-Kader</a>, resistant during <a href="/wiki/French_conquest_of_Algeria" title="French conquest of Algeria">French conquest of Algeria</a>.</li> <li>Grand Post Office (1910, by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Voinot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Voinot (page does not exist)">Voinot</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tondoire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tondoire (page does not exist)">Tondoire</a>): construction of the neo-Moorish type which is in full centre town of Algiers.</li> <li>The Jardin d'essai (<i>Garden of Test</i>; <i>El-Hamma</i>): situated in the east of Algiers, it extends over 80 hectares (198 acres) and contains exotic plants and gardens. It was created in 1832 by A. Hardy.</li> <li>Villa Abd-el-Hair, with the top of the Garden of test, one of the old residences of the dey, where until 1962, were placed the artists prizes winner of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Price_Abd-el-Hair&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Price Abd-el-Hair (page does not exist)">Price Abd-el-Hair</a>, and in particular <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Boitel" title="Maurice Boitel">Maurice Boitel</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Andre_Hamburg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andre Hamburg (page does not exist)">Andre Hamburg</a>.</li> <li>Citadel.</li> <li>Riadh El-Feth (shopping centre and art gallery).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketchaoua_Mosque" title="Ketchaoua Mosque">Ketchaoua Mosque</a> (This mosque became the Saint-Philippe cathedral during colonization before becoming again a mosque).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Algeria" title="National Library of Algeria">National Library</a>, is in the district of El HAMMA and was built in the 1990s.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djamaa_el_Kebir" title="Djamaa el Kebir">Djamaa el Kebir</a> at the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rue_de_la_Marine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rue de la Marine (page does not exist)">Rue de la Marine</a>. It is the oldest mosque of Algiers and was built during the reign of the <a href="/wiki/Almoravid" class="mw-redirect" title="Almoravid">Almoravid</a> sultan <a href="/wiki/Yusuf_ibn_Tashfin" title="Yusuf ibn Tashfin">Yusuf ibn Tashfin</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palais_des_Rais" title="Palais des Rais">Le Bastion 23 – Palais des Rais</a>, built in 1576 by Dey Ramdhan Pacha and located in the lower Casbah in the Bab El Oued neighborhood.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Algiers&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be <b>updated</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2023</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="float: right; border:1"> <tbody><tr> <th style="background:#efefef;">Year </th> <th style="background:#efefef;">Population </th></tr> <tr> <td>1977 (Census)</td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,523,000<sup id="cite_ref-citypopulation.de_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-citypopulation.de-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1987 (Census)</td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,507,241<sup id="cite_ref-citypopulation.de_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-citypopulation.de-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1998 (Census)</td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,086,212<sup id="cite_ref-citypopulation.de_48-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-citypopulation.de-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2008 (Census)</td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,364,230<sup id="cite_ref-citypopulation.de_48-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-citypopulation.de-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>As of 2012, Algiers has a population of about 3,335,418.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ethnic distribution is 53% from an Arabic-speaking background, 44% from a Berber-speaking background and 3% foreign-born. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Algiers&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ministerefinacealger.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Ministerefinacealger.jpg/220px-Ministerefinacealger.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Ministerefinacealger.jpg/330px-Ministerefinacealger.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Ministerefinacealger.jpg/440px-Ministerefinacealger.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="226" /></a><figcaption>Ministry of Finance of Algeria</figcaption></figure> <p>Algiers is an important economic, commercial and financial center, with a stock exchange capitalized at 60 million euros. Algiers contributes to 20% of Algeria's GDP (51 Billions $ in 2024.) The city has the highest cost of living of any city in <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a>, as well as the 50th highest worldwide, as of March 2007, having gained one position compared to the previous year.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mohamed Ben Ali El Abbar, president of the Council of Administration of the Emirate Group EMAAR, presented five "megaprojects" to Algerian President <a href="/wiki/Abdelaziz_Bouteflika" title="Abdelaziz Bouteflika">Abdelaziz Bouteflika</a>, during a ceremony which took place Saturday, July 15, in the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Palace_(Algiers)" title="People's Palace (Algiers)">People's Palace</a> of Algiers. These projects will transform the city of Algiers and its surroundings by equipping them with a retail area and restoration and leisure facilities. </p><p>The first project will concentrate on the reorganization and the development of the infrastructures of the railway station "Aga" located in the downtown area. The ultramodern station intended to accommodate more than 80.000 passengers per day, will become a centre of circulation in the heart of the grid system, surrounded by commercial offices and buildings and hotels intended for travellers in transit. A shopping centre and three high-rise office buildings rising with the top of the commercial zone will accompany the project. </p><p>The second project will not relate to the bay of Algiers and aims to revitalize the sea front. The development of the 44 km (27 mi) sea front will include marinas, channels, luxury hotels, offices, apartments of great standing, luxury stores and leisure amenities. A crescent-shaped peninsula will be set up on the open sea. The project of the bay of Algiers will also comprise six small islands, of which four of round form, connected to each other by bridges and marinas and will include tourist and residential complexes. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alger_Tunnel-des-Facultes_-_Place-Maurice-Audin_IMG_0236.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Alger_Tunnel-des-Facultes_-_Place-Maurice-Audin_IMG_0236.JPG/220px-Alger_Tunnel-des-Facultes_-_Place-Maurice-Audin_IMG_0236.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Alger_Tunnel-des-Facultes_-_Place-Maurice-Audin_IMG_0236.JPG/330px-Alger_Tunnel-des-Facultes_-_Place-Maurice-Audin_IMG_0236.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Alger_Tunnel-des-Facultes_-_Place-Maurice-Audin_IMG_0236.JPG/440px-Alger_Tunnel-des-Facultes_-_Place-Maurice-Audin_IMG_0236.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3742" data-file-height="2862" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Air_Alg%C3%A9rie" title="Air Algérie">Air Algérie</a> head office in Place <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Audin" title="Maurice Audin">Audin</a> near the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Algiers" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Algiers">University of Algiers</a>, in Alger-Centre</figcaption></figure> <p>The third project will relate to restructuring an area of Algiers, qualified by the originators of the project of "city of wellness". El Abbar indicated to the journalists that the complex would be "agreeable for all those which will want to combine tourism and well-being or tourism and relaxation". The complex will include a university, a research center and a medical centre. It should also include a hospital complex, a care centre, a hotel zone, an urban centre and a thermal spa with villas and apartments. The university will include a medical school and a school for care male nurses which will be able to accommodate 500 students. The university campus will have the possibility of seeing setting up broad ranges of buildings of research laboratories and residences. </p><p>Another project relates to technological implantation of a campus in Sidi Abdellah, 25 km (16 mi) south-east from Algiers. This 90 hectares (222 acres) site will include shopping centres, residential zones with high standard apartments and a golf course surrounded by villas and hotels. Two other residential zones, including 1.800 apartments and 40 high standard villas, will be built on the surrounding hills. </p><p>The fifth project is that of the tourist complex Colonel Abbès, which will be located 25 km (16 mi) west from Algiers. This complex will include several retail zones, meeting places, and residential zones composed of apartments and villas with views of the sea.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is another project under construction, by the name of Algiers Medina. The first step of the project is nearly complete. </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Hewlett-Packard" title="Hewlett-Packard">Hewlett-Packard</a> office for French-speaking countries in Africa is in Algiers.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tourist_attractions">Tourist attractions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Algiers&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Tourist attractions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Algeri08.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Algeri08.jpg/220px-Algeri08.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Algeri08.jpg/330px-Algeri08.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Algeri08.jpg/440px-Algeri08.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Panorama of the city as seen from <a href="/wiki/Bologhine" title="Bologhine">Bologhine</a> district</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Algiers_in_the_morning.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Algiers_in_the_morning.jpg/220px-Algiers_in_the_morning.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Algiers_in_the_morning.jpg/330px-Algiers_in_the_morning.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Algiers_in_the_morning.jpg/440px-Algiers_in_the_morning.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1190" /></a><figcaption>Morning view of Algiers</figcaption></figure> <p>Some 20 km (12 mi) to the west of Algiers are such seaside resorts as <a href="/wiki/Sidi-Ferruch" class="mw-redirect" title="Sidi-Ferruch">Sidi Fredj</a> (ex-Sidi Ferruch), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Palm_Beach_(Algeria)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palm Beach (Algeria) (page does not exist)">Palm Beach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Douaouda" title="Douaouda">Douaouda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Z%C3%A9ralda" title="Zéralda">Zéralda</a>, and the <i>Club of the Pines</i> (residence of State); there are tourist complexes, Algerian and other restaurants, souvenir shops, supervised beaches, and other amenities. The city is also equipped with important hotel complexes such as the hotel Hilton, El-Aurassi or El Djazair. Algiers also has the first <a href="/wiki/Water_park" title="Water park">water park</a> in the country. The <a href="/wiki/Tourism" title="Tourism">tourism</a> of Algiers is growing but is not as developed as that of the larger cities in <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a> or <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Algiers&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Algiers&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2017</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The presence of a large diplomatic community in Algiers prompted the creation of multiple international educational institutions. These schools include : </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_International_School_of_Algiers" title="American International School of Algiers">American International School of Algiers</a>;</li> <li>British School Algiers</li> <li>El Kalimat School (English-language school);</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyc%C3%A9e_International_Alexandre-Dumas" title="Lycée International Alexandre-Dumas">Lycée International Alexandre-Dumas d'Alger</a> (French school);</li> <li>Roma Italian School of Algiers;</li> <li>Russian Embassy School in Algiers.</li></ul> <p>There was formerly the École japonaise d'Alger (アルジェ日本人学校 <i>Aruje Nihonjin Gakkō</i>), a <a href="/wiki/Nihonjin_gakko" class="mw-redirect" title="Nihonjin gakko">school for Japanese children</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Public_transport">Public transport</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Algiers&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Public transport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Metro,_suburban_train_and_tramway_map_of_Algiers.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Metro%2C_suburban_train_and_tramway_map_of_Algiers.png/220px-Metro%2C_suburban_train_and_tramway_map_of_Algiers.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Metro%2C_suburban_train_and_tramway_map_of_Algiers.png/330px-Metro%2C_suburban_train_and_tramway_map_of_Algiers.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Metro%2C_suburban_train_and_tramway_map_of_Algiers.png/440px-Metro%2C_suburban_train_and_tramway_map_of_Algiers.png 2x" data-file-width="5192" data-file-height="3203" /></a><figcaption>Public transport of Algiers</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Transportations_in_algiers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Transportations_in_algiers.jpg/220px-Transportations_in_algiers.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Transportations_in_algiers.jpg/330px-Transportations_in_algiers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Transportations_in_algiers.jpg/440px-Transportations_in_algiers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3745" data-file-height="4682" /></a><figcaption>Various means of transport in Algiers</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ETUSA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ETUSA (page does not exist)">ETUSA</a> (urban and suburban bus transportation for Algiers) operates bus service in Algiers and the surrounding suburbs. 54 lines are operating, with service from 5:30 a.m. to 12:45 a.m.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SNTF" class="mw-redirect" title="SNTF">SNTF</a> (national railroad company) operates commuter-rail lines connecting the capital to the surrounding suburbs.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algiers_Metro" title="Algiers Metro">Algiers Metro</a>, opened November 1, 2011.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algiers_tramway" title="Algiers tramway">Algiers tramway</a>, opened on May 8, 2011.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houari_Boumediene_Airport" title="Houari Boumediene Airport">Houari Boumediene Airport</a> is located 20 km (12 mi) from the city. The airport serves domestics, many European cities, <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West Africa</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>. On July 5, 2006, a new international air terminal was opened for service. The terminal is managed by <a href="/wiki/A%C3%A9roports_de_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Aéroports de Paris">Aéroports de Paris</a>.</li></ul> <p>4 urban beltways: </p> <ul><li>El Madania – Belouizdad</li> <li>Notre Dame d'Afrique – Bologhine</li> <li>Memorial des Martyres/Riad el Feth – Jardin d'essais</li> <li>Palais de la culture – Oued Kniss</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sports">Sports</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Algiers&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Sports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Algiers is the sporting centre of <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>. The city has a number of professional clubs in the variety of sports, which have won national and international titles. Among the sports facilities within the city, there is an enormous sporting complex – Complex of OCO – <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Boudiaf" title="Mohamed Boudiaf">Mohamed Boudiaf</a>. This includes the <a href="/wiki/Stade_5_Juillet_1962" class="mw-redirect" title="Stade 5 Juillet 1962">Stade 5 Juillet 1962</a> (capacity 64,000), a venue for <a href="/wiki/Athletics_(sport)" class="mw-redirect" title="Athletics (sport)">athletics</a>, an Olympic <a href="/wiki/Swimming_pool" title="Swimming pool">swimming pool</a>, a multisports room (the Cupola), an 18-hole golf course, and several tennis courts. </p><p>The following major sporting events have been held in Algiers (not-exhaustive list): </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Games" title="Mediterranean Games">Mediterranean Games</a> 1975.