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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Further references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gyunyeo&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Gyunyeo">Gyunyeo</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Korean monk and poet (923–973)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;background: #FFCC33; color: #000000;"><div class="fn">Gyunyeo</div><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;">균여</div></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #FFCC33; color: #000000;">Personal life</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Byeon Gyunyeo</div><br />923<br />(8th days, 8th months in <a href="/wiki/Lunar_calendar" title="Lunar calendar">lunar</a>)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Hwangju" class="mw-redirect" title="Hwangju">Hwangju</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hwanghae_Province" title="Hwanghae Province">Hwanghae Province</a>, <a href="/wiki/Goryeo" title="Goryeo">Goryeo</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">973 (aged about 50/1)<br />(6th months in <a href="/wiki/Lunar_calendar" title="Lunar calendar">lunar</a>)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Goryeo" title="Goryeo">Goryeo</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parents</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Byeon Hwan-seong (변환성, 邊煥性) (father)</li><li>Lady Jeom-myeong (점명, 占命) (mother)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Notable work(s)</th><td class="infobox-data">Songs of the Ten Vows Samantabhara</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #FFCC33; color: #000000;">Religious life</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Profession</th><td class="infobox-data">Goryeo Buddhist monk</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #FFCC33; color: #000000;">Senior posting</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Teacher</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sikhyeon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sikhyeon (page does not exist)">Sikhyeon</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tanmun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tanmun (page does not exist)">Tanmun</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Period in office</th><td class="infobox-data">937–973?</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #FFCC33;">Korean name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Hangul</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display: inline; font-size: 1rem;"><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">균여</span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">Hanja</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display: inline; font-size: 1rem;"><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hani"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%9D%87" class="extiw" title="wikt:均">均</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%A6%82" class="extiw" title="wikt:如">如</a></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Revised_Romanization_of_Korean" title="Revised Romanization of Korean">Revised Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Revised Romanization of Korean transliteration"><i lang="ko-Latn">Gyunyeo</i></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/McCune%E2%80%93Reischauer" title="McCune–Reischauer">McCune–Reischauer</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="McCune–Reischauer transliteration"><i lang="ko-Latn">Kyun'yŏ</i></span></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #FFCC33;">Birth name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Hangul</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display: inline; font-size: 1rem;"><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">변균여</span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">Hanja</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display: inline; font-size: 1rem;"><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hani"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%82%8A" class="extiw" title="wikt:邊">邊</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%9D%87" class="extiw" title="wikt:均">均</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%A6%82" class="extiw" title="wikt:如">如</a></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Revised_Romanization_of_Korean" title="Revised Romanization of Korean">Revised Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Revised Romanization of Korean transliteration"><i lang="ko-Latn">Byeon Gyun-yeo</i></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/McCune%E2%80%93Reischauer" title="McCune–Reischauer">McCune–Reischauer</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="McCune–Reischauer transliteration"><i lang="ko-Latn">Pyŏn Kyun-yŏ</i></span></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Kyunyŏ</b> (or <b>Kyunyeo</b>, <a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a>: <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">균여</span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">Hanja</a>: <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hani">均如</span></span>; 923–973) was a <a href="/wiki/Korean_Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean Buddhist">Korean Buddhist</a> monk and <a href="/wiki/Poet" title="Poet">poet</a>. He came from the Hwangju Byeon clan and his hometown was <a href="/wiki/Hwangju_County" title="Hwangju County">Hwangju</a>. Among his works are the first extant collection of poetry in Korean, <i>Songs of the Ten Vows Samantabhara,</i> which can be found in <i>The Life of Kuehne</i> (c. 1075). </p><p>Gyunyeo played an important role in the spread of the Hwaeom (Korean <a href="/wiki/Huayan" title="Huayan">Huayan</a>) school of <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kyuny%C5%8F&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gyunyeo was born in a village named Dundaeyeopchon in the northern region of Hwangju, Goryeo. Gyunyeo's mother was a diviner and according to a traditional story, Gyunyeo had an unattractive appearance and was abandoned by his parents, but then two crows covered him with their wings, prompting his parents to reconsider. By the age of 7 he already enjoyed reading verse. From a young age, he was immersed in the teachings of the Huayan sutras, particularly the <i><a href="/wiki/Buddh%C4%81vata%E1%B9%83saka_S%C5%ABtra" title="Buddhāvataṃsaka Sūtra">Avatamsaka Sutra</a></i>. At the age of 15, he studied under the monk Sikhyeon Hwasang (識賢和尙) at Buphingsa Temple (復興寺) and later devoted himself to Buddhist practice at Yeongtongsa Temple (靈通寺). </p><p>Gyunyeo made efforts to popularize Buddhism, composing the hymn "Bohyeon Shipwonga" (<i>Songs of the Ten Vows Samantabhara</i>) to convey Buddhist teachings in an accessible way. He worked towards unifying different Buddhist factions and traveled the country preaching Buddhism. </p><p>In 958 (King Gwangjong's 9th year), he held the position of "sigwan" (試官) and selected many accomplished monks. He attained the rank of "Dae Hwaeom Suja Won Tong Jung Daesa" (大華嚴首座圓通兩重大師) in the Buddhist hierarchy. He resided at Mahagapsa Temple (摩詞岬寺) for a period and later became the abbot of Guibeopsa Temple (歸法寺), which was established in his honor by <a href="/wiki/Gwangjong_of_Goryeo" title="Gwangjong of Goryeo">King Gwangjong</a> in 963. </p><p>Gyunyeo efforts united the Korean Huayan school, which had split into the Southern and Northern branches. Gyunyeo's teachings emphasized integration and harmonization of these differing viewpoints. Gyunyeo's teachings focused on a syncretic approach that included elements of indigenous beliefs and practical faith. His philosophy of "integrating nature and form (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">성상융회</span></span>) aimed to harmonize the conceptual and phenomenal aspects of reality as well as to promote the unity of other dualities like the sacred and the mundane, as well as male and female. </p><p>Gyunyeo passed away in 973 CE. His main works include <i>Suhyeonbanggyegi</i> (搜玄方軌記) in 10 volumes, <i>Gongmokjanggi</i> (孔目章記) in 8 volumes, and <i>Osipyo Mondapgi</i> (五十余問答記). </p><p>The <i>Songs of the Ten Vows Samantabhara</i> (<i>Bohyeon Shipjongwonwangga</i> 普賢十種願往歌) is his most famous work. This hymn consists of eleven verses based on the ten vows of Bodhisattva <a href="/wiki/Samantabhadra_(Bodhisattva)" title="Samantabhadra (Bodhisattva)">Samantabhadra</a> in the <i><a href="/wiki/Buddh%C4%81vata%E1%B9%83saka_S%C5%ABtra" title="Buddhāvataṃsaka Sūtra">Avatamsaka Sutra</a></i>. Each verse of the hymn is written in a ten-character format. The hymn is an expression of the Bodhisattva's commitment to benefiting all sentient beings and guiding them towards enlightenment. </p><p>Gyunyeo faced opposition from figures like <a href="/wiki/Uicheon" title="Uicheon">Uicheon</a>, who excluded Gyunyeo's writings from certain records due to their differing philosophical views. However, Gyunyeo's teachings regained prominence during the later spread of the <a href="/wiki/Jogye_Order" title="Jogye Order">Jogye Order</a> of Korean Buddhism, and his writings were eventually included in the <a href="/wiki/Tripitaka_Koreana" title="Tripitaka Koreana">Goryeo Tripitaka</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kyuny%C5%8F&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Portrayed by Jung Seung-ho in the 2002–2003 <a href="/wiki/KBS1" title="KBS1">KBS1</a> TV series <i><a href="/wiki/The_Dawn_of_the_Empire" title="The Dawn of the Empire">The Dawn of the Empire</a></i>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kyuny%C5%8F&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Korea and Globalization: Politics, Economics and Culture</i>. By Amadu Sesay, James B. Lewis</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_references">Further references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kyuny%C5%8F&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Further references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Kyunyo-Jon: The Life, Times and Songs of a Tenth Century Korean Monk</i> (University of Sydney East Asian Series)</li> <li>Lee, Peter H., 1961, "The Importance of the Kyunyŏ Chŏn (1075) in Korean Buddhism and Literature-Bhadra-Cari-Pranidhạna in Tenth Century Korea," <i>Journal of the American Oriental Society</i> 81 (4):409–414, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/595687">595687</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kyuny%C5%8F&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Contents/Item/E0007301">Gyunyeo</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Korean_Culture" title="Encyclopedia of Korean Culture">Encyclopedia of Korean Culture</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Korean)</span>.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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