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vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">bòmọ́lẹ̀</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Ìbẹ̀rẹ̀</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Awon_ohun_ini" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awon_ohun_ini"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Awon ohun ini</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Awon_ohun_ini-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Awon ohun ini subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Awon_ohun_ini-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Àwọn_ibitooro" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Àwọn_ibitooro"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Àwọn ibitooro</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Àwọn_ibitooro-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ìṣeméjì_ìpílẹ̀" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ìṣeméjì_ìpílẹ̀"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Ìṣeméjì ìpílẹ̀</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ìṣeméjì_ìpílẹ̀-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ọlọ́gbọ́n_àti_òdì-ọlọ́gbọ́n" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ọlọ́gbọ́n_àti_òdì-ọlọ́gbọ́n"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Ọlọ́gbọ́n àti òdì-ọlọ́gbọ́n</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ọlọ́gbọ́n_àti_òdì-ọlọ́gbọ́n-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ìlọ́pogidi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ìlọ́pogidi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Ìlọ́pogidi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ìlọ́pogidi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Àwọn_ìdìmú_DNA_míràn" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Àwọn_ìdìmú_DNA_míràn"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Àwọn ìdìmú DNA míràn</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Àwọn_ìdìmú_DNA_míràn-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ìsiṣẹ́olòógùn_DNA_míràn" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ìsiṣẹ́olòógùn_DNA_míràn"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Ìsiṣẹ́olòógùn DNA míràn</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ìsiṣẹ́olòógùn_DNA_míràn-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Àwọn_ìdìmú_Quadruplex" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Àwọn_ìdìmú_Quadruplex"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Àwọn ìdìmú Quadruplex</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Àwọn_ìdìmú_Quadruplex-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-DNA_ẹlẹ́ka" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#DNA_ẹlẹ́ka"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>DNA ẹlẹ́ka</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-DNA_ẹlẹ́ka-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ìgbọ̀ntìtì" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ìgbọ̀ntìtì"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9</span> <span>Ìgbọ̀ntìtì</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ìgbọ̀ntìtì-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Itokasi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Itokasi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Itokasi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Itokasi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Àwọn àkóónú" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">DNA</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 164 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-164" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Àwọn èdè 164</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNS" title="DNS – Èdè Afrikani" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="DNS" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Èdè Afrikani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desoxyribonukleins%C3%A4ure" title="Desoxyribonukleinsäure – Súwísì ti Jámánì" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Desoxyribonukleinsäure" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Súwísì ti Jámánì" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%B2_%E1%8A%A4%E1%8A%95_%E1%8A%A4" title="ዲ ኤን ኤ – Èdè Amariki" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ዲ ኤን ኤ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Èdè Amariki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acido_desoxirribonucleico" title="Acido desoxirribonucleico – Èdè Aragoni" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Acido desoxirribonucleico" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Èdè Aragoni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="àyọkà pàtàkì"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%B6_%D9%86%D9%88%D9%88%D9%8A_%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%8A_%D9%85%D9%86%D9%82%D9%88%D8%B5_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%83%D8%B3%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%86" title="حمض نووي ريبوزي منقوص الأكسجين – Èdè Árábìkì" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حمض نووي ريبوزي منقوص الأكسجين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Èdè Árábìkì" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%B6_%D9%86%D9%88%D9%88%D9%89" title="حمض نووى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="حمض نووى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%8F" title="ডি এন এ – Èdè Ti Assam" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ডি এন এ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Èdè Ti Assam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81cidu_desoxirribonucleico" title="Ácidu desoxirribonucleico – Èdè Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Ácidu desoxirribonucleico" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Èdè Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNT" title="DNT – Èdè Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="DNT" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Èdè Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C" title="دی‌ان‌ائی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="دی‌ان‌ائی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%9D%D0%9A" title="ДНК – Èdè Bashiri" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="ДНК" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Èdè Bashiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNR" title="DNR – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="DNR" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8D%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%96%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Дэзоксірыбануклеінавая кіслата – Èdè Belarusi" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Дэзоксірыбануклеінавая кіслата" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Èdè Belarusi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8D%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BB%D1%8F" title="Дэзоксырыбануклійная кісьля – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Дэзоксырыбануклійная кісьля" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Дезоксирибонуклеинова киселина – Èdè Bugaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Дезоксирибонуклеинова киселина" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Èdè Bugaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%8F" title="डीएनए – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="डीएनए" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asam_deoksiribonukleat" title="Asam deoksiribonukleat – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Asam deoksiribonukleat" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%92%E1%80%AE%E1%80%A1%E1%80%B2%E1%80%89%E1%80%BA%E1%80%A1%E1%80%B1" title="ဒီအဲဉ်အေ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ဒီအဲဉ်အေ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%8F" title="ডিএনএ – Èdè Bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ডিএনএ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Èdè Bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trenkenn_dezoksiribonukleek" title="Trenkenn dezoksiribonukleek – Èdè Bretoni" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Trenkenn dezoksiribonukleek" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Èdè Bretoni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dezoksiribonukleinska_kiselina" title="Dezoksiribonukleinska kiselina – Èdè Bosnia" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Dezoksiribonukleinska kiselina" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Èdè Bosnia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asam_deoksiribonukleat" title="Asam deoksiribonukleat – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Asam deoksiribonukleat" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D1%85%D2%AF%D1%88%D1%8D%D0%BB" title="Дезоксирибонуклеинай хүшэл – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Дезоксирибонуклеинай хүшэл" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="àyọkà pàtàkì"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80cid_desoxiribonucleic" title="Àcid desoxiribonucleic – Èdè Catala" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Àcid desoxiribonucleic" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Èdè Catala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Дезоксирибонуклеинан муьстал – Èdè Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Дезоксирибонуклеинан муьстал" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Èdè Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – Èdè Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Èdè Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%A6%DB%8E%D9%86_%D8%A6%DB%95%DB%8C" title="دی ئێن ئەی – Ààrin Gbùngbùn Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="دی ئێن ئەی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Ààrin Gbùngbùn Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="àyọkà pàtàkì"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – Èdè Seeki" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Èdè Seeki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%B9%D3%B3%D2%AB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D3%97" title="Дезоксирибонуклеин йӳҫекӗ – Èdè Shufasi" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Дезоксирибонуклеин йӳҫекӗ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Èdè Shufasi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – Èdè Welshi" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Èdè Welshi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="àwọn àyọkà dáradára"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – Èdè Ilẹ̀ Denmark" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Èdè Ilẹ̀ Denmark" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="àyọkà pàtàkì"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desoxyribonukleins%C3%A4ure" title="Desoxyribonukleinsäure – Èdè Jámánì" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Desoxyribonukleinsäure" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Èdè Jámánì" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – Èdè Giriki" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Èdè Giriki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="àyọkà pàtàkì"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – Èdè Gẹ̀ẹ́sì" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Èdè Gẹ̀ẹ́sì" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – Èdè Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Èdè Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="àyọkà pàtàkì"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81cido_desoxirribonucleico" title="Ácido desoxirribonucleico – Èdè Sípáníìṣì" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ácido desoxirribonucleico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Èdè Sípáníìṣì" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – Èdè Estonia" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Èdè Estonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="àwọn àyọkà dáradára"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azido_desoxirribonukleiko" title="Azido desoxirribonukleiko – Èdè Baski" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Azido desoxirribonukleiko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Èdè Baski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADN" title="ADN – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="ADN" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C" title="دی‌ان‌ای – Èdè Pasia" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دی‌ان‌ای" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Èdè Pasia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – Èdè Finisi" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Èdè Finisi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – Èdè Faroesi" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Èdè Faroesi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acide_d%C3%A9soxyribonucl%C3%A9ique" title="Acide désoxyribonucléique – Èdè Faransé" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Acide désoxyribonucléique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Èdè Faransé" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – Èdè Ariwa Frisa" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Èdè Ariwa Frisa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – Firiúlíànì" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Firiúlíànì" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – Èdè Frisia" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Èdè Frisia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aig%C3%A9ad_d%C3%AD-ocsairibean%C3%BAicl%C3%A9asach" title="Aigéad dí-ocsairibeanúicléasach – Èdè Ireland" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Aigéad dí-ocsairibeanúicléasach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Èdè Ireland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asid_d%C3%A9zoksoribonikl%C3%A9yik" title="Asid dézoksoribonikléyik – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Asid dézoksoribonikléyik" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – Èdè Gaelik ti Ilu Scotland" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Èdè Gaelik ti Ilu Scotland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="àyọkà pàtàkì"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81cido_desoxirribonucleico" title="Ácido desoxirribonucleico – Èdè Galicia" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ácido desoxirribonucleico" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Èdè Galicia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADN" title="ADN – Èdè Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="ADN" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Èdè Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – Èdè Gorontalo" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="Èdè Gorontalo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Hulontalo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – Èdè Heberu" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Èdè Heberu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%91%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2" title="डीऑक्सीराइबो न्यूक्लिक अम्ल – Èdè Híńdì" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="डीऑक्सीराइबो न्यूक्लिक अम्ल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Èdè Híńdì" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="àyọkà pàtàkì"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deoksiribonukleinska_kiselina" title="Deoksiribonukleinska kiselina – Èdè Kroatia" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Deoksiribonukleinska kiselina" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Èdè Kroatia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADN" title="ADN – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="ADN" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dezoxiribonukleinsav" title="Dezoxiribonukleinsav – Èdè Hungaria" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Dezoxiribonukleinsav" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Èdè Hungaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="àyọkà pàtàkì"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B4%D5%86%D4%B9" title="ԴՆԹ – Èdè Ile Armenia" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="ԴՆԹ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Èdè Ile Armenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acido_deoxyribonucleic" title="Acido deoxyribonucleic – Èdè pipo" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Acido deoxyribonucleic" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Èdè pipo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asam_deoksiribonukleat" title="Asam deoksiribonukleat – Èdè Indonéṣíà" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Asam deoksiribonukleat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Èdè Indonéṣíà" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deoksiribonukleiko_nga_asido" title="Deoksiribonukleiko nga asido – Èdè Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Deoksiribonukleiko nga asido" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Èdè Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Дезоксирибонуклеина кислота – Èdè Ingusi" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Дезоксирибонуклеина кислота" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Èdè Ingusi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – Èdè Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Èdè Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – Èdè Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Èdè Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – Èdè Ítálì" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Èdè Ítálì" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%87%E3%82%AA%E3%82%AD%E3%82%B7%E3%83%AA%E3%83%9C%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8" title="デオキシリボ核酸 – Èdè Jàpáànù" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="デオキシリボ核酸" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Èdè Jàpáànù" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaxiraibonyuukliik_asid" title="Diaxiraibonyuukliik asid – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Diaxiraibonyuukliik asid" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – Èdè Javanasi" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Èdè Javanasi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="àyọkà pàtàkì"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%96%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%91%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%99%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9F%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%90" title="დეზოქსირიბონუკლეინის მჟავა – Èdè Georgia" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="დეზოქსირიბონუკლეინის მჟავა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Èdè Georgia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%9D%D2%9A" title="ДНҚ – Kaṣakì" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="ДНҚ" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kaṣakì" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%8C%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%A2%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%A2%E1%9F%81" title="ឌីអិនអេ – Èdè kameri" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ឌីអិនអេ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Èdè kameri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%8E%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%8E_-(DNA)" title="ಡಿಎನ್ಎ -(DNA) – Èdè Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಡಿಎನ್ಎ -(DNA)" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Èdè Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – Èdè Kòríà" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Èdè Kòríà" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%88%DB%8C_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%A7%DB%92" title="ڈی این اے – Kaṣímirì" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="ڈی این اے" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kaṣímirì" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/As%C3%AEda_deoks%C3%AEr%C3%AEbonukley%C3%AE" title="Asîda deoksîrîbonukleyî – Kọdiṣì" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Asîda deoksîrîbonukleyî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kọdiṣì" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/TDN" title="TDN – Èdè Kọ́nììṣì" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="TDN" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Èdè Kọ́nììṣì" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Дезоксирибонуклеин кислотасы – Kírígíìsì" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Дезоксирибонуклеин кислотасы" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kírígíìsì" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acidum_desoxyribonucleicum" title="Acidum desoxyribonucleicum – Èdè Latini" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Acidum desoxyribonucleicum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Èdè Latini" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D1%86%D1%83%D1%80%D1%83%D1%86%D3%80" title="Дезоксирибонуклеин цуруцӀ – Èdè Lesgina" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Дезоксирибонуклеин цуруцӀ" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Èdè Lesgina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asida_desosiribonucleal" title="Asida desosiribonucleal – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Asida desosiribonucleal" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – Èdè Limbogishi" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Èdè Limbogishi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%B2%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%94%E0%BB%81%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%99" title="ອາເດແອັນ – Láò" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ອາເດແອັນ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Láò" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deoksiribonukleor%C5%ABg%C5%A1tis" title="Deoksiribonukleorūgštis – Èdè Lithuania" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Deoksiribonukleorūgštis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Èdè Lithuania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dezoksiribonukle%C4%ABnsk%C4%81be" title="Dezoksiribonukleīnskābe – Èdè Latvianu" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Dezoksiribonukleīnskābe" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Èdè Latvianu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asidra_dez%C3%B4ksirib%C3%B4niokleika" title="Asidra dezôksiribôniokleika – Malagasì" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Asidra dezôksiribôniokleika" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasì" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%9D%D0%9A" title="ДНК – Èdè Macedonia" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="ДНК" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Èdè Macedonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BF.