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/All-Africa_Games" class="mw-redirect" title="All-Africa Games">All-Africa Games</a> 1978, 2007.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_African_Cup_of_Nations" title="1990 African Cup of Nations">African Cup of Nations 1990</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Handball_Nations_Championship" class="mw-redirect" title="African Handball Nations Championship">African Handball Nations Championship</a> 1989, 2001.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_Arab_Games" class="mw-redirect" title="Pan Arab Games">Pan Arab Games</a> 2004.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/FIBA_Africa_Championship" class="mw-redirect" title="FIBA Africa Championship">FIBA Africa Championship</a> 2005.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boys%27_U19_Volleyball_World_Championship" class="mw-redirect" title="Boys' U19 Volleyball World Championship">Men's U19 World Championship</a> 2005.</li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Football_clubs">Football clubs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Algiers&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Football clubs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Major <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">association football</a> club based in Algiers include: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MC_Alger" title="MC Alger">MC Alger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CR_Belouizdad" title="CR Belouizdad">CR Belouizdad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USM_Alger" title="USM Alger">USM Alger</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_relations">International relations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Algiers&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: International relations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Africa#Algeria" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in Africa">List of twin towns and sister cities in Algeria</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Algiers" title="Special:EditPage/Algiers">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2015</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Twin_towns_–_sister_cities"><span id="Twin_towns_.E2.80.93_sister_cities"></span>Twin towns – sister cities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Algiers&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Twin towns – sister cities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Algiers is <a href="/wiki/Sister_city" title="Sister city">twinned</a> with: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a>, Canada<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sofia" title="Sofia">Sofia</a>, Bulgaria<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div> <p>In addition, many of the wards and cities within Algiers maintain sister-city relationships with other foreign cities. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cooperation_agreements">Cooperation agreements</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Algiers&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Cooperation agreements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Algiers has cooperation agreements with: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a>, Portugal<sup id="cite_ref-Lisbon_twinnings_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lisbon_twinnings-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lisbon_twinnings_2_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lisbon_twinnings_2-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, France<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Films_about_Algiers">Films about Algiers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Algiers&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Films about Algiers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle-of-Algiers-screenshot.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Battle-of-Algiers-screenshot.jpg/220px-Battle-of-Algiers-screenshot.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Battle-of-Algiers-screenshot.jpg/330px-Battle-of-Algiers-screenshot.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Battle-of-Algiers-screenshot.jpg/440px-Battle-of-Algiers-screenshot.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/The_Battle_of_Algiers" title="The Battle of Algiers">The Battle of Algiers</a></i> (1966), Italian-Algerian movie by <a href="/wiki/Gillo_Pontecorvo" title="Gillo Pontecorvo">Gillo Pontecorvo</a>.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Algiers_(1938_film)" title="Algiers (1938 film)">Algiers</a></i>, 1938, starring Charles Boyer and Hedy Lamarr, and directed by <a href="/wiki/John_Cromwell_(director)" title="John Cromwell (director)">John Cromwell</a>;</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Battle_of_Algiers_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Battle of Algiers (film)">The Battle of Algiers</a></i>, 1966, directed by <a href="/wiki/Gillo_Pontecorvo" title="Gillo Pontecorvo">Gillo Pontecorvo</a>;</li> <li><i>Tahya ya Didou, Alger Insolite</i>, 1970, Mohammed Zinet;</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bab_El-Oued_City" title="Bab El-Oued City">Bab El-Oued City</a></i>, 1994, directed by <a href="/wiki/Merzak_Allouache" title="Merzak Allouache">Merzak Allouache</a>;</li> <li><i>Viva Laldjérie</i>, 2003, directed by Nadir Moknèche, with <a href="/wiki/Biyouna" title="Biyouna">Biyouna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lubna_Azabal" title="Lubna Azabal">Lubna Azabal</a>;</li> <li><i>Bab el Web</i>, 2004, directed by Merzak Allouache, with <a href="/wiki/Samy_Naceri" title="Samy Naceri">Samy Naceri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Julie_Gayet" title="Julie Gayet">Julie Gayet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Faudel" title="Faudel">Faudel</a>;</li> <li><i>Once upon a time in the Oued</i>, 2005, directed by Djamel Bensalah;</li> <li><i>Beur, White, Red</i>, 2005, directed by Mahmoud Zemmouri.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Delice_Paloma" class="mw-redirect" title="Delice Paloma">Delice Paloma</a></i>, 2007, directed by Nadir Moknèche, with <a href="/wiki/Biyouna" title="Biyouna">Biyouna</a> and Nadia Kaci.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Abbott_and_Costello_in_the_Foreign_Legion" title="Abbott and Costello in the Foreign Legion">Abbott and Costello in the Foreign Legion</a></i>, 1950, starring Bud Abbott and Lou Costello.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Carry_on_Spying" class="mw-redirect" title="Carry on Spying">Carry on Spying</a></i> 1964, directed by <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Thomas" title="Gerald Thomas">Gerald Thomas</a> with <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Williams" title="Kenneth Williams">Kenneth Williams</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Hawtrey_(actor,_born_1914)" title="Charles Hawtrey (actor, born 1914)">Charles Hawtrey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Windsor" title="Barbara Windsor">Barbara Windsor</a> & <a href="/wiki/Renee_Houston" class="mw-redirect" title="Renee Houston">Renee Houston</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Algiers&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Notable people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 35em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Rahman_al-Tha%27alibi" title="Abd al-Rahman al-Tha'alibi">Sidi Abd al-Rahman al-Tha'alibi</a>, 15th-century theologian and sufi.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Zouaoui" title="Ahmed Zouaoui">Sidi Ahmed Zouaoui</a>, 15th-century theologian and sufi.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raphael_Zeror" title="Raphael Zeror">Raphael Zeror</a> (1681–1737), Algerian rabbi<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidi_M%27hamed_Bou_Qobrine" title="Sidi M'hamed Bou Qobrine">Sidi M'hamed Bou Qobrine</a>, 18th-century theologian and sufi.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_ben_Zamoum" title="Mohamed ben Zamoum">Mohamed ben Zamoum</a>, 19th-century resistant against French colonization.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalid_ibn_Hashim" title="Khalid ibn Hashim">Khalid ibn Hashim</a>, 19th-20th-century resistant against French colonization.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Camus" title="Albert Camus">Albert Camus</a> 20th-century Nobel Laureate</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdelhalim_Bensmaia" title="Abdelhalim Bensmaia">Abdelhalim Bensmaia</a>, 20th-century scholar, reformist, humanist and musician.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ly%C3%A8s_Deriche" title="Lyès Deriche">Lyès Deriche</a>, 20th-century leader of the Algerian national political movement.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahim_Boushaki" title="Brahim Boushaki">Brahim Boushaki</a>, 20th-century theologian and sufi.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_La_Pointe" title="Ali La Pointe">Ali La Pointe</a>, 20th-century militant of the Algerian national political movement.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_A%C3%AFchaoui" title="Mohamed Aïchaoui">Mohamed Aïchaoui</a>, 20th-century militant of the Algerian national political movement.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Seghir_Boushaki" title="Mohamed Seghir Boushaki">Mohamed Seghir Boushaki</a>, 20th-century leader of the Algerian national political movement.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Hadj_M%27Hamed_El_Anka" title="El Hadj M'Hamed El Anka">El Hadj M'Hamed El Anka</a>, 20th-century artist.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Mahsas" title="Ahmed Mahsas">Ahmed Mahsas</a>, 20th-century leader of the Algerian national political movement.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hocine_Mezali" title="Hocine Mezali">Hocine Mezali</a>, 20th-21st-century journalist and writer.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djamila_Bouhired" title="Djamila Bouhired">Djamila Bouhired</a>, 20th-century militant of the Algerian national political movement.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassiba_Ben_Bouali" title="Hassiba Ben Bouali">Hassiba Ben Bouali</a>, 20th-century militant of the Algerian national political movement.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Belouizdad" title="Mohamed Belouizdad">Mohamed Belouizdad</a>, 20th-century leader of the Algerian national political movement against the French.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djamila_Boupacha" title="Djamila Boupacha">Djamila Boupacha</a>, 20th-century militant of the Algerian national political movement.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Bencheneb" title="Mohamed Bencheneb">Mohamed Bencheneb</a>, 20th-century professor, writer and historian.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mourad_Didouche" title="Mourad Didouche">Mourad Didouche</a>, 20th-century leader of the Algerian national political movement.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_Slimani" title="Islam Slimani">Islam Slimani</a>, footballer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Haroun" title="Ali Haroun">Ali Haroun</a>, 20th-century politician and lawyer.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Missouri" title="Mohamed Missouri">Mohamed Missouri</a>, 20th-century boxer and coach.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamdan_Khodja" title="Hamdan Khodja">Hamdan Khodja</a>, 19th-century dignitary and scholar.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Belhocine" title="Mohamed Belhocine">Mohamed Belhocine</a>, 20th-21st-century professor of internal medicine and epidemiology.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amine_ibn_El_Boushaki" class="mw-redirect" title="Amine ibn El Boushaki">Amine ibn El Boushaki</a>, 20th-21st-century judoka.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amina_Belouizdad" title="Amina Belouizdad">Amina Belouizdad</a>, 20th-century television presenter.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Fawzi_Rebaine" title="Ali Fawzi Rebaine">Ali Fawzi Rebaine</a>, 21st-century politician and doctor.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Arkab" title="Mohamed Arkab">Mohamed Arkab</a>, 20th-21st-century politician and engineer.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rezki_Zerarti" title="Rezki Zerarti">Rezki Zerarti</a>, 20th-21st-century politician and engineer.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaston_Ricci" title="Gaston Ricci">Gaston Ricci</a> (1869–1952), French politician, born in Algiers.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Fiori" title="Henri Fiori">Henri Fiori</a> (1881–1963), French politician, born in Algiers.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Laqui%C3%A8re" title="Raymond Laquière">Raymond Laquière</a> (1881–1973), French politician, born in Algiers.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Marie_Guastavino" title="Jean-Marie Guastavino">Jean-Marie Guastavino</a> (1886–1960), French politician, born in Algiers.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustapha_Khedali" title="Mustapha Khedali">Mustapha Khedali</a> (1934–2008), Algerian football player and manager</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Dorval" title="Alain Dorval">Alain Dorval</a> (1946-2024), French voice actor. He dubbed <a href="/wiki/Sylvester_Stallone" title="Sylvester Stallone">Sylvester Stallone</a> in French versions.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdelatif_Alouach" title="Abdelatif Alouach">Abdelatif Alouach</a> (born 1976), freediver</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Harrat" title="Mohamed Harrat">Mohamed Harrat</a> (born 1976), footballer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotfi_Laggoun" title="Lotfi Laggoun">Lotfi Laggoun</a> (born 1984 in Alger), footballer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyna_Khoudri" title="Lyna Khoudri">Lyna Khoudri</a> (born 1992), Algerian-French actress</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arezki_Hamza_Dembri" title="Arezki Hamza Dembri">Arezki Hamza Dembri</a> (born 2004), Algerian footballer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Gatlif" title="Tony Gatlif">Tony Gatlif</a> (born 1948), French film director</li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Algiers&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/32px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/48px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/64px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Algeria" title="Portal:Algeria">Algeria portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbary_pirates" title="Barbary pirates">Barbary pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botanical_Garden_Hamma" title="Botanical Garden Hamma">Botanical Garden Hamma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ottoman_governors_of_Algiers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Ottoman governors of Algiers">List of Ottoman governors of Algiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bologhine_Forest" title="Bologhine Forest">Bologhine Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9gha%C3%AFa_forest" title="Réghaïa forest">Réghaïa forest</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Algiers&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Algiers&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-citypop-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-citypop_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://citypopulation.de/Algeria.html">"Population of the city proper according to the 2008 census"</a>. Citypopulation.de. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100615060640/http://www.citypopulation.de/Algeria.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 June 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-06-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Population+of+the+city+proper+according+to+the+2008+census&rft.pub=Citypopulation.de&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcitypopulation.de%2FAlgeria.