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<li id="toc-Digisubs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Digisubs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Digisubs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Digisubs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pre-fansubs_(pre–1970s)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-fansubs_(pre–1970s)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Pre-fansubs (pre–1970s)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-fansubs_(pre–1970s)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Growth_of_anime_fanclubs_(1980s)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Growth_of_anime_fanclubs_(1980s)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Growth of anime fanclubs (1980s)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Growth_of_anime_fanclubs_(1980s)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_fansubs_(1980s)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_fansubs_(1980s)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Early fansubs (1980s)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_fansubs_(1980s)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Distribution_and_playback_(1990s,_early_2000s)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distribution_and_playback_(1990s,_early_2000s)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Distribution and playback (1990s, early 2000s)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distribution_and_playback_(1990s,_early_2000s)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legal_and_ethical_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal_and_ethical_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Legal and ethical issues</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legal_and_ethical_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legal_action" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal_action"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Legal action</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legal_action-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Fansub</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 35 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-35" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">35 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A8" title="فانسب – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فانسب" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fansab" title="Fansab – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Fansab" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fansub" title="Fansub – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Fansub" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanou%C5%A1kovsk%C3%A9_titulkov%C3%A1n%C3%AD" title="Fanouškovské titulkování – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Fanouškovské titulkování" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fansub" title="Fansub – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Fansub" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fansub" title="Fansub – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Fansub" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fansub" title="Fansub – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Fansub" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fansub" title="Fansub – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Fansub" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fansub" title="Fansub – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Fansub" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fan-subteksta%C4%B5o" title="Fan-subtekstaĵo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Fan-subtekstaĵo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="فن‌ساب – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فن‌ساب" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fansub" title="Fansub – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Fansub" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8C%AC%EC%84%AD" title="팬섭 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="팬섭" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fansub" title="Fansub – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Fansub" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fansub" title="Fansub – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Fansub" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%90%D7%91" title="פאנסאב – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פאנסאב" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fansub" title="Fansub – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Fansub" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fansub" title="Fansub – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Fansub" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B5%E3%83%96" title="ファンサブ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ファンサブ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fansub" title="Fansub – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Fansub" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fansub" title="Fansub – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Fansub" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fansub" title="Fansub – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Fansub" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fansub" title="Fansub – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Fansub" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B1" title="Фэнсаб – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Фэнсаб" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%DB%95%D8%A8" title="فانسەب – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="فانسەب" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanik%C3%A4%C3%A4nt%C3%A4minen" title="Fanikääntäminen – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Fanikääntäminen" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fansubs" title="Fansubs – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Fansubs" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fansub" title="Fansub – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Fansub" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A" title="แฟนซับ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แฟนซับ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fansub" title="Fansub – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Fansub" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B1" title="Фенсаб – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Фенсаб" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fansub" title="Fansub – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Fansub" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AD%97%E5%B9%95%E7%BB%84" title="字幕组 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="字幕组" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AD%97%E5%B9%95%E7%B5%84" title="字幕組 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="字幕組" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AD%97%E5%B9%95%E7%B5%84" title="字幕組 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="字幕組" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q506787#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Fansub" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Fansub" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" 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class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Fansub" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Fansub" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fansub&oldid=1278546460" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fansub&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Fansub&id=1278546460&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FFansub"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FFansub"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Fansub&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fansub&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Fansub" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q506787" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Practice of fans adding translation subtitles to media that has none</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikipe-tan_fansub.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Wikipe-tan_fansub.png/220px-Wikipe-tan_fansub.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Wikipe-tan_fansub.png/330px-Wikipe-tan_fansub.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Wikipe-tan_fansub.png/440px-Wikipe-tan_fansub.png 2x" data-file-width="704" data-file-height="396" /></a><figcaption>Example of <a href="/wiki/Karaoke" title="Karaoke">karaoke</a> typical in anime fansubs</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output 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("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Translation" title="Category:Translation">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:none;padding-top:0;"><a href="/wiki/Translation" title="Translation">Translation</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%C3%86toms_-_Translation.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/%C3%86toms_-_Translation.svg/100px-%C3%86toms_-_Translation.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/%C3%86toms_-_Translation.svg/150px-%C3%86toms_-_Translation.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/%C3%86toms_-_Translation.svg/200px-%C3%86toms_-_Translation.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:antiquewhite;"> Types</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legal_translation" title="Legal translation">Legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Translation#Literary_translation" title="Translation">Literary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_translations" title="Bible translations">Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quran_translations" title="Quran translations">Quran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirukkural_translations" title="Tirukkural translations">Kural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_validation" title="Linguistic validation">Linguistic validation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_translation" title="Medical translation">Medical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulatory_translation" title="Regulatory translation">Regulatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_translation" title="Technical translation">Technical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_interpretation" title="Language interpretation">Interpretation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_translation" title="Cultural translation">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">Word-for-word</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sense-for-sense_translation" title="Sense-for-sense translation">Sense-for-sense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homophonic_translation" title="Homophonic translation">Homophonic</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:antiquewhite;"> Theory</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Translation_studies" title="Translation studies">Translation studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skopos_theory" title="Skopos theory">Skopos theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Translation_project" title="Translation project">Translation project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Translation_criticism" title="Translation criticism">Translation criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equivalence_(translation)" title="Equivalence (translation)">Equivalence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contrastive_linguistics" title="Contrastive linguistics">Contrastive linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polysystem_theory" title="Polysystem theory">Polysystem theory</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:antiquewhite;"> Technologies</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer-assisted_translation" title="Computer-assisted translation">CAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machine_translation" title="Machine translation">Machine translation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_translation" title="Mobile translation">Mobile translation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Translation_management_system" title="Translation management system">Translation management system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dubbing" title="Dubbing">Dubbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subtitles" title="Subtitles">Subtitling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-editing" title="Pre-editing">Pre-editing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postediting" title="Postediting">Postediting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multimedia_translation" title="Multimedia translation">Multimedia translation</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:antiquewhite;"> Localization</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glocalization" title="Glocalization">Glocalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalization_and_localization" title="Internationalization and localization">Internationalization and localization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_localisation" title="Language localisation">Language localization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_game_localization" title="Video game localization">Video game localization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dubbing_(filmmaking)#Localization" class="mw-redirect" title="Dubbing (filmmaking)">Dub localization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Website_localization" title="Website localization">Website localization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalization_and_localization" title="Internationalization and localization">Software localization</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:antiquewhite;"> Institutional</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Translation_associations" title="Category:Translation associations">Associations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Translation_awards" title="Category:Translation awards">Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Translation_organizations" title="Category:Translation organizations">Organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Translation_and_interpreting_schools" title="Category:Translation and interpreting schools">Schools</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:antiquewhite;"> Related topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Untranslatability" title="Untranslatability">Untranslatability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcription_(linguistics)" title="Transcription (linguistics)">Transcription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transliteration" title="Transliteration">Transliteration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_relay_service" title="Video relay service">Video relay service</a> (VRS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephone_interpreting" title="Telephone interpreting">Telephone interpreting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_barrier" title="Language barrier">Language barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_translation" title="Fan translation">Fan translation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fan_translation_of_video_games" title="Fan translation of video games">of video games</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fansub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fandub" title="Fandub">Fandub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scanlation" title="Scanlation">Scanlation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journalistic_translation" title="Journalistic translation">Journalistic translation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Translation_publications" title="Category:Translation publications">Books and magazines on translation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bible_translations_by_language" title="Category:Bible translations by language">Bible translations by language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Translations" title="Category:Translations">Translated books</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_literary_works_by_number_of_translations" title="List of literary works by number of translations">List of most translated works</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Translators" title="Category:Translators">Translators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Tirukkural_translations_by_language" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Tirukkural translations by language">Kural translations by language</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Translation_info" title="Template:Translation info"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Translation_info" title="Template talk:Translation info"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Translation_info" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Translation info"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><p>A <b>fansub</b> (short for <b>fan-subtitled</b>) is a version of a <a href="/wiki/Foreign_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign film">foreign film</a> or foreign <a href="/wiki/Television_program" class="mw-redirect" title="Television program">television program</a>, typically <a href="/wiki/Anime" title="Anime">anime</a> or <a href="/wiki/Dorama" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorama">dorama</a> which has been <a href="/wiki/Fan_translation" title="Fan translation">translated by fans</a> (as opposed to an officially licensed translation done by paid <a href="/wiki/Professionals" class="mw-redirect" title="Professionals">professionals</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Subtitled" class="mw-redirect" title="Subtitled">subtitled</a> into a <a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">language</a> usually other than that of the original.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Process">Process</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fansub&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Process"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The practice of making fansubs is called fansubbing and is done by a fansubber.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fansubbers typically form groups to divide the work. The first distribution media of fansubbed material was <a href="/wiki/VHS" title="VHS">VHS</a> and <a href="/wiki/Betamax" title="Betamax">Betamax</a> tapes.<sup id="cite_ref-Leonard_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leonard-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Early fansubs were produced using analog video editing equipment.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> They would copy the anime (often from laserdiscs) onto VHS, translate the dialogue, and painstakingly time and format the subtitles for the video. Popular tools for this included JACOsub (<a href="/wiki/Amiga" title="Amiga">Amiga</a>) and Substation Alpha (<a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Windows</a>). The next step was to produce one or more masters, a high-quality copy of the finished fansub from which many distribution copies could be made. The fansubber would playback the raw video through a computer equipped with a <a href="/wiki/Genlock" title="Genlock">genlock</a> in order to generate the subtitles and then overlay them on the raw signal. The hardware most often used was an Amiga computer, as most professional genlocks were prohibitively expensive. The final output of the arrangement was then recorded. The master was most often recorded onto <a href="/wiki/S-VHS" title="S-VHS">S-VHS</a> tape in an attempt to maximize quality, though some fansubbers used the less expensive VHS or Beta. Once it was completed, the master copy was sent to a distributor.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Digisubs">Digisubs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fansub&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Digisubs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The internet allows for highly collaborative fansubbing, and each member of a fansub team may only complete one task.<sup id="cite_ref-Citas_Sanchez_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Citas_Sanchez-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Online fansubbing communities such as DameDesuYo are able to release a fully subtitled episode (including elaborate <a href="/wiki/Karaoke" title="Karaoke">karaoke</a><sup id="cite_ref-Citas_Sanchez_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Citas_Sanchez-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with translation, <a href="/wiki/Kana" title="Kana">kana</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kanji" title="Kanji">kanji</a> for songs, as well as additional remarks and translations of signs)<sup id="cite_ref-Hatcher_appendix_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hatcher_appendix-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> within 24 hours of an episode's debut in Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-ANN_Interview_Fansubber_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ANN_Interview_Fansubber-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Platforms like Fansnub have emerged to showcase creative works by fansubbers and similar content creators. These platforms provide a space for fansubbers to connect with their audience, share their work, and earn recognition for their efforts.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The production of a fansub typically begins with obtaining the unsubtitled source video called a "raw" that typically comes from DVDs, VHS tapes, television broadcasts, <a href="/wiki/Peer-to-peer" title="Peer-to-peer">peer-to-peer</a> networks, and directly from Japanese-based contacts. Then, a translator watches the video and produces a time-stamped text file of the screenplay with any relevant notes.<sup id="cite_ref-Hatcher_appendix_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hatcher_appendix-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same series or episode may be subtitled by multiple groups with independent translations of varying quality. Fansub groups sometimes translate other already translated fansubs that are more susceptible to errors.<sup id="cite_ref-Citas_Sanchez_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Citas_Sanchez-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Translated text is assigned with start and end times in a process known as timing to ensure subtitles appear when dialogue is spoken and disappear with the silence.<sup id="cite_ref-Hatcher_appendix_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hatcher_appendix-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An editor and a translation-checker read over the script to ensure that English is natural and coherent while still retaining the original meaning. A <a href="/wiki/Typeset" class="mw-redirect" title="Typeset">typesetter</a> then appearance for the dialogue, signs, translator notes, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-Hatcher_appendix_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hatcher_appendix-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Then groups perform quality control to catch any final errors.<sup id="cite_ref-Hatcher_appendix_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hatcher_appendix-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Encoders then take the script file and create a single subtitled video file, often aiming for a target file size or video quality. "Hard" subtitles, or <i>hard subs</i>, are encoded into the footage, and thus become hard to remove from the video without losing video quality. "Soft" subtitles, or <i>soft subs</i>, are subtitles applied at playback time from a subtitle datafile, either mixed directly into the video file (.mkv, .ogm, etc.), or in a separate file (.ssa, .srt, etc.). Soft subs can also be rendered at higher resolutions, which can make for easier reading if the viewer is <a href="/wiki/Video_scaler" title="Video scaler">upscaling</a> the file, but also are more difficult to blend into the video (for instance rotated text/moving text). Hard subs have traditionally been more popular than softsubs, due to a lack of player support and worries over plagiarism, but most fansub groups now release a softsub version of their releases.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The resulting fansub is a digital video file and can be distributed via <a href="/wiki/CD_Video" title="CD Video">CD</a>, <a href="/wiki/DVD" title="DVD">DVD</a>, <a href="/wiki/Direct_download_link" title="Direct download link">DDL</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peer-to-peer" title="Peer-to-peer">P2P</a> software, and by file-sharing bots on <a href="/wiki/IRC" title="IRC">IRC</a> and also <a href="/wiki/FTP" class="mw-redirect" title="FTP">FTP</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Citas_Sanchez_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Citas_Sanchez-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The distribution is usually handled by a distribution team, or "distro" team, composed of one or more individuals with a server or very high upload speed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fansub&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-fansubs_(pre–1970s)"><span id="Pre-fansubs_.28pre.E2.80.931970s.29"></span>Pre-fansubs (pre–1970s)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fansub&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Pre-fansubs (pre–1970s)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first documented Japanese animation to be distributed in the United States was <i><a href="/wiki/Panda_and_the_Magic_Serpent" class="mw-redirect" title="Panda and the Magic Serpent">The Tale of the White Serpent</a></i> airing on March 15, 1961.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Until the late 1970s, Japanese community TV stations' broadcasts were aimed exclusive at very young children.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soon after the release video cassette recorders in November 1975,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> post-<i><a href="/wiki/Astro_Boy" title="Astro Boy">Astro Boy</a></i> anime began to spread throughout the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By March 1976, TV stations in the United States began broadcasting <a href="/wiki/Super_robot" class="mw-redirect" title="Super robot">super robot</a> shows such as <i><a href="/wiki/Getter_Robo" title="Getter Robo">Getter Robo</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and due to the availability of VCRs, fans could record these shows to show to their friends. <a href="/wiki/Fred_Patten" title="Fred Patten">Fred Patten</a> describes his first exposure to anime at the Los Angeles Science Fiction Society (LASFS) in 1976 when he met up with another fan who was an early adopter of Sony's <a href="/wiki/Betamax" title="Betamax">betamax</a> technology. By May 1977 he and a group of fans founded the first anime club in the United States, the Cartoon/Fantasy Organization (C/FO).<sup id="cite_ref-Leonard_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leonard-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In November 1977, the C/FO began corresponding with other <a href="/wiki/Japanese_animation" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese animation">Japanese animation</a> fans across the country and because the distribution of shows across the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> was different based on location, fans began trading tapes of shows they were missing between each other.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the time many LASFS members maintained contact with members around the world, and thus C/FO members began exchanging videos with fans located in <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, typically <a href="/wiki/US_military" class="mw-redirect" title="US military">US military</a> personnel, who wanted <i><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek" title="Star Trek">Star Trek</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Battlestar_Galactica" title="Battlestar Galactica">Battlestar Galactica</a></i>. Fortunately, shows from either the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> or <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> could be played in either region as both used the <a href="/wiki/NTSC" title="NTSC">NTSC</a> format for broadcast. These shows were not translated; however, Japanese animations remained simple enough that the average viewer could discern the plot exclusively from the visuals. By 1979, fans and clubs of Japanese animation had begun to separate from the science fiction movement and began to refer to the media they watched as anime.<sup id="cite_ref-Leonard_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leonard-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Throughout this period it was considered socially acceptable to screen anime for an audience without the publisher's consent, as few companies had American offices, and the few that did would invariably refuse to grant permission. Japanese companies made it apparent that they knew fans in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> engaged in unauthorized distribution and screening, but also knew that fans were not profiting. Japanese companies asked fans to help them publicize; for instance, <a href="/wiki/Toei_Animation" title="Toei Animation">Toei Animation</a> asked the C/FO to aid it with some marketing research at <a href="/wiki/San_Diego_Comic-Con" title="San Diego Comic-Con">San Diego Comic-Con</a>. Starting in 1978, Japanese companies tried to set up their own American divisions; however, with the exception of the film <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sea_Prince_and_the_Fire_Child" title="The Sea Prince and the Fire Child">The Sea Prince and the Fire Child</a></i> which was licensed to RCA/Columbia Pictures Home Video, they realized they were not going to succeed in the American market and the last American anime company branch closed in 1982.<sup id="cite_ref-Leonard_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leonard-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Growth_of_anime_fanclubs_(1980s)"><span id="Growth_of_anime_fanclubs_.281980s.29"></span>Growth of anime fanclubs (1980s)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fansub&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Growth of anime fanclubs (1980s)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After anime companies pulled out of the United States in 1982,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> there were no longer any legal or moral forces to discourage fans from copying and distributing tapes among themselves. From the late 1970s until the late 1980s, clubs began expanding to have chapters in other cities and grew to become of national and international scales. As the fandom grew, fans begun to experience ideological conflicts such as whether to keep the fandom niche or not. The visual quality of tapes began to degrade as fans made copies of copies; by the early 1980s some C/FO members reported tapes in their 15th to 20th generation that were extremely poor quality. In the mid to late 1980s, fans began to make booklets containing the translated dialogue for entire films (typically $2–3 to cover costs) and anime-focused magazines.<sup id="cite_ref-Leonard_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leonard-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite numerous attempts, any efforts to convince US companies to license Japanese animation failed, with the exception of a handful of companies that were intent on "carving up" series to rewrite them into children's cartoons. Sean Leonard states that entertainment executives at the time mistakenly believed that anime were, like Western cartoons, predominantly aimed at young children; furthermore, Japanese animated dramas and such were much too violent and complex in plot for children. Leonard states that the most notorious example was the translation of <a href="/wiki/Nausica%C3%A4_of_the_Valley_of_the_Wind_(film)" title="Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind (film)"><i>Warriors of the Wind</i></a>, released in the US in 1985, which left its creators <a href="/wiki/Hayao_Miyazaki" title="Hayao Miyazaki">Hayao Miyazaki</a> and <a href="/wiki/Isao_Takahata" title="Isao Takahata">Isao Takahata</a> appalled; Takahata exclaimed that licensing Nausicaä was a huge error and that no further <a href="/wiki/Studio_Ghibli" title="Studio Ghibli">Studio Ghibli</a> produced films would be licensed internationally. These edits however were no worse than most other non-Disney animation films that were available in the US. Fans who obtained the Japanese originals of <i>Nausicaä</i> were inspired to organize an anime tour to Tokyo in 1986 to see Miyazaki's <i><a href="/wiki/Laputa:_Castle_in_the_Sky" class="mw-redirect" title="Laputa: Castle in the Sky">Laputa: Castle in the Sky</a></i> and landmarks in anime.<sup id="cite_ref-Leonard_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leonard-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Carl_Macek" title="Carl Macek">Carl Macek</a> played a key role in expanding the North American anime fandom. Macek ran a comic book and movie memorabilia specialty shop. After assisting in marketing and promotion of <i><a href="/wiki/Heavy_Metal_(magazine)" title="Heavy Metal (magazine)">Heavy Metal</a></i> and the recent establishment of a nearby C/FO chapter, he began researching Japanese animation and imported Japanese cels, becoming known as a Japanese animation specialist. <a href="/wiki/Harmony_Gold_USA" title="Harmony Gold USA">Harmony Gold</a>, who had acquired international licenses for several series and planned to distribute them in Latin America, Europe, and the US, reached out to Macek and enlisted his help for the US market. After noticing Harmony Gold's selection of <i><a href="/wiki/Macross" title="Macross">Macross</a></i> and similar science fiction series, Macek obtained Harmony Gold's approval to edit three anime series together into a single unified series named <i><a href="/wiki/Robotech" title="Robotech">Robotech</a></i>. Macek went to science fiction conventions to promote the series and discovered a growing cult following among adolescents and young adults, in contrast to his initial assumption that the series could be exclusively targeted toward children. Macek edited <i><a href="/wiki/Macross" title="Macross">Macross</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Southern_Cross" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Cross">Southern Cross</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Genesis_Climber_MOSPEADA" title="Genesis Climber MOSPEADA">Genesis Climber MOSPEADA</a></i> together into <i>Robotech</i>, which became a major commercial success and earned him significant recognition within the fanbase. Leonard describes <i>Robotech</i> as being more faithful to the original series than any other commercially successful North American anime release in its era, noting that <i>Robotech</i> included key elements such as the first love triangle on both Japanese and American animated television.<sup id="cite_ref-Leonard_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leonard-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The C/FO was at its height between 1985 and 1989, with over three dozen chapters throughout the US. <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Renault&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Renault (page does not exist)">John Renault</a> helped lead the C/FO chapter in Japan and played a key role throughout fansub history due to his Japanese fluency, anime industry contacts, and military background. Renault helped exchange raws from Japan, wrote informative articles about production, translated booklets, introduced military techniques to anime distribution, and provided plot synopses that proved invaluable for watching Japan-exclusive anime. Fan distribution through C/FO's efforts, particularly C/FO Rising Sun, sought to keep anime free (but controlled within the C/FO organization) in order to promote Japanese animation. Bootlegging at the time was economically infeasible; accordingly, access to anime in North America was heavily dependent on one's contacts within anime fan communities, leading to a growing divide in fandom between the "haves" and "have-nots". In 1989 members began to accuse Patten of disloyalty for writing articles for general magazines rather than the perpetually behind-schedule C/FO fanzine. However, Patten felt that, by writing for popular magazines, he was furthering their cause to proselytize and promote anime. After Patten stepped down<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (April 2024)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> with no clear successor, the C/FO began to break apart, and eventually ceased to exist as a conglomerate in July 1989.<sup id="cite_ref-Leonard_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leonard-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_fansubs_(1980s)"><span id="Early_fansubs_.281980s.29"></span>Early fansubs (1980s)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fansub&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Early fansubs (1980s)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first known fansub documented at the Rising Sun chapter of the C/FO was in 1986 of a <i><a href="/wiki/Lupin_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Lupin III">Lupin III</a></i> episode produced on the <a href="/wiki/Amiga" title="Amiga">Amiga</a>, marking the introduction of the formula for the process of fansubbing.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> However, fansubbing was extremely expensive at this time (on the order of $4000 in 1986 and over one hundred hours). There were a few ventures into subtitling in the late 1980s; Leonard labels the fansub of the first two episodes of <i><a href="/wiki/Ranma_%C2%BD" title="Ranma ½">Ranma ½</a></i> in May 1989 as the earliest widely distributed fansub.<sup id="cite_ref-Leonard_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leonard-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Distribution_and_playback_(1990s,_early_2000s)"><span id="Distribution_and_playback_.281990s.2C_early_2000s.29"></span>Distribution and playback (1990s, early 2000s)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fansub&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Distribution and playback (1990s, early 2000s)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the late 1990s and early 2000s, fansubs were primarily distributed through physical means like VHS or Beta tapes and mailed CD-Rs.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Many fans did not have high-speed Internet and were unable to download large files. Many of the early digital fansubs were made from regular tape subs.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the mid-2000s, most fansubs were distributed through IRC channels,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/File_hosting_service" class="mw-redirect" title="File hosting service">file hosting services</a> and <a href="/wiki/BitTorrent" title="BitTorrent">BitTorrent</a>. In recent years, most fansub groups have moved from IRC to <a href="/wiki/BitTorrent" title="BitTorrent">BitTorrent</a> distribution. Dedicated anime trackers make finding the latest releases easy, while groups often have their own websites for release updates. File size standards are less strict due to the lack of <a href="/wiki/CD-R" title="CD-R">CD-R</a> and <a href="/wiki/DVD-R" class="mw-redirect" title="DVD-R">DVD-R</a> reliance. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legal_and_ethical_issues">Legal and ethical issues</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fansub&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Legal and ethical issues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hye-Kyung Lee, a lecturer at <a href="/wiki/King%27s_College_London" title="King's College London">King's College London</a>, states that anime fansubbers embody the general characteristics of fans described by John Fiske: fansubbers are motivated by a strong affection for anime, devotion to sharing it with other fans, a sense of community interaction with their viewers, a desire to work collaboratively in a group, and a strong desire to support the local animation industry by promoting anime culture and widening anime's accessibility. Lee describes fansubbers as involved in productive activities that enhance their knowledge of anime, improve their skills, and develop a final product.<sup id="cite_ref-Lee_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lee-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The goal of the first anime club, Cartoon Fantasy Organization, and its subsequent chapters was to proselytize and promote anime. Sean Leonard and Lee agree that without fan distribution that began in the 1970s and 1980s, the anime industry would not take off as it did in the 1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-Leonard_3-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leonard-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lee_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lee-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some companies such as <a href="/wiki/Protoculture_Addicts" title="Protoculture Addicts">Protoculture Addicts</a> with its titular magazine and <a href="/wiki/Viz_Media" title="Viz Media">Viz Media</a> with <i><a href="/wiki/Animerica" title="Animerica">Animerica</a></i> drew their origins from anime club fanzines in the early history of fansubs.<sup id="cite_ref-Leonard_3-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leonard-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lee describes an unspoken rule in the early fan community: "once the anime was licensed the fansubbed version should no longer be circulated".<sup id="cite_ref-Lee_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lee-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, many fansubbers do not view themselves as pirates.<sup id="cite_ref-Solomon_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Solomon-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sean Leonard distinguishes fansubs from bootlegs in this period, arguing that fansubs followed that unspoken rule, whereas bootlegs aimed to make a profit. Many fansubs began to include a "This is a free fansub: not for sale, rent, or auction" disclaimer as a response to bootleggers, and would encourage viewers to buy official copies.<sup id="cite_ref-Leonard_3-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leonard-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As fansubbing was so expensive in the 1980s, and official Western releases of anime were rare and often poor-quality, bootlegging tended to be financially infeasible during this period. </p><p>Early fansubs would often have markedly worse visual quality than official releases, as the VHS tapes of fansubs would deteriorate from repeated copying; this reduced the level of competition between fansubs and official releases.<sup id="cite_ref-Leonard_3-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leonard-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lee_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lee-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the 1980s, US publishers typically found fansubbing useful for testing demand and broadening their fanbase, whereas Japanese publishers treat fansubbing as something remote and insignificant. Lee states that some Japanese producers even praised fansubbers' efforts at promoting their work overseas.<sup id="cite_ref-Lee_18-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lee-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, ongoing technological advancement complicated that relationship. As subtitling became more affordable in the 1990s, both fansubbing and official Western releases of anime enjoyed an upswing. Further advances in the twenty-first century made each step of the fansubbing process easier and cheaper, and the visual standards of fansubs improved dramatically. </p><p>These technological developments were also coupled with shifts in how fansubs were produced and distributed. Fansubs began to be shared mostly online, first on <a href="/wiki/IRC" title="IRC">IRC</a> and then over <a href="/wiki/BitTorrent_(protocol)" class="mw-redirect" title="BitTorrent (protocol)">BitTorrent</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ANN_Interview_Fansubber_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ANN_Interview_Fansubber-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The move to the Internet also enabled the globalization of the fansubbing community; although English remained the dominant language among fansubbers, the consumption of fansubs expanded worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-Lee_18-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lee-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This globalization was one factor in fansubbers moving away from their earlier aim of not competing against the official releases: because anime might only be licensed to certain international markets, some fansubbers argue that they would be abandoning the rest of the world if they stopped circulating fansubs of series that received official US releases.<sup id="cite_ref-Lee_18-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lee-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fansubbers have also continued to subtitle and release shows owned by companies that significantly edit the shows they own, such as <a href="/wiki/4Kids" class="mw-redirect" title="4Kids">4Kids</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The change in fansubbers' attitudes may also derive from shifts in the attitudes of their consumers: fans began to demand greater immediacy in the digital era, and the lower barrier of entry facilitated the emergence of casual fans who were less willing to purchase and collect DVDs.<sup id="cite_ref-Lee_18-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lee-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The anime industry's views on fansubbing hardened as fansubs became more widespread. The 1993 <a href="/wiki/Anime_Expo" title="Anime Expo">Anime Expo</a> was the first time when US industry representatives publicly discussed the ways in which pre-existing copies were eating into profits.<sup id="cite_ref-Leonard_3-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leonard-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 2000s, US companies have gone farther, and directly blamed fansubbers for the decline in DVD sales.<sup id="cite_ref-Lee_18-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lee-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Representatives of companies such as <a href="/wiki/Geneon" class="mw-redirect" title="Geneon">Geneon</a> and ADV Films have publicly criticized fansubs.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Japanese copyright holders have also begun to take action against fansubs. The Japanese copyright society <a href="/wiki/JASRAC" class="mw-redirect" title="JASRAC">JASRAC</a> began requesting takedowns against YouTube-based fansubs during the 2000s,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and groups such as <a href="/wiki/Media_Factory" title="Media Factory">Media Factory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nippon_TV" class="mw-redirect" title="Nippon TV">Nippon TV</a> have requested that their works be removed from download sites.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Some figures from the anime industry still maintain a positive view of fansubs. For instance, Steve Kleckner of <a href="/wiki/Tokyopop" title="Tokyopop">Tokyopop</a> described fansubs as "flattering [rather than] threatening", and stated that fansubs provided publishers with a means to identify what media their customer base might want to see.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Intellectual property lawyer Jordan Hatcher situates fansubs on the boundary between the desirable <a href="/wiki/Doujinshi" title="Doujinshi">doujinshi</a> fan culture and the "massive online file trading so vilified by the recording and motion picture industries". Legal scholar <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Lessig" title="Lawrence Lessig">Lawrence Lessig</a> states that the re-working of culture—remix—is necessary for cultural growth, and points to doujinshi in Japan as an example of how permitting remixes can contribute to a vibrant cultural industry. However, Hatcher states that fansubs are not analogous to this type of remix because their aim is to remain faithful to the original. Furthermore, Hatcher states that fansubs compete with the original cultural product since they have the potential to replace the market need for official translations, thus creating a similar situation to the debate over <a href="/wiki/Peer-to-peer" title="Peer-to-peer">peer-to-peer</a> file trading.<sup id="cite_ref-Hatcher_appendix_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hatcher_appendix-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conversely, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Jenkins" title="Henry Jenkins">Henry Jenkins</a> has argued that fansubbing has a positive impact on the anime industry through its function as publicity.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hatcher states that copyright law does not condone fansubs. The <a href="/wiki/Berne_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_Literary_and_Artistic_Works" class="mw-redirect" title="Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works">Berne Convention</a>, an international copyright treaty, states that its signatories—including Japan—grant authors exclusive right to translation. Hatcher states that fansubs could "potentially" be legal within Japan given the nature of Japan's domestic copyright laws, although the target audience of fansubs is the non-Japanese market. However, Hatcher notes that copyright law in the United States—the frame of reference for most online discussions of fansub legality—construes translations as derivative,<sup id="cite_ref-Hatcher_appendix_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hatcher_appendix-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and holds that fansubs infringe on the author's right to prepare derivative works<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and to reproduction by copying original source material.<sup id="cite_ref-Hatcher_appendix_6-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hatcher_appendix-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legal_action">Legal action</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fansub&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Legal action"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1999, Ryuta Shiiki, a former representative of <a href="/wiki/SPE_Visual_Works_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="SPE Visual Works Inc.">SPE Visual Works Inc.</a> sent a letter to a fansub distribution group to take down the illegal copies of the anime <i><a href="/wiki/Rurouni_Kenshin" title="Rurouni Kenshin">Rurouni Kenshin</a></i>, because a company that was interested in the rights of said series notified the Japanese company about the illegal distribution of it. The group complied and the series was pulled from distribution. This is the first legal action via a <a href="/wiki/Cease-and-desist_letter" class="mw-redirect" title="Cease-and-desist letter">cease-and-desist letter</a> against a fansub in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2002, Hideaki Hatta, president of <a href="/wiki/Kyoto_Animation" title="Kyoto Animation">Kyoto Animation</a>, sent a letter to a fansub group requesting the stop of illegal distribution of the anime OAV <i><a href="/wiki/Munto" title="Munto">Munto</a></i>. The fansub group complied and the distribution stopped. This was the first legal action via a cease-and-desist letter against the fansubbing of an anime title not available outside Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, it was later confirmed that <a href="/wiki/Central_Park_Media" title="Central Park Media">Central Park Media</a> licensed the title in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2003, a fansubbing group known as Anime Junkies was involved in a conflict with <a href="/wiki/Urban_Vision" title="Urban Vision">Urban Vision</a>, the licensor and co-producer of the <a href="/wiki/Ninja_Scroll:_The_Series" title="Ninja Scroll: The Series"><i>Ninja Scroll</i></a> TV series. Urban Vision sent a letter asking for Anime Junkies to stop hosting the licensed material, but Anime Junkies did not comply with the request and responded negatively to Urban Vision. Christopher Macdonald, an editor at <a href="/wiki/Anime_News_Network" title="Anime News Network">Anime News Network</a>, highlighted the ethics code of the fansubbing community and asked that fans not support Anime Junkies as a result of their actions.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On December 7, 2004, a <a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a> law firm representing Media Factory sent letters and e-mails to the anime <a href="/wiki/BitTorrent_(protocol)" class="mw-redirect" title="BitTorrent (protocol)">BitTorrent</a> directory <a href="/wiki/AnimeSuki" title="AnimeSuki">AnimeSuki</a> and fansub groups Lunar Anime and Wannabe Fansubs requesting that they halt the fansubbing and hosting of all current and future fansubbing productions.<sup id="cite_ref-Solomon_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Solomon-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> AnimeSuki and Lunar Anime complied, and shortly after, other fansub groups such as Solar and Shining Fansubs followed suit. Despite the request, Wannabe Fansubs and a handful of other fansubbing groups continued to produce fansubs of MFI anime series.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On July 27, 2006, the legal department representing the Spanish anime company <a href="/wiki/SelectaVision" title="SelectaVision">Selecta Visión</a> sent a cease-and-desist letter to the anime BitTorrent and fansubbing site Frozen-Layer requesting the halt of the fansubbing and publishing all of current and prior anime licensed by the company. The owner complied and, until 2013, established that all licensed anime in Spain was banned from the site, regardless of the status of the license.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Singapore, anime distributor <a href="/wiki/Odex" title="Odex">Odex</a> has been actively <a href="/wiki/Odex%27s_actions_against_file_sharing" class="mw-redirect" title="Odex's actions against file sharing">tracking down and sending legal threats</a> against internet users in Singapore since 2007. These users have allegedly downloaded fansubbed anime via the <a href="/wiki/BitTorrent_(protocol)" class="mw-redirect" title="BitTorrent (protocol)">BitTorrent</a> protocol. Court orders on <a href="/wiki/ISP" class="mw-redirect" title="ISP">ISPs</a> to reveal subscribers' personal information have been ruled in Odex's favour, leading to several downloaders receiving letters of legal threat from Odex and subsequently pursuing out-of-court settlements for at least <a href="/wiki/Singapore_dollar" title="Singapore dollar">S$</a>3,000 (US$2,000) per person, the youngest person being only nine years old.<sup id="cite_ref-aug2np_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aug2np-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cnet_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cnet-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These actions were considered controversial by the local anime community and have attracted criticisms towards the company, as they are seen by fans as heavy-handed.<sup id="cite_ref-aug16sta_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aug16sta-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On May 18, 2007, <a href="/wiki/Anime_News_Network" title="Anime News Network">Anime News Network</a> reported that the police in <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> seized the fansubbing site Napisy.org arrested at least 9 people related to it. These raids were orchestrated by the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Society_of_the_Phonographic_Industry" title="Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry">Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry</a> (ZPAV), a collective rights organisation, and German authorities shut the site which was hosted on servers in that jurisdiction. In May 2013, that case was closed, as prosecutors decided to drop the charges due to the charged individuals' ignorance of the unlawfulness of their actions. The site Napisy.org is currently closed and it shows sites to watch legal content.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Anime_News_Network_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anime_News_Network-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On May 19, 2007, the Spanish organization Federación Anti Piratería (FAP) sent a cease-and-desist against the website Wikisubtitles.net and their website provider <a href="/wiki/Bluehost" title="Bluehost">Bluehost</a>, requesting the closure of the site since the owners were profiting with the content of others, violating copyright laws. The webmaster complied and the site was closed.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the webmaster published the source-code of the website. Since then, websites like Addic7ed, Subtitulos.es and Wikisubs appeared using the Wikisubtitles source code.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On July 9, 2013, the Swedish copyright enforcement agency Intrångsundersökning seized the servers for Swedish and English website Undertexter.se, a website that contained fansub scripts of several movies and series.<sup id="cite_ref-Anime_News_Network_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anime_News_Network-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 2016, the owner of the website, Eugen Archy was prosecuted of violating the Swedish Copyright Act and was found guilty of copyright violation and the Attunda District Court sentenced him to probation. In addition, he has to pay 217,000 Swedish kronor ($27,000), which will be taken from the advertising and donation revenues he collected through the site.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On September 21, 2016, the <a href="/wiki/Kyoto_Prefectural_Police_SC" title="Kyoto Prefectural Police SC">Kyoto Prefectural Police</a> in Japan arrested two Chinese company workers, Liang Wang and Wangyi Yang, on Wednesday on suspicion of violating the Japanese Copyright Act by uploading the anime series <i><a href="/wiki/The_Heroic_Legend_of_Arslan_(manga_by_Hiromu_Arakawa)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Heroic Legend of Arslan (manga by Hiromu Arakawa)">The Heroic Legend of Arslan: Dust Storm Dance</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Fate/kaleid_liner_Prisma_Illya" title="Fate/kaleid liner Prisma Illya">Fate/kaleid liner Prisma Illya Drei!!</a></i> with Chinese subtitles. Both suspects admitted to the charge, and Yang claimed to be a member of a Chinese fansubbing group. This became the first known legal action against fansubbing in Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On October 27, 2016, the Kyoto Prefectural Police arrested two Chinese individuals on charges of violating the Japanese Copyright Act. The two suspects were both located in Tokyo. The first suspect is a 29-year-old male living in Edogawa ward. The second suspect is a 23-year-old male college student. According to police, the first suspect is accused of fansubbing episodes of the anime <i><a href="/wiki/Saki_(manga)" title="Saki (manga)">Saki: The Nationals</a></i> in Chinese and uploading the subtitled episodes on a file sharing service. The second suspect allegedly subtitled a different anime in Chinese, and similarly used a file sharing service, but the report did not mention the anime.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On February 16, 2017, the Kyoto Prefectural Police arrested a 26-year-old Chinese man on the charge of illegally subtitle the anime <i><a href="/wiki/Ange_Vierge" title="Ange Vierge">Ange Vierge</a></i> in Chinese and distribute it through a file sharing software. Police allege that the man is a member of the group <i>Jimaku Gumi</i> (<a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On April 22, 2017, a judge in <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a>, Netherlands, declared fansubtitling illegal. The Dutch court declared that these translations correspond to the producers and no one else. In case they do not exist, they can not be created by fans. After this ruling, the creation of subtitles without the consent of the author of an audiovisual production is now considered a crime in the Netherlands. This is the first ruling in the world that values subtitles as intellectual property and that punishes with fines and imprisonment those who violate copyright laws.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On January 31, 2018, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sankei_West&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sankei West (page does not exist)">Sankei West</a> and <i><a href="/wiki/Asahi_Shimbun" class="mw-redirect" title="Asahi Shimbun">Asahi Shimbun</a></i> reported that police departments from Kyoto, Yamaguchi, Shizuoka, Mie, and Shimane Prefectures in Japan, along with the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Association_of_Copyright_for_Computer_Software&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Association of Copyright for Computer Software (page does not exist)">Association of Copyright for Computer Software</a> arrested four Chinese nationals for illegally fansubbing anime, manga and videogames. The suspects, who range in age from 23 to 28, are allegedly part of a translating group that distributed Chinese-translated manga, anime, and other materials online. The titles included <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yuki_Ochimura_ni_Oj%C5%8D-sama!&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yuki Ochimura ni Ojō-sama! (page does not exist)">Yuki Ochimura ni Ojō-sama!</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Yu-Gi-Oh!_Arc-V_(manga)" title="Yu-Gi-Oh! Arc-V (manga)"><i>Yu-Gi-Oh! ARC-V</i></a> and <i><a href="/wiki/Kimi_ni_Todoke" title="Kimi ni Todoke">Kimi ni Todoke</a></i>. The Association of Copyright for Computer Software reported that one of the suspects, a 23-year-old female company worker from Niiza City in Saitama Prefecture, translated the 123rd and final chapter of the manga <i>Kimi ni Todoke</i>. Police from Kanagawa, Ishikawa, Gifu, and Shiga Prefectures also worked on the case. This is the first known arrest regarding illegal manga translation in Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fansub&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Video-x-generic.svg/40px-Video-x-generic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Video-x-generic.svg/42px-Video-x-generic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Video-x-generic.svg/56px-Video-x-generic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Film" title="Portal:Film">Film portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fan_labor" title="Fan labor">Fan labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fandub" title="Fandub">Fandub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_translation" title="Fan translation">Fan translation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scanlation" title="Scanlation">Scanlation</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fansub&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">4Kids attempted an uncut re-release of their shows <i><a href="/wiki/Shaman_King" title="Shaman King">Shaman King</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Yu-Gi-Oh" class="mw-redirect" title="Yu-Gi-Oh">Yu-Gi-Oh</a></i> in the 2000s, but 4Kids CEO Alfred Kahn stated that their sales fell short of the company's expectations, and so their production was discontinued.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fansub&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/encyclopedia/lexicon.php?id=63">"Fansub"</a>. <i>Anime News Network</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180926132337/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/encyclopedia/lexicon.php?id=63">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-09-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-09-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anime+News+Network&rft.atitle=Fansub&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.animenewsnetwork.com%2Fencyclopedia%2Flexicon.php%3Fid%3D63&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFansub" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDuitsZwaanReijnders2016" class="citation book cs1">Duits, Linda; Zwaan, Koos; Reijnders, Stijn (2016-04-22). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZCAHDAAAQBAJ&dq=The+practice+of+making+fansubs+is+called+fansubbing+and+is+done+by+a+fansubber&pg=PA199"><i>The Ashgate Research Companion to Fan Cultures</i></a>. Routledge. p. 199. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-04348-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-04348-5"><bdi>978-1-317-04348-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ashgate+Research+Companion+to+Fan+Cultures&rft.pages=199&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016-04-22&rft.isbn=978-1-317-04348-5&rft.aulast=Duits&rft.aufirst=Linda&rft.au=Zwaan%2C+Koos&rft.au=Reijnders%2C+Stijn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZCAHDAAAQBAJ%26dq%3DThe%2Bpractice%2Bof%2Bmaking%2Bfansubs%2Bis%2Bcalled%2Bfansubbing%2Band%2Bis%2Bdone%2Bby%2Ba%2Bfansubber%26pg%3DPA199&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFansub" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Leonard-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Leonard_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leonard_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leonard_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leonard_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leonard_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leonard_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leonard_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leonard_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leonard_3-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leonard_3-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leonard_3-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leonard_3-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leonard_3-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leonard_3-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Leonard, Sean. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ics.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/8/3/281">Progress against the law: Anime and fandom, with the key to the globalization of culture</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100617150643/http://ics.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/8/3/281">Archived</a> 2010-06-17 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> International Journal of Cultural Studies, 9 2005; vol. 8: pp. 281–305.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLeonard2004" class="citation book cs1">Leonard, Sean (September 12, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.mit.edu/seantek/www/papers/progress-doublespaced.pdf#page=42"><i>Progress Against the Law: Fan Distribution, Copyright, and the Explosive Growth of Japanese Animation</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. p. 42. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191104022647/http://web.mit.edu/seantek/www/papers/progress-doublespaced.pdf#page=42">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on November 4, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 10,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Progress+Against+the+Law%3A+Fan+Distribution%2C+Copyright%2C+and+the+Explosive+Growth+of+Japanese+Animation&rft.pages=42&rft.pub=Massachusetts+Institute+of+Technology&rft.date=2004-09-12&rft.aulast=Leonard&rft.aufirst=Sean&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.mit.edu%2Fseantek%2Fwww%2Fpapers%2Fprogress-doublespaced.pdf%23page%3D42&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFansub" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Citas_Sanchez-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Citas_Sanchez_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Citas_Sanchez_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Citas_Sanchez_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Citas_Sanchez_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCintas,_Jorge_DíazPablo_Muñoz_Sánchez" class="citation web cs1">Cintas, Jorge Díaz; Pablo Muñoz Sánchez. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130512075110/http://www.jostrans.org/issue06/art_diaz_munoz.pdf">"Fansubs: Audiovisual Translation in an Amateur Environment"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jostrans.org/issue06/art_diaz_munoz.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on May 12, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 24,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fansubs%3A+Audiovisual+Translation+in+an+Amateur+Environment&rft.au=Cintas%2C+Jorge+D%C3%ADaz&rft.au=Pablo+Mu%C3%B1oz+S%C3%A1nchez&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jostrans.org%2Fissue06%2Fart_diaz_munoz.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFansub" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hatcher_appendix-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hatcher_appendix_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hatcher_appendix_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hatcher_appendix_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hatcher_appendix_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hatcher_appendix_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hatcher_appendix_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hatcher_appendix_6-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hatcher_appendix_6-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHatcher,_Jordan_S." class="citation web cs1">Hatcher, Jordan S. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140114190718/http://www2.law.ed.ac.uk/ahrc/script-ed/vol2-4/otaku_appendix.pdf">"Of Otaku and Fansubs. Appendix – Fansub Samples"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Script-ed. Vol. 2, No. 4, 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.law.ed.ac.uk/ahrc/script-ed/vol2-4/otaku_appendix.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on January 14, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 24,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Of+Otaku+and+Fansubs.+Appendix+%E2%80%93+Fansub+Samples&rft.pub=Script-ed.+Vol.+2%2C+No.+4%2C+2005.&rft.au=Hatcher%2C+Jordan+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.law.ed.ac.uk%2Fahrc%2Fscript-ed%2Fvol2-4%2Fotaku_appendix.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFansub" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ANN_Interview_Fansubber-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ANN_Interview_Fansubber_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ANN_Interview_Fansubber_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/feature/2008-03-11">"Interview With The Fansubber"</a>. <i>Anime News Network</i>. March 11, 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140331023918/http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/feature/2008-03-11">Archived</a> from the original on March 31, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 24,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anime+News+Network&rft.atitle=Interview+With+The+Fansubber&rft.date=2008-03-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.animenewsnetwork.com%2Ffeature%2F2008-03-11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFansub" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fansnub.com">"Fansnub"</a>. Fansnub<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 24,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fansnub&rft.pub=Fansnub&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffansnub.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFansub" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFeilitzenCarlsson2006" class="citation book cs1">Feilitzen, Cecilia von; Carlsson, Ulla (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qRBkYQWTsDgC&q=late+1970s,+Japanese+community+TV+stations'+broadcasts+were+aimed+exclusive+at+very+young+children"><i>In the Service of Young People?: Studies and Reflections on Media in the Digital Age</i></a>. UNESCO International Clearinghouse on Children, Youth and Media, Nordicom, Göteborg University. p. 405. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-91-89471-35-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-91-89471-35-1"><bdi>978-91-89471-35-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+the+Service+of+Young+People%3F%3A+Studies+and+Reflections+on+Media+in+the+Digital+Age&rft.pages=405&rft.pub=UNESCO+International+Clearinghouse+on+Children%2C+Youth+and+Media%2C+Nordicom%2C+G%C3%B6teborg+University&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-91-89471-35-1&rft.aulast=Feilitzen&rft.aufirst=Cecilia+von&rft.au=Carlsson%2C+Ulla&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqRBkYQWTsDgC%26q%3Dlate%2B1970s%2C%2BJapanese%2Bcommunity%2BTV%2Bstations%27%2Bbroadcasts%2Bwere%2Baimed%2Bexclusive%2Bat%2Bvery%2Byoung%2Bchildren&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFansub" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGrabowski2011" class="citation book cs1">Grabowski, John F. (2011-02-23). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tVpmDwAAQBAJ&dq=Soon+after+the+release+video+cassette+recorders+in+November+1975&pg=PA64"><i>Television</i></a>. Greenhaven Publishing LLC. p. 64. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4205-0665-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4205-0665-5"><bdi>978-1-4205-0665-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240427042648/https://books.google.com/books?id=tVpmDwAAQBAJ&dq=Soon+after+the+release+video+cassette+recorders+in+November+1975&pg=PA64#v=onepage&q=Soon%20after%20the%20release%20video%20cassette%20recorders%20in%20November%201975&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-04-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-04-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Television&rft.pages=64&rft.pub=Greenhaven+Publishing+LLC&rft.date=2011-02-23&rft.isbn=978-1-4205-0665-5&rft.aulast=Grabowski&rft.aufirst=John+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtVpmDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3DSoon%2Bafter%2Bthe%2Brelease%2Bvideo%2Bcassette%2Brecorders%2Bin%2BNovember%2B1975%26pg%3DPA64&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFansub" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.toonsmag.com/the-global-influence-of-japanese-manga/">"The Global Influence Of Japanese Manga On Western Cartoons - Toons Mag"</a>. <i>www.toonsmag.com</i>. 2023-09-24. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240407085125/https://www.toonsmag.com/the-global-influence-of-japanese-manga/">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-04-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-04-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.toonsmag.com&rft.atitle=The+Global+Influence+Of+Japanese+Manga+On+Western+Cartoons+-+Toons+Mag&rft.date=2023-09-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.toonsmag.com%2Fthe-global-influence-of-japanese-manga%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFansub" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJozuka2019" class="citation web cs1">Jozuka, Emiko (2019-07-29). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/style/article/japan-anime-global-identity-hnk-intl/index.html">"How anime shaped Japan's global identity"</a>. <i>CNN</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240412121152/https://www.cnn.com/style/article/japan-anime-global-identity-hnk-intl/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-04-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-04-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=How+anime+shaped+Japan%27s+global+identity&rft.date=2019-07-29&rft.aulast=Jozuka&rft.aufirst=Emiko&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2Fstyle%2Farticle%2Fjapan-anime-global-identity-hnk-intl%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFansub" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0275838/"><i>Gettâ robo</i></a> (Animation, Action, Adventure), Akira Kamiya, Ken'ichi Ogata, Rihoko Yoshida, Asatsu-DK, Dynamic Planning, Toei Animation, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230217142452/https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0275838/">archived</a> from the original on 2023-02-17<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-04-07</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gett%C3%A2+robo&rft.pub=Asatsu-DK%2C+Dynamic+Planning%2C+Toei+Animation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2Ftitle%2Ftt0275838%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFansub" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.mit.edu/mit-Japan/outreach/working-papers/Sean%20Leonard.PDF">"Progress Against the Law: Fan Distribution, Copyright, and the Explosive Growth of Japanese Animation"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>groups.csail.mit.edu</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240407085125/https://web.mit.edu/mit-Japan/outreach/working-papers/Sean%20Leonard.PDF">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2024-04-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-04-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=groups.csail.mit.edu&rft.atitle=Progress+Against+the+Law%3A+Fan+Distribution%2C+Copyright%2C+and+the+Explosive+Growth+of+Japanese+Animation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.mit.edu%2Fmit-Japan%2Foutreach%2Fworking-papers%2FSean%2520Leonard.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFansub" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDaliot-BulOtmazgin2020" class="citation book cs1">Daliot-Bul, Michael; Otmazgin, Nissim (2020-10-26). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=j_gFEAAAQBAJ&dq=anime+companies+pulled+out+of+the+United+States+in+1982&pg=PA24"><i>The Anime Boom in the United States: Lessons for Global Creative Industries</i></a>. BRILL. p. 24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-68417-581-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-68417-581-9"><bdi>978-1-68417-581-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240427042653/https://books.google.com/books?id=j_gFEAAAQBAJ&dq=anime+companies+pulled+out+of+the+United+States+in+1982&pg=PA24#v=onepage&q=anime%20companies%20pulled%20out%20of%20the%20United%20States%20in%201982&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-04-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-04-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Anime+Boom+in+the+United+States%3A+Lessons+for+Global+Creative+Industries&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2020-10-26&rft.isbn=978-1-68417-581-9&rft.aulast=Daliot-Bul&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Otmazgin%2C+Nissim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dj_gFEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Danime%2Bcompanies%2Bpulled%2Bout%2Bof%2Bthe%2BUnited%2BStates%2Bin%2B1982%26pg%3DPA24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFansub" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKearns2008" class="citation book cs1">Kearns, John (2008-05-12). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7ewPDjORphEC&dq=Many+of+the+early+digital+fansubs+were+made+from+regular+tape+subs&pg=PA161"><i>Translator and Interpreter Training: Issues, Methods and Debates</i></a>. A&C Black. p. 161. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-4057-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-4057-9"><bdi>978-1-4411-4057-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240427042633/https://books.google.com/books?id=7ewPDjORphEC&dq=Many+of+the+early+digital+fansubs+were+made+from+regular+tape+subs&pg=PA161#v=onepage&q=Many%20of%20the%20early%20digital%20fansubs%20were%20made%20from%20regular%20tape%20subs&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-04-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-04-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Translator+and+Interpreter+Training%3A+Issues%2C+Methods+and+Debates&rft.pages=161&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=2008-05-12&rft.isbn=978-1-4411-4057-9&rft.aulast=Kearns&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7ewPDjORphEC%26dq%3DMany%2Bof%2Bthe%2Bearly%2Bdigital%2Bfansubs%2Bwere%2Bmade%2Bfrom%2Bregular%2Btape%2Bsubs%26pg%3DPA161&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFansub" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFItoOkabeTsuji2012" class="citation book cs1">Ito, Mizuko; Okabe, Daisuke; Tsuji, Izumi (2012-02-28). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FpOzAwAAQBAJ&dq=fansubs+were+distributed+through+IRC+channel&pg=PA184"><i>Fandom Unbound: Otaku Culture in a Connected World</i></a>. Yale University Press. p. 184. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-15864-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-15864-9"><bdi>978-0-300-15864-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240427042639/https://books.google.com/books?id=FpOzAwAAQBAJ&dq=fansubs+were+distributed+through+IRC+channel&pg=PA184#v=onepage&q=fansubs%20were%20distributed%20through%20IRC%20channel&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-04-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-04-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fandom+Unbound%3A+Otaku+Culture+in+a+Connected+World&rft.pages=184&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2012-02-28&rft.isbn=978-0-300-15864-9&rft.aulast=Ito&rft.aufirst=Mizuko&rft.au=Okabe%2C+Daisuke&rft.au=Tsuji%2C+Izumi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFpOzAwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dfansubs%2Bwere%2Bdistributed%2Bthrough%2BIRC%2Bchannel%26pg%3DPA184&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFansub" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lee-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lee_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lee_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lee_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lee_18-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lee_18-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lee_18-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lee_18-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lee_18-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lee_18-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLee2011" class="citation journal cs1">Lee, Hye-Kyung (November 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/participatory-media-fandom-a-case-study-of-anime-fansubbing%28cbe6bb0d-e49b-4457-ba3f-68e701547f41%29.html">"Participatory media fandom: a case study of anime fansubbing"</a>. <i>Media, Culture & Society</i>. <b>33</b> (8): <span class="nowrap">1131–</span>1147. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0163443711418271">10.1177/0163443711418271</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143091243">143091243</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140808053624/https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/participatory-media-fandom-a-case-study-of-anime-fansubbing%28cbe6bb0d-e49b-4457-ba3f-68e701547f41%29.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-08-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-08-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Media%2C+Culture+%26+Society&rft.atitle=Participatory+media+fandom%3A+a+case+study+of+anime+fansubbing&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1131-%3C%2Fspan%3E1147&rft.date=2011-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0163443711418271&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143091243%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Hye-Kyung&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkclpure.kcl.ac.uk%2Fportal%2Fen%2Fpublications%2Fparticipatory-media-fandom-a-case-study-of-anime-fansubbing%2528cbe6bb0d-e49b-4457-ba3f-68e701547f41%2529.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFansub" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Solomon-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Solomon_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Solomon_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSolomon2005" class="citation news cs1">Solomon, Charles (August 21, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2005/08/21/arts/21solo.html?ex=1282276800&en=91a6bf6f3813c78f&ei=5090&partner=geartest&emc=rss">"File Share and Share Alike"</a>. <i>New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240427042638/https://www.nytimes.com/2005/08/21/arts/file-share-and-share-alike.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 27, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 24,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=File+Share+and+Share+Alike&rft.date=2005-08-21&rft.aulast=Solomon&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2005%2F08%2F21%2Farts%2F21solo.html%3Fex%3D1282276800%26en%3D91a6bf6f3813c78f%26ei%3D5090%26partner%3Dgeartest%26emc%3Drss&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFansub" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/interview/2005-04-24/alfred-r-kahn">"Alfred R. Kahn"</a>. <i>Anime News Network</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 24,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anime+News+Network&rft.atitle=Alfred+R.+Kahn&rft.date=2005-04-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.animenewsnetwork.com%2Finterview%2F2005-04-24%2Falfred-r-kahn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFansub" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927200506/http://animeondvd.com/forum/showtopic.php?tid%2F19708%2Ftp%2F12%2F">"Why do R1 companies suddenly hate us?"</a>. AnimeonDVD.com. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 19,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Why+do+R1+companies+suddenly+hate+us%3F&rft.pub=AnimeonDVD.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fanimeondvd.com%2Fforum%2Fshowtopic.php%3Ftid%2F19708%2Ftp%2F12%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFansub" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKoulikov2007" class="citation news cs1">Koulikov, Mikhail (May 12, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/convention/2007/anime-central/advfilms">"Anime Central 2007 – ADV Films"</a>. <i>Anime News Network</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070715010638/http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/convention/2007/anime-central/advfilms">Archived</a> from the original on July 15, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 19,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anime+News+Network&rft.atitle=Anime+Central+2007+%E2%80%93+ADV+Films&rft.date=2007-05-12&rft.aulast=Koulikov&rft.aufirst=Mikhail&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.animenewsnetwork.com%2Fconvention%2F2007%2Fanime-central%2Fadvfilms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFansub" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070623013009/http://www.jasrac.or.jp/release/06/12_2.html">"Press release"</a>. Jasrac.or.jp. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 24,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Of+Otakus+and+Fansubs&rft.pub=University+of+Edinburgh&rft.au=Hatcher%2C+Jordan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.law.ed.ac.uk%2Fahrc%2Fscript-ed%2Fvol2-4%2Fhatcher.asp%23sdendnote175anc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFansub" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJenkins,_Henry2006" class="citation web cs1">Jenkins, Henry (December 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090903113644/http://reason.com/news/show/116788.html">"When Piracy becomes Promotion"</a>. <i>Reason Magazine</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reason.com/news/show/116788.html">the original</a> on September 3, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 24,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reason+Magazine&rft.atitle=When+Piracy+becomes+Promotion&rft.date=2006-12&rft.au=Jenkins%2C+Henry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reason.com%2Fnews%2Fshow%2F116788.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFansub" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/1999-01-20/digital-anime-distribution-threatened-by-letter-from-sony">"Digital Anime Distribution threatened by letter from Sony"</a>. <i>Anime News Network</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180207064514/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/1999-01-20/digital-anime-distribution-threatened-by-letter-from-sony">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-02-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-02-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anime+News+Network&rft.atitle=Digital+Anime+Distribution+threatened+by+letter+from+Sony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.animenewsnetwork.com%2Fnews%2F1999-01-20%2Fdigital-anime-distribution-threatened-by-letter-from-sony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFansub" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2003-11-28/japanese-request-fansub-removal">"Japanese request Fansub Removal"</a>. <i>Anime News Network</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180207133938/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2003-11-28/japanese-request-fansub-removal">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-02-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-02-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anime+News+Network&rft.atitle=Japanese+request+Fansub+Removal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.animenewsnetwork.com%2Fnews%2F2003-11-28%2Fjapanese-request-fansub-removal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFansub" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2003-11-30/munto-licensed">"Munto Licensed?"</a>. <i>Anime News Network</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180207122211/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2003-11-30/munto-licensed">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-02-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-02-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anime+News+Network&rft.atitle=Munto+Licensed%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.animenewsnetwork.com%2Fnews%2F2003-11-30%2Fmunto-licensed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFansub" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMacdonald,_Christopher" class="citation news cs1">Macdonald, Christopher. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/editorial/2003-06-08/2">"Unethical Fansubbers"</a>. <i>Anime News Network</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220530120810/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/editorial/2003-06-08/2">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-05-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anime+News+Network&rft.atitle=Unethical+Fansubbers&rft.au=Macdonald%2C+Christopher&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.animenewsnetwork.com%2Feditorial%2F2003-06-08%2F2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFansub" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.animesuki.com/doc.php/legal/mediafactory.html">"Removal of Media Factory Inc. Works"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-02-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anime+News+Network&rft.atitle=Swedish+Fansub+Site+Closed+By+Copyright+Enforcement+Agency&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.animenewsnetwork.com%2Fnews%2F2013-07-10%2Fswedish-fansub-site-closed-by-copyright-enforcement-agency&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFansub" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://knowfuture.wordpress.com/2007/05/19/polish-fansubs-site-napisyorg-shut-by-police-participants-arrested/">"Polish Fansubs site Napisy.org Shut by Police, Participants Arrested"</a>. <i>kNOw Future Inc</i>. 2007-05-19. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170729204637/https://knowfuture.wordpress.com/2007/05/19/polish-fansubs-site-napisyorg-shut-by-police-participants-arrested/">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-07-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-02-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Imagen+de+la+semana%3A+Wikisubtitles+cerrado+por+la+FAP&rft.date=2008-05-19&rft.aulast=Pimentel&rft.aufirst=V%C3%ADctor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.genbeta.com%2Fweb%2Fimagen-de-la-semana-wikisubtitles-cerrado-por-la-fap&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFansub" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080705022554/http://smalleye.net/2008/05/19/wikisubtitles-cerrada-por-la-fap/">"Cosas que nunca te dije - » Wikisubtitles cerrada por la FAP"</a>. 2008-07-05. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-02-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cosas+que+nunca+te+dije+-+%C2%BB+C%C3%B3digo+fuente+de+wikisubtitles+con+licencia+GPLv3&rft.date=2008-08-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsmalleye.net%2F2008%2F02%2F24%2Fse-publica-el-codigo-fuente-de-wikisubtitles-con-licencia-gplv3%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFansub" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://torrentfreak.com/fan-created-subtitle-site-raided-by-swedish-police-130710/">"Fan-Created Subtitle Site Raided By Swedish Police - TorrentFreak"</a>. <i>TorrentFreak</i>. 2013-07-10. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180213135112/https://torrentfreak.com/fan-created-subtitle-site-raided-by-swedish-police-130710/">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-02-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-02-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=TorrentFreak&rft.atitle=Fan-Created+Subtitle+Site+Raided+By+Swedish+Police+-+TorrentFreak&rft.date=2013-07-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftorrentfreak.com%2Ffan-created-subtitle-site-raided-by-swedish-police-130710%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFansub" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://torrentfreak.com/fan-created-movie-subtitle-site-operator-facing-prison-160525/">"Fan-Created Movie Subtitle Site Operator Facing Prison - TorrentFreak"</a>. <i>TorrentFreak</i>. 2016-05-25. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180213080537/https://torrentfreak.com/fan-created-movie-subtitle-site-operator-facing-prison-160525/">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-02-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-02-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=TorrentFreak&rft.atitle=Fan-Created+Movie+Subtitle+Site+Operator+Facing+Prison+-+TorrentFreak&rft.date=2016-05-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftorrentfreak.com%2Ffan-created-movie-subtitle-site-operator-facing-prison-160525%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFansub" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://torrentfreak.com/founder-of-subtitle-site-convicted-for-copyright-infringement-170914/">"Founder of Fan-Made Subtitle Site Convicted for Copyright Infringement - TorrentFreak"</a>. <i>TorrentFreak</i>. 2017-09-14. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180213135124/https://torrentfreak.com/founder-of-subtitle-site-convicted-for-copyright-infringement-170914/">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-02-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-02-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=TorrentFreak&rft.atitle=Founder+of+Fan-Made+Subtitle+Site+Convicted+for+Copyright+Infringement+-+TorrentFreak&rft.date=2017-09-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftorrentfreak.com%2Ffounder-of-subtitle-site-convicted-for-copyright-infringement-170914%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFansub" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2016-09-28/kyoto-police-arrest-2-chinese-suspects-for-uploading-anime/.107007">"Kyoto Police Arrest 2 Chinese Suspects for Uploading Anime"</a>. <i>Anime News Network</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180207063002/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2016-09-28/kyoto-police-arrest-2-chinese-suspects-for-uploading-anime/.107007">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-02-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-02-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anime+News+Network&rft.atitle=Kyoto+Police+Arrest+2+Chinese+Suspects+for+Uploading+Anime&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.animenewsnetwork.com%2Fnews%2F2016-09-28%2Fkyoto-police-arrest-2-chinese-suspects-for-uploading-anime%2F.107007&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFansub" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2016-10-28/2-chinese-men-arrested-in-japan-for-illegally-subtitling-uploading-anime/.108205">"2 Chinese Men Arrested in Japan for Illegally Subtitling, Uploading Anime"</a>. <i>Anime News Network</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180207005537/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2016-10-28/2-chinese-men-arrested-in-japan-for-illegally-subtitling-uploading-anime/.108205">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-02-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-02-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anime+News+Network&rft.atitle=2+Chinese+Men+Arrested+in+Japan+for+Illegally+Subtitling%2C+Uploading+Anime&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.animenewsnetwork.com%2Fnews%2F2016-10-28%2F2-chinese-men-arrested-in-japan-for-illegally-subtitling-uploading-anime%2F.108205&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFansub" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2017-02-17/man-arrested-in-japan-for-releasing-ange-vierge-anime-with-chinese-subtitles/.112367">"Man Arrested in Japan for Releasing Ange Vierge Anime With Chinese Subtitles"</a>. <i>Anime News Network</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201112005002/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2017-02-17/man-arrested-in-japan-for-releasing-ange-vierge-anime-with-chinese-subtitles/.112367">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-11-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-02-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anime+News+Network&rft.atitle=Man+Arrested+in+Japan+for+Releasing+Ange+Vierge+Anime+With+Chinese+Subtitles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.animenewsnetwork.com%2Fnews%2F2017-02-17%2Fman-arrested-in-japan-for-releasing-ange-vierge-anime-with-chinese-subtitles%2F.112367&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFansub" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnnchile.com/noticia/2017/04/22/juez-declara-ilegales-los-subtitulos-de-peliculas-en-internet">"Juez declara ilegales los subtítulos de películas en Internet"</a>. <i>CNN Chile</i> (in Spanish). 2017-04-22. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180207010807/http://www.cnnchile.com/noticia/2017/04/22/juez-declara-ilegales-los-subtitulos-de-peliculas-en-internet">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-02-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-02-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN+Chile&rft.atitle=Juez+declara+ilegales+los+subt%C3%ADtulos+de+pel%C3%ADculas+en+Internet&rft.date=2017-04-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnnchile.com%2Fnoticia%2F2017%2F04%2F22%2Fjuez-declara-ilegales-los-subtitulos-de-peliculas-en-internet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFansub" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170727085908/http://www.alfabetajuega.com/noticia/holanda-declara-ilegales-los-subtitulos-creados-por-fans-y-los-castigara-con-multas-y-carcel-n-83001">"Holanda declara ilegales los subtítulos creados por fans y los castigará con multas y cárcel"</a>. <i>Alfa Beta Juega</i> (in Spanish). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.alfabetajuega.com/noticia/holanda-declara-ilegales-los-subtitulos-creados-por-fans-y-los-castigara-con-multas-y-carcel-n-83001">the original</a> on 2017-07-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-02-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Alfa+Beta+Juega&rft.atitle=Holanda+declara+ilegales+los+subt%C3%ADtulos+creados+por+fans+y+los+castigar%C3%A1+con+multas+y+c%C3%A1rcel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alfabetajuega.com%2Fnoticia%2Fholanda-declara-ilegales-los-subtitulos-creados-por-fans-y-los-castigara-con-multas-y-carcel-n-83001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFansub" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://torrentfreak.com/unauthorized-subtitles-for-movies-tv-shows-are-illegal-court-rules-170421/">"Unauthorized Subtitles For Movies & TV Shows Are Illegal, Court Rules - TorrentFreak"</a>. <i>TorrentFreak</i>. 2017-04-21. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180207062832/https://torrentfreak.com/unauthorized-subtitles-for-movies-tv-shows-are-illegal-court-rules-170421/">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-02-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-02-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=TorrentFreak&rft.atitle=Unauthorized+Subtitles+For+Movies+%26+TV+Shows+Are+Illegal%2C+Court+Rules+-+TorrentFreak&rft.date=2017-04-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftorrentfreak.com%2Funauthorized-subtitles-for-movies-tv-shows-are-illegal-court-rules-170421%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFansub" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180211225608/https://www.asahi.com/articles/ASL105RDJL10PLZB011.html">"日本の漫画など違法に翻訳中国人の容疑者５人逮捕：朝日新聞デジタル"</a>. <i>朝日新聞デジタル</i> (in Japanese). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.asahi.com/articles/ASL105RDJL10PLZB011.html">the original</a> on 2018-02-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-02-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%E6%9C%9D%E6%97%A5%E6%96%B0%E8%81%9E%E3%83%87%E3%82%B8%E3%82%BF%E3%83%AB&rft.atitle=%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E3%81%AE%E6%BC%AB%E7%94%BB%E3%81%AA%E3%81%A9%E9%81%95%E6%B3%95%E3%81%AB%E7%BF%BB%E8%A8%B3+%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%BA%E3%81%AE%E5%AE%B9%E7%96%91%E8%80%85%EF%BC%95%E4%BA%BA%E9%80%AE%E6%8D%95%EF%BC%9A%E6%9C%9D%E6%97%A5%E6%96%B0%E8%81%9E%E3%83%87%E3%82%B8%E3%82%BF%E3%83%AB&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.asahi.com%2Farticles%2FASL105RDJL10PLZB011.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFansub" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFINC.2018" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">INC., SANKEI DIGITAL (2018-01-31). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180203123514/http://www.sankei.com/west/news/180131/wst1801310098-n1.html">"日本の漫画やゲーム、無断で翻訳…中国人の女２人逮捕不正ネット公開組織「漢化組」メンバー"</a>. <i>産経WEST</i> (in Japanese). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sankei.com/west/news/180131/wst1801310098-n1.html">the original</a> on 2018-02-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-02-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%E7%94%A3%E7%B5%8CWEST&rft.atitle=%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E3%81%AE%E6%BC%AB%E7%94%BB%E3%82%84%E3%82%B2%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A0%E3%80%81%E7%84%A1%E6%96%AD%E3%81%A7%E7%BF%BB%E8%A8%B3%E2%80%A6%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%BA%E3%81%AE%E5%A5%B3%EF%BC%92%E4%BA%BA%E9%80%AE%E6%8D%95+%E4%B8%8D%E6%AD%A3%E3%83%8D%E3%83%83%E3%83%88%E5%85%AC%E9%96%8B%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94%E3%80%8C%E6%BC%A2%E5%8C%96%E7%B5%84%E3%80%8D%E3%83%A1%E3%83%B3%E3%83%90%E3%83%BC&rft.date=2018-01-31&rft.aulast=INC.&rft.aufirst=SANKEI+DIGITAL&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sankei.com%2Fwest%2Fnews%2F180131%2Fwst1801310098-n1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFansub" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.rocketnews24.com/2018/02/03/five-chinese-nationals-arrested-in-japan-for-translating-manga-games-for-distribution/">"Five Chinese nationals arrested in Japan for translating manga, games for distribution"</a>. <i>SoraNews24</i>. 2018-02-03. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180213022105/https://en.rocketnews24.com/2018/02/03/five-chinese-nationals-arrested-in-japan-for-translating-manga-games-for-distribution/">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-02-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-02-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=SoraNews24&rft.atitle=Five+Chinese+nationals+arrested+in+Japan+for+translating+manga%2C+games+for+distribution&rft.date=2018-02-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.rocketnews24.com%2F2018%2F02%2F03%2Ffive-chinese-nationals-arrested-in-japan-for-translating-manga-games-for-distribution%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFansub" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://slator.com/industry-news/arrested-for-translation-japan-detains-five-chinese-nationals-for-pirate-translation/">"Arrested for Translation: Japan Detains Five Chinese Nationals for Pirate Translation | Slator"</a>. <i>Slator</i>. 2018-02-06. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180213022022/https://slator.com/industry-news/arrested-for-translation-japan-detains-five-chinese-nationals-for-pirate-translation/">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-02-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-02-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Slator&rft.atitle=Arrested+for+Translation%3A+Japan+Detains+Five+Chinese+Nationals+for+Pirate+Translation+%7C+Slator&rft.date=2018-02-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fslator.com%2Findustry-news%2Farrested-for-translation-japan-detains-five-chinese-nationals-for-pirate-translation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFansub" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fansub&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCondry2010" class="citation journal cs1">Condry, Ian (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/mechademia/summary/v005/5.condry.html">"Dark Energy: What Fansubs Reveal About the Copyright Wars"</a>. <i>Mechademia</i>. <b>5</b>: <span class="nowrap">193–</span>208. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fmec.2010.0002">10.1353/mec.2010.0002</a> (inactive 1 November 2024).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mechademia&rft.atitle=Dark+Energy%3A+What+Fansubs+Reveal+About+the+Copyright+Wars&rft.volume=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E193-%3C%2Fspan%3E208&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fmec.2010.0002&rft.aulast=Condry&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Fjournals%2Fmechademia%2Fsummary%2Fv005%2F5.condry.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFansub" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLeonard2005" class="citation journal cs1">Leonard, Sean (Spring 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ssrn.com/abstract=696402">"Celebrating Two Decades of Unlawful Progress: Fan Distribution, Proselytization Commons, and the Explosive Growth of Japanese Animation"</a>. <i>UCLA Entertainment Law Review</i>. <b>12</b> (2). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5070%2FLR8122027074">10.5070/LR8122027074</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1073-2896">1073-2896</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=UCLA+Entertainment+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Celebrating+Two+Decades+of+Unlawful+Progress%3A+Fan+Distribution%2C+Proselytization+Commons%2C+and+the+Explosive+Growth+of+Japanese+Animation&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5070%2FLR8122027074&rft.issn=1073-2896&rft.aulast=Leonard&rft.aufirst=Sean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fssrn.com%2Fabstract%3D696402&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFansub" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://escholarship.org/uc/item/24f4n0ps">Volume 12 Issue 2</a> at eScholarship; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5070%2FLR8122027066">10.5070/LR8122027066</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fansub&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/20px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> The dictionary definition of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/fansub" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/fansub"><i>fansub</i></a> at Wiktionary</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Fansub" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Fansub">Fansub</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox 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