%E0%B4%8E%E0%B5%BB.%E0%B4%8E" title="ഡി.എൻ.എ – Málàyálámù" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഡി.എൻ.എ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Málàyálámù" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="àyọkà pàtàkì"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D1%85%D2%AF%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Дезоксирибонуклейн хүчил – Mòngólíà" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Дезоксирибонуклейн хүчил" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mòngólíà" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%91%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2" title="डिऑक्सिरायबो न्यूक्लेइक आम्ल – Èdè marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="डिऑक्सिरायबो न्यूक्लेइक आम्ल" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Èdè marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asid_deoksiribonukleik" title="Asid deoksiribonukleik – Èdè Malaya" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Asid deoksiribonukleik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Èdè Malaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%92%E1%80%AE%E1%80%A1%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%A1%E1%80%B1" title="ဒီအန်အေ – Èdè Bumiisi" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဒီအန်အေ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Èdè Bumiisi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – Masanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Masanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desoxyribonukleins%C3%BCre" title="Desoxyribonukleinsüre – Jámánì ìpìlẹ̀" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Desoxyribonukleinsüre" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Jámánì ìpìlẹ̀" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%8F" title="डीएनए – Èdè Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="डीएनए" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Èdè Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%8F" title="डी एन ए – Èdè Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="डी एन ए" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Èdè Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_(biologie)" title="DNA (biologie) – Èdè Dọ́ọ̀ṣì" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="DNA (biologie)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Èdè Dọ́ọ̀ṣì" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – Nọ́ọ́wè Nínọ̀sìkì" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Nọ́ọ́wè Nínọ̀sìkì" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – Nọ́ọ́wè Bokímàl" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Nọ́ọ́wè Bokímàl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid_desoxiribonucle%C3%AFc" title="Acid desoxiribonucleïc – Èdè Occitani" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Acid desoxiribonucleïc" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Èdè Occitani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – Òròmọ́" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Òròmọ́" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A1%E0%A9%80.%E0%A8%90%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%A8.%E0%A8%8F." title="ਡੀ.ਐੱਨ.ਏ. – Èdè Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਡੀ.ਐੱਨ.ਏ." data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Èdè Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – Èdè Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Èdè Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADN" title="ADN – Èdè Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="ADN" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Èdè Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deitsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwas_deoksyrybonukleinowy" title="Kwas deoksyrybonukleinowy – Èdè Póláǹdì" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kwas deoksyrybonukleinowy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Èdè Póláǹdì" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%88%DB%8C_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%A7%DB%92" title="ڈی این اے – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ڈی این اے" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%89%D9%8A_%D8%A2%DA%A9%D8%B3%D9%8A_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%DA%A9%D9%84%D9%8A%DA%A9_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AF" title="ډي آکسي رايبونيوکليک اسيد – Páshítò" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ډي آکسي رايبونيوکليک اسيد" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Páshítò" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="àyọkà pàtàkì"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81cido_desoxirribonucleico" title="Ácido desoxirribonucleico – Èdè Pọtogí" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ácido desoxirribonucleico" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Èdè Pọtogí" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNK" title="DNK – Kúẹ́ńjùà" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="DNK" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Kúẹ́ńjùà" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADN" title="ADN – Èdè Romania" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="ADN" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Èdè Romania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="àyọkà pàtàkì"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Дезоксирибонуклеиновая кислота – Èdè Rọ́ṣíà" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Дезоксирибонуклеиновая кислота" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Èdè Rọ́ṣíà" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%85_%D0%B0%D2%BB%D1%8B%D1%8B%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Дезоксирибонуклеиннаах аһыыба – Sàkíhà" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Дезоксирибонуклеиннаах аһыыба" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Sàkíhà" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADN" title="ADN – Èdè Sadini" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="ADN" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Èdè Sadini" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – Èdè Sikila" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Èdè Sikila" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – Èdè Sikoti" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Èdè Sikoti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%8A%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%8A" title="ڊي اين اي – Èdè Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ڊي اين اي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Èdè Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNK" title="DNK – Èdè Serbo-Croatiani" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="DNK" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Èdè Serbo-Croatiani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%93.%E0%B6%91%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A.%E0%B6%92." title="ඩී.එන්.ඒ. – Èdè Sinhalese" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ඩී.එන්.ඒ." data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Èdè Sinhalese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="àwọn àyọkà dáradára"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deoxyribonukleov%C3%A1_kyselina" title="Deoxyribonukleová kyselina – Èdè Slovaki" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Deoxyribonukleová kyselina" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Èdè Slovaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deoksiribonukleinska_kislina" title="Deoksiribonukleinska kislina – Èdè Slovenia" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Deoksiribonukleinska kislina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Èdè Slovenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – Èdè ara Somalia" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Èdè ara Somalia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADN" title="ADN – Èdè Albania" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="ADN" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Èdè Albania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="àyọkà pàtàkì"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Дезоксирибонуклеинска киселина – Èdè Serbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Дезоксирибонуклеинска киселина" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Èdè Serbia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desoxyribonukleins%C3%BC%C3%BCre" title="Desoxyribonukleinsüüre – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Desoxyribonukleinsüüre" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – Èdè Sudanísì" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Èdè Sudanísì" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – Èdè Suwidiisi" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Èdè Suwidiisi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – Èdè Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Èdè Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF._%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D._%E0%AE%8F." title="டி. என். ஏ. – Èdè Tamili" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="டி. என். ஏ." data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Èdè Tamili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%86%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%88%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%8B_%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%95_%E0%B0%86%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%82" title="డీఆక్సీరైబో కేంద్రక ఆమ్లం – Èdè Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="డీఆక్సీరైబో కేంద్రక ఆమ్లం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Èdè Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B8_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Кислотаи дезоксирибонуклеат – Tàjíìkì" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Кислотаи дезоксирибонуклеат" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tàjíìkì" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD" title="ดีเอ็นเอ – Èdè Tai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ดีเอ็นเอ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Èdè Tai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – Èdè Tok Pisini" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Èdè Tok Pisini" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="àyọkà pàtàkì"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – Èdè Tọọkisi" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Èdè Tọọkisi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Дезоксирибонуклеин кислотасы – Tatarí" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Дезоксирибонуклеин кислотасы" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatarí" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%90%D8%A6%D9%88%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%89%D8%B1%D9%89%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%86%DB%87%D9%83%D9%84%DB%90%D8%A6%D9%89%D9%83_%D9%83%D9%89%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A7" title="دېئوكسىرىبونۇكلېئىك كىسلاتا – Yúgọ̀" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="دېئوكسىرىبونۇكلېئىك كىسلاتا" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Yúgọ̀" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="àyọkà pàtàkì"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%97%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Дезоксирибонуклеїнова кислота – Èdè Ukania" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Дезоксирибонуклеїнова кислота" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Èdè Ukania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%88%DB%8C_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%A7%DB%92" title="ڈی این اے – Èdè Udu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ڈی این اے" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Èdè Udu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dezoksiribonuklein_kislota" title="Dezoksiribonuklein kislota – Èdè Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Dezoksiribonuklein kislota" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Èdè Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="àyọkà pàtàkì"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – Èdè Jetinamu" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Èdè Jetinamu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="àyọkà pàtàkì"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seur_dezocsiribonucleyike" title="Seur dezocsiribonucleyike – Èdè Waluni" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Seur dezocsiribonucleyike" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Èdè Waluni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – Èdè Wara" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Èdè Wara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%84%AB%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8" title="脫氧核糖核酸 – Èdè Wu ti Saina" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="脫氧核糖核酸" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Èdè Wu ti Saina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%96%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%91%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%99%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%91%E1%83%9F%E1%83%94" title="დეზოქსირიბონუკლეინიშ ბჟე – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="დეზოქსირიბონუკლეინიშ ბჟე" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – Èdè Yiddishi" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Èdè Yiddishi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8" title="脱氧核糖核酸 – Edè Ṣáínà" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="脱氧核糖核酸" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Edè Ṣáínà" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%84%AB%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8" title="脫氧核糖核酸 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="脫氧核糖核酸" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%84%AB%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8" title="脫氧核糖核酸 – Èdè Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="脫氧核糖核酸" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Èdè Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/ULibofuzo" title="ULibofuzo – Èdè Ṣulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="ULibofuzo" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Èdè Ṣulu" 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href="/w/index.php?title=P%C3%A0t%C3%A0k%C3%AC:Book&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=DNA"><span>Dá ìwé</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=P%C3%A0t%C3%A0k%C3%AC:DownloadAsPdf&page=DNA&action=show-download-screen"><span>Ìmújade bíi PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA&printable=yes" title="Ojúewé tó ṣe é tẹ̀ ṣí ìwé [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Àtẹ̀jáde tóṣeétẹ̀síìwé</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Ní àkànṣe iṣẹ́ míràn </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/DNA" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7430" title="Àjápọ̀ sí dátà àjápọ̀mọ́ra ẹyọ ìnú ìkọ́pamọ́ [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Ẹyọ inú Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Ìrísí"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Ìrísí</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">bòmọ́lẹ̀</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Lát'ọwọ́ Wikipedia, ìwé ìmọ̀ ọ̀fẹ́</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="yo" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A1%C3%ACl%C3%AC:DNA123.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ad/DNA123.png" decoding="async" width="133" height="240" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="133" data-file-height="240" /></a><figcaption>Aworan elegbemeta apere lilopo apa kan DNA</figcaption></figure> <p><b>DNA</b> duro fun <i>Deoxyribonucleic acid</i> ni <a href="/wiki/Ede_geesi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ede geesi">ede geesi</a>, eyi tumosi <b>deoksiribonúkléì kíkan</b> (DNA tabi DNK). DNA je <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nucleic_acid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nucleic acid (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">núkléì kíkan</a> ti o ni awon ilana <a href="/wiki/Genetics" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetics">abimo</a> ti a n lo fun <a href="/w/index.php?title=Biological_development&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Biological development (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">idagbasoke olounalàyè</a> gbogbo awon iru <a href="/wiki/Cell_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cell (biology)">ahamo</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Life&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Life (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">emi</a>. Lamolara, DNA je <a href="/w/index.php?title=Double_helix&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Double helix (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">alolara eleemeji</a>. Awon apa DNA to ungbe awon ilana wonyi ni a unpe ni <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gene (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">abimo</a>, sugbon awon itelentele DNA miran wa fun idimule, tabi won wa fun iseeseese ilo ilana abimo yi. Lapapo mo <a href="/wiki/RNA" class="mw-redirect" title="RNA">RNA</a> ati awon <a href="/w/index.php?title=Proteins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Proteins (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">amoralokun</a>, DNA je ikan ninu awon <a href="/w/index.php?title=Macromolecules&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Macromolecules (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">horogbangba</a> pataki meta to se koko fun gbogbo irun ohun elemi. </p><p>DNA ni awon <a href="/w/index.php?title=Polymers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polymers (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">alarapupo</a> gigun meji awon eyo kekere kan ton je <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nucleotide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nucleotide (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">nukleotidi</a>, pelu <a href="/w/index.php?title=Backbone_chain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Backbone chain (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">igbaeyin</a> to je adipo <a href="/w/index.php?title=Monosaccharide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monosaccharide (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">suga</a> ati <a href="/w/index.php?title=Phosphate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phosphate (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">oniyofosforu</a> ti won je sisopapao pelu awon ide <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ester&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ester (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">esteri</a>. Awon atinrin mejeji yi jo doju de ona odi si ara won bi be won je <a href="/w/index.php?title=Antiparallel_(biochemistry)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antiparallel (biochemistry) (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">olodiajodojuko</a>. Awon ihun jije lilemo suga kookan ni ikan ninu awon iru horo merin tounje <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nucleobases&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nucleobases (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">ipilenukleu</a> (lasan bi, <i>awon ipile</i>). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nucleic_acid_sequence&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nucleic acid sequence (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Itelentele</a> awon ipilenukleu mererin yi leba igbaeyin ni won un samioro iwifun. Iwifun yi je kika pelu lilo <a href="/w/index.php?title=Genetic_code&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Genetic code (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">amioro alabimo</a>, to utokasi itelentele awon <a href="/w/index.php?title=Amino_acid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amino acid (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">kikan amino</a> ninu awon proteini. Amioro na je kika nipa sise àwòkọ awon ìnà DNA si inu kikan nukleiki RNA to baramu nnu igbese kan to unje <a href="/w/index.php?title=Transcription_(genetics)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transcription (genetics) (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">isawoko</a>. </p><p>Ninu awon ahamo DNA je gbigbajo si idimu gigun kan to unje <a href="/wiki/Chromosome" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromosome">kromosomu</a>. Nigba <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cell_division&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cell division (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">ipin ahamo</a> awon kromosomu yi je didameji ninu igbese <a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA_replication&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DNA replication (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">itunda DNA</a>, to si unpese fun ahamo kookan awon kromosomu pipe tikookan fun won. <a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Awon agbarajo eukarioti</a> (awon <a href="/wiki/Animal" class="mw-redirect" title="Animal">eranko</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Plant">ogbin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fungus" class="mw-redirect" title="Fungus">ehu</a>, ati <a href="/w/index.php?title=Protist&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Protist (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">protisti</a>) ko opo awon DNA won pamo sinu <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cell_nucleus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cell nucleus (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">kóróonú àhámọ́</a> ati awon DNA won miran sinu awon <a href="/w/index.php?title=Organelle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Organelle (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">apainu àhámọ́</a>, bi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mitochondria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mitochondria (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">mitokondria</a> tabi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chloroplasts&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chloroplasts (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">adáláwọ̀</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lafiwe si awon <a href="/wiki/Prokaryote" class="mw-redirect" title="Prokaryote">prokarioti</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bacteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Bacteria">bakteria</a> ati <a href="/w/index.php?title=Archaea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Archaea (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">arkea</a>) ti won unko DNA won pamo sinu <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cytoplasm&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cytoplasm (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">idanuahamo</a> nikan. Ninu awon kromosomu, awo proteini <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chromatin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chromatin (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">kromatini</a> bi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Histone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Histone (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">histoni</a> undipo o si unsegbajo DNA. Awon idimu idipo yi unselana ibasepo larin DNA ati awon proteini miran, nigba tounsejanu awon apa DNA wo ni yio sawoko. </p><p><br /> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awon_ohun_ini">Awon ohun ini</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Àtúnṣe abala: Awon ohun ini" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>àtúnṣe</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Awon ohun ini"><span>àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A1%C3%ACl%C3%AC:DNA_chemical_structure.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/DNA_chemical_structure.svg/300px-DNA_chemical_structure.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="350" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/DNA_chemical_structure.svg/450px-DNA_chemical_structure.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/DNA_chemical_structure.svg/600px-DNA_chemical_structure.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1750" /></a><figcaption>Adimu oloogun DNA. Awon <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrogen_bond&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hydrogen bond (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">ide haidrojin</a> han bi ila alami.</figcaption></figure> <p>DNA je is a long <a href="/w/index.php?title=Polymer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polymer (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">alarapupo</a> gigun to je dida lati awo eyo to un tunde to nje <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nucleotide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nucleotide (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">nukleotidi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Alberts_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alberts-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Butler_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Butler-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bo se koko je wiwari latowo <a href="/wiki/James_D._Watson" title="James D. Watson">James D. Watson</a> ati <a href="/wiki/Francis_Crick" title="Francis Crick">Francis Crick</a>, idimu DNA gbogbo awon irueda ni awon ewon onilopo meji ti ikookan won lo ipo kanna ka, ti ikookan won si ni ite 34 <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%85ngstr%C3%B6m&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ångström (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Ångström</a> (3.4 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nanometre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nanometre (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">nanometres</a>) ati itanka 10 <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%85ngstr%C3%B6m&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ångström (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Ångström</a> (1.0 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nanometre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nanometre (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">nanometres</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FWPUB_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FWPUB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gegebi àgbékà miran se so, nigba to je wiwon nidu omiadalu pato kan, ewon DNA ni iwon 22 de 26 <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%85ngstr%C3%B6m&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ångström (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Ångström</a> ni fife (2.2 to 2.6 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nanometre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nanometre (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">nanometres</a>), be sini eyo nukleotidi kan ni iwon 3.3 Å (0.33 nm) ni gigun.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Botilejepe ikookan eyo to untunde je kenkele, awon alarapupo DNA le je horo titobi to ni egbeegberun nukleotidi ninu. Fun apere, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_chromosome&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Human chromosome (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">kromosomu omoniyan</a> to tobijulo, kromosomu nomba 1, je bi 220 egbeegberun <a href="/w/index.php?title=Base_pair&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Base pair (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">ipile meji</a> ni gigun.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ninu awon agbarajo alaye DNA ki saba wa bi horo kan soso, sugbon bi awon horo meji ti won je didimupo ni lilelile.<sup id="cite_ref-FWPUB_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FWPUB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-berg_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-berg-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Awon mejeji lorapo bi eka igi, won ri bi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Double_helix&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Double helix (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">alopo emeji</a>. Awon nukleotidi atun ni apa igbaeyin horo, to mu ẹ̀wọ̀n na papo, ati ipilenukleu kan, to se basepo mo atinrin DNA miran ninu alopo na. Ipilenukleu kan to so po mo suga kan lo nje <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nucleoside&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nucleoside (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">nukleosidi</a> be sini ipile kan to so mo suga kan ati mo ikan tabi opo adipo oniyofosforu lo nje <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nucleotide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nucleotide (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">nukleotidi</a>. Awon alarapupo ti won ni opo nukleotidi ti wo so po mo ara won (bi tinu DNA) lo nje <a href="/w/index.php?title=Polynucleotide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polynucleotide (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">nukleotidipupo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-IUPAC_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IUPAC-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Igbaeyin atinrin DNA je dida lati ibi awon ìṣẹ́kù <a href="/w/index.php?title=Phosphate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phosphate (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">oniyofosforu</a> ati <a href="/w/index.php?title=Carbohydrate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carbohydrate (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">suga</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ghosh_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ghosh-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Suga inu DNA ni <a href="/w/index.php?title=Deoxyribose&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Deoxyribose (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">2-deoksiribosi</a>, to je suga <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pentose&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pentose (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">pentosi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Carbon" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon">karbonu</a>-marun). Awon suga na je sisopo latowo awon idipo oniyofosforu ti won da awon <a href="/w/index.php?title=Phosphodiester_bond&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phosphodiester bond (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">ìdè fosfodiesteri</a> larin awon s between the third and fifth carbon <a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">atomu</a> karbonu keta ati ikarun awon oruka suga itosi. Awon <a href="/wiki/Covalent_bond" class="mw-redirect" title="Covalent bond">ide</a> alaidogba yi tumosi pe atinrin DNA ni idojude. Ninu alopo emeji idojude awon nukleotidi ninu atinrin kan kojusi idojude won ninu atinrin keji: awon atinrin yi je the strands are <i>olodiajodojuko</i>. Awon enu alaidogba awon atinrin DNA lo nje enu <a href="/w/index.php?title=Directionality_(molecular_biology)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Directionality (molecular biology) (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">5′</a> (<i>arun akoko/five prime</i>) ati <a href="/w/index.php?title=Directionality_(molecular_biology)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Directionality (molecular biology) (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">3′</a> (<i>eta akoko/three prime</i>), pelu enu 5' to pari pelu adipo oniyofosforu ati enu 3' to pari pelu adipo haidroksi. Iyato kan pataki t wa larin DNA ati RNA ni iru suga ti won ni, DNA ni suga pentosi 2-deoksiribosi nigbati RNA ni suga pentosi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ribose&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ribose (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">ribosi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-berg_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-berg-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A1%C3%ACl%C3%AC:DNA_orbit_animated_static_thumb.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/DNA_orbit_animated_static_thumb.png/170px-DNA_orbit_animated_static_thumb.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="316" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/db/DNA_orbit_animated_static_thumb.png 1.5x" data-file-width="233" data-file-height="433" /></a><figcaption>A section of DNA. The bases lie horizontally between the two spiraling strands.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Animated version at <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A1%C3%ACl%C3%AC:DNA_orbit_animated.gif" title="Fáìlì:DNA orbit animated.gif">File:DNA orbit animated.gif</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Alopo emeji DNA double helix je gbigbero pelu ipa meji: awon <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrogen_bond&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hydrogen bond (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">ide haidrojin</a> larin awon nukleotidi ati awon ibasepo <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stacking_(chemistry)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stacking (chemistry) (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">ipele ipile</a> larin awon ipilenukleu <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aromatic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aromatic (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">oloorundidun</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Yakovchuk2006_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yakovchuk2006-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ninu ayika olomi ahamo, awon <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pi_bond&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pi bond (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">ide π</a> adarapo awon ipile nukleotidi naro mo ipo horo DNA, láti dín iye ìbáṣepọ̀ wọn pọ̀ mọ́ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Solvation_shell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Solvation shell (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">igbá ìṣèdàlú</a> kù ati bíi bẹ́ẹ̀, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gibbs_free_energy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gibbs free energy (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">okun òmìnira Gibbs</a>. Àwọn ìpìlẹ̀ mẹ́rẹ̀ẹ̀rin tó wà nínú DNA ni <a href="/w/index.php?title=Adenine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adenine (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">adẹnínì</a> (kíkékúrú sí A), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cytosine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cytosine (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">sitosínì</a> (kíkékúrú sí C), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Guanine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guanine (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">guanínì</a> (kíkékúrú sí G) àti <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thymine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thymine (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">timínì</a> (kíkékúrú sí T). Àwọn ìpìlẹ̀ mẹ́rẹ̀ẹ̀rin yìí ni wọ́n so pọ̀ mọ́ ṣúgà/oníyọ̀fósfórù láti dá odidi núkléótídì, bó ṣe hàn fún <a href="/w/index.php?title=Adenosine_monophosphate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adenosine monophosphate (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">adenosínì oníyọ̀fósfórùkan</a>. </p><p>Àwọn ìpìlẹ̀núkléù pín sí irú méjì: àwọn <a href="/w/index.php?title=Purine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Purine (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">purínì</a>, A àti G, tí wọ́n jẹ́ ọlọ́mọ ẹgbẹ́ márùún àti mẹ́fà àwọn <a href="/w/index.php?title=Heterocyclic_compound&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heterocyclic compound (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">àdàpọ̀ aláàyípoọ̀tọ̀ọ̀tọ̀</a>, àti àwọn <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pyrimidine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pyrimidine (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">pirimidínì</a>, ọlọ́mọ ẹgbẹ́ mẹ́fà C àti T.<sup id="cite_ref-berg_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-berg-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ìpìlẹ̀núkléù pirimidínì karùún, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Uracil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uracil (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">urasílì</a> (kíkékúrú sí U), ló úndípò timínì nínú RNA, ó sì yàtọ̀ sí timínì nkpa pé kò ní <a href="/w/index.php?title=Methyl_group&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Methyl group (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">àdìpọ̀ mẹ́tílì</a> nínú òrùka rẹ̀. Urasílì kì í sábà sí nínú DNA, ọ́ únṣẹlẹ̀ nìkan bíi èso ìfọ́wẹ́wẹ́ sitosínì. Bakanna mọ́ RNA àti DNA iye nínlá àwọn a large number of artificial <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nucleic_acid_analogues&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nucleic acid analogues (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">núkléì kíkan ajọra</a> aláfọwọ́dá náà tún ti jẹ́ dídá láti le ṣe àgbékà àwọn ohun ìní núkléì kíkan, tàbí fún lílò nínú ọ̀rọ̀oníṣẹ́ọ̀nàalàyè.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A1%C3%ACl%C3%AC:DNA-ligand-by-Abalone.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/DNA-ligand-by-Abalone.png/220px-DNA-ligand-by-Abalone.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/DNA-ligand-by-Abalone.png/330px-DNA-ligand-by-Abalone.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/DNA-ligand-by-Abalone.png/440px-DNA-ligand-by-Abalone.png 2x" data-file-width="1057" data-file-height="713" /></a><figcaption>Major and minor grooves of DNA. Minor groove is a binding site for the dye <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hoechst_stain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hoechst stain (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Hoechst 33258</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Àwọn_ibitooro"><span id=".C3.80w.E1.BB.8Dn_ibitooro"></span>Àwọn ibitooro</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Àtúnṣe abala: Àwọn ibitooro" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>àtúnṣe</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Àwọn ibitooro"><span>àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Àwọn atínrín alọ́po méjéèjì náà dá igbáẹ̀yìn DNA. Alọ́po ẹ̀mẹjì míràn kan náà tún ṣe é rí nípa títẹ̀lé àwọn àyè, tàbi àwọn ibitooro, tó wà láàrin àwọn atínrín náà. Àwọn àyè yìí wà nítòsí sí àwọn ìpìlẹ̀ méjì ó sìl lè pèsè <a href="/w/index.php?title=Binding_site&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Binding site (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">ojú ìdè</a>. Nítorípé àwọn atínrín kò wà níwájú ara wọn, àwọn ibitooro lò ní ìtóbi dídọ́gba. Ibitooro kan, ibitooro àgbà, jẹ́ 22 Å ní fífẹ̀, èkejì, ibitooro kékeré, jẹ́ 12 Å ní fífẹ̀.