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgiers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wup-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wup_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091223005931/http://esa.un.org/unup/index.asp?panel=2">"UN World Urbanization Prospects"</a>. Esa.un.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esa.un.org/unup/index.asp?panel=2">the original</a> on 2009-12-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-06-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UN+World+Urbanization+Prospects&rft.pub=Esa.un.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fesa.un.org%2Funup%2Findex.asp%3Fpanel%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgiers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Census 14 April 2008: Office National des Statistiques de l'Algérie (web).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-metro_ridership-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-metro_ridership_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="4" class="citation news cs1">Raf, Mohh (24 January 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aps.dz/regions/165787-alger-46-millions-de-voyageurs-ont-emprunte-le-metro-d-alger-en-2023">"Alger: 46 millions de voyageurs ont emprunté le métro d'Alger en 2023"</a>. Algérie Presse Service. Algérie Presse Service<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Alger%3A+46+millions+de+voyageurs+ont+emprunt%C3%A9+le+m%C3%A9tro+d%27Alger+en+2023&rft.date=2024-01-24&rft.aulast=Raf&rft.aufirst=Mohh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aps.dz%2Fregions%2F165787-alger-46-millions-de-voyageurs-ont-emprunte-le-metro-d-alger-en-2023&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgiers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/565"><i>Decision Text</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220901172242/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/565">Archived</a> 2022-09-01 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, World Heritage Centre, retrieved 21 July 2017.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-leschi-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-leschi_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Origins of Algiers</i> by <a href="/wiki/Louis_Leschi" title="Louis Leschi">Louis Leschi</a>, speech delivered June 16, 1941, published in <i>El Djezair Sheets</i>, July 1941 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://alger-roi.fr/Alger/alger_son_histoire/textes/3_origines_alger_1941_feuillets.htm">History of Algeria</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130116134513/http://alger-roi.fr/Alger/alger_son_histoire/textes/3_origines_alger_1941_feuillets.htm">Archived</a> 2013-01-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://alger-roi.fr/Alger/alger_son_histoire/textes/3_origines_alger_1941_feuillets.htm">"les origines d'alger,conference faite le 16 juin 1941,comite du vieil alger;venis"</a>. <i>alger-roi.fr</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170714191131/http://www.alger-roi.fr/Alger/alger_son_histoire/textes/3_origines_alger_1941_feuillets.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-07-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-04-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=alger-roi.fr&rft.atitle=les+origines+d%27alger%2Cconference+faite+le+16+juin+1941%2Ccomite+du+vieil+alger%3Bvenis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Falger-roi.fr%2FAlger%2Falger_son_histoire%2Ftextes%2F3_origines_alger_1941_feuillets.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgiers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.alraimedia.com/article/324914/%D9%85%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1-%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A8-%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A8%D8%A3%D8%B1%D8%B6-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85-%D9%88%D9%85%D9%86%D9%87%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%86%D8%AD%D9%88-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%84%D8%B3-%D9%88%D8%A3%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A7">"الجزائر... تُلقب تاريخياً بأرض الإسلام ومنها انطلقت الفتوحات الإسلامية نحو الأندلس وأفريقيا"</a>. <i>الجزائر... تُلقب تاريخياً بأرض الإسلام ومنها انطلقت الفتوحات الإسلامية نحو الأندلس وأفريقيا</i>. 2012-05-17. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230427121250/https://www.alraimedia.com/article/324914/%D9%85%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1-%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A8-%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A8%D8%A3%D8%B1%D8%B6-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85-%D9%88%D9%85%D9%86%D9%87%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%86%D8%AD%D9%88-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%84%D8%B3-%D9%88%D8%A3%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A7">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-04-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-04-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1...+%D8%AA%D9%8F%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A8+%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%8B+%D8%A8%D8%A3%D8%B1%D8%B6+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85+%D9%88%D9%85%D9%86%D9%87%D8%A7+%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%AA+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AA+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D9%86%D8%AD%D9%88+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%84%D8%B3+%D9%88%D8%A3%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A7&rft.atitle=%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1...+%D8%AA%D9%8F%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A8+%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%8B+%D8%A8%D8%A3%D8%B1%D8%B6+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85+%D9%88%D9%85%D9%86%D9%87%D8%A7+%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%AA+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AA+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D9%86%D8%AD%D9%88+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%84%D8%B3+%D9%88%D8%A3%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A7&rft.date=2012-05-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.alraimedia.com%2Farticle%2F324914%2F%25D9%2585%25D8%25AA%25D9%2581%25D8%25B1%25D9%2582%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AA%2F%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25AC%25D8%25B2%25D8%25A7%25D8%25A6%25D8%25B1-%25D8%25AA%25D9%2584%25D9%2582%25D8%25A8-%25D8%25AA%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1%25D9%258A%25D8%25AE%25D9%258A%25D8%25A7-%25D8%25A8%25D8%25A3%25D8%25B1%25D8%25B6-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A5%25D8%25B3%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%2585-%25D9%2588%25D9%2585%25D9%2586%25D9%2587%25D8%25A7-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25D8%25B7%25D9%2584%25D9%2582%25D8%25AA-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D9%2581%25D8%25AA%25D9%2588%25D8%25AD%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AA-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A5%25D8%25B3%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%2585%25D9%258A%25D8%25A9-%25D9%2586%25D8%25AD%25D9%2588-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A3%25D9%2586%25D8%25AF%25D9%2584%25D8%25B3-%25D9%2588%25D8%25A3%25D9%2581%25D8%25B1%25D9%258A%25D9%2582%25D9%258A%25D8%25A7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgiers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-backtalk-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-backtalk_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdward_Lipiński2004" class="citation book cs1">Edward Lipiński (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SLSzNfdcqfoC&pg=PA403"><i>Itineraria Phoenicia</i></a>. Peeters Publishers. p. 403. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-429-1344-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-429-1344-8"><bdi>978-90-429-1344-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1026236463">1026236463</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191223031423/https://books.google.com/books?id=SLSzNfdcqfoC&pg=PA403">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-12-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-12-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Itineraria+Phoenicia&rft.pages=403&rft.pub=Peeters+Publishers&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1026236463&rft.isbn=978-90-429-1344-8&rft.au=Edward+Lipi%C5%84ski&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSLSzNfdcqfoC%26pg%3DPA403&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgiers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911655-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911655_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911655_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911655_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911655_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911655_10-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChisholm1911">Chisholm 1911</a>, p. 655.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">entre MIHOUB et TABLAT Histoire et des Berbères et des dynasties musulmanes de l'Afrique … De ʻAbd al-Raḥman b. Muḥammad Ibn Khaldûn, p. 8 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.fr/books?id=3dYOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA5&dq=ibn+khaldoun+mezghanna&lr=#PPA6,M1">Lire en ligne</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ruedy2005-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ruedy2005_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Ruedy2005" class="citation book cs1">John Ruedy (12 August 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WIRWgrbE_fEC&pg=PA13"><i>Modern Algeria, Second Edition: The Origins and Development of a Nation</i></a>. Indiana University Press. pp. 13–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-21782-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-21782-0"><bdi>978-0-253-21782-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1025661094">1025661094</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240521144644/https://books.google.com/books?id=WIRWgrbE_fEC&pg=PA13">Archived</a> from the original on 21 May 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Algeria%2C+Second+Edition%3A+The+Origins+and+Development+of+a+Nation&rft.pages=13-&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2005-08-12&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1025661094&rft.isbn=978-0-253-21782-0&rft.au=John+Ruedy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWIRWgrbE_fEC%26pg%3DPA13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgiers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Çelik1997-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Çelik1997_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZeynep_Çelik1997" class="citation book cs1">Zeynep Çelik (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hSSLQgAACAAJ"><i>Urban Forms and Colonial Confrontations: Algiers Under French Rule</i></a>. University of California Press. p. 13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-20457-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-20457-7"><bdi>978-0-520-20457-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/208879670">208879670</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230209020213/https://books.google.com/books?id=hSSLQgAACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-02-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-02-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Urban+Forms+and+Colonial+Confrontations%3A+Algiers+Under+French+Rule&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F208879670&rft.isbn=978-0-520-20457-7&rft.au=Zeynep+%C3%87elik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhSSLQgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgiers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heimaslod.is/index.php/Tyrkjar%C3%A1ni%C3%B0">"Tyrkjaránið – Heimaslóð"</a> (in Icelandic). Heimaslod.is. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110527072348/http://www.heimaslod.is/index.php/Tyrkjar%C3%A1ni%C3%B0">Archived</a> from the original on 2011-05-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-06-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tyrkjar%C3%A1ni%C3%B0+%E2%80%93+Heimasl%C3%B3%C3%B0&rft.pub=Heimaslod.is&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.heimaslod.is%2Findex.php%2FTyrkjar%25C3%25A1ni%25C3%25B0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgiers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin_Reinheimer2003" class="citation journal cs1">Martin Reinheimer (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4547299">"From Amrum to Algiers and Back: The Reintegration of a Renegade in the Eighteenth Century"</a>. <i>Central European History</i>. <b>36</b> (2). <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>: 209–233. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F156916103770866121">10.1163/156916103770866121</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4547299">4547299</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143504775">143504775</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220330122726/https://www.jstor.org/stable/4547299">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-03-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-06-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Central+European+History&rft.atitle=From+Amrum+to+Algiers+and+Back%3A+The+Reintegration+of+a+Renegade+in+the+Eighteenth+Century&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=209-233&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143504775%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4547299%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F156916103770866121&rft.au=Martin+Reinheimer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4547299&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgiers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEisenberg1996" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Eisenberg" class="extiw" title="es:Daniel Eisenberg">Eisenberg, Daniel</a> <span class="cs1-format">[in Spanish]</span> (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150318061159/http://www.h-net.org/~cervantes/csa/artics96/topograf.htm">"Cervantes, autor de la <i>Topografía e historia general de Argel</i> publicada por Diego de Haedo"</a>. <i>Cervantes: Bulletin of the Cervantes Society of America</i>. <b>16</b> (1): 32–53. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3138%2FCervantes.16.1.032">10.3138/Cervantes.16.1.032</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:187065952">187065952</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.h-net.org/~cervantes/csa/artics96/topograf.htm">the original</a> on 2015-03-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cervantes%3A+Bulletin+of+the+Cervantes+Society+of+America&rft.atitle=Cervantes%2C+autor+de+la+Topograf%C3%ADa+e+historia+general+de+Argel+publicada+por+Diego+de+Haedo&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=32-53&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3138%2FCervantes.16.1.032&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A187065952%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Eisenberg&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.h-net.org%2F~cervantes%2Fcsa%2Fartics96%2Ftopograf.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgiers" class="Z3988"></span> Others have disputed Eisenberg's attribution of the work to Cervantes.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEisenberg1999" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Eisenberg" class="extiw" title="es:Daniel Eisenberg">Eisenberg, Daniel</a> <span class="cs1-format">[in Spanish]</span> (1999). "¿Por qué volvió Cervantes de Argel?" ("Why Did Cervantes return from Algiers?)". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ingeniosainvenci0000unse/page/241"><i><span></span></i>Ingeniosa invención<i>: Essays on Golden Age Spanish Literature for Geoffrey L. Stagg in Honor of his Eighty-Fifth Birthday</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Newark,_Delaware" title="Newark, Delaware">Newark, Delaware</a>: Juan de la Cuesta. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ingeniosainvenci0000unse/page/241">241–253</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0936388838" title="Special:BookSources/0936388838"><bdi>0936388838</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%C2%BFPor+qu%C3%A9+volvi%C3%B3+Cervantes+de+Argel%3F%22+%28%22Why+Did+Cervantes+return+from+Algiers%3F%29&rft.btitle=Ingeniosa+invenci%C3%B3n%3A+Essays+on+Golden+Age+Spanish+Literature+for+Geoffrey+L.