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assumes particular importance today because of the rise of Islamist movements and the disappointing economic performances in the lands of Islam. This paper starts from a critical examination of the thesis of Bernard Lewis according to which the lack of separation between religion and politics creates particular difficulties on the way to modern economic growth in these lands. It is argued that (1) Lewis' thesis conceals the critical fact that, even when political and religious functions appear to be merged, religion is the handmaiden rather than the master of politics; (2) the influence of religion increases when the state falls into crisis, owing to its impotence or excessive absolutism; (3) because the Islamic frame of reference provides political rulers with a cheap default option when they are contested, they rarely undertake the much-needed reforms of the country's institutions; (4) this way of escape is all the more attractive to contested rulers as Islamist movements, born of the internal situation as well as of the international environment, accuse them of un-Islamic behaviour. An obscurantist deadlock is thereby created, which is aggravated by the inability of major Western countries to take an enlightened route in dealing with major issues confronting Middle Eastern countries.","publication_date":"2009,,","publication_name":"Nordic Journal of Political Economy","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":"74002304"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"Political Instrumentalization of Religion: The Case of Islam","broadcastable":true,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [39469158]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "control"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loswp.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon';</script><script defer="" 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data-login_uri="https://www.academia.edu/registrations/google_one_tap" data-moment_callback="onGoogleOneTapEvent" id="g_id_onload"></div><div class="ds-top-related-works--grid-container"><div class="ds-related-content--container ds-top-related-works--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="60657649" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/60657649/Religion_politics_and_development_Lessons_from_the_lands_of_Islam">Religion, politics, and development: Lessons from the lands of Islam</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="39469158" href="https://independent.academia.edu/JeanphilippePlatteau">Jean-philippe Platteau</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata 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legacy","attachmentId":38376966,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/14643605/The_political_consequences_of_Islams_economic_legacy","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/14643605/The_political_consequences_of_Islams_economic_legacy"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="37812028" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/37812028/The_Political_Economy_and_Underdevelopment_of_the_Muslim_World_A_Juridico_Philosophical_Perspective">The Political Economy and Underdevelopment of the Muslim World: A Juridico-Philosophical Perspective</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="32767393" href="https://leeds.academia.edu/MustaphaSheikh">Mustapha Sheikh</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This paper studies the relation between Islam and economic development from a juridico-philosophical perspective. 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Can we find other answers that guarantee more freedom, justice, and peace in Post-colonial Muslim societies and States? The crisis of religions in the modern world interrogates the concept of religion itself: What is it for? What is its social and political mission? What does religion offer today in public space? The author starts from the Tunisian experience, to propose an approach to the problematic relationship between religion and politics, trying to overcome the crisis by reconciling the Secular state with religious values and principles. 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Because of the particular characteristics of Is-lam, namely, the lack of a centralised religious authority structure and the great variability of interpretations...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Political Instrumentalisation of Islam, Persistent Autocracies, and Obscurantist Deadlock","attachmentId":76634287,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/64736053/Political_Instrumentalisation_of_Islam_Persistent_Autocracies_and_Obscurantist_Deadlock","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/64736053/Political_Instrumentalisation_of_Islam_Persistent_Autocracies_and_Obscurantist_Deadlock"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="12789556" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/12789556/Western_intellectual_insights_for_Muslim_policy_makers_on_religion_based_economy">Western intellectual insights for Muslim policy makers on religion based economy</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="3545358" href="https://assumptionuniv.academia.edu/malik">Manzoor Malik</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The subject of relationship between religion and economy raises many issues. It touches the originality of religion and economy and their nature of relationship including their independence and dependence. Western scholarship on the subject has useful insights for the Muslim policy makers on religion based economy. This research undertakes Marx and Weber’s thought on the subject and relates the issue with the current reality in industrialized countries such as Singapore. The findings show that Marx is a reductionist and Weber’s thesis highlights the independent role of religion in fostering economy although he remains pessimistic regarding its religiosity. The more plausible view is that though religion is an independent variable, yet there is interdependence between religion and economy. The economical modalities influence religious life in many ways. This challenge calls Muslim policy makers for a continuous intellectual effort in making creative contributions in making religion based economy possible</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Western intellectual insights for Muslim policy makers on religion based economy","attachmentId":37822555,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/12789556/Western_intellectual_insights_for_Muslim_policy_makers_on_religion_based_economy","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/12789556/Western_intellectual_insights_for_Muslim_policy_makers_on_religion_based_economy"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="45596163" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/45596163/Book_Review_Islam_Authoritarianism_and_Underdevelopment_A_Global_and_Historical_Comparison_">Book Review: Islam, Authoritarianism and Underdevelopment: A Global and Historical Comparison,</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="87815063" href="https://indiana.academia.edu/SYasun">Salih Yasun</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Religious Studies, 2021</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Book Review: Islam, Authoritarianism and Underdevelopment: A Global and Historical Comparison,","attachmentId":66078407,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/45596163/Book_Review_Islam_Authoritarianism_and_Underdevelopment_A_Global_and_Historical_Comparison_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/45596163/Book_Review_Islam_Authoritarianism_and_Underdevelopment_A_Global_and_Historical_Comparison_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="16418988" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/16418988/Religion_and_Development_Revisited_Comparing_Islam_and_Christianity">Religion and Development Revisited: Comparing Islam and Christianity</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="35561298" href="https://csun.academia.edu/kazemalamdari">kazem alamdari</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">To explain the level of difference between Muslim societies and the West, many refer to religious sources as if Christianity caused modern development; and Islam all present misfortunes. This paper challenges this common view of religious determinism arguing that rather than Christianity or Islam per se, it is the variation in social, historical, and ecological conditions that led to the persistence of integration of religion and state hence underdevelopment in many Muslim countries. Neither the realm of Islam was always behind nor was the land of Christianity always at the forefront. Major characteristics such as violence and sexism have been common in Islam and Christianity as well as other religions. That Islam emerged in violence and Christianity against state violence does not represent the entire history of these religions. Jihad in Islam and Crusade in Christianity justify massive violence in favor of their interests. Despite violent resistance of the church against modern reforms, Western societies succeeded in achieving a new civilization and forced the church into its domain of faith, rituals, and moral responsibilities, while Muslim societies have not succeeded yet in achieving similar developments needed to reform Islam. Consequently, unlike the West, religion in Muslim societies still continues to play its traditional roles, including exertion of political power that prevents structural and institutional changes and, most notably, the recognition of individuals' rights needed for modernity. Religious reforms, including separation from the state as a requirement for modern development and democracy in the Muslim world, must begin with multidimensional societal changes with the engagement of the global community.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Religion and Development Revisited: Comparing Islam and Christianity","attachmentId":38986290,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/16418988/Religion_and_Development_Revisited_Comparing_Islam_and_Christianity","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/16418988/Religion_and_Development_Revisited_Comparing_Islam_and_Christianity"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="29834207" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/29834207/Religion_Economy_and_State_Economic_Thought_of_al_Mawardi_in_Adab_al_Dunya_wa_al_Din_July_28_2016_">Religion, Economy, and State: Economic Thought of al-Mawardi in Adab al-Dunya wa-al-Din (July 28, 2016).</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="39471493" href="https://iaincirebon.academia.edu/aanjaelani">Aan Jaelani (SCOPUS ID: 57195963463)</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The relation between religion, economy and the country became a major topic in the development of public welfare systems. Humans are political creatures that have the potential to realise the level of moral conscience to meet the needs of a better life, but humans as spiritual beings must have a balance between religious morality and economic morality. With economic ethics are supported by religious morality, the welfare system can be realised systemically if the state, communities and individuals can realise the six-dimensional form: religious observance, good governance, justice, national security, the prosperity of society and the nation's vision. Keywords: religion, economy, state, ethics, welfare state JEL Classification: B3, I3, N3, P5, Z12</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Religion, Economy, and State: Economic Thought of al-Mawardi in Adab al-Dunya wa-al-Din (July 28, 2016).","attachmentId":50306331,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/29834207/Religion_Economy_and_State_Economic_Thought_of_al_Mawardi_in_Adab_al_Dunya_wa_al_Din_July_28_2016_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/29834207/Religion_Economy_and_State_Economic_Thought_of_al_Mawardi_in_Adab_al_Dunya_wa_al_Din_July_28_2016_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="47680283" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/47680283/Understanding_Islam_Development_Economics_and_Finance">Understanding Islam: Development, Economics and Finance</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="181803081" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ZamirIqbal3">Zamir Iqbal</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">SSRN Electronic Journal, 2000</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Understanding Islam: Development, Economics and Finance","attachmentId":66647277,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/47680283/Understanding_Islam_Development_Economics_and_Finance","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/47680283/Understanding_Islam_Development_Economics_and_Finance"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":74002304,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":74002304,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_74002304" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. You can download the paper by clicking the button above.</p></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sidebar--container js-work-sidebar"><div class="ds-related-content--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="26287354" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/26287354/Jaelani_Aan_Religion_Economy_and_State_Economic_Thought_of_Al_Mawardi_in_Adab_Al_Dunya_Wa_Al_Din_June_1_2016_MPRA_Paper_No_72090_Available_at_SSRN_http_ssrn_com_abstract_2807080_or_http_dx_doi_org_10_2139_ssrn_2807080">Jaelani, Aan, Religion, Economy, and State: Economic Thought of Al-Mawardi in Adab Al-Dunya Wa-Al-Din (June 1, 2016). MPRA Paper No. 72090. 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