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Híhá ibitooro kékeré túmọ̀sí pé àwọn etí àwọn ìpìlẹ̀ ṣe é bọ́sí nínú ibitooro àgbà. Nítorí bẹ́ẹ̀, àwọn proteínì bíi àwọn <a href="/w/index.php?title=Transcription_factor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transcription factor (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">akópa ìṣàwòkọ</a> tí wọ́n le so mọ́ àwọn ìtẹ̀léntẹ̀lé pàtó nínú DNA alátínrín méjì únsábà farakan àwọn ẹ̀gbẹ́ àwọn ìpìlẹ̀ tí wọ́n hàn nínú ibitooro àgbà.<sup id="cite_ref-Pabo1984_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pabo1984-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This situation varies in unusual conformations of DNA within the cell <i>(see below)</i>, but the major and minor grooves are always named to reflect the differences in size that would be seen if the DNA is twisted back into the ordinary B form. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ìṣeméjì_ìpílẹ̀"><span id=".C3.8C.E1.B9.A3em.C3.A9j.C3.AC_.C3.ACp.C3.ADl.E1.BA.B9.CC.80"></span>Ìṣeméjì ìpílẹ̀</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Àtúnṣe abala: Ìṣeméjì ìpílẹ̀" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>àtúnṣe</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Ìṣeméjì ìpílẹ̀"><span>àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="rellink boilerplate further">Ẹ̀kúnrẹ́rẹ́: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Base_pair&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Base pair (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Ìṣeméjì ìpìlẹ̀</a></div> <p>In a DNA double helix, each type of nucleobase on one strand normally interacts with just one type of nucleobase on the other strand. This is called complementary <a href="/w/index.php?title=Base_pair&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Base pair (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">base pairing</a>. Here, purines form <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrogen_bond&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hydrogen bond (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">hydrogen bonds</a> to pyrimidines, with A bonding only to T, and C bonding only to G. This arrangement of two nucleotides binding together across the double helix is called a base pair. As hydrogen bonds are not <a href="/wiki/Covalent_bond" class="mw-redirect" title="Covalent bond">covalent</a>, they can be broken and rejoined relatively easily. The two strands of DNA in a double helix can therefore be pulled apart like a zipper, either by a mechanical force or high <a href="/w/index.php?title=Temperature&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Temperature (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">temperature</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result of this complementarity, all the information in the double-stranded sequence of a DNA helix is duplicated on each strand, which is vital in DNA replication. Indeed, this reversible and specific interaction between complementary base pairs is critical for all the functions of DNA in living organisms.<sup id="cite_ref-Alberts_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alberts-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="thumb tright" style="background:#f9f9f9; border:1px solid #ccc; margin:0.5em;"> <table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width:230px; font-size:85%; border:1px solid #ccc; margin:0.3em;"> <tbody><tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A1%C3%ACl%C3%AC:Base_pair_GC.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Base_pair_GC.svg/280px-Base_pair_GC.svg.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Base_pair_GC.svg/420px-Base_pair_GC.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Base_pair_GC.svg/560px-Base_pair_GC.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="369" /></a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width:230px; font-size:85%; border:1px solid #ccc; margin:0.3em;"> <tbody><tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A1%C3%ACl%C3%AC:Base_pair_AT.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Base_pair_AT.svg/280px-Base_pair_AT.svg.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Base_pair_AT.svg/420px-Base_pair_AT.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Base_pair_AT.svg/560px-Base_pair_AT.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="352" /></a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="border: none; width:282px;"><div class="thumbcaption">Top, a <b>GC</b> base pair with three <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrogen_bond&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hydrogen bond (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">hydrogen bonds</a>. Bottom, an <b>AT</b> base pair with two hydrogen bonds. Non-covalent hydrogen bonds between the pairs are shown as dashed lines.</div></div></div> <p>The two types of base pairs form different numbers of hydrogen bonds, AT forming two hydrogen bonds, and GC forming three hydrogen bonds (see figures, left). DNA with high <a href="/w/index.php?title=GC-content&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GC-content (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">GC-content</a> is more stable than DNA with low GC-content. Although it is often stated that this is due to the added stability of an additional hydrogen bond, this is incorrect.<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%80d%C3%A0k%E1%BB%8D:Source%3F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Àdàkọ:Source? (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Àdàkọ:Source?</a> DNA with high GC-content is more stable due to intra-strand base stacking interactions.<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%80d%C3%A0k%E1%BB%8D:Cn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Àdàkọ:Cn (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Àdàkọ:Cn</a> </p><p>As noted above, most DNA molecules are actually two polymer strands, bound together in a helical fashion by noncovalent bonds; this double stranded structure (dsDNA) is maintained largely by the intrastrand base stacking interactions, which are strongest for G,C stacks. The two strands can come apart – a process known as melting – to form two ss DNA molecules. Melting occurs when conditions favor ssDNA; such conditions are high temperature, low salt and high pH (low pH also melts DNA, but since DNA is unstable due to acid depurination, low pH is rarely used). The stability of the dsDNA form depends not only on the GC-content (% G,C basepairs) but also on sequence (since stacking is sequence specific) and also length (longer molecules are more stable). The stability can be measured in various ways; a common way is the "melting temperature", which is the temperature at which 50% of the ds molecules are converted to ss molecules; melting temperature is dependent on ionic strength and the concentration of DNA. As a result, it is both the percentage of GC base pairs and the overall length of a DNA double helix that determine the strength of the association between the two strands of DNA. Long DNA helices with a high GC-content have stronger-interacting strands, while short helices with high AT content have weaker-interacting strands.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In biology, parts of the DNA double helix that need to separate easily, such as the TATAAT <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pribnow_box&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pribnow box (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Pribnow box</a> in some <a href="/w/index.php?title=Promoter_(biology)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Promoter (biology) (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">promoters</a>, tend to have a high AT content, making the strands easier to pull apart.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the laboratory, the strength of this interaction can be measured by finding the temperature required to break the hydrogen bonds, their <a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA_melting&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DNA melting (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">melting temperature</a> (also called <i>T<sub>m</sub></i> value). When all the base pairs in a DNA double helix melt, the strands separate and exist in solution as two entirely independent molecules. These <span id="ssDNA"></span>single-stranded DNA molecules (<i>ssDNA</i>) have no single common shape, but some conformations are more stable than others.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ọlọ́gbọ́n_àti_òdì-ọlọ́gbọ́n"><span id=".E1.BB.8Cl.E1.BB.8D.CC.81gb.E1.BB.8D.CC.81n_.C3.A0ti_.C3.B2d.C3.AC-.E1.BB.8Dl.E1.BB.8D.CC.81gb.E1.BB.8D.CC.81n"></span>Ọlọ́gbọ́n àti òdì-ọlọ́gbọ́n</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Àtúnṣe abala: Ọlọ́gbọ́n àti òdì-ọlọ́gbọ́n" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>àtúnṣe</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Ọlọ́gbọ́n àti òdì-ọlọ́gbọ́n"><span>àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="rellink boilerplate further">Ẹ̀kúnrẹ́rẹ́: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sense_(molecular_biology)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sense (molecular biology) (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Sense (molecular biology)</a></div> <p>A DNA sequence is called "sense" if its sequence is the same as that of a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Messenger_RNA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Messenger RNA (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">messenger RNA</a> copy that is translated into protein.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sequence on the opposite strand is called the "antisense" sequence. Both sense and antisense sequences can exist on different parts of the same strand of DNA (i.e. both strands contain both sense and antisense sequences). In both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, antisense RNA sequences are produced, but the functions of these RNAs are not entirely clear.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One proposal is that antisense RNAs are involved in regulating <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gene_expression&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gene expression (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">gene expression</a> through RNA-RNA base pairing.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A few DNA sequences in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, and more in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Plasmid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Plasmid (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">plasmids</a> and <a href="/wiki/Virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Virus">viruses</a>, blur the distinction between sense and antisense strands by having overlapping genes.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In these cases, some DNA sequences do double duty, encoding one protein when read along one strand, and a second protein when read in the opposite direction along the other strand. In <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a>, this overlap may be involved in the regulation of gene transcription,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while in viruses, overlapping genes increase the amount of information that can be encoded within the small viral genome.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ìlọ́pogidi"><span id=".C3.8Cl.E1.BB.8D.CC.81pogidi"></span>Ìlọ́pogidi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Àtúnṣe abala: Ìlọ́pogidi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>àtúnṣe</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Ìlọ́pogidi"><span>àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="rellink boilerplate further">Ẹ̀kúnrẹ́rẹ́: <a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA_supercoil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DNA supercoil (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">DNA supercoil</a></div> <p>DNA can be twisted like a rope in a process called <a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA_supercoil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DNA supercoil (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">DNA supercoiling</a>. With DNA in its "relaxed" state, a strand usually circles the axis of the double helix once every 10.4 base pairs, but if the DNA is twisted the strands become more tightly or more loosely wound.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If the DNA is twisted in the direction of the helix, this is positive supercoiling, and the bases are held more tightly together. If they are twisted in the opposite direction, this is negative supercoiling, and the bases come apart more easily. In nature, most DNA has slight negative supercoiling that is introduced by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Enzyme&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Enzyme (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">enzymes</a> called <a href="/w/index.php?title=Topoisomerase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Topoisomerase (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">topoisomerases</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Champoux_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Champoux-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These enzymes are also needed to relieve the twisting stresses introduced into DNA strands during processes such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Transcription_(genetics)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transcription (genetics) (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">transcription</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA_replication&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DNA replication (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">DNA replication</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wang_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wang-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A1%C3%ACl%C3%AC:A-DNA,_B-DNA_and_Z-DNA.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/A-DNA%2C_B-DNA_and_Z-DNA.png/220px-A-DNA%2C_B-DNA_and_Z-DNA.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/A-DNA%2C_B-DNA_and_Z-DNA.png/330px-A-DNA%2C_B-DNA_and_Z-DNA.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/A-DNA%2C_B-DNA_and_Z-DNA.png/440px-A-DNA%2C_B-DNA_and_Z-DNA.png 2x" data-file-width="2486" data-file-height="1620" /></a><figcaption>From left to right, the structures of A, B and Z DNA</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Àwọn_ìdìmú_DNA_míràn"><span id=".C3.80w.E1.BB.8Dn_.C3.ACd.C3.ACm.C3.BA_DNA_m.C3.ADr.C3.A0n"></span>Àwọn ìdìmú DNA míràn</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Àtúnṣe abala: Àwọn ìdìmú DNA míràn" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>àtúnṣe</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Àwọn ìdìmú DNA míràn"><span>àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="rellink boilerplate further">Ẹ̀kúnrẹ́rẹ́: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Molecular_Structure_of_Nucleic_Acids:_A_Structure_for_Deoxyribose_Nucleic_Acid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Molecular Structure of Nucleic Acids: A Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Molecular Structure of Nucleic Acids: A Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Molecular_models_of_DNA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Molecular models of DNA (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Àwọn àfijúwe oníhóró DNA</a>, àti <a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA_structure&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DNA structure (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Ìdìmú DNA</a></div> <p>DNA exists in many possible <a href="/w/index.php?title=Conformational_isomerism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conformational isomerism (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">conformations</a> that include <a href="/w/index.php?title=A-DNA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A-DNA (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">A-DNA</a>, B-DNA, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Z-DNA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Z-DNA (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Z-DNA</a> forms, although, only B-DNA and Z-DNA have been directly observed in functional organisms.<sup id="cite_ref-Ghosh_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ghosh-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The conformation that DNA adopts depends on the hydration level, DNA sequence, the amount and direction of supercoiling, chemical modifications of the bases, the type and concentration of metal <a href="/wiki/Ion" class="mw-redirect" title="Ion">ions</a>, as well as the presence of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Polyamine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polyamine (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">polyamines</a> in solution.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first published reports of A-DNA <a href="/w/index.php?title=X-ray_scattering_techniques&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="X-ray scattering techniques (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">X-ray diffraction patterns</a>— and also B-DNA used analyses based on <a href="/w/index.php?title=Patterson_function&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Patterson function (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Patterson transforms</a> that provided only a limited amount of structural information for oriented fibers of DNA.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NatFranGos_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NatFranGos-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An alternate analysis was then proposed by Wilkins <i>et al.</i>, in 1953, for the <i>in vivo</i> B-DNA X-ray diffraction/scattering patterns of highly hydrated DNA fibers in terms of squares of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bessel_function&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bessel function (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Bessel functions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NatWilk_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NatWilk-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the same journal, <a href="/wiki/James_D._Watson" title="James D. Watson">James D. Watson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Francis_Crick" title="Francis Crick">Francis Crick</a> presented their <a href="/w/index.php?title=Molecular_models_of_DNA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Molecular models of DNA (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">molecular modeling</a> analysis of the DNA X-ray diffraction patterns to suggest that the structure was a double-helix.<sup id="cite_ref-FWPUB_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FWPUB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the `B-DNA form' is most common under the conditions found in cells,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it is not a well-defined conformation but a family of related DNA conformations<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that occur at the high hydration levels present in living cells. Their corresponding X-ray diffraction and scattering patterns are characteristic of molecular <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paracrystalline&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paracrystalline (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">paracrystals</a> with a significant degree of disorder.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Compared to B-DNA, the A-DNA form is a wider right-handed spiral, with a shallow, wide minor groove and a narrower, deeper major groove. The A form occurs under non-physiological conditions in partially dehydrated samples of DNA, while in the cell it may be produced in hybrid pairings of DNA and RNA strands, as well as in enzyme-DNA complexes.