+Stagg+in+Honor+of+his+Eighty-Fifth+Birthday&rft.place=Newark%2C+Delaware&rft.pages=241-253&rft.pub=Juan+de+la+Cuesta&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0936388838&rft.aulast=Eisenberg&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fingeniosainvenci0000unse%2Fpage%2F241&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgiers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-35843991">"The First Muslims in England"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 20 March 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160321043520/http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-35843991">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-03-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-03-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=The+First+Muslims+in+England&rft.date=2016-03-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fmagazine-35843991&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgiers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Celik, Zeynep, <i>Urban Forms and Colonial Confrontations: Algiers Under French Rule</i>, University of California Press, 1997, pp. 13–14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGodfrey.2009" class="citation book cs1">Godfrey., Mugoti (2009). <i>Africa (a-z)</i>. [Place of publication not identified]: Lulu Com. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1435728905" title="Special:BookSources/978-1435728905"><bdi>978-1435728905</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/946180025">946180025</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Africa+%28a-z%29.&rft.place=%5BPlace+of+publication+not+identified%5D&rft.pub=Lulu+Com&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F946180025&rft.isbn=978-1435728905&rft.aulast=Godfrey.&rft.aufirst=Mugoti&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgiers" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="This reference citation appears to be to a self-published source. (February 2020)">self-published source</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaf" class="citation web cs1">Raf, Mohh. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gloriousalgeria.dz/En/Post/show/92/The-Fly-Whisk-Incident">"The Fly Whisk Incident"</a>. <i>gloriousalgeria.dz</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gloriousalgeria.dz&rft.atitle=The+Fly+Whisk+Incident&rft.aulast=Raf&rft.aufirst=Mohh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgloriousalgeria.dz%2FEn%2FPost%2Fshow%2F92%2FThe-Fly-Whisk-Incident&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgiers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaf" class="citation web cs1">Raf, Mohh. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/fly-whisk-incident-1827">"Fly Whisk Incident (1827)"</a>. <i>encyclopedia.com</i>. Kenneth J. Perkins.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=encyclopedia.com&rft.atitle=Fly+Whisk+Incident+%281827%29&rft.aulast=Raf&rft.aufirst=Mohh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.com%2Fhumanities%2Fencyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps%2Ffly-whisk-incident-1827&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgiers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EncBrit-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EncBrit_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-220553/Algeria#487751.hook">"Algeria, Colonial Rule"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. p. 39<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-12-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Algeria%2C+Colonial+Rule&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=39&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Feb%2Farticle-220553%2FAlgeria%23487751.hook&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgiers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaf" class="citation web cs1">Raf, Mohh. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.musee-armee.fr/ExpositionAlgerie/the-end-of-the-ottoman-regency-and-the-limited-occupation-of-algeria.html">"The end of the Ottoman Regency and the limited occupation of Algeria"</a>. <i>musee-armee</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=musee-armee&rft.atitle=The+end+of+the+Ottoman+Regency+and+the+limited+occupation+of+Algeria&rft.aulast=Raf&rft.aufirst=Mohh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.musee-armee.fr%2FExpositionAlgerie%2Fthe-end-of-the-ottoman-regency-and-the-limited-occupation-of-algeria.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgiers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AlloucheLaloum1987-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AlloucheLaloum1987_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJean-Luc_AlloucheJean_Laloum1987" class="citation book cs1">Jean-Luc Allouche; Jean Laloum (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JK4rAAAAMAAJ"><i>Les Juifs d'Algérie: images & textes</i></a>. Editions du Scribe. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-86765-008-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-86765-008-6"><bdi>978-2-86765-008-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+Juifs+d%27Alg%C3%A9rie%3A+images+%26+textes&rft.pub=Editions+du+Scribe&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-2-86765-008-6&rft.au=Jean-Luc+Allouche&rft.au=Jean+Laloum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJK4rAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgiers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Code d'Indigénat was promulgated by the French government for Algeria on 28 June 1881. It was officially abolished during 1946, but parts of it remained in force until independence during the early 1960s. The senatus consulte of 14 July 1865 implemented many of the elements of the future Code d'Indigénat in Algeria, and prior to 1887, other colonial subjects lived under similar conditions.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bennoune-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bennoune_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBennoune2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mahfoud_Bennoune&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mahfoud Bennoune (page does not exist)">Bennoune, Mahfoud</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4nXl7h8i5scC&pg=PA43"><i>The Making of Contemporary Algeria, 1830–1987</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-52432-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-52432-2"><bdi>978-0-521-52432-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+Contemporary+Algeria%2C+1830%E2%80%931987&rft.pages=42&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-521-52432-2&rft.aulast=Bennoune&rft.aufirst=Mahfoud&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4nXl7h8i5scC%26pg%3DPA43&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgiers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. Ch. M. Boudin, Histoire statistique de la colonisation en Algérie (Paris, Bailliers, 1853), p. 53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Albert Habib Hourani, Malise Ruthven (2002). "<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=egbOb0mewz4C&pg=PA323">A history of the Arab peoples</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150906022938/https://books.google.com/books?id=egbOb0mewz4C&pg=PA323&dq&hl=en">Archived</a> 2015-09-06 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>". Harvard University Press. p.323. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-01017-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-01017-5">0-674-01017-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Celik, Zeynep, <i>Urban Forms and Colonial Confrontations: Algiers Under French Rule</i>, University of California Press, 1997, p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rfi.fr/actufr/articles/096/article_60149.asp">"Les autorités accusent al-Qaïda"</a>. RFI. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071213023440/http://www.rfi.fr/actufr/articles/096/article_60149.asp">Archived</a> from the original on 13 December 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Associated Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071214021257/http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20071212/ap_on_re_af/algeria_explosion">Archived</a> from the original on 2007-12-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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August 2021. p. TS14. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210809080054/https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Full_Report.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 9 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Technical+Summary.+In%3A+Climate+Change+2021%3A+The+Physical+Science+Basis.+Contribution+of+Working+Group+I+to+the+Sixth+Assessment+Report+of+the+Intergovernmental+Panel+on+Climate+Change&rft.pages=TS14&rft.pub=IPCC&rft.date=2021-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ipcc.ch%2Freport%2Far6%2Fwg1%2Fdownloads%2Freport%2FIPCC_AR6_WGI_Full_Report.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgiers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Census of 25 June 1998: Office National des Statistiques de l'Algérie (web).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911654-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911654_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911654_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911654_46-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911654_46-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911654_46-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911654_46-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911654_46-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911654_46-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChisholm1911">Chisholm 1911</a>, p. 654.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wdl.org/en/item/8764/">"Fountain in Mosque of El Kebir, Algiers, Algeria"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/World_Digital_Library" title="World Digital Library">World Digital Library</a></i>. 1899. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130927125712/http://www.wdl.org/en/item/8764/">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-09-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-09-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Digital+Library&rft.atitle=Fountain+in+Mosque+of+El+Kebir%2C+Algiers%2C+Algeria&rft.date=1899&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wdl.org%2Fen%2Fitem%2F8764%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgiers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-citypopulation.de-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-citypopulation.de_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-citypopulation.de_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-citypopulation.de_48-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-citypopulation.de_48-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://citypopulation.de/Algeria-Cities.html">"Algeria: Provinces & Major Cities - Population Statistics, Maps, Charts, Weather and Web Information"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111001025954/http://citypopulation.de/Algeria-Cities.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2011-10-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-03-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Algeria%3A+Provinces+%26+Major+Cities+-+Population+Statistics%2C+Maps%2C+Charts%2C+Weather+and+Web+Information&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcitypopulation.de%2FAlgeria-Cities.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgiers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070930225838/http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&men=gadm&lng=en&dat=32&geo=-66&srt=npan&col=aohdq">"Algiers in the World Gazetteer"</a>. World-gazetteer.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&men=gadm&lng=en&dat=32&geo=-66&srt=npan&col=aohdq">the original</a> on 2007-09-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-06-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Algiers+in+the+World+Gazetteer&rft.pub=World-gazetteer.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.world-gazetteer.com%2Fwg.php%3Fx%3D%26men%3Dgadm%26lng%3Den%26dat%3D32%26geo%3D-66%26srt%3Dnpan%26col%3Daohdq&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgiers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mercerhr.com/costofliving">"MERCER Human Resources Consulting – Moscow tops Mercer's cost of living list; London is close behind"</a>. Mercerhr.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100701021708/http://www.mercerhr.com/costofliving">Archived</a> from the original on 1 July 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-06-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MERCER+Human+Resources+Consulting+%E2%80%93+Moscow+tops+Mercer%27s+cost+of+living+list%3B+London+is+close+behind&rft.pub=Mercerhr.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mercerhr.com%2Fcostofliving&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgiers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zPz9FHXJVLUC&q=Colonel+Abbes++tourist+complex&pg=PA32"><i>The report 2008 : Algeria</i></a>. Oxford Business Group. 2008. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-902339-09-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-902339-09-2"><bdi>978-1-902339-09-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240521144613/https://books.google.com/books?id=zPz9FHXJVLUC&q=Colonel+Abbes++tourist+complex&pg=PA32#v=snippet&q=Colonel%20Abbes%20%20tourist%20complex&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-05-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+report+2008+%3A+Algeria.&rft.pub=Oxford+Business+Group&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-902339-09-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzPz9FHXJVLUC%26q%3DColonel%2BAbbes%2B%2Btourist%2Bcomplex%26pg%3DPA32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgiers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://welcome.hp.com/gms/emea_africa/en/contact/office_locs.html">"HP Office locations"</a>. Welcome.hp.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090928005628/http://welcome.hp.com/gms/emea_africa/en/contact/office_locs.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2009-09-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-06-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=HP+Office+locations&rft.pub=Welcome.hp.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwelcome.hp.com%2Fgms%2Femea_africa%2Fen%2Fcontact%2Foffice_locs.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgiers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kobori, Iwao (Conseiller aupres del'Universite des Nations Unies). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.japan-algeria-center.jp/andalg/fr/andalg20010705f.html">L'Algerie et moi</a>" ( <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150116182909/http://www.japan-algeria-center.jp/andalg/fr/andalg20010705f.html">Archived</a> 2015-01-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>). Japan-Algeria Center. Retrieved on 16 January 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mext.go.jp/a_menu/shotou/clarinet/002/1338806.htm">過去に指定・認定していた在外教育施設</a>" ( <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150115030344/http://www.mext.go.jp/a_menu/shotou/clarinet/002/1338806.htm">Archived</a> 2015-01-15 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>). <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education,_Culture,_Sports,_Science_and_Technology" title="Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology">Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology</a>. Retrieved on January 15, 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090223231510/http://www11.ville.montreal.qc.ca/sherlock2/servlet/template/sherlock%2CAfficherDocumentInternet.vm/nodocument/20146%3Bjsessionid%3D24C10045060CDD0AA23BD919B260FD0F">"Sherlock, banque d'information de la Ville de Montréal"</a>. 1.ville.montreal.qc.ca. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www11.ville.montreal.qc.ca/sherlock2/servlet/template/sherlock%2CAfficherDocumentInternet.vm/nodocument/20146;jsessionid=24C10045060CDD0AA23BD919B260FD0F">the original</a> on 2009-02-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-06-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sherlock%2C+banque+d%27information+de+la+Ville+de+Montr%C3%A9al&rft.pub=1.ville.montreal.qc.ca&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww11.ville.montreal.qc.ca%2Fsherlock2%2Fservlet%2Ftemplate%2Fsherlock%252CAfficherDocumentInternet.vm%2Fnodocument%2F20146%3Bjsessionid%3D24C10045060CDD0AA23BD919B260FD0F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgiers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opoznai.bg/view/gradina-aljir-sofiia">"Градина "Алжир" – София"</a>. <i>opoznai.bg</i> (in Bulgarian). 2015-06-19. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210519063528/https://opoznai.bg/view/gradina-aljir-sofiia">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-05-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-05-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=opoznai.bg&rft.atitle=%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0+%22%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%80%22+%E2%80%93+%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F&rft.date=2015-06-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopoznai.bg%2Fview%2Fgradina-aljir-sofiia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgiers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lisbon_twinnings-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lisbon_twinnings_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anmp.pt/anmp/pro/mun1/gem101l0.php?cod_ent=M1100">"Lisboa – Geminações de Cidades e Vilas"</a> [Lisbon – Twinning of Cities and Towns]. <i>Associação Nacional de Municípios Portugueses [National Association of Portuguese Municipalities]</i> (in Portuguese). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150201175323/http://www.anmp.pt/anmp/pro/mun1/gem101l0.php?cod_ent=M1100">Archived</a> from the original on 2015-02-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-08-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Associa%C3%A7%C3%A3o+Nacional+de+Munic%C3%ADpios+Portugueses+%5BNational+Association+of+Portuguese+Municipalities%5D&rft.atitle=Lisboa+%E2%80%93+Gemina%C3%A7%C3%B5es+de+Cidades+e+Vilas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.anmp.pt%2Fanmp%2Fpro%2Fmun1%2Fgem101l0.php%3Fcod_ent%3DM1100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgiers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lisbon_twinnings_2-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lisbon_twinnings_2_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131031202617/http://www.cm-lisboa.pt/municipio/relacoes-internacionais">"Acordos de Geminação, de Cooperação e/ou Amizade da Cidade de Lisboa"</a> [Lisbon – Twinning Agreements, Cooperation and Friendship]. <i>Camara Municipal de Lisboa</i> (in Portuguese). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cm-lisboa.pt/municipio/relacoes-internacionais">the original</a> on 2013-10-31<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-08-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Camara+Municipal+de+Lisboa&rft.atitle=Acordos+de+Gemina%C3%A7%C3%A3o%2C+de+Coopera%C3%A7%C3%A3o+e%2Fou+Amizade+da+Cidade+de+Lisboa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cm-lisboa.pt%2Fmunicipio%2Frelacoes-internacionais&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgiers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160701024003/http://next.paris.fr/english/paris-a-city-with-an-international-profile/international-action-cooperation/friendship-and-cooperation-agreements/rub_8139_stand_29940_port_18784">"Friendship and cooperation agreements"</a>. Paris: Marie de Paris. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://next.paris.fr/english/paris-a-city-with-an-international-profile/international-action-cooperation/friendship-and-cooperation-agreements/rub_8139_stand_29940_port_18784">the original</a> on 2016-07-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-09-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Friendship+and+cooperation+agreements&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Marie+de+Paris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnext.paris.fr%2Fenglish%2Fparis-a-city-with-an-international-profile%2Finternational-action-cooperation%2Ffriendship-and-cooperation-agreements%2Frub_8139_stand_29940_port_18784&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgiers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobsSeligsohn1906" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Jacobs, Joseph; Seligsohn, M. (1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/15250-zeror-raphael-jedidiah-solomon-ben-jeshua">"Ẓeror, Raphael Jedidiah Solomon ben Jeshua"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Isidore_Singer" title="Isidore Singer">Singer, Isidore</a>; et al. (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Encyclopedia" title="The Jewish Encyclopedia">The Jewish Encyclopedia</a></i>. Vol. 12. New York: Funk & Wagnalls. p. 662.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%E1%BA%92eror%2C+Raphael+Jedidiah+Solomon+ben+Jeshua&rft.btitle=The+Jewish+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=662&rft.pub=Funk+%26+Wagnalls&rft.date=1906&rft.aulast=Jacobs&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft.au=Seligsohn%2C+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishencyclopedia.com%2Farticles%2F15250-zeror-raphael-jedidiah-solomon-ben-jeshua&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgiers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Algiers&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Algiers#Bibliography" title="Timeline of Algiers">Bibliography of the history of Algiers</a></div> <ul><li><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Algiers" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Algiers">Algiers</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 653–655.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Algiers&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=653-655&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgiers" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Carroll, David. <i>Albert Camus the Algerian</i> (Columbia University Press, 2007).</li> <li>Emerson, Charles. <i>1913: In Search of the World Before the Great War</i> (2013) compares Algiers to 20 major world cities; pp 267–79.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenseddik2004" class="citation cs2">Benseddik, Nacéra (2004), "Chronique d'une Cité Antique", <i>Alger: Lumières sur la Ville</i>, <i>Actes du Colloque de l'EPAU 4–6 May 2001</i>, Algiers, pp. 29–34</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chronique+d%27une+Cit%C3%A9+Antique&rft.btitle=Alger%3A+Lumi%C3%A8res+sur+la+Ville&rft.place=Algiers&rft.series=%27%27Actes+du+Colloque+de+l%27EPAU+4%E2%80%936+May+2001%27%27&rft.pages=29-34&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Benseddik&rft.aufirst=Nac%C3%A9ra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgiers" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span>. <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGhaki2015" class="citation cs2">Ghaki, Mansour (2015), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://s3.amazonaws.com/academia.edu.documents/50105050/Toponymie_et_onomastique_Lapport_de_lecriture_punique_neopunique.pdf">"Toponymie et Onomastique Libyques: L'Apport de l'Écriture Punique/Néopunique"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>La Lingua nella Vita e la Vita della Lingua: Itinerari e Percorsi degli Studi Berberi</i>, Studi Africanistici: Quaderni di Studi Berberi e Libico-Berberi, vol. 4, Naples: Unior, pp. 65–71, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-6719-125-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-6719-125-3"><bdi>978-88-6719-125-3</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2283-5636">2283-5636</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://s3.amazonaws.com/academia.edu.documents/50105050/Toponymie_et_onomastique_Lapport_de_lecriture_punique_neopunique.pdf">archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2022-10-09</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Toponymie+et+Onomastique+Libyques%3A+L%27Apport+de+l%27%C3%89criture+Punique%2FN%C3%A9opunique&rft.btitle=La+Lingua+nella+Vita+e+la+Vita+della+Lingua%3A+Itinerari+e+Percorsi+degli+Studi+Berberi&rft.place=Naples&rft.series=Studi+Africanistici%3A+Quaderni+di+Studi+Berberi+e+Libico-Berberi&rft.pages=65-71&rft.pub=Unior&rft.date=2015&rft.issn=2283-5636&rft.isbn=978-88-6719-125-3&rft.aulast=Ghaki&rft.aufirst=Mansour&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fs3.amazonaws.com%2Facademia.edu.documents%2F50105050%2FToponymie_et_onomastique_Lapport_de_lecriture_punique_neopunique.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgiers" class="Z3988"></span>. <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLipiński2004" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Lipinski_(orientalist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward Lipinski (orientalist)">Lipiński, Edward</a> (2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SLSzNfdcqfoC"><i>Itineraria Phoenicia</i></a>, <i>Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta</i>, No.<span class="nowrap"> </span>127, <i>Studia Phoenicia</i>, Vol.<span class="nowrap"> </span>XVIII, Leuven: Uitgeverij Peeters, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789042913448" title="Special:BookSources/9789042913448"><bdi>9789042913448</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Itineraria+Phoenicia&rft.place=Leuven&rft.series=%27%27Orientalia+Lovaniensia+Analecta%27%27%2C+No.%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E+%3C%2Fspan%3E127%2C+%27%27Studia+Phoenicia%27%27%2C+Vol.%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E+%3C%2Fspan%3EXVIII&rft.pub=Uitgeverij+Peeters&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9789042913448&rft.aulast=Lipi%C5%84ski&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSLSzNfdcqfoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgiers" class="Z3988"></span>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Algiers&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/16px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/24px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/32px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Algiers#Q3561" class="extiw" title="voy:Algiers">Algiers</a> travel guide from Wikivoyage</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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title="List of mayors of Algiers">Mayors</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#History">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Algiers" title="Timeline of Algiers">Timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_Algiers" title="Category:People from Algiers">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sport_in_Algiers" title="Category:Sport in Algiers">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Transport_in_Algiers" title="Category:Transport in Algiers">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algiers_Province" title="Algiers Province">Algiers Province</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Algiers" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Algiers">Wikimedia Commons</a></b></li> <li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Algiers" title="Category:Algiers">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Algiers_Province_(Algiers)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Algiers_Province" title="Template:Algiers Province"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Algiers_Province" title="Template talk:Algiers Province"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Algiers_Province" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Algiers Province"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Algiers_Province_(Algiers)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Algiers_Province" title="Algiers Province">Algiers Province</a> (<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Algiers</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Z%C3%A9ralda_District" title="Zéralda District">Zéralda District</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Z%C3%A9ralda" title="Zéralda">Zéralda</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staou%C3%A9li" title="Staouéli">Staouéli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Souidania" title="Souidania">Souidania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahmania" title="Rahmania">Rahmania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahelma" title="Mahelma">Mahelma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidi_Abdellah" title="Sidi Abdellah">Sidi Abdellah</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="13" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DZ-16_(2019).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/DZ-16_%282019%29.svg/250px-DZ-16_%282019%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/DZ-16_%282019%29.svg/375px-DZ-16_%282019%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/DZ-16_%282019%29.svg/500px-DZ-16_%282019%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="982" data-file-height="955" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A9raga_District" title="Chéraga District">Chéraga District</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A9raga" title="Chéraga">Chéraga</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammamet,_Algiers" title="Hammamet, Algiers">Hammamet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9ly_Ibrahim" title="Dély Ibrahim">Dély Ibrahim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%C3%AFn_B%C3%A9nian,_Algiers" title="Aïn Bénian, Algiers">Aïn Bénian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ouled_Fayet" title="Ouled Fayet">Ouled Fayet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Draria_District" title="Draria District">Draria District</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Draria" title="Draria">Draria</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baba_Hassen" title="Baba Hassen">Baba Hassen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dou%C3%A9ra" title="Douéra">Douéra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khra%C3%AFcia" title="Khraïcia">Khraïcia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Achour" title="El Achour">El Achour</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Birtouta_District" title="Birtouta District">Birtouta District</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Birtouta" title="Birtouta">Birtouta</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ouled_Chebel" title="Ouled Chebel">Ouled Chebel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tessala_El_Merdja" title="Tessala El Merdja">Tessala El Merdja</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bir_Mourad_Ra%C3%AFs_District" title="Bir Mourad Raïs District">Bir Mourad Raïs District</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Bir_Mourad_Ra%C3%AFs" title="Bir Mourad Raïs">Bir Mourad Raïs</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydra,_Algeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydra, Algeria">Hydra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saoula" title="Saoula">Saoula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birkhadem" title="Birkhadem">Birkhadem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djasr_Kasentina" title="Djasr Kasentina">Djasr Kasentina</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bouzar%C3%A9ah_District" title="Bouzaréah District">Bouzaréah District</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Bouzar%C3%A9ah" title="Bouzaréah">Bouzaréah</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9ni_Messous" title="Béni Messous">Béni Messous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Aknoun" title="Ben Aknoun">Ben Aknoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Biar" title="El Biar">El Biar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bab_El_Oued_District" title="Bab El Oued District">Bab El Oued District</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Bab_El_Oued" title="Bab El Oued">Bab El Oued</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casbah_of_Algiers" title="Casbah of Algiers">Casbah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bologhine" title="Bologhine">Bologhine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oued_Koriche" title="Oued Koriche">Oued Koriche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%AFs_Hamidou,_Algeria" title="Raïs Hamidou, Algeria">Raïs Hamidou</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hussein_Dey_District" title="Hussein Dey District">Hussein Dey District</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Hussein_Dey_(commune)" title="Hussein Dey (commune)">Hussein Dey</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kouba,_Algeria" title="Kouba, Algeria">Kouba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Magharia" title="El Magharia">El Magharia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belouizdad,_Algiers" title="Belouizdad, Algiers">Belouizdad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sidi_M%27Hamed_District" title="Sidi M'Hamed District">Sidi M'Hamed District</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Sidi_M%27Hamed" title="Sidi M'Hamed">Sidi M'Hamed</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Madania" title="El Madania">El Madania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Mouradia" title="El Mouradia">El Mouradia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alger_Centre" title="Alger Centre">Alger Centre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/El_Harrach_District" title="El Harrach District">El Harrach District</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/El_Harrach" title="El Harrach">El Harrach</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oued_Smar" title="Oued Smar">Oued Smar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourouba" title="Bourouba">Bourouba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bachdjerrah" title="Bachdjerrah">Bachdjerrah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Baraki_District" title="Baraki District">Baraki District</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Baraki,_Algiers" title="Baraki, Algiers">Baraki</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Eucalyptus" title="Les Eucalyptus">Les Eucalyptus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidi_Moussa,_Algeria" title="Sidi Moussa, Algeria">Sidi Moussa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dar_El_Be%C3%AFda_District" title="Dar El Beïda District">Dar El Beïda District</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Dar_El_Be%C3%AFda" title="Dar El Beïda">Dar El Beïda</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bab_Ezzouar" title="Bab Ezzouar">Bab Ezzouar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%C3%AFn_Taya" title="Aïn Taya">Aïn Taya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Marsa,_Algiers" title="El Marsa, Algiers">El Marsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bordj_El_Bahri" title="Bordj El Bahri">Bordj El Bahri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bordj_El_Kiffan" title="Bordj El Kiffan">Bordj El Kiffan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammedia,_Algiers" title="Mohammedia, Algiers">Mohammedia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rou%C3%AFba_District" title="Rouïba District">Rouïba District</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Rou%C3%AFba" title="Rouïba">Rouïba</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9gha%C3%AFa" class="mw-redirect" title="Réghaïa">Reghaïa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%27raoua" title="H'raoua">H'raoua</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Provincial_seats_of_Algeria" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Province_seats_of_Algeria" title="Template:Province seats of Algeria"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Province_seats_of_Algeria" title="Template talk:Province seats of Algeria"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Province_seats_of_Algeria" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Province seats of Algeria"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Provincial_seats_of_Algeria" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Algeria" title="Provinces of Algeria">Provincial</a> seats of <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adrar,_Algeria" title="Adrar, Algeria">Adrar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%C3%AFn_Defla" title="Aïn Defla">Aïn Defla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%C3%AFn_T%C3%A9mouchent" title="Aïn Témouchent">Aïn Témouchent</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Algiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annaba" title="Annaba">Annaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batna,_Algeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Batna, Algeria">Batna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9char" title="Béchar">Béchar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9ja%C3%AFa" title="Béjaïa">Béjaïa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biskra" title="Biskra">Biskra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blida" title="Blida">Blida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bordj_Bou_Arr%C3%A9ridj" title="Bordj Bou Arréridj">Bordj Bou Arréridj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bou%C3%AFra" title="Bouïra">Bouïra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boumerd%C3%A8s" title="Boumerdès">Boumerdès</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlef" title="Chlef">Chlef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine,_Algeria" title="Constantine, Algeria">Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djelfa" title="Djelfa">Djelfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Bayadh" title="El Bayadh">El Bayadh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Oued" title="El Oued">El Oued</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Taref" title="El Taref">El Taref</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gharda%C3%AFa" title="Ghardaïa">Ghardaïa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guelma" title="Guelma">Guelma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illizi" title="Illizi">Illizi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jijel" title="Jijel">Jijel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khenchela" title="Khenchela">Khenchela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laghouat" title="Laghouat">Laghouat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mascara,_Algeria" title="Mascara, Algeria">Mascara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9d%C3%A9a" title="Médéa">Médéa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mila,_Algeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Mila, Algeria">Mila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mostaganem" title="Mostaganem">Mostaganem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%27Sila,_Algeria" title="M'Sila, Algeria">M'Sila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Na%C3%A2ma" title="Naâma">Naâma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oran" title="Oran">Oran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ouargla" title="Ouargla">Ouargla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oum_El_Bouaghi" title="Oum El Bouaghi">Oum El Bouaghi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relizane" title="Relizane">Relizane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%C3%AFda,_Algeria" title="Saïda, Algeria">Saida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9tif" title="Sétif">Sétif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidi_Bel_Abb%C3%A8s" title="Sidi Bel Abbès">Sidi Bel Abbès</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skikda" title="Skikda">Skikda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Souk_Ahras" title="Souk Ahras">Souk Ahras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamanrasset" title="Tamanrasset">Tamanrasset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A9bessa" title="Tébessa">Tébessa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiaret" title="Tiaret">Tiaret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tindouf" title="Tindouf">Tindouf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tipasa" title="Tipasa">Tipasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tissemsilt" title="Tissemsilt">Tissemsilt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tizi_Ouzou" title="Tizi Ouzou">Tizi Ouzou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tlemcen" title="Tlemcen">Tlemcen</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Algeria.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Algeria"><img alt="Flag of Algeria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/40px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/60px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/80px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Flag of Algeria</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="20px&#124;Phoenician_Hippos_ship_Phoenician_cities_and_colonies" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Phoenician_cities_and_colonies" title="Template:Phoenician cities and colonies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Phoenician_cities_and_colonies" title="Template talk:Phoenician cities and colonies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Phoenician_cities_and_colonies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Phoenician cities and colonies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="20px&#124;Phoenician_Hippos_ship_Phoenician_cities_and_colonies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenician_Hippos_ship_logo.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Phoenician Hippos ship"><img alt="Phoenician Hippos ship" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Phoenician_Hippos_ship_logo.png/20px-Phoenician_Hippos_ship_logo.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Phoenician_Hippos_ship_logo.png/30px-Phoenician_Hippos_ship_logo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Phoenician_Hippos_ship_logo.png/40px-Phoenician_Hippos_ship_logo.png 2x" data-file-width="714" data-file-height="525" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Phoenician_cities" title="List of Phoenician cities">Phoenician cities and colonies</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Algeria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Camarata_(Mauretania)" title="Camarata (Mauretania)">Camarata</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cartennae" title="Cartennae">Cartennae</a> (<a href="/wiki/T%C3%A9n%C3%A8s" title="Ténès">Tenes</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hippo_Regius" title="Hippo Regius">Hippo Regius</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Icosium" title="Icosium">Icosium</a> (<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Algiers</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Igilgili" title="Igilgili">Igilgili</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jijel" title="Jijel">Jijel</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cherchell" title="Cherchell">Iol (Cherchell)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Iomnium" title="Iomnium">Iomnium</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tigzirt" title="Tigzirt">Tigzirt</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cirta" title="Cirta">Cirta</a> (<a href="/wiki/Constantine,_Algeria" title="Constantine, Algeria">Constantine</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Djinet" title="Djinet">Kissi (Djinet)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Macomades" title="Macomades">Macomades</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Calama_(Numidia)" title="Calama (Numidia)">Malaca</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rachgoun" title="Rachgoun">Rachgoun</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rusazus" title="Rusazus">Rusazus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Azeffoun" title="Azeffoun">Azeffoun</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tamentfoust" title="Tamentfoust">Rusguniae</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tamentfoust" title="Tamentfoust">Tamentfoust</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Skikda" title="Skikda">Rusicade (Skikda)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rusippisir" title="Rusippisir">Rusippisir (Taksebt)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rusubbicari" title="Rusubbicari">Rusubbicari</a> (<a href="/wiki/Zemmouri" title="Zemmouri">Zemmouri</a> El Bahri)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Dellys" title="Dellys">Rusuccuru (Dellys)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Zara%C3%AF" title="Zaraï">Sarai</a> (<a href="/wiki/A%C3%AFn_Oulmene" title="Aïn Oulmene">Aïn Oulmene</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Thagora" title="Thagora">Thagora</a> (<a href="/wiki/Taoura" title="Taoura">Taoura</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tipasa_in_Mauretania" class="mw-redirect" title="Tipasa in Mauretania">Tipasa in Mauretania</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tipasa_in_Numidia" title="Tipasa in Numidia">Tipasa in Numidia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Timici" title="Timici">Timici</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cyprus</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Dali,_Cyprus" title="Dali, Cyprus">Dhali</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kition" title="Kition">Kition</a> (<a href="/wiki/Larnaca" title="Larnaca">Larnaca</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lapathus_(Cyprus)" title="Lapathus (Cyprus)">Lapathus</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Marion,_Cyprus" title="Marion, Cyprus">Marion</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Greece</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Santorini" title="Santorini">Callista (Santorini)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paxi" class="mw-redirect" title="Paxi">Paxi</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rhodes" title="Rhodes">Rhodes</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Delos" title="Delos">Delos</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Israel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Achziv" title="Achziv">Achzib</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Acre,_Israel" title="Acre, Israel">Akka (Acre)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tel_Dor" title="Tel Dor">Dora</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tel_Michal" title="Tel Michal">Michal</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jaffa" title="Jaffa">Jaffa</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Apollonia-Arsuf" class="mw-redirect" title="Apollonia-Arsuf">Reshef</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tel_Shikmona" title="Tel Shikmona">Shikmona</a> (<a href="/wiki/Haifa" title="Haifa">Haifa</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Caesarea_Maritima" title="Caesarea Maritima">Strato's Tower (Caesarea)</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Italy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Bithia,_Italy" title="Bithia, Italy">Bitan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chia_(Sardinia)" title="Chia (Sardinia)">Chia</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cefal%C3%B9" title="Cefalù">Cape Melqart (Cefalù)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Drepana" title="Drepana">Drepanum</a> (<a href="/wiki/Trapani" title="Trapani">Trapani</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Eryx_(Sicily)" title="Eryx (Sicily)">Eryx</a> (<a href="/wiki/Erice" title="Erice">Erice</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Heraclea_Minoa" title="Heraclea Minoa">Heraclea Minoa</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Soluntum" title="Soluntum">Kapara (Soluntum)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/History_of_Cagliari" title="History of Cagliari">Karaly</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cagliari" title="Cagliari">Cagliari</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Marsala" title="Marsala">Lilybaeum</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Motya" title="Motya">Motya</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Neapolis,_Sardinia" class="mw-redirect" title="Neapolis, Sardinia">Neapolis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nora,_Italy" title="Nora, Italy">Nora</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Olbia" title="Olbia">Olbia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pantelleria" title="Pantelleria">Pantelleria</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Selinunte" title="Selinunte">Selinunte</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sulci" title="Sulci">Sulci</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sant%27Antioco" title="Sant'Antioco">Sant'Antioco</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tharros" title="Tharros">Tharros</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Palermo" title="Palermo">Ṣiṣ (Palermo)</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lebanon</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Amioun" title="Amioun">Amia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Enfeh" class="mw-redirect" title="Enfeh">Ampi</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Arqa" title="Arqa">Arqa</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Lebanon" title="Tripoli, Lebanon">Athar (Tripoli)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Baalbek" title="Baalbek">Baalbek</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Berytus" title="Berytus">Birut</a> (<a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Batroun" title="Batroun">Botrys (Teros)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Byblos" title="Byblos">Gebal (Byblos)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tell_el-Burak" title="Tell el-Burak">Ornithon (Tell el-Burak)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jieh" title="Jieh"> Porphyreon (Jieh)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sarepta" title="Sarepta">Sarepta</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sidon" title="Sidon">Sidon</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tyre,_Lebanon" title="Tyre, Lebanon">Sur (Tyre)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ushu" title="Ushu">Ushu (Palaetyrus)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Umm_al-Amad,_Lebanon" title="Umm al-Amad, Lebanon">Umm al-Amad</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Libya</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Leptis_Magna" title="Leptis Magna">Lepcis</a> (<a href="/wiki/Khoms,_Libya" class="mw-redirect" title="Khoms, Libya">Khoms</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Oea" title="Oea">Oyat</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Libya" title="Tripoli, Libya">Tripoli</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sabratha" title="Sabratha">Tsabratan</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Malta</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd>Maleth (<a href="/wiki/Cospicua" title="Cospicua">Cospicua</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Melite_(ancient_city)" title="Melite (ancient city)">Ann</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mdina" title="Mdina">Mdina</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Gozo" title="Gozo">Gaulos (Gozo)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=G%C4%A7ajn_Qajjet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Għajn Qajjet (page does not exist)">Għajn Qajjet</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mtarfa" title="Mtarfa">Mtarfa</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ras_il-Wardija" title="Ras il-Wardija">Ras il-Wardija</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tas-Sil%C4%A1" title="Tas-Silġ">Tas-Silġ</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Morocco</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Azemmour" title="Azemmour">Azama (Azemmour)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Essaouira" title="Essaouira">Arambys (Mogador)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caricus_Murus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Caricus Murus (page does not exist)">Caricus Murus</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ksar_es-Seghir" title="Ksar es-Seghir">Heq she Elisha (Ksar es-Seghir)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lixus_(ancient_city)" title="Lixus (ancient city)">Likush</a> (<a href="/wiki/Larache" title="Larache">Larache</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chellah" title="Chellah">Shalat (Chellah)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tamusida" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamusida">Tamusida</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tingis" class="mw-redirect" title="Tingis">Tinga</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tangier" title="Tangier">Tangier</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Anfa" title="Anfa">Anfa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Casablanca" title="Casablanca">Casablanca</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Volubilis" title="Volubilis">Volubilis</a> <sup><small>1</small></sup></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mogador_Island" title="Mogador Island">Mogador</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rusadir" title="Rusadir">Rusadir</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Oualidia" title="Oualidia">Oualidia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Iulia_Constantia_Zilil" title="Iulia Constantia Zilil">Zilil</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Agadir" title="Agadir">Gadir</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chellah" title="Chellah">Sala</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Thymiaterium" title="Thymiaterium">Thymiaterium</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/El_Jadida" title="El Jadida">Rusibis</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Portugal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Portim%C3%A3o" title="Portimão">Portus Hannibalis</a></dd> <dd>Portus Magonis (Portimão)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Olissipona (Lisbon)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Faro,_Portugal" title="Faro, Portugal">Ossonoba (Faro)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Balsa_(Roman_town)" title="Balsa (Roman town)">Balsa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tavira" title="Tavira">Tavira</a>)</dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Abdera,_Spain" title="Abdera, Spain">Abdera</a> (<a href="/wiki/Adra,_Spain" title="Adra, Spain">Adra</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Abyla" title="Abyla">Abyla</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ceuta" title="Ceuta">Ceuta</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lucentum" title="Lucentum">Akra Leuka</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alicante" title="Alicante">Alicante</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A1diz" title="Cádiz">Gadir (Cadiz)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Guardamar_del_Segura" title="Guardamar del Segura">Herna</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sa_Caleta_Phoenician_Settlement" title="Sa Caleta Phoenician Settlement">Iboshim</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ibiza" title="Ibiza">Ibiza</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mah%C3%B3n" title="Mahón">Mahón</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/History_of_M%C3%A1laga" title="History of Málaga">Malake</a> (<a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1laga" title="Málaga">Málaga</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Huelva" title="Huelva">Onoba</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cartagena,_Spain" title="Cartagena, Spain">Carthage (Cartagena)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rusadir" title="Rusadir">Rushadir</a> (<a href="/wiki/Melilla" title="Melilla">Melilla</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Saguntum" class="mw-redirect" title="Saguntum">Saguntum</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sexi_(Phoenician_colony)" title="Sexi (Phoenician colony)">Sexi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Almunecar" class="mw-redirect" title="Almunecar">Almunecar</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/T%C3%ADjola" title="Tíjola">Tagilit (Tíjola)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Los_Toscanos" title="Los Toscanos">Toscanos</a> (<a href="/wiki/V%C3%A9lez-M%C3%A1laga" title="Vélez-Málaga">Velez</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Peniscola" title="Peniscola">Tyreche</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Syria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Arwad" title="Arwad">Arwad</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Amrit" title="Amrit">Marat (Amrit)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Baniyas" title="Baniyas">Balanaea (Baniyas)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Carne,_Phoenicia" title="Carne, Phoenicia">Carne</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paltus" title="Paltus">Paltus</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Safita" title="Safita">Safita</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tell_Sukas" title="Tell Sukas">Shuksi</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tell_Kazel" title="Tell Kazel">Sumur</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ugarit" title="Ugarit">Ugarit</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tunisia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Kelibia" title="Kelibia">Aspis (Kelibia)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bulla_Regia" title="Bulla Regia">Bulla Regia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Carthage" title="Ancient Carthage">Carthage</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hadrumetum" title="Hadrumetum">Hadrumetum</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sousse" title="Sousse">Sousse</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bizerte" title="Bizerte">Hippo Diarrhytus (Bizerte)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kerkouane" title="Kerkouane">Kerkouane</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Leptis_Parva" title="Leptis Parva">Lepcis</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monastir,_Tunisia" title="Monastir, Tunisia">Monastir</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Maqom_Hadesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Maqom Hadesh">Maqom Hadesh (Ounga)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Meninx_(town)" title="Meninx (town)">Meninx</a> (<a href="/wiki/Djerba" title="Djerba">Djerba</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ruspe" title="Ruspe">Ruspe</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ruspina" title="Ruspina">Ruspina</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/El_Kef" title="El Kef">Sicca (El Kef)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tabarka" title="Tabarka">Tabarka</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Thenae" title="Thenae">Tayinat</a> (<a href="/wiki/Thyna" title="Thyna">Thyna</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Thapsus" title="Thapsus">Thapsus</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Thysdrus" title="Thysdrus">Thysdrus</a> (<a href="/wiki/El_Djem" title="El Djem">El Djem</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Utica,_Tunisia" title="Utica, Tunisia">Utica</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Myriandus" title="Myriandus">Myriandus</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Finike" title="Finike">Phoenicus</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tahpanhes" title="Tahpanhes">Tahpanhes</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Capitals_of_Arab_countries" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Capitals_of_Arab_countries" title="Template:Capitals of Arab countries"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Capitals_of_Arab_countries" title="Template talk:Capitals of Arab countries"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Capitals_of_Arab_countries" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Capitals of Arab countries"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Capitals_of_Arab_countries" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Capitals of <a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab countries</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;">Africa</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">Asia</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;padding-left:0.3em;width:50%;"><div> <div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ul><li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Algiers</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Djibouti_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Djibouti (city)">Djibouti</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li></ul> <ul><li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Hargeisa" title="Hargeisa">Hargeisa</a></b>, <i><a href="/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland">Somaliland</a></i><sup>1</sup></li></ul></div></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Khartoum" title="Khartoum">Khartoum</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mogadishu" title="Mogadishu">Mogadishu</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Moroni,_Comoros" title="Moroni, Comoros">Moroni</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nouakchott" title="Nouakchott">Nouakchott</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Rabat" title="Rabat">Rabat</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Libya" title="Tripoli, Libya">Tripoli</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis">Tunis</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li></ul> </div> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;padding-left:0.3em;width:50%;"><div> <div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Abu_Dhabi" title="Abu Dhabi">Abu Dhabi</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Amman" title="Amman">Amman</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Doha" title="Doha">Doha</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></b> <small>(proclaimed)</small>, <a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">Palestine</a><br /></li><li> <b><a href="/wiki/Ramallah" title="Ramallah">Ramallah</a></b> <small>(de facto)</small><sup>1</sup></li></ul></div></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kuwait_City" title="Kuwait City">Kuwait City</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Manama" title="Manama">Manama</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Muscat" title="Muscat">Muscat</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Riyadh" title="Riyadh">Riyadh</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sanaa" title="Sanaa">Sanaa</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup>1</sup> <a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">An unrecognised or partially-recognised nation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Capitals_of_African_countries" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:List_of_African_capitals" title="Template:List of African capitals"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:List_of_African_capitals" title="Template talk:List of African capitals"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:List_of_African_capitals" title="Special:EditPage/Template:List of African capitals"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Capitals_of_African_countries" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">Capitals</a> of African countries</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent territories</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">states with limited recognition</a> are in <i>italics</i></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 27em;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Abuja" title="Abuja">Abuja</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Accra" title="Accra">Accra</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Addis_Ababa" title="Addis Ababa">Addis Ababa</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Algiers</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Antananarivo" title="Antananarivo">Antananarivo</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Asmara" title="Asmara">Asmara</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Bamako" title="Bamako">Bamako</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Bangui" title="Bangui">Bangui</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Banjul" title="Banjul">Banjul</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Bissau" title="Bissau">Bissau</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Brazzaville" title="Brazzaville">Brazzaville</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Republic of the Congo">Rep. of the Congo</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Conakry" title="Conakry">Conakry</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Dakar" title="Dakar">Dakar</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Djibouti_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Djibouti (city)">Djibouti</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Dodoma" title="Dodoma">Dodoma</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Laayoune" title="Laayoune">El Aaiún</a></b> (claimed)/<b><a href="/wiki/Tifariti" title="Tifariti">Tifariti</a></b> (factual), <a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a></i><sup>1</sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Freetown" title="Freetown">Freetown</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Gaborone" title="Gaborone">Gaborone</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Gitega" title="Gitega">Gitega</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Harare" title="Harare">Harare</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Hargeisa" title="Hargeisa">Hargeisa</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland">Somaliland</a></i><sup>1</sup></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Jamestown,_Saint_Helena" title="Jamestown, Saint Helena">Jamestown</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a></i><sup>2</sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Juba" title="Juba">Juba</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kampala" title="Kampala">Kampala</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Khartoum" title="Khartoum">Khartoum</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kigali" title="Kigali">Kigali</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kinshasa" title="Kinshasa">Kinshasa</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">D.R. Congo</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Libreville" title="Libreville">Libreville</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Lilongwe" title="Lilongwe">Lilongwe</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Lom%C3%A9" title="Lomé">Lomé</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Luanda" title="Luanda">Luanda</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Lusaka" title="Lusaka">Lusaka</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Malabo" title="Malabo">Malabo</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea" title="Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Maputo" title="Maputo">Maputo</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Maseru" title="Maseru">Maseru</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Mbabane" title="Mbabane">Mbabane</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/Ngwenyama" title="Ngwenyama">executive</a>)<br /> </li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Lobamba" title="Lobamba">Lobamba</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Eswatini" title="Parliament of Eswatini">legislative</a>), <a href="/wiki/Eswatini" title="Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mogadishu" title="Mogadishu">Mogadishu</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Monrovia" title="Monrovia">Monrovia</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Moroni,_Comoros" title="Moroni, Comoros">Moroni</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nairobi" title="Nairobi">Nairobi</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/N%27Djamena" title="N'Djamena">N'Djamena</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Niamey" title="Niamey">Niamey</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nouakchott" title="Nouakchott">Nouakchott</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ouagadougou" title="Ouagadougou">Ouagadougou</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Port_Louis" title="Port Louis">Port Louis</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Porto-Novo" title="Porto-Novo">Porto-Novo</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Praia" title="Praia">Praia</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Pretoria" title="Pretoria">Pretoria</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/President_of_South_Africa" title="President of South Africa">executive</a>)<br /> </li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_South_Africa" title="Parliament of South Africa">legislative</a>)<br /> </li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Bloemfontein" title="Bloemfontein">Bloemfontein</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Appeal_(South_Africa)" title="Supreme Court of Appeal (South Africa)">judicial</a>), <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Rabat" title="Rabat">Rabat</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9" title="São Tomé">São Tomé</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Libya" title="Tripoli, Libya">Tripoli</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis">Tunis</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Victoria,_Seychelles" title="Victoria, Seychelles">Victoria</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Windhoek" title="Windhoek">Windhoek</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Yamoussoukro" title="Yamoussoukro">Yamoussoukro</a></b> (political)<br /> </li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Abidjan" title="Abidjan">Abidjan</a></b> (economic), <a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Yaound%C3%A9" title="Yaoundé">Yaoundé</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup>1</sup> <a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">An unrecognised or partially-recognised nation</a></li> <li><sup>2</sup> <a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">British Overseas Territory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="African_Games_host_cities" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:African_Games_Host_Cities" title="Template:African Games Host Cities"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:African_Games_Host_Cities" title="Template talk:African Games Host Cities"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:African_Games_Host_Cities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:African Games Host Cities"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="African_Games_host_cities" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/African_Games" title="African Games">African Games</a> host cities</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:5em;">   </td><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:33.333%;"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/1965_All-Africa_Games" title="1965 All-Africa Games">1965</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Republic of the Congo"><img alt="Republic of the Congo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Brazzaville" title="Brazzaville">Brazzaville</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1973_All-Africa_Games" title="1973 All-Africa Games">1973</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria"><img alt="Nigeria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Lagos" title="Lagos">Lagos</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1978_All-Africa_Games" title="1978 All-Africa Games">1978</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria"><img alt="Algeria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Algiers</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1987_All-Africa_Games" title="1987 All-Africa Games">1987</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya"><img alt="Kenya" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/45px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Nairobi" title="Nairobi">Nairobi</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1991_All-Africa_Games" title="1991 All-Africa Games">1991</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt"><img alt="Egypt" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/45px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:33.333%;"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/1995_All-Africa_Games" title="1995 All-Africa Games">1995</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe"><img alt="Zimbabwe" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/35px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/46px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Harare" title="Harare">Harare</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1999_All-Africa_Games" title="1999 All-Africa Games">1999</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa"><img alt="South Africa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg">Johannesburg</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/2003_All-Africa_Games" title="2003 All-Africa Games">2003</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria"><img alt="Nigeria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Abuja" title="Abuja">Abuja</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/2007_All-Africa_Games" title="2007 All-Africa Games">2007</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria"><img alt="Algeria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Algiers</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/2011_All-Africa_Games" title="2011 All-Africa Games">2011</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique"><img alt="Mozambique" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Mozambique.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mozambique.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Mozambique.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mozambique.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Mozambique.svg/45px-Flag_of_Mozambique.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Maputo" title="Maputo">Maputo</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:33.333%;"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/2015_African_Games" title="2015 African Games">2015</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Republic of the Congo"><img alt="Republic of the Congo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Brazzaville" title="Brazzaville">Brazzaville</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/2019_African_Games" title="2019 African Games">2019</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco"><img alt="Morocco" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/23px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/35px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/45px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Rabat" title="Rabat">Rabat</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/2023_African_Games" title="2023 African Games">2023</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana"><img alt="Ghana" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Accra" title="Accra">Accra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Arab_Capital_of_Culture" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Arab_Capital_of_Culture" title="Template:Arab Capital of Culture"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Arab_Capital_of_Culture" title="Template talk:Arab Capital of Culture"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Arab_Capital_of_Culture" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Arab Capital of Culture"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Arab_Capital_of_Culture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Arab_Capital_of_Culture" title="Arab Capital of Culture">Arab Capital of Culture</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a> 1996 (<a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis">Tunis</a> 1997 (<a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharjah" title="Sharjah">Sharjah</a> 1998 (<a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a> 1999 (<a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riyadh" title="Riyadh">Riyadh</a> 2000 (<a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait_City" title="Kuwait City">Kuwait City</a> 2001 (<a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amman" title="Amman">Amman</a> 2002 (<a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabat" title="Rabat">Rabat</a> 2003 (<a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanaa" title="Sanaa">Sanaʽa</a> 2004 (<a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khartoum" title="Khartoum">Khartoum</a> 2005 (<a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscat" title="Muscat">Muscat</a> <a href="/wiki/2006_Arab_Capital_of_Culture" class="mw-redirect" title="2006 Arab Capital of Culture">2006</a> (<a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Algiers</a> <a href="/wiki/2007_Arab_Capital_of_Culture" class="mw-redirect" title="2007 Arab Capital of Culture">2007</a> (<a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a> <a href="/wiki/2008_Arab_Capital_of_Culture" title="2008 Arab Capital of Culture">2008</a> (<a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> <a href="/wiki/2009_Arab_Capital_of_Culture" title="2009 Arab Capital of Culture">2009</a> (<a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">State of Palestine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doha" title="Doha">Doha</a> <a href="/wiki/2010_Arab_Capital_of_Culture" title="2010 Arab Capital of Culture">2010</a> (<a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirte" title="Sirte">Sirte</a> 2011 (<a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manama" title="Manama">Manama</a> 2012 (<a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a> 2013 (<a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Libya" title="Tripoli, Libya">Tripoli</a> 2014 (<a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine,_Algeria" title="Constantine, Algeria">Constantine</a> 2015 (<a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sfax" title="Sfax">Sfax</a> 2016 (<a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxor" title="Luxor">Luxor</a> 2017 (<a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oujda" title="Oujda">Oujda</a> 2018 (<a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Sudan" title="Port Sudan">Port Sudan</a> 2019 (<a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethlehem" title="Bethlehem">Bethlehem</a> 2020 (<a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">State of Palestine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irbid" title="Irbid">Irbid</a> 2021 (<a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait_City" title="Kuwait City">Kuwait City</a> 2022 (<a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Lebanon" title="Tripoli, Lebanon">Tripoli</a> 2023 (<a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3561#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3561#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3561#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/155624247">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1205274/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4084955-7">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79058668">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11948367q">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11948367q">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35968368">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Alžír (Alžírsko)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge134015&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX452736">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007561795505171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/cff017bc-6ebc-4938-b8f8-8ad26b8525a0">MusicBrainz area</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027443418">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10044429">NARA</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Algiers&oldid=1257515489">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Algiers&oldid=1257515489</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Algiers" title="Category:Algiers">Algiers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:944_establishments" title="Category:944 establishments">944 establishments</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Barbary_Wars" title="Category:Barbary Wars">Barbary Wars</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Capitals_in_Africa" title="Category:Capitals in Africa">Capitals in Africa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Former_Spanish_colonies" title="Category:Former Spanish colonies">Former Spanish colonies</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mediterranean_port_cities_and_towns_in_Algeria" title="Category:Mediterranean port cities and towns in Algeria">Mediterranean port cities and towns in Algeria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Populated_coastal_places_in_Algeria" title="Category:Populated coastal places in Algeria">Populated coastal places in Algeria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:World_Heritage_Sites_in_Algeria" title="Category:World Heritage Sites in Algeria">World Heritage Sites in Algeria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Coastal_cities_in_Algeria" title="Category:Coastal cities in Algeria">Coastal cities in Algeria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Populated_places_in_Algiers_Province" title="Category:Populated places in Algiers Province">Populated places in Algiers Province</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Province_seats_of_Algeria" title="Category:Province seats of Algeria">Province seats of Algeria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Populated_places_established_in_the_10th_century" title="Category:Populated places established in the 10th century">Populated places established in the 10th century</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:10th-century_establishments_in_Africa" title="Category:10th-century establishments in Africa">10th-century establishments in Africa</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_French-language_sources_(fr)" title="Category:Articles with French-language sources (fr)">Articles with French-language sources 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