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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style> Social status is the relative level of social value a person is considered to possess.<a href="#cite_note-:2-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-2">[2]</a> Such social value includes respect, <a href="/wiki/Honour" title="Honour">honor</a>, assumed competence, and deference.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> On one hand, social scientists view status as a "reward" for group members who treat others well and take initiative.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> This is one explanation for its apparent cross-cultural universality.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-2">[2]</a> On the other hand, while people with higher status experience a litany of benefits—such as greater health, admiration, resources, influence, and freedom—those with lower status experience poorer outcomes across all of those metrics.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-2">[2]</a> Importantly, status is based in widely shared <a href="/wiki/Beliefs" class="mw-redirect" title="Beliefs">beliefs</a> about who members of a society judge as more competent or moral. While such beliefs can stem from an impressive performance or success, they can also arise from possessing characteristics a society has deemed meaningful like a person's race or occupation. In this way, status reflects how a society judges a person's relative social worth and merit—however accurate or inaccurate that judgement may be.<a href="#cite_note-:6-5">[5]</a> Because societies use status to allocate resources, leadership positions, and other forms of power, status can make unequal distributions of resources and <a href="/wiki/Power_(social_and_political)" title="Power (social and political)">power</a> appear natural and fair, supporting systems of <a href="/wiki/Social_stratification" title="Social stratification">social stratification</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:6-5">[5]</a> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Definition">1 Definition</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Determination">2 Determination</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Uses_of_status">3 Uses of status</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#In_different_societies">4 In different societies</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#In_nonhuman_animals">5 In nonhuman animals</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Status_inconsistency">6 Status inconsistency</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Social_stratification">7 Social stratification</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Max_Weber's_three_dimensions_of_stratification">8 Max Weber's three dimensions of stratification</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Status_group">8.1 Status group</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#See_also">9 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#References">10 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Further_reading">11 Further reading</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Social_status&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definition" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> The sociologist <a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Max Weber</a> outlined three central aspects of <a href="/wiki/Social_stratification" title="Social stratification">stratification</a> in a society: class, status, and power. In his scheme, which remains influential today, people possess status in the sense of honor because they belong to specific groups with unique lifestyles and privileges.<a href="#cite_note-:3-6">[6]</a> Modern sociologists and social psychologists broadened this understanding of status to refer to one's relative level of respectability and honor more generally.<a href="#cite_note-:4-7">[7]</a> Some writers have also referred to a socially valued role or category a person occupies as a "status" (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Gender" title="Gender">gender</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_class" title="Social class">social class</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethnicity" title="Ethnicity">ethnicity</a>, having a criminal conviction, having a mental illness, etc.).<a href="#cite_note-:0-8">[8]</a> As social network analysts, <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Wasserman" title="Stanley Wasserman">Stanley Wasserman</a> and Katherine Faust Stanley cautioned "there is considerable disagreement among social scientists about the definitions of the related concepts of <a href="/wiki/Social_position" title="Social position">social position</a>, social status, and <a href="/wiki/Social_role" class="mw-redirect" title="Social role">social role</a>." They note that while many scholars differentiate those terms, they can define those terms in a way that clashes with the definitions of another scholar; for example they state that "<a href="/wiki/Ralph_Linton" title="Ralph Linton">[Ralph] Linton</a> uses the term 'status' in a way that is identical to our use of the term "position".<a href="#cite_note-WassermanFaust1994-9">[9]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Determination">Determination</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Social_status&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Determination" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> Status <a href="/wiki/Hierarchy" title="Hierarchy">hierarchies</a> depend primarily on the possession and use of <a href="/wiki/Status_symbols" class="mw-redirect" title="Status symbols">status symbols</a>. These are cues or characteristics that people in a society agree indicate how much status a person holds and how they should be treated.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> Such symbols can include the possession of valued attributes, like being beautiful or having a prestigious degree. Other status symbols include wealth and its display through <a href="/wiki/Conspicuous_consumption" title="Conspicuous consumption">conspicuous consumption</a>.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> Status in face-to-face interaction can also be conveyed through certain controllable behaviors, such as assertive speech, posture,<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> and emotional displays.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> <a href="/wiki/Social_network_analysis" title="Social network analysis">Social network analysts</a> have also shown that one's affiliations can also be a source of status. Several studies document that being popular <a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> or demonstrating dominance over peers <a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> increases a person's status. Analyses of private companies also find that organizations can gain status from having well-respected corporate partners or investors.<a href="#cite_note-:2-1">[1]</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Castle_Bridge_School_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Castle_Bridge_School_01.jpg/220px-Castle_Bridge_School_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Castle_Bridge_School_01.jpg/220px-Castle_Bridge_School_01.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Castle_Bridge_School_01.jpg/330px-Castle_Bridge_School_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Castle_Bridge_School_01.jpg/440px-Castle_Bridge_School_01.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A medical professional shows students a model of human anatomy. People with higher status, like this instructor, command more attention, are more influential, and their statements are evaluated as more accurate, compared to others in the group.</figcaption></figure> Because status is always relative to others, a person may enter many situations throughout their life or even a single day in which they hold high, equal, or low status depending on who is around them. For instance, a doctor holds high status when interacting with a patient, equal status in a meeting with fellow doctors, and low status when meeting with their hospital's chief of medicine. A person can also be a 'big fish in a small pond' such that they have higher status than everyone else in their organization, but low or equal status relative to professionals in their entire field.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> Some perspectives on status emphasize its relatively fixed and fluid aspects. Ascribed statuses are fixed for an individual at birth, while achieved status is determined by social rewards an individual acquires during his or her lifetime as a result of the exercise of ability and/or perseverance.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> Examples of ascribed status include <a href="/wiki/Caste" title="Caste">castes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Race_(human_categorization)" title="Race (human categorization)">race</a>, and beauty among others. Meanwhile, achieved statuses are akin to one's educational credentials or occupation: these things require a person to exercise effort and often undergo years of training. The term <a href="/wiki/Master_status" title="Master status">master status</a> has been used to describe the status most important for determining a person's position in a given context, like possessing a mental illness.<a href="#cite_note-BrymLie2009-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> However, the concept of a master status is controversial. <a href="/wiki/Status_characteristics_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Status characteristics theory">Status characteristics theory</a> argues members of a task group will listen to whomever they believe will most help them solve a problem. One's external status in society (e.g., race or gender) determines influence in small groups, but so does a person's known ability on the task (e.g., mechanical ability when a car breaks down).<a href="#cite_note-:5-20">[20]</a> This implies that known ability would attenuate the effect of external status, implying a given external status characteristic is not a master status. The program of research finds characteristics assumed to be master statuses (e.g., mental illness) are, in fact, attenuated by known ability.<a href="#cite_note-:1-21">[21]</a> Moreover, status affects group members' assertiveness only when characteristics differentiate group members (i.e., groups are mixed-race or mixed-gender). With respect to gender, experimental tests repeatedly found that women are highly deferential only in the presence of men.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> Although for disadvantaged groups, status disadvantage is not completely negated by valued characteristics, their social status does not depend predominantly on any one group membership. As such, status characteristics research has yet to identify a social characteristic that operates like a robust cross-situational master status. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Uses_of_status">Uses of status</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Social_status&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Uses of status" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> Although a person's status does not always correspond to merit or actual ability, it does allow the members of a group to coordinate their actions and quickly agree on who among them should be listened to. When actual ability does correspond to status, then status hierarchies can be especially useful. They allow leaders to emerge who set informed precedents and influence less knowledgeable group members, allowing groups to use the shared information of their group to make more correct decisions.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> This can be especially helpful in novel situations where group members must determine who is best equipped to complete a task. In addition, groups accord more respect and esteem to members who help them succeed, which encourages highly capable members to contribute in the first place.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> This helps groups motivate members to contribute to a collective good by offering respect and esteem as a kind of compensation for helping everyone in the group succeed. For instance, people recognized as achieving great feats for their group or society are sometimes accorded legendary status as heroes. Finally—for good or ill—status maintains social inequality. Because status is based on beliefs about social worth and esteem, sociologists argue it can then appear only natural that higher-status people have more material resources and power.<a href="#cite_note-:4-7">[7]</a> Status makes it appear that a person's rank or position in society is due to their relative merit, and therefore deserved. For instance, if a society holds that the homeless are unworthy of respect or dignity, then their poor material conditions are not evaluated as unjust by members of that society, and therefore are not subject to change. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="In_different_societies">In different societies</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Social_status&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: In different societies" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> Whether formal or informal, status hierarchies are present in all societies.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-2">[2]</a> In a society, the relative honor and prestige accorded to individuals depends on how well an individual is perceived to match a society's values and ideals (e.g., being pious in a religious society or wealthy in a capitalist society). Status often comes with attendant rights, duties, and lifestyle practices.<a href="#cite_note-:3-6">[6]</a> In modern societies, <a href="/wiki/Profession" title="Profession">occupation</a> is usually thought of as the main determinant of status,<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> but other memberships or affiliations (such as <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">ethnic group</a>, <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gender" title="Gender">gender</a>, voluntary associations, <a href="/wiki/Fandom" title="Fandom">fandom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hobby" title="Hobby">hobby</a>) can have an influence.<a href="#cite_note-:4-7">[7]</a> <a href="/wiki/Achieved_status" title="Achieved status">Achieved status</a>, when people are placed in the stratification structure based on their individual merits or achievements like education or training, is thought to be reflective of modern developed societies. Consequently, achieved status implies that social mobility in a society is possible, as opposed to caste systems characterized by immobility based solely on ascribed status. In pre-modern societies, status differentiation is widely varied. In some cases it can be quite rigid, such as with the <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">Indian</a> <a href="/wiki/Caste" title="Caste">caste</a> system. In other cases, status exists without class and/or informally, as is true with some <a href="/wiki/Hunter-Gatherer" class="mw-redirect" title="Hunter-Gatherer">Hunter-Gatherer</a> societies such as the <a href="/wiki/Khoisan" title="Khoisan">Khoisan</a>, and some <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australians" title="Indigenous Australians">Indigenous Australian</a> societies. In these cases, status is limited to specific personal relationships. For example, a <a href="/wiki/Khoisan" title="Khoisan">Khoisan</a> man is expected to take his wife's mother quite seriously (a non-joking relationship), although the mother-in-law has no special "status" over anyone except her son-in-law—and only then in specific contexts.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Status maintains and stabilizes <a href="/wiki/Social_stratification" title="Social stratification">social stratification</a>. Mere inequality in resources and privileges is perceived as unfair and thus prompts retaliation and resistance from those of lower status, but if some individuals are seen as better than others (i.e., have higher status), then it seems natural and fair that high-status people receive more resources and privileges.<a href="#cite_note-:4-7">[7]</a> Historically, <a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Max Weber</a> distinguished status from <a href="/wiki/Social_class" title="Social class">social class</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:3-6">[6]</a> though some contemporary empirical sociologists combine the two ideas to create <a href="/wiki/Socioeconomic_status" title="Socioeconomic status">socioeconomic status</a> or SES, usually operationalized as a simple <a href="/wiki/Index_(economics)" title="Index (economics)">index</a> of <a href="/wiki/Income" title="Income">income</a>, <a href="/wiki/Education" title="Education">education</a> and occupational prestige. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="In_nonhuman_animals">In nonhuman animals</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Social_status&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: In nonhuman animals" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> Social status hierarchies have been documented in a wide range of animals: apes,<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> baboons,<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> wolves,<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> cows/bulls,<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> hens,<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> even fish,<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> and ants.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> Natural selection produces status-seeking behavior because animals tend to have more surviving offspring when they raise their status in their social group.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> Such behaviors vary widely because they are adaptations to a wide range of environmental niches. Some social <a href="/wiki/Dominance_(ethology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dominance (ethology)">dominance</a> behaviors tend to increase reproductive opportunity,<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> while others tend to raise the survival rates of an individual's offspring.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> Neurochemicals, particularly serotonin,<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> prompt social dominance behaviors without need for an organism to have abstract conceptualizations of status as a means to an end. Social <a href="/wiki/Dominance_hierarchy" title="Dominance hierarchy">dominance hierarchy</a> emerges from individual survival-seeking behaviors. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Status_inconsistency">Status inconsistency</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Social_status&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Status inconsistency" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Status_inconsistency" title="Status inconsistency">Status inconsistency</a></div> Status inconsistency is a situation where an individual's <a href="/wiki/Social_position" title="Social position">social positions</a> have both positive and negative influences on his or her social status. For example, a <a href="/wiki/Teacher" title="Teacher">teacher</a> may have a positive societal image (respect, prestige) which increases their status but may earn little <a href="/wiki/Money" title="Money">money</a>, which simultaneously decreases their status. In task-focused interpersonal encounters, people unconsciously combine this information to develop impressions of their own and others' relative rank.<a href="#cite_note-:5-20">[20]</a> At one time, researchers thought status inconsistency would be a source of stress, though evidence for this hypothesis proved inconsistent, leaving some to conclude conflicting expectations through occupying incompatible roles may be the true stressor.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Social_stratification">Social stratification</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Social_status&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Social stratification" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Social_stratification" title="Social stratification">Social stratification</a></div> Status is one of the major components of social stratification, the way people are hierarchically placed in a society. The members of a group with similar status interact mainly within their own group and to a lesser degree with those of higher or lower status in a recognized system of social stratification.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> Although the determinants of status are specific to different cultures, some of the more common bases for status-based stratification include: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wealth" title="Wealth">Wealth</a>/<a href="/wiki/Income" title="Income">Income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender" title="Gender">Gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_(human_classification)" class="mw-redirect" title="Race (human classification)">Race</a>/<a href="/wiki/Ethnicity" title="Ethnicity">Ethnicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class" title="Social class">Social class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job" class="mw-redirect" title="Job">Occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popularity" title="Popularity">Popularity</a> (also called sociometric status)<figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Inquilinos.gif" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Inquilinos.gif/250px-Inquilinos.gif" decoding="async" width="250" height="267" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="374"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 250px;height: 267px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Inquilinos.gif/250px-Inquilinos.gif" data-width="250" data-height="267" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/49/Inquilinos.gif 1.5x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Social status is often associated with clothing and possessions. Compare the foreman with a horse and high hat with the <a href="/wiki/Inquilino" title="Inquilino">inquilino</a> in picture. Image from 19th century rural Chile.</figcaption></figure></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="Max_Weber's_three_dimensions_of_stratification">Max Weber's three dimensions of stratification</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Social_status&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Max Weber's three dimensions of stratification" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Three-component_theory_of_stratification" title="Three-component theory of stratification">Three-component theory of stratification</a></div> The German sociologist <a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Max Weber</a> argued stratification is based on three factors: <a href="/wiki/Property" title="Property">property</a>, status, and <a href="/wiki/Power_(sociology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Power (sociology)">power</a>. He claimed that <a href="/wiki/Social_stratification" title="Social stratification">social stratification</a> is a result of the interaction of wealth (class), prestige status (or in German Stand) and power (party).<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Property" title="Property">Property</a> refers to one's material possessions. If someone has control of property, that person has power over others and can use the property to his or her own benefit.</li> <li>Status refers to a person's relative level of respectability and social honor. Weber's interest was particularly in status groups, which have distinct cultural dispositions and privileges, and whose members mostly socialize with one another.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_(social_and_political)" title="Power (social and political)">Power</a> is the ability to do what one wants, regardless of the will of others. (Domination, a closely related concept, is the power to make others' behavior conform to one's commands).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Status_group">Status group</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Social_status&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Status group" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Status_group" title="Status group">Status group</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Max Weber</a> developed the idea of "status group" which is a translation of the German Stand (pl. Stände). Status groups are communities that are based on ideas of lifestyles and the honor the status group both asserts, and is given by others. Status groups exist in the context of beliefs about relative prestige, privilege, and honor. People in status groups are only supposed to engage with people of like status, and in particular, marriage inside or outside the group is discouraged. Status groups in some societies include professions, club-like organizations, ethnicity, race, and any other socially (de)valued group that organizes interaction among relative equals.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Social_status&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Social_sciences.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/32px-Social_sciences.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="28" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="139" data-file-height="122"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 32px;height: 28px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/32px-Social_sciences.svg.png" data-alt="icon" data-width="32" data-height="28" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/48px-Social_sciences.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/64px-Social_sciences.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Society" title="Portal:Society">Society portal</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achieved_status" title="Achieved status">Achieved status</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascribed_status" title="Ascribed status">Ascribed status</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belongingness" title="Belongingness">Belongingness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominance_hierarchy" title="Dominance hierarchy">Dominance hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_mobility" title="Economic mobility">Economic mobility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expressions_of_dominance" title="Expressions of dominance">Expressions of dominance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_performance" title="Identity performance">Identity performance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In-group_and_out-group" title="In-group and out-group">In-group and out-group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_prestige" title="Occupational prestige">Occupational prestige</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positional_good" title="Positional good">Positional good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_(social_and_political)" title="Power (social and political)">Power (social and political)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranked_society" title="Ranked society">Ranked society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class" title="Social class">Social class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_inequality" title="Social inequality">Social inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stratification" title="Social stratification">Social stratification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socioeconomic_status" title="Socioeconomic status">Socioeconomic status</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociometric_status" title="Sociometric status">Sociometric status</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Status_attainment" title="Status attainment">Status attainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Status_set" title="Status set">Status set</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Status_symbol" title="Status symbol">Status symbol</a></li></ul></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Social_status&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:2-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSauderLynnPodolny2012" class="citation journal cs1">Sauder, Michael; Lynn, Freda; 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Annual Review of Sociology. 4: 57–90. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.so.04.080178.000421">10.1146/annurev.so.04.080178.000421</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0360-0572">0360-0572</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2945965">2945965</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221205001558/https://www.jstor.org/stable/2945965">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-12-05. Retrieved 2021-02-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Sociology&rft.atitle=Status+Inconsistency+and+Role+Conflict&rft.volume=4&rft.pages=57-90&rft.date=1978&rft.issn=0360-0572&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2945965%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.so.04.080178.000421&rft.aulast=Stryker&rft.aufirst=Sheldon&rft.au=Macke%2C+Anne+Statham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2945965&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+status" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcPhersonSmith-LovinCook2001" class="citation journal cs1">McPherson, Miller; Smith-Lovin, Lynn; Cook, James M (2001-08-01). "Birds of a Feather: Homophily in Social Networks". Annual Review of Sociology. 27 (1): 415–444. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.soc.27.1.415">10.1146/annurev.soc.27.1.415</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0360-0572">0360-0572</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2341021">2341021</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Sociology&rft.atitle=Birds+of+a+Feather%3A+Homophily+in+Social+Networks&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=415-444&rft.date=2001-08-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A2341021%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0360-0572&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.soc.27.1.415&rft.aulast=McPherson&rft.aufirst=Miller&rft.au=Smith-Lovin%2C+Lynn&rft.au=Cook%2C+James+M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+status" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> Tony Waters and Dagmar Waters, translators and eds., (2015). Weber's Rationalism and Modern Society. Palgrave Macmillan. </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> Weber 48–56 </li> </ol></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Social_status&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 34px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="34" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Rank" class="extiw" title="q:Rank">Rank</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li>Botton, Alain De (2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=83ZCBa9hXLQC">Status Anxiety</a>, Hamish Hamilton</li> <li>Michael Marmot (2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Qbz9NfYdg6UC">The Status Syndrome: How Social Standing Affects Our Health and Longevity</a>, Times Books</li> <li>"Social status". (2007). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved October 17, 2007, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online:</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStark2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rodney_Stark" title="Rodney Stark">Stark, Rodney</a> (2007). Sociology (10th ed.). Thomson Wadsworth. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0495093442" title="Special:BookSources/978-0495093442"><bdi>978-0495093442</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sociology&rft.edition=10th&rft.pub=Thomson+Wadsworth&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0495093442&rft.aulast=Stark&rft.aufirst=Rodney&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+status" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGould2002" class="citation journal cs1">Gould, Roger (2002). "The Origins of Status Hierarchy: A Formal Theory and Empirical Test". 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Annual Review of Sociology. 27: 415–444. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.soc.27.1.415">10.1146/annurev.soc.27.1.415</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2341021">2341021</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Sociology&rft.atitle=Birds+of+a+Feather%3A+Homophily+in+Social+Networks&rft.volume=27&rft.pages=415-444&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.soc.27.1.415&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A2341021%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=McPherson&rft.aufirst=Miller&rft.au=Smith-Lovin%2C+Lynn&rft.au=Cook%2C+James+M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+status" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBolender,_Ronald_Keith2006" class="citation web cs1">Bolender, Ronald Keith (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160427191739/http://bolender.com/Sociological%20Theory/Weber,%20Max/weber,_max.htm">"Max Weber 1864–1920"</a>. LLC: Bolender Initiatives. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bolender.com/Sociological%20Theory/Weber,%20Max/weber,_max.htm">the original</a> on 2016-04-27. Retrieved 2010-10-15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Max+Weber+1864%E2%80%931920&rft.place=LLC&rft.pub=Bolender+Initiatives&rft.date=2006&rft.au=Bolender%2C+Ronald+Keith&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bolender.com%2FSociological%2520Theory%2FWeber%2C%2520Max%2Fweber%2C_max.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+status" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChernoff,_Seth_David2015" class="citation web cs1">Chernoff, Seth David (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sethchernoff.com/enlightenment/what-is-success/">"What is Success"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+is+Success&rft.date=2015&rft.au=Chernoff%2C+Seth+David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sethchernoff.com%2Fenlightenment%2Fwhat-is-success%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+status" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Bourdieu, Pierre. Distinction: a Social Critique of the Judgment of Taste, translated by Richard Nice. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1984. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRidgeway2014" class="citation journal cs1">Ridgeway, Cecilia (2014). "Why Status Matters for Inequality". American Sociological Review. 79 (1): 1–16. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0003122413515997">10.1177/0003122413515997</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:17880907">17880907</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Sociological+Review&rft.atitle=Why+Status+Matters+for+Inequality&rft.volume=79&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-16&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0003122413515997&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A17880907%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Ridgeway&rft.aufirst=Cecilia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+status" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Weber, Max (2015) "Classes, Stände, Parties," pp. 37–58 in Weber's Rationalism and Modern Society: New Translations on Politics, Bureaucracy, and Social Stratification Edited and Translated by Tony Waters and Dagmar Waters. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=mobile&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Social_status&oldid=1249747152">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Social_status&oldid=1249747152</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Social_status&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 6 October 2024, at 16:39 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="حالة اجتماعية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حالة اجتماعية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sosial_status" title="Sosial status – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Sosial status" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Si%C4%81-h%C5%8De_t%C4%93-%C5%ABi" title="Siā-hōe tē-ūi – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Siā-hōe tē-ūi" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE" title="सामाजिक दर्जा – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="सामाजिक दर्जा" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%81" title="Социален статус – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Социален статус" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estatus_social" title="Estatus social – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Estatus social" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soci%C3%A1ln%C3%AD_status" title="Sociální status – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sociální status" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_status" title="Social status – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Social status" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sozialer_Status" title="Sozialer Status – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sozialer Status" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sotsiaalne_staatus" title="Sotsiaalne staatus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sotsiaalne staatus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%BF%CE%B9%CE%BD%CF%89%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B8%CE%AD%CF%83%CE%B7" title="Κοινωνική θέση – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κοινωνική θέση" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estatus_social" title="Estatus social – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Estatus social" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socia_statuso" title="Socia statuso – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Socia statuso" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gizarte_estatus" title="Gizarte estatus – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Gizarte estatus" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%87_%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B9%DB%8C" title="پایگاه اجتماعی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پایگاه اجتماعی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statut_social" title="Statut social – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Statut social" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Status_social" title="Status social – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Status social" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B8%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%9C%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%95_%E0%AA%A6%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%9C%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%9C%E0%AB%8B" title="સામાજિક દરજ્જો – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="સામાજિક દરજ્જો" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%AC%ED%9A%8C%EC%A0%81_%EC%A7%80%EC%9C%84" title="사회적 지위 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="사회적 지위" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%B8%D6%81%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%AF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%AB%D5%B3%D5%A1%D5%AF" title="Սոցիալական կարգավիճակ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սոցիալական կարգավիճակ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dru%C5%A1tveni_status" title="Društveni status – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Društveni status" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociala_stando" title="Sociala stando – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Sociala stando" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Status_sosial" title="Status sosial – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Status sosial" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Status_sociale" title="Status sociale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Status sociale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A1_%D7%97%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%AA%D7%99" title="סטטוס חברתי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סטטוס חברתי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%98%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%82i%D0%BA_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%81" title="Әлеуметтiк статус – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Әлеуметтiк статус" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BA_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%81" title="Социалдык статус – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Социалдык статус" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabiedriskais_st%C4%81voklis" title="Sabiedriskais stāvoklis – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Sabiedriskais stāvoklis" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialinis_statusas" title="Socialinis statusas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Socialinis statusas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Општествена положба – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Општествена положба" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociale_status" title="Sociale status – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Sociale status" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E7%9A%84%E5%9C%B0%E4%BD%8D" title="社会的地位 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="社会的地位" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%95_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%A5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%80" title="ਸਮਾਜਿਕ ਸਥਿਤੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸਮਾਜਿਕ ਸਥਿਤੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BC%D9%88%D9%84%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B2_%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%90%DA%81" title="ټولنيز درېځ – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ټولنيز درېځ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pozycja_spo%C5%82eczna" title="Pozycja społeczna – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pozycja społeczna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estatuto_social" title="Estatuto social – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Estatuto social" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Status_social" title="Status social – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Status social" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%81" title="Социальный статус – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Социальный статус" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_status" title="Social status – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Social status" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soci%C3%A1lny_status" title="Sociálny status – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Sociálny status" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gayaan" title="Gayaan – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Gayaan" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D1%83%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%98" title="Друштвени положај – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Друштвени положај" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dru%C5%A1tveni_polo%C5%BEaj" title="Društveni položaj – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Društveni položaj" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sosiaalinen_status" title="Sosiaalinen status – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sosiaalinen status" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_status" title="Social status – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Social status" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katayuang_panlipunan" title="Katayuang panlipunan – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Katayuang panlipunan" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88" title="சமூகத் தகுதிநிலை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சமூகத் தகுதிநிலை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95_%E0%B0%B9%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%BE" title="సామాజిక హోదా – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="సామాజిక హోదా" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A1" title="สถานภาพทางสังคม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สถานภาพทางสังคม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sosyal_stat%C3%BC" title="Sosyal statü – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sosyal statü" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D1%96%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%81" title="Соціальний статус – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Соціальний статус" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%8Ba_v%E1%BB%8B_x%C3%A3_h%E1%BB%99i" title="Địa vị xã hội – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Địa vị xã hội" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E5%9C%B0%E4%BD%8D" title="社會地位 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="社會地位" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E5%9C%B0%E4%BD%8D" title="社會地位 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="社會地位" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 6 October 2024, at 16:39 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> 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