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Segments of DNA where the bases have been chemically modified by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Methylation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Methylation (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">methylation</a> may undergo a larger change in conformation and adopt the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Z-DNA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Z-DNA (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Z form</a>. Here, the strands turn about the helical axis in a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Left-handed&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Left-handed (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">left-handed</a> spiral, the opposite of the more common B form.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These unusual structures can be recognized by specific Z-DNA binding proteins and may be involved in the regulation of transcription.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ìsiṣẹ́olòógùn_DNA_míràn"><span id=".C3.8Csi.E1.B9.A3.E1.BA.B9.CC.81ol.C3.B2.C3.B3g.C3.B9n_DNA_m.C3.ADr.C3.A0n"></span>Ìsiṣẹ́olòógùn DNA míràn</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Àtúnṣe abala: Ìsiṣẹ́olòógùn DNA míràn" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>àtúnṣe</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Ìsiṣẹ́olòógùn DNA míràn"><span>àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For a number of years exobiologists have proposed the existence of a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shadow_biosphere&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shadow biosphere (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">shadow biosphere</a>, a postulated microbial biosphere of Earth that uses radically different biochemical and molecular processes than currently known life. One of the proposals was the existence of lifeforms that use <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arsenic_DNA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arsenic DNA (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">arsenic instead of phosphorus in DNA</a>. </p><p>A December 2010 <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> press conference stated that the <a href="/wiki/Bacterium" class="mw-redirect" title="Bacterium">bacterium</a> <a href="/wiki/GFAJ-1" title="GFAJ-1">GFAJ-1</a>, which has evolved in an arsenic-rich environment, is the first terrestrial lifeform found which may have this ability. The bacterium was found in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mono_Lake&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mono Lake (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Mono Lake</a>, east of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yosemite_National_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yosemite National Park (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Yosemite National Park</a>. GFAJ-1 is a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rod-shaped_bacteria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rod-shaped bacteria (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">rod</a>-shaped <a href="/w/index.php?title=Extremophile&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Extremophile (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">extremophile</a> bacterium in the family <a href="/w/index.php?title=Halomonadaceae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Halomonadaceae (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Halomonadaceae</a> that, when starved of <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" class="mw-redirect" title="Phosphorus">phosphorus</a>, may be capable of incorporating the usually poisonous element <a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">arsenic</a> in its DNA.<sup id="cite_ref-arsenic_extremophile_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arsenic_extremophile-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This discovery may lend weight to the long-standing idea that <a href="/w/index.php?title=Life_on_other_planets&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Life on other planets (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">extraterrestrial life</a> could have a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypothetical_types_of_biochemistry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hypothetical types of biochemistry (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">different chemical makeup</a> from life on <a href="/wiki/Earth" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth">Earth</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-arsenic_extremophile_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arsenic_extremophile-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Space_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Space-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The research was carried out by a team led by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Felisa_Wolfe-Simon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Felisa Wolfe-Simon (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Felisa Wolfe-Simon</a>, a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Geomicrobiologist&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geomicrobiologist (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">geomicrobiologist</a> and geobiochemist, a Postdoctoral Fellow of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=NASA_Astrobiology_Institute&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NASA Astrobiology Institute (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">NASA Astrobiology Institute</a> with <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arizona_State_University&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arizona State University (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Arizona State University</a>. This finding has, however, faced strong criticism from the scientific community; scientists have argued that there is no evidence that arsenic is actually incorporated into biomolecules.<sup id="cite_ref-Space_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Space-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Independent conformation of this finding has also not yet been possible. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Àwọn_ìdìmú_Quadruplex"><span id=".C3.80w.E1.BB.8Dn_.C3.ACd.C3.ACm.C3.BA_Quadruplex"></span>Àwọn ìdìmú Quadruplex</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Àtúnṣe abala: Àwọn ìdìmú Quadruplex" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>àtúnṣe</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Àwọn ìdìmú Quadruplex"><span>àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="rellink boilerplate further">Ẹ̀kúnrẹ́rẹ́: <a href="/w/index.php?title=G-quadruplex&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="G-quadruplex (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">G-quadruplex</a></div> <p>At the ends of the linear chromosomes are specialized regions of DNA called <a href="/w/index.php?title=Telomere&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telomere (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">telomeres</a>. The main function of these regions is to allow the cell to replicate chromosome ends using the enzyme <a href="/w/index.php?title=Telomerase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telomerase (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">telomerase</a>, as the enzymes that normally replicate DNA cannot copy the extreme 3′ ends of chromosomes.<sup id="cite_ref-Greider_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greider-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These specialized chromosome caps also help protect the DNA ends, and stop the <a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA_repair&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DNA repair (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">DNA repair</a> systems in the cell from treating them as damage to be corrected.<sup id="cite_ref-Nugent_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nugent-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_distinct_cell_types_in_the_adult_human_body&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of distinct cell types in the adult human body (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">human cells</a>, telomeres are usually lengths of single-stranded DNA containing several thousand repeats of a simple TTAGGG sequence.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A1%C3%ACl%C3%AC:Parallel_telomere_quadruple.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Parallel_telomere_quadruple.png/220px-Parallel_telomere_quadruple.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Parallel_telomere_quadruple.png/330px-Parallel_telomere_quadruple.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Parallel_telomere_quadruple.png/440px-Parallel_telomere_quadruple.png 2x" data-file-width="1316" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>DNA quadruplex formed by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Telomere&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telomere (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">telomere</a> repeats. The looped conformation of the DNA backbone is very different from the typical DNA helix.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>These guanine-rich sequences may stabilize chromosome ends by forming structures of stacked sets of four-base units, rather than the usual base pairs found in other DNA molecules. Here, four guanine bases form a flat plate and these flat four-base units then stack on top of each other, to form a stable <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=G-quadruplex&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="G-quadruplex (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">G-quadruplex</a></i> structure.<sup id="cite_ref-Burge_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burge-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These structures are stabilized by hydrogen bonding between the edges of the bases and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chelation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chelation (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">chelation</a> of a metal ion in the centre of each four-base unit.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other structures can also be formed, with the central set of four bases coming from either a single strand folded around the bases, or several different parallel strands, each contributing one base to the central structure. </p><p>In addition to these stacked structures, telomeres also form large loop structures called telomere loops, or T-loops. Here, the single-stranded DNA curls around in a long circle stabilized by telomere-binding proteins.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the very end of the T-loop, the single-stranded telomere DNA is held onto a region of double-stranded DNA by the telomere strand disrupting the double-helical DNA and base pairing to one of the two strands. This <a href="/w/index.php?title=Triple-stranded_DNA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Triple-stranded DNA (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">triple-stranded</a> structure is called a displacement loop or <a href="/w/index.php?title=D-loop&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="D-loop (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">D-loop</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Burge_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burge-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="thumb tright" style="background:#f9f9f9; border:1px solid #ccc; margin:0.5em;"> <table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width:200px; font-size:85%; border:1px solid #ccc; margin:0.3em;"> <tbody><tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A1%C3%ACl%C3%AC:Branch-dna-single.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Branch-dna-single.svg/75px-Branch-dna-single.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Branch-dna-single.svg/113px-Branch-dna-single.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Branch-dna-single.svg/150px-Branch-dna-single.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="150" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A1%C3%ACl%C3%AC:Branch-DNA-multiple.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Branch-DNA-multiple.svg/95px-Branch-DNA-multiple.svg.png" decoding="async" width="95" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Branch-DNA-multiple.svg/143px-Branch-DNA-multiple.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Branch-DNA-multiple.svg/190px-Branch-DNA-multiple.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="150" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">Single branch </td> <td align="center">Multiple branches </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="border: none; width:200px;font-size: 90%;"><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Branched_DNA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Branched DNA (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Branched DNA</a> can form networks containing multiple branches.</div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="DNA_ẹlẹ́ka"><span id="DNA_.E1.BA.B9l.E1.BA.B9.CC.81ka"></span>DNA ẹlẹ́ka</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Àtúnṣe abala: DNA ẹlẹ́ka" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>àtúnṣe</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: DNA ẹlẹ́ka"><span>àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="rellink boilerplate further">Ẹ̀kúnrẹ́rẹ́: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Branched_DNA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Branched DNA (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Branched DNA</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA_nanotechnology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DNA nanotechnology (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">DNA nanotechnology</a></div> <p>In DNA <a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA_end&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DNA end (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">fraying</a> occurs when non-complementary regions exist at the end of an otherwise complementary double-strand of DNA. However, branched DNA can occur if a third strand of DNA is introduced and contains adjoining regions able to hybridize with the frayed regions of the pre-existing double-strand. Although the simplest example of branched DNA involves only three strands of DNA, complexes involving additional strands and multiple branches are also possible.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Branched DNA can be used in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nanotechnology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nanotechnology (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">nanotechnology</a> to construct geometric shapes, see the section on <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Uses_in_technology">uses in technology</a> below. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ìgbọ̀ntìtì"><span id=".C3.8Cgb.E1.BB.8D.CC.80nt.C3.ACt.C3.AC"></span>Ìgbọ̀ntìtì</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Àtúnṣe abala: Ìgbọ̀ntìtì" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>àtúnṣe</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Ìgbọ̀ntìtì"><span>àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>DNA may carry out <a href="/w/index.php?title=Low-frequency_collective_motion_in_proteins_and_DNA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Low-frequency collective motion in proteins and DNA (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">low-frequency</a> collective motion as observed by the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Raman_spectroscopy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Raman spectroscopy (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Raman spectroscopy</a><sup id="cite_ref-pmid7115900_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid7115900-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Urabe_1983_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Urabe_1983-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and analyzed with a quasi-continuum model.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid6466317_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid6466317-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid2775828_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid2775828-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><br /> </p> <table align="center" id="Ẹ̀kúnrẹ́rẹ́" class="metadata" style="background: #E7F2FE; border: 1px solid #aaa; padding: .2em; width: 80%; {{{style}}}"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding: 5px; width:60px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A1%C3%ACl%C3%AC:Edit-find-replace.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Edit-find-replace.svg/50px-Edit-find-replace.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Edit-find-replace.svg/75px-Edit-find-replace.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Edit-find-replace.svg/100px-Edit-find-replace.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span> </td> <td><b>Àyọkà yìí tàbí apá rẹ̀ únfẹ́ àtúnṣe sí.</b><br /> <p><span style="font-size: 90%;">Ẹ le <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Ayoka_fun_ekunrere" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Ayoka fun ekunrere">fẹ̀ jù báyìí lọ</a> tàbí kí ẹ <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%C3%8Cm%C3%BAd%C3%A1ra_%C3%A0y%E1%BB%8Dk%C3%A0" title="Wikipedia:Ìmúdára àyọkà">ṣàtúnṣe</a> rẹ̀ lọ́nà tí yíò mu kúnrẹ́rẹ́. Ẹ ran Wikipedia lọ́wọ́ láti <a class="external text" href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=DNA&action=edit">fẹ̀ẹ́ jù báyìí lọ</a>.</span> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Itokasi">Itokasi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Àtúnṣe abala: Itokasi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>àtúnṣe</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Itokasi"><span>àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em; -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Russell, Peter (2001). <i>iGenetics</i>. New York: Benjamin Cummings. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A0t%C3%A0k%C3%AC:BookSources/0-8053-4553-1" title="Pàtàkì:BookSources/0-8053-4553-1">0-8053-4553-1</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=iGenetics&rft.aulast=Russell&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Russell%2C%26%2332%3BPeter&rft.date=2001&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Benjamin+Cummings&rft.isbn=0-8053-4553-1&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:DNA"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Saenger, Wolfram (1984). <i>Principles of Nucleic Acid Structure</i>. New York: Springer-Verlag. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A0t%C3%A0k%C3%AC:BookSources/0-387-90762-9" title="Pàtàkì:BookSources/0-387-90762-9">0-387-90762-9</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Principles+of+Nucleic+Acid+Structure&rft.aulast=Saenger&rft.aufirst=Wolfram&rft.au=Saenger%2C%26%2332%3BWolfram&rft.date=1984&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Springer-Verlag&rft.isbn=0-387-90762-9&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:DNA"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Alberts-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Alberts_3-0">3.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Alberts_3-1">3.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Alberts, Bruce; Alexander Johnson, Julian Lewis, Martin Raff, Keith Roberts and Peter Walters (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?call=bv.View..ShowTOC&rid=mboc4.TOC&depth=2"><i>Molecular Biology of the Cell; Fourth Edition</i></a>. New York and London: Garland Science. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A0t%C3%A0k%C3%AC:BookSources/0-8153-3218-1" title="Pàtàkì:BookSources/0-8153-3218-1">0-8153-3218-1</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Online_Computer_Library_Center&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Online Computer Library Center (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/145080076">48122761 57023651 69932405 145080076 48122761 57023651 69932405</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?call=bv.View..ShowTOC&rid=mboc4.TOC&depth=2">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?call=bv.View..ShowTOC&rid=mboc4.TOC&depth=2</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Molecular+Biology+of+the+Cell%3B+Fourth+Edition&rft.aulast=Alberts&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft.au=Alberts%2C%26%2332%3BBruce&rft.date=2002&rft.place=New+York+and+London&rft.pub=Garland+Science&rft.isbn=0-8153-3218-1&rft_id=info:oclcnum/145080076+48122761+57023651+69932405&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fbooks%2Fbv.fcgi%3Fcall%3Dbv.View..ShowTOC%26rid%3Dmboc4.TOC%26depth%3D2&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:DNA"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Butler-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Butler_4-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Butler, John M. (2001). <i>Forensic DNA Typing</i>. Elsevier. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A0t%C3%A0k%C3%AC:BookSources/978-0-12-147951-0" title="Pàtàkì:BookSources/978-0-12-147951-0">978-0-12-147951-0</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Online_Computer_Library_Center&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Online Computer Library Center (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/223032110">45406517 223032110 45406517</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Forensic+DNA+Typing&rft.aulast=Butler%2C+John+M.&rft.au=Butler%2C+John+M.&rft.date=2001&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.isbn=978-0-12-147951-0&rft_id=info:oclcnum/223032110+45406517&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:DNA"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span> pp. 14–15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FWPUB-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FWPUB_5-0">5.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FWPUB_5-1">5.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FWPUB_5-2">5.2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Watson J.D. and Crick F.H.C. (1953). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/dna50/watsoncrick.pdf">"A Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid"</a> (PDF). <i>Nature</i> <b>171</b> (4356): 737–738. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bibcode&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bibcode (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Bibcode</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1953Natur.171..737W">1953Natur.171..737W</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_object_identifier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Digital object identifier (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F171737a0">10.1038/171737a0</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PubMed_Identifier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PubMed Identifier (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13054692">13054692</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/dna50/watsoncrick.pdf">http://www.nature.com/nature/dna50/watsoncrick.pdf</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=A+Structure+for+Deoxyribose+Nucleic+Acid&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.aulast=Watson+J.D.+and+Crick+F.H.C.&rft.au=Watson+J.D.+and+Crick+F.H.C.&rft.date=1953&rft.volume=171&rft.issue=4356&rft.pages=737%E2%80%93738&rft_id=info:bibcode/1953Natur.171..737W&rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2F171737a0&rft_id=info:pmid/13054692&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fnature%2Fdna50%2Fwatsoncrick.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:DNA"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Mandelkern M, Elias J, Eden D, Crothers D (1981). "The dimensions of DNA in solution". <i>J Mol Biol</i> <b>152</b> (1): 153–61. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_object_identifier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Digital object identifier (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2F0022-2836%2881%2990099-1">10.1016/0022-2836(81)90099-1</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PubMed_Identifier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PubMed Identifier (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7338906">7338906</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+dimensions+of+DNA+in+solution&rft.jtitle=J+Mol+Biol&rft.aulast=Mandelkern+M%2C+Elias+J%2C+Eden+D%2C+Crothers+D&rft.au=Mandelkern+M%2C+Elias+J%2C+Eden+D%2C+Crothers+D&rft.date=1981&rft.volume=152&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=153%E2%80%9361&rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2F0022-2836%2881%2990099-1&rft_id=info:pmid/7338906&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:DNA"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Gregory S; Barlow, KF; McLay, KE; Kaul, R; Swarbreck, D; Dunham, A; Scott, CE; Howe, KL et al. (2006). "The DNA sequence and biological annotation of human chromosome 1". <i>Nature</i> <b>441</b> (7091): 315–21. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bibcode&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bibcode (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Bibcode</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006Natur.441..315G">2006Natur.441..315G</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_object_identifier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Digital object identifier (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature04727">10.1038/nature04727</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PubMed_Identifier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PubMed Identifier (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16710414">16710414</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+DNA+sequence+and+biological+annotation+of+human+chromosome+1&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.aulast=Gregory+S&rft.au=Gregory+S&rft.au=Barlow%2C%26%2332%3BKF&rft.au=McLay%2C%26%2332%3BKE&rft.au=Kaul%2C%26%2332%3BR&rft.au=Swarbreck%2C%26%2332%3BD&rft.au=Dunham%2C%26%2332%3BA&rft.au=Scott%2C%26%2332%3BCE&rft.au=Howe%2C%26%2332%3BKL&rft.au=Woodfine%2C%26%2332%3BK&rft.date=2006&rft.volume=441&rft.issue=7091&rft.pages=315%E2%80%9321&rft_id=info:bibcode/2006Natur.441..315G&rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2Fnature04727&rft_id=info:pmid/16710414&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:DNA"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-berg-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-berg_8-0">8.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-berg_8-1">8.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-berg_8-2">8.2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Berg J., Tymoczko J. and Stryer L. (2002) <i>Biochemistry.</i> W. H. Freeman and Company <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A0t%C3%A0k%C3%AC:BookSources/0716749556" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-7167-4955-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IUPAC-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-IUPAC_9-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chem.qmul.ac.uk/iupac/misc/naabb.html">Abbreviations and Symbols for Nucleic Acids, Polynucleotides and their Constituents</a> IUPAC-IUB Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature (CBN). Retrieved 03 January 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ghosh-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Ghosh_10-0">10.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Ghosh_10-1">10.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Ghosh A, Bansal M (2003). "A glossary of DNA structures from A to Z". <i>Acta Crystallogr D</i> <b>59</b> (4): 620–6. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_object_identifier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Digital object identifier (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1107%2FS0907444903003251">10.1107/S0907444903003251</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PubMed_Identifier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PubMed Identifier (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12657780">12657780</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=A+glossary+of+DNA+structures+from+A+to+Z&rft.jtitle=Acta+Crystallogr+D&rft.aulast=Ghosh+A%2C+Bansal+M&rft.au=Ghosh+A%2C+Bansal+M&rft.date=2003&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=620%E2%80%936&rft_id=info:doi/10.1107%2FS0907444903003251&rft_id=info:pmid/12657780&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:DNA"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Created from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/cgi/explore.cgi?pdbId=1D65">PDB 1D65</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yakovchuk2006-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Yakovchuk2006_12-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Yakovchuk P, Protozanova E, Frank-Kamenetskii MD (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1360284">"Base-stacking and base-pairing contributions into thermal stability of the DNA double helix"</a>. <i>Nucleic Acids Res.</i> <b>34</b> (2): 564–74. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_object_identifier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Digital object identifier (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Fnar%2Fgkj454">10.1093/nar/gkj454</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PubMed_Central&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PubMed Central (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1360284">1360284</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PubMed_Identifier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PubMed Identifier (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16449200">16449200</a><span class="printonly">. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1360284</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Base-stacking+and+base-pairing+contributions+into+thermal+stability+of+the+DNA+double+helix&rft.jtitle=Nucleic+Acids+Res.&rft.aulast=Yakovchuk+P%2C+Protozanova+E%2C+Frank-Kamenetskii+MD&rft.au=Yakovchuk+P%2C+Protozanova+E%2C+Frank-Kamenetskii+MD&rft.date=2006&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=564%E2%80%9374&rft_id=info:doi/10.1093%2Fnar%2Fgkj454&rft_id=info:pmc/1360284&rft_id=info:pmid/16449200&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D1360284&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:DNA"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Verma S, Eckstein F (1998). "Modified oligonucleotides: synthesis and strategy for users". <i>Annu. Rev. Biochem.</i> <b>67</b>: 99–134. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_object_identifier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Digital object identifier (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.biochem.67.1.99">10.1146/annurev.biochem.67.1.99</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PubMed_Identifier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PubMed Identifier (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9759484">9759484</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Modified+oligonucleotides%3A+synthesis+and+strategy+for+users&rft.jtitle=Annu.+Rev.+Biochem.&rft.aulast=Verma+S%2C+Eckstein+F&rft.au=Verma+S%2C+Eckstein+F&rft.date=1998&rft.volume=67&rft.pages=99%E2%80%93134&rft_id=info:doi/10.1146%2Fannurev.biochem.67.1.99&rft_id=info:pmid/9759484&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:DNA"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Wing R, Drew H, Takano T, Broka C, Tanaka S, Itakura K, Dickerson R (1980). "Crystal structure analysis of a complete turn of B-DNA". <i>Nature</i> <b>287</b> (5784): 755–8. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bibcode&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bibcode (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Bibcode</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1980Natur.287..755W">1980Natur.287..755W</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_object_identifier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Digital object identifier (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F287755a0">10.1038/287755a0</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PubMed_Identifier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PubMed Identifier (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7432492">7432492</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Crystal+structure+analysis+of+a+complete+turn+of+B-DNA&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.aulast=Wing+R%2C+Drew+H%2C+Takano+T%2C+Broka+C%2C+Tanaka+S%2C+Itakura+K%2C+Dickerson+R&rft.au=Wing+R%2C+Drew+H%2C+Takano+T%2C+Broka+C%2C+Tanaka+S%2C+Itakura+K%2C+Dickerson+R&rft.date=1980&rft.volume=287&rft.issue=5784&rft.pages=755%E2%80%938&rft_id=info:bibcode/1980Natur.287..755W&rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2F287755a0&rft_id=info:pmid/7432492&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:DNA"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pabo1984-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Pabo1984_15-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Pabo C, Sauer R (1984). "Protein-DNA recognition". <i>Annu Rev Biochem</i> <b>53</b>: 293–321. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_object_identifier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Digital object identifier (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.bi.53.070184.001453">10.1146/annurev.bi.53.070184.001453</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PubMed_Identifier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PubMed Identifier (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6236744">6236744</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Protein-DNA+recognition&rft.jtitle=Annu+Rev+Biochem&rft.aulast=Pabo+C%2C+Sauer+R&rft.au=Pabo+C%2C+Sauer+R&rft.date=1984&rft.volume=53&rft.pages=293%E2%80%93321&rft_id=info:doi/10.1146%2Fannurev.bi.53.070184.001453&rft_id=info:pmid/6236744&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:DNA"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Clausen-Schaumann H, Rief M, Tolksdorf C, Gaub H (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1300792">"Mechanical stability of single DNA molecules"</a>. <i>Biophys J</i> <b>78</b> (4): 1997–2007. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bibcode&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bibcode (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Bibcode</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000BpJ....78.1997C">2000BpJ....78.1997C</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_object_identifier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Digital object identifier (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS0006-3495%2800%2976747-6">10.1016/S0006-3495(00)76747-6</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PubMed_Central&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PubMed Central (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1300792">1300792</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PubMed_Identifier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PubMed Identifier (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10733978">10733978</a><span class="printonly">. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1300792</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Mechanical+stability+of+single+DNA+molecules&rft.jtitle=Biophys+J&rft.aulast=Clausen-Schaumann+H%2C+Rief+M%2C+Tolksdorf+C%2C+Gaub+H&rft.au=Clausen-Schaumann+H%2C+Rief+M%2C+Tolksdorf+C%2C+Gaub+H&rft.date=2000&rft.volume=78&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1997%E2%80%932007&rft_id=info:bibcode/2000BpJ....78.1997C&rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2FS0006-3495%2800%2976747-6&rft_id=info:pmc/1300792&rft_id=info:pmid/10733978&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D1300792&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:DNA"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Chalikian T, Völker J, Plum G, Breslauer K (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=22151">"A more unified picture for the thermodynamics of nucleic acid duplex melting: A characterization by calorimetric and volumetric techniques"</a>. <i>Proc Natl Acad Sci USA</i> <b>96</b> (14): 7853–8. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bibcode&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bibcode (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Bibcode</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999PNAS...96.7853C">1999PNAS...96.7853C</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_object_identifier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Digital object identifier (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.96.14.7853">10.1073/pnas.96.14.7853</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PubMed_Central&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PubMed Central (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=22151">22151</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PubMed_Identifier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PubMed Identifier (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10393911">10393911</a><span class="printonly">. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=22151</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=A+more+unified+picture+for+the+thermodynamics+of+nucleic+acid+duplex+melting%3A+A+characterization+by+calorimetric+and+volumetric+techniques&rft.jtitle=Proc+Natl+Acad+Sci+USA&rft.aulast=Chalikian+T%2C+V%C3%B6lker+J%2C+Plum+G%2C+Breslauer+K&rft.au=Chalikian+T%2C+V%C3%B6lker+J%2C+Plum+G%2C+Breslauer+K&rft.date=1999&rft.volume=96&rft.issue=14&rft.pages=7853%E2%80%938&rft_id=info:bibcode/1999PNAS...96.7853C&rft_id=info:doi/10.1073%2Fpnas.96.14.7853&rft_id=info:pmc/22151&rft_id=info:pmid/10393911&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D22151&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:DNA"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">deHaseth P, Helmann J (1995). "Open complex formation by Escherichia coli RNA polymerase: the mechanism of polymerase-induced strand separation of double helical DNA". <i>Mol Microbiol</i> <b>16</b> (5): 817–24. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_object_identifier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Digital object identifier (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2958.1995.tb02309.x">10.1111/j.1365-2958.1995.tb02309.x</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PubMed_Identifier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PubMed Identifier (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7476180">7476180</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Open+complex+formation+by+Escherichia+coli+RNA+polymerase%3A+the+mechanism+of+polymerase-induced+strand+separation+of+double+helical+DNA&rft.jtitle=Mol+Microbiol&rft.aulast=deHaseth+P%2C+Helmann+J&rft.au=deHaseth+P%2C+Helmann+J&rft.date=1995&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=817%E2%80%9324&rft_id=info:doi/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2958.1995.tb02309.x&rft_id=info:pmid/7476180&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:DNA"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Isaksson J, Acharya S, Barman J, Cheruku P, Chattopadhyaya J (2004). "Single-stranded adenine-rich DNA and RNA retain structural characteristics of their respective double-stranded conformations and show directional differences in stacking pattern". <i>Biochemistry</i> <b>43</b> (51): 15996–6010. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_object_identifier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Digital object identifier (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1021%2Fbi048221v">10.1021/bi048221v</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PubMed_Identifier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PubMed Identifier (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15609994">15609994</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Single-stranded+adenine-rich+DNA+and+RNA+retain+structural+characteristics+of+their+respective+double-stranded+conformations+and+show+directional+differences+in+stacking+pattern&rft.jtitle=Biochemistry&rft.aulast=Isaksson+J%2C+Acharya+S%2C+Barman+J%2C+Cheruku+P%2C+Chattopadhyaya+J&rft.au=Isaksson+J%2C+Acharya+S%2C+Barman+J%2C+Cheruku+P%2C+Chattopadhyaya+J&rft.date=2004&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=51&rft.pages=15996%E2%80%936010&rft_id=info:doi/10.1021%2Fbi048221v&rft_id=info:pmid/15609994&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:DNA"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chem.qmul.ac.uk/iubmb/newsletter/misc/DNA.html">Designation of the two strands of DNA</a> JCBN/NC-IUB Newsletter 1989, Accessed 07 May 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Hüttenhofer A, Schattner P, Polacek N (2005). "Non-coding RNAs: hope or hype?". <i>Trends Genet</i> <b>21</b> (5): 289–97. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_object_identifier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Digital object identifier (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.tig.2005.03.007">10.1016/j.tig.2005.03.007</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PubMed_Identifier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PubMed Identifier (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15851066">15851066</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Non-coding+RNAs%3A+hope+or+hype%3F&rft.jtitle=Trends+Genet&rft.aulast=H%C3%BCttenhofer+A%2C+Schattner+P%2C+Polacek+N&rft.au=H%C3%BCttenhofer+A%2C+Schattner+P%2C+Polacek+N&rft.date=2005&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=289%E2%80%9397&rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2Fj.tig.2005.03.007&rft_id=info:pmid/15851066&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:DNA"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Munroe S (2004). "Diversity of antisense regulation in eukaryotes: multiple mechanisms, emerging patterns". <i>J Cell Biochem</i> <b>93</b> (4): 664–71. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_object_identifier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Digital object identifier (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2Fjcb.20252">10.1002/jcb.20252</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PubMed_Identifier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PubMed Identifier (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15389973">15389973</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Diversity+of+antisense+regulation+in+eukaryotes%3A+multiple+mechanisms%2C+emerging+patterns&rft.jtitle=J+Cell+Biochem&rft.aulast=Munroe+S&rft.au=Munroe+S&rft.date=2004&rft.volume=93&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=664%E2%80%9371&rft_id=info:doi/10.1002%2Fjcb.20252&rft_id=info:pmid/15389973&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:DNA"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Makalowska I, Lin C, Makalowski W (2005). "Overlapping genes in vertebrate genomes". <i>Comput Biol Chem</i> <b>29</b> (1): 1–12. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_object_identifier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Digital object identifier (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.compbiolchem.2004.12.006">10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2004.12.006</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PubMed_Identifier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PubMed Identifier (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15680581">15680581</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Overlapping+genes+in+vertebrate+genomes&rft.jtitle=Comput+Biol+Chem&rft.aulast=Makalowska+I%2C+Lin+C%2C+Makalowski+W&rft.au=Makalowska+I%2C+Lin+C%2C+Makalowski+W&rft.date=2005&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1%E2%80%9312&rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2Fj.compbiolchem.2004.12.006&rft_id=info:pmid/15680581&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:DNA"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Johnson Z, Chisholm S (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=525685">"Properties of overlapping genes are conserved across microbial genomes"</a>. <i>Genome Res</i> <b>14</b> (11): 2268–72. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_object_identifier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Digital object identifier (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1101%2Fgr.2433104">10.1101/gr.2433104</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PubMed_Central&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PubMed Central (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=525685">525685</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PubMed_Identifier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PubMed Identifier (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15520290">15520290</a><span class="printonly">. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=525685</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Properties+of+overlapping+genes+are+conserved+across+microbial+genomes&rft.jtitle=Genome+Res&rft.aulast=Johnson+Z%2C+Chisholm+S&rft.au=Johnson+Z%2C+Chisholm+S&rft.date=2004&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=2268%E2%80%9372&rft_id=info:doi/10.1101%2Fgr.2433104&rft_id=info:pmc/525685&rft_id=info:pmid/15520290&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D525685&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:DNA"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Lamb R, Horvath C (1991). "Diversity of coding strategies in influenza viruses". <i>Trends Genet</i> <b>7</b> (8): 261–6. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PubMed_Identifier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PubMed Identifier (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1771674">1771674</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Diversity+of+coding+strategies+in+influenza+viruses&rft.jtitle=Trends+Genet&rft.aulast=Lamb+R%2C+Horvath+C&rft.au=Lamb+R%2C+Horvath+C&rft.date=1991&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=261%E2%80%936&rft_id=info:pmid/1771674&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:DNA"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Benham C, Mielke S (2005). "DNA mechanics". <i>Annu Rev Biomed Eng</i> <b>7</b>: 21–53. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_object_identifier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Digital object identifier (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.bioeng.6.062403.132016">10.1146/annurev.bioeng.6.062403.132016</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PubMed_Identifier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PubMed Identifier (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16004565">16004565</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=DNA+mechanics&rft.jtitle=Annu+Rev+Biomed+Eng&rft.aulast=Benham+C%2C+Mielke+S&rft.au=Benham+C%2C+Mielke+S&rft.date=2005&rft.volume=7&rft.pages=21%E2%80%9353&rft_id=info:doi/10.1146%2Fannurev.bioeng.6.062403.132016&rft_id=info:pmid/16004565&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:DNA"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Champoux-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Champoux_27-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Champoux J (2001). "DNA topoisomerases: structure, function, and mechanism". <i>Annu Rev Biochem</i> <b>70</b>: 369–413. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_object_identifier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Digital object identifier (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.biochem.70.1.369">10.1146/annurev.biochem.70.1.369</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PubMed_Identifier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PubMed Identifier (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11395412">11395412</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=DNA+topoisomerases%3A+structure%2C+function%2C+and+mechanism&rft.jtitle=Annu+Rev+Biochem&rft.aulast=Champoux+J&rft.au=Champoux+J&rft.date=2001&rft.volume=70&rft.pages=369%E2%80%93413&rft_id=info:doi/10.1146%2Fannurev.biochem.70.1.369&rft_id=info:pmid/11395412&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:DNA"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wang-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Wang_28-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Wang J (2002). "Cellular roles of DNA topoisomerases: a molecular perspective". <i>Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol</i> <b>3</b> (6): 430–40. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_object_identifier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Digital object identifier (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnrm831">10.1038/nrm831</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PubMed_Identifier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PubMed Identifier (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12042765">12042765</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Cellular+roles+of+DNA+topoisomerases%3A+a+molecular+perspective&rft.jtitle=Nat+Rev+Mol+Cell+Biol&rft.aulast=Wang+J&rft.au=Wang+J&rft.date=2002&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=430%E2%80%9340&rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2Fnrm831&rft_id=info:pmid/12042765&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:DNA"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-29">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Basu H, Feuerstein B, Zarling D, Shafer R, Marton L (1988). "Recognition of Z-RNA and Z-DNA determinants by polyamines in solution: experimental and theoretical studies". <i>J Biomol Struct Dyn</i> <b>6</b> (2): 299–309. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PubMed_Identifier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PubMed Identifier (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2482766">2482766</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Recognition+of+Z-RNA+and+Z-DNA+determinants+by+polyamines+in+solution%3A+experimental+and+theoretical+studies&rft.jtitle=J+Biomol+Struct+Dyn&rft.aulast=Basu+H%2C+Feuerstein+B%2C+Zarling+D%2C+Shafer+R%2C+Marton+L&rft.au=Basu+H%2C+Feuerstein+B%2C+Zarling+D%2C+Shafer+R%2C+Marton+L&rft.date=1988&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=299%E2%80%93309&rft_id=info:pmid/2482766&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:DNA"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-30">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Franklin RE, Gosling RG (6 March 1953). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100614152932/http://hekto.med.unc.edu:8080/CARTER/carter_WWW/Bioch_134/PDF_files/Franklin_Gossling.pdf">"The Structure of Sodium Thymonucleate Fibres I. The Influence of Water Content"</a>. <i>Acta Crystallogr</i> <b>6</b> (8–9): 673–7. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_object_identifier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Digital object identifier (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1107%2FS0365110X53001939">10.1107/S0365110X53001939</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hekto.med.unc.edu:8080/CARTER/carter_WWW/Bioch_134/PDF_files/Franklin_Gossling.pdf">the original</a> on 14 June 2010<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100614152932/http://hekto.med.unc.edu:8080/CARTER/carter_WWW/Bioch_134/PDF_files/Franklin_Gossling.pdf">https://web.archive.org/web/20100614152932/http://hekto.med.unc.edu:8080/CARTER/carter_WWW/Bioch_134/PDF_files/Franklin_Gossling.pdf</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 1 December 2011</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Structure+of+Sodium+Thymonucleate+Fibres+I.+The+Influence+of+Water+Content&rft.jtitle=Acta+Crystallogr&rft.aulast=Franklin+RE%2C+Gosling+RG&rft.au=Franklin+RE%2C+Gosling+RG&rft.date=6+March+1953&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=8%E2%80%939&rft.pages=673%E2%80%937&rft_id=info:doi/10.1107%2FS0365110X53001939&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20100614152932%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fhekto.med.unc.edu%3A8080%2FCARTER%2Fcarter_WWW%2FBioch_134%2FPDF_files%2FFranklin_Gossling.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:DNA"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span><br /><span class="citation Journal">Franklin RE, Gosling RG (1953). "The structure of sodium thymonucleate fibres. II. The cylindrically symmetrical Patterson function". <i>Acta Crystallogr</i> <b>6</b> (8–9): 678–85. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_object_identifier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Digital object identifier (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1107%2FS0365110X53001940">10.1107/S0365110X53001940</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+structure+of+sodium+thymonucleate+fibres.+II.+The+cylindrically+symmetrical+Patterson+function&rft.jtitle=Acta+Crystallogr&rft.aulast=Franklin+RE%2C+Gosling+RG&rft.au=Franklin+RE%2C+Gosling+RG&rft.date=1953&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=8%E2%80%939&rft.pages=678%E2%80%9385&rft_id=info:doi/10.1107%2FS0365110X53001940&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:DNA"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NatFranGos-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-NatFranGos_31-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Franklin, Rosalind and Gosling, Raymond (1953). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/dna50/franklingosling.pdf">"Molecular Configuration in Sodium Thymonucleate. Franklin R. and Gosling R.G"</a> (PDF). <i>Nature</i> <b>171</b> (4356): 740–1. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bibcode&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bibcode (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Bibcode</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1953Natur.171..740F">1953Natur.171..740F</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_object_identifier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Digital object identifier (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F171740a0">10.1038/171740a0</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PubMed_Identifier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PubMed Identifier (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13054694">13054694</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/dna50/franklingosling.pdf">http://www.nature.com/nature/dna50/franklingosling.pdf</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Molecular+Configuration+in+Sodium+Thymonucleate.+Franklin+R.+and+Gosling+R.G&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.aulast=Franklin%2C+Rosalind+and+Gosling%2C+Raymond&rft.au=Franklin%2C+Rosalind+and+Gosling%2C+Raymond&rft.date=1953&rft.volume=171&rft.issue=4356&rft.pages=740%E2%80%931&rft_id=info:bibcode/1953Natur.171..740F&rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2F171740a0&rft_id=info:pmid/13054694&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fnature%2Fdna50%2Ffranklingosling.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:DNA"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NatWilk-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-NatWilk_32-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Wilkins M.H.F., A.R. Stokes A.R. & Wilson, H.R. (1953). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/dna50/wilkins.pdf">"Molecular Structure of Deoxypentose Nucleic Acids"</a> (PDF). <i>Nature</i> <b>171</b> (4356): 738–740. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bibcode&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bibcode (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Bibcode</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1953Natur.171..738W">1953Natur.171..738W</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_object_identifier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Digital object identifier (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F171738a0">10.1038/171738a0</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PubMed_Identifier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PubMed Identifier (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13054693">13054693</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/dna50/wilkins.pdf">http://www.nature.com/nature/dna50/wilkins.pdf</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Molecular+Structure+of+Deoxypentose+Nucleic+Acids&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.aulast=Wilkins+M.H.F.%2C+A.R.+Stokes+A.R.+%26+Wilson%2C+H.R.&rft.au=Wilkins+M.H.F.%2C+A.R.+Stokes+A.R.+%26+Wilson%2C+H.R.&rft.date=1953&rft.volume=171&rft.issue=4356&rft.pages=738%E2%80%93740&rft_id=info:bibcode/1953Natur.171..738W&rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2F171738a0&rft_id=info:pmid/13054693&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fnature%2Fdna50%2Fwilkins.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:DNA"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-33">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Leslie AG, Arnott S, Chandrasekaran R, Ratliff RL (1980). "Polymorphism of DNA double helices". <i>J. Mol. Biol.</i> <b>143</b> (1): 49–72. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_object_identifier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Digital object identifier (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2F0022-2836%2880%2990124-2">10.1016/0022-2836(80)90124-2</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PubMed_Identifier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PubMed Identifier (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7441761">7441761</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Polymorphism+of+DNA+double+helices&rft.jtitle=J.+Mol.+Biol.&rft.aulast=Leslie+AG%2C+Arnott+S%2C+Chandrasekaran+R%2C+Ratliff+RL&rft.au=Leslie+AG%2C+Arnott+S%2C+Chandrasekaran+R%2C+Ratliff+RL&rft.date=1980&rft.volume=143&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=49%E2%80%9372&rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2F0022-2836%2880%2990124-2&rft_id=info:pmid/7441761&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:DNA"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-34">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Baianu, I.C. (1980). "Structural Order and Partial Disorder in Biological systems". <i>Bull. Math. Biol.</i> <b>42</b> (4): 137–141.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Structural+Order+and+Partial+Disorder+in+Biological+systems&rft.jtitle=Bull.+Math.+Biol.&rft.aulast=Baianu%2C+I.C.&rft.au=Baianu%2C+I.C.&rft.date=1980&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=137%E2%80%93141&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:DNA"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://cogprints.org/3822/">http://cogprints.org/3822/</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-35">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hosemann R., Bagchi R.N., <i>Direct analysis of diffraction by matter</i>, North-Holland Publs., Amsterdam – New York, 1962.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-36">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Baianu, I.C. (1978). "X-ray scattering by partially disordered membrane systems". <i>Acta Crystallogr A</i> <b>34</b> (5): 751–753. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bibcode&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bibcode (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Bibcode</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1978AcCrA..34..751B">1978AcCrA..34..751B</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_object_identifier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Digital object identifier (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1107%2FS0567739478001540">10.1107/S0567739478001540</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=X-ray+scattering+by+partially+disordered+membrane+systems&rft.jtitle=Acta+Crystallogr+A&rft.aulast=Baianu%2C+I.C.&rft.au=Baianu%2C+I.C.&rft.date=1978&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=751%E2%80%93753&rft_id=info:bibcode/1978AcCrA..34..751B&rft_id=info:doi/10.1107%2FS0567739478001540&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:DNA"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-37">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Wahl M, Sundaralingam M (1997). "Crystal structures of A-DNA duplexes". <i>Biopolymers</i> <b>44</b> (1): 45–63. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_object_identifier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Digital object identifier (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2F%28SICI%291097-0282%281997%2944%3A1%3C45%3A%3AAID-BIP4%3E3.0.CO%3B2-%23">10.1002/(SICI)1097-0282(1997)44:1<45::AID-BIP4>3.0.CO;2-#</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PubMed_Identifier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PubMed Identifier (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9097733">9097733</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Crystal+structures+of+A-DNA+duplexes&rft.jtitle=Biopolymers&rft.aulast=Wahl+M%2C+Sundaralingam+M&rft.au=Wahl+M%2C+Sundaralingam+M&rft.date=1997&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=45%E2%80%9363&rft_id=info:doi/10.1002%2F%28SICI%291097-0282%281997%2944%3A1%3C45%3A%3AAID-BIP4%3E3.0.CO%3B2-%23&rft_id=info:pmid/9097733&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:DNA"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-38">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Lu XJ, Shakked Z, Olson WK (2000). "A-form conformational motifs in ligand-bound DNA structures". <i>J. Mol. Biol.</i> <b>300</b> (4): 819–40. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_object_identifier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Digital object identifier (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1006%2Fjmbi.2000.3690">10.1006/jmbi.2000.3690</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PubMed_Identifier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PubMed Identifier (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10891271">10891271</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=A-form+conformational+motifs+in+ligand-bound+DNA+structures&rft.jtitle=J.+Mol.+Biol.&rft.aulast=Lu+XJ%2C+Shakked+Z%2C+Olson+WK&rft.au=Lu+XJ%2C+Shakked+Z%2C+Olson+WK&rft.date=2000&rft.volume=300&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=819%E2%80%9340&rft_id=info:doi/10.1006%2Fjmbi.2000.3690&rft_id=info:pmid/10891271&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:DNA"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-39">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Rothenburg S, Koch-Nolte F, Haag F (2001). "DNA methylation and Z-DNA formation as mediators of quantitative differences in the expression of alleles". <i>Immunol Rev</i> <b>184</b>: 286–98. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_object_identifier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Digital object identifier (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1034%2Fj.1600-065x.2001.1840125.x">10.1034/j.1600-065x.2001.1840125.x</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PubMed_Identifier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PubMed Identifier (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12086319">12086319</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=DNA+methylation+and+Z-DNA+formation+as+mediators+of+quantitative+differences+in+the+expression+of+alleles&rft.jtitle=Immunol+Rev&rft.aulast=Rothenburg+S%2C+Koch-Nolte+F%2C+Haag+F&rft.au=Rothenburg+S%2C+Koch-Nolte+F%2C+Haag+F&rft.date=2001&rft.volume=184&rft.pages=286%E2%80%9398&rft_id=info:doi/10.1034%2Fj.1600-065x.2001.1840125.x&rft_id=info:pmid/12086319&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:DNA"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-40">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Oh D, Kim Y, Rich A (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=139201">"Z-DNA-binding proteins can act as potent effectors of gene expression in vivo"</a>. <i>Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.</i> <b>99</b> (26): 16666–71. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bibcode&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bibcode (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Bibcode</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002PNAS...9916666O">2002PNAS...9916666O</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_object_identifier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Digital object identifier (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.262672699">10.1073/pnas.262672699</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PubMed_Central&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PubMed Central (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=139201">139201</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PubMed_Identifier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PubMed Identifier (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12486233">12486233</a><span class="printonly">. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=139201</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Z-DNA-binding+proteins+can+act+as+potent+effectors+of+gene+expression+in+vivo&rft.jtitle=Proc.+Natl.+Acad.+Sci.+U.S.A.&rft.aulast=Oh+D%2C+Kim+Y%2C+Rich+A&rft.au=Oh+D%2C+Kim+Y%2C+Rich+A&rft.date=2002&rft.volume=99&rft.issue=26&rft.pages=16666%E2%80%9371&rft_id=info:bibcode/2002PNAS...9916666O&rft_id=info:doi/10.1073%2Fpnas.262672699&rft_id=info:pmc/139201&rft_id=info:pmid/12486233&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D139201&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:DNA"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-arsenic_extremophile-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-arsenic_extremophile_41-0">41.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-arsenic_extremophile_41-1">41.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-11886943">"Arsenic-loving bacteria may help in hunt for alien life"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. December 2, 2010<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-11886943">http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-11886943</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-12-02</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Arsenic-loving+bacteria+may+help+in+hunt+for+alien+life&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.date=December+2%2C+2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fscience-environment-11886943&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:DNA"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Space-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Space_42-0">42.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Space_42-1">42.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news">Bortman, Henry (2010-12-02). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/arsenic-bacteria-alien-life-101202.html">"Arsenic-Eating Bacteria Opens New Possibilities for Alien Life"</a>. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.space.com/">Space.Com web site</a></i> (Space.com)<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/arsenic-bacteria-alien-life-101202.html">http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/arsenic-bacteria-alien-life-101202.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-12-02</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Arsenic-Eating+Bacteria+Opens+New+Possibilities+for+Alien+Life&rft.jtitle=%5Bhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.space.com%2F+Space.Com+web+site%5D&rft.aulast=Bortman&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft.au=Bortman%2C%26%2332%3BHenry&rft.date=2010-12-02&rft.pub=Space.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.space.com%2Fscienceastronomy%2Farsenic-bacteria-alien-life-101202.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:DNA"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-43">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/news/2010/101202/full/news.2010.645.html">"Arsenic-eating microbe may redefine chemistry of life"</a>. <i>Nature News</i>. 2 December 2010<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.nature.com/news/2010/101202/full/news.2010.645.html">http://www.nature.com/news/2010/101202/full/news.2010.645.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-12-02</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Arsenic-eating+microbe+may+redefine+chemistry+of+life&rft.jtitle=Nature+News&rft.date=2+December+2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fnews%2F2010%2F101202%2Ffull%2Fnews.2010.645.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:DNA"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Greider-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Greider_44-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Greider C, Blackburn E (1985). "Identification of a specific telomere terminal transferase activity in Tetrahymena extracts". <i>Cell</i> <b>43</b> (2 Pt 1): 405–13. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_object_identifier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Digital object identifier (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2F0092-8674%2885%2990170-9">10.1016/0092-8674(85)90170-9</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PubMed_Identifier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PubMed Identifier (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3907856">3907856</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Identification+of+a+specific+telomere+terminal+transferase+activity+in+Tetrahymena+extracts&rft.jtitle=Cell&rft.aulast=Greider+C%2C+Blackburn+E&rft.au=Greider+C%2C+Blackburn+E&rft.date=1985&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=2+Pt+1&rft.pages=405%E2%80%9313&rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2F0092-8674%2885%2990170-9&rft_id=info:pmid/3907856&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:DNA"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nugent-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Nugent_45-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Nugent C, Lundblad V (1998). "The telomerase reverse transcriptase: components and regulation". <i>Genes Dev</i> <b>12</b> (8): 1073–85. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_object_identifier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Digital object identifier (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1101%2Fgad.12.8.1073">10.1101/gad.12.8.1073</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PubMed_Identifier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PubMed Identifier (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9553037">9553037</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+telomerase+reverse+transcriptase%3A+components+and+regulation&rft.jtitle=Genes+Dev&rft.aulast=Nugent+C%2C+Lundblad+V&rft.au=Nugent+C%2C+Lundblad+V&rft.date=1998&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=1073%E2%80%9385&rft_id=info:doi/10.1101%2Fgad.12.8.1073&rft_id=info:pmid/9553037&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:DNA"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-46">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Wright W, Tesmer V, Huffman K, Levene S, Shay J (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=316649">"Normal human chromosomes have long G-rich telomeric overhangs at one end"</a>. <i>Genes Dev</i> <b>11</b> (21): 2801–9. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_object_identifier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Digital object identifier (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1101%2Fgad.11.21.2801">10.1101/gad.11.21.2801</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PubMed_Central&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PubMed Central (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=316649">316649</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PubMed_Identifier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PubMed Identifier (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9353250">9353250</a><span class="printonly">. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=316649</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Normal+human+chromosomes+have+long+G-rich+telomeric+overhangs+at+one+end&rft.jtitle=Genes+Dev&rft.aulast=Wright+W%2C+Tesmer+V%2C+Huffman+K%2C+Levene+S%2C+Shay+J&rft.au=Wright+W%2C+Tesmer+V%2C+Huffman+K%2C+Levene+S%2C+Shay+J&rft.date=1997&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=21&rft.pages=2801%E2%80%939&rft_id=info:doi/10.1101%2Fgad.11.21.2801&rft_id=info:pmc/316649&rft_id=info:pmid/9353250&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D316649&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:DNA"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-47">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Created from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ndbserver.rutgers.edu/atlas/xray/structures/U/ud0017/ud0017.html">NDB UD0017</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Burge-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Burge_48-0">48.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Burge_48-1">48.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Burge S, Parkinson G, Hazel P, Todd A, Neidle S (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1636468">"Quadruplex DNA: sequence, topology and structure"</a>. <i>Nucleic Acids Res</i> <b>34</b> (19): 5402–15. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_object_identifier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Digital object identifier (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Fnar%2Fgkl655">10.1093/nar/gkl655</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PubMed_Central&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PubMed Central (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1636468">1636468</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PubMed_Identifier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PubMed Identifier (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17012276">17012276</a><span class="printonly">. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1636468</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Quadruplex+DNA%3A+sequence%2C+topology+and+structure&rft.jtitle=Nucleic+Acids+Res&rft.aulast=Burge+S%2C+Parkinson+G%2C+Hazel+P%2C+Todd+A%2C+Neidle+S&rft.au=Burge+S%2C+Parkinson+G%2C+Hazel+P%2C+Todd+A%2C+Neidle+S&rft.date=2006&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=19&rft.pages=5402%E2%80%9315&rft_id=info:doi/10.1093%2Fnar%2Fgkl655&rft_id=info:pmc/1636468&rft_id=info:pmid/17012276&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D1636468&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:DNA"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-49">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Parkinson G, Lee M, Neidle S (2002). "Crystal structure of parallel quadruplexes from human telomeric DNA". <i>Nature</i> <b>417</b> (6891): 876–80. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_object_identifier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Digital object identifier (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature755">10.1038/nature755</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PubMed_Identifier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PubMed Identifier (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12050675">12050675</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Crystal+structure+of+parallel+quadruplexes+from+human+telomeric+DNA&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.aulast=Parkinson+G%2C+Lee+M%2C+Neidle+S&rft.au=Parkinson+G%2C+Lee+M%2C+Neidle+S&rft.date=2002&rft.volume=417&rft.issue=6891&rft.pages=876%E2%80%9380&rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2Fnature755&rft_id=info:pmid/12050675&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:DNA"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-50">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Griffith J, Comeau L, Rosenfield S, Stansel R, Bianchi A, Moss H, de Lange T (1999). "Mammalian telomeres end in a large duplex loop". <i>Cell</i> <b>97</b> (4): 503–14. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_object_identifier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Digital object identifier (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS0092-8674%2800%2980760-6">10.1016/S0092-8674(00)80760-6</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PubMed_Identifier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PubMed Identifier (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10338214">10338214</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Mammalian+telomeres+end+in+a+large+duplex+loop&rft.jtitle=Cell&rft.aulast=Griffith+J%2C+Comeau+L%2C+Rosenfield+S%2C+Stansel+R%2C+Bianchi+A%2C+Moss+H%2C+de+Lange+T&rft.au=Griffith+J%2C+Comeau+L%2C+Rosenfield+S%2C+Stansel+R%2C+Bianchi+A%2C+Moss+H%2C+de+Lange+T&rft.date=1999&rft.volume=97&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=503%E2%80%9314&rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2FS0092-8674%2800%2980760-6&rft_id=info:pmid/10338214&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:DNA"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-51">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Seeman NC (2005). "DNA enables nanoscale control of the structure of matter". <i>Q. Rev. Biophys.</i> <b>38</b> (4): 363–71. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_object_identifier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Digital object identifier (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1017%2FS0033583505004087">10.1017/S0033583505004087</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PubMed_Identifier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PubMed Identifier (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16515737">16515737</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=DNA+enables+nanoscale+control+of+the+structure+of+matter&rft.jtitle=Q.+Rev.+Biophys.&rft.aulast=Seeman+NC&rft.au=Seeman+NC&rft.date=2005&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=363%E2%80%9371&rft_id=info:doi/10.1017%2FS0033583505004087&rft_id=info:pmid/16515737&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:DNA"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid7115900-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid7115900_52-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Painter PC, Mosher LE, Rhoads C (1982). "Low-frequency modes in the Raman spectra of proteins". <i>Biopolymers</i> <b>21</b> (7): 1469–72. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_object_identifier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Digital object identifier (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2Fbip.360210715">10.1002/bip.360210715</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PubMed_Identifier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PubMed Identifier (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7115900">7115900</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Low-frequency+modes+in+the+Raman+spectra+of+proteins&rft.jtitle=Biopolymers&rft.aulast=Painter+PC%2C+Mosher+LE%2C+Rhoads+C&rft.au=Painter+PC%2C+Mosher+LE%2C+Rhoads+C&rft.date=1982&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=1469%E2%80%9372&rft_id=info:doi/10.1002%2Fbip.360210715&rft_id=info:pmid/7115900&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:DNA"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Urabe_1983-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Urabe_1983_53-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Urabe H, Tominaga Y, Kubota K (1983). "Experimental evidence of collective vibrations in DNA double helix (Raman spectroscopy)". <i>Journal of Chemical Physics</i> <b>78</b> (10): 5937–5939. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bibcode&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bibcode (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Bibcode</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1983JChPh..78.5937U">1983JChPh..78.5937U</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_object_identifier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Digital object identifier (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1063%2F1.444600">10.1063/1.444600</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Experimental+evidence+of+collective+vibrations+in+DNA+double+helix+%28Raman+spectroscopy%29&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Chemical+Physics&rft.aulast=Urabe+H%2C+Tominaga+Y%2C+Kubota+K&rft.au=Urabe+H%2C+Tominaga+Y%2C+Kubota+K&rft.date=1983&rft.volume=78&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=5937%E2%80%935939&rft_id=info:bibcode/1983JChPh..78.5937U&rft_id=info:doi/10.1063%2F1.444600&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:DNA"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid6466317-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid6466317_54-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Chou KC (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1143999">"Low-frequency vibrations of DNA molecules"</a>. <i>Biochem. J.</i> <b>221</b> (1): 27–31. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PubMed_Central&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PubMed Central (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1143999">1143999</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PubMed_Identifier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PubMed Identifier (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6466317">6466317</a><span class="printonly">. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1143999</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Low-frequency+vibrations+of+DNA+molecules&rft.jtitle=Biochem.+J.&rft.aulast=Chou+KC&rft.au=Chou+KC&rft.date=1984&rft.volume=221&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=27%E2%80%9331&rft_id=info:pmc/1143999&rft_id=info:pmid/6466317&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D1143999&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:DNA"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid2775828-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid2775828_55-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Chou KC, Maggiora GM, Mao B (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1280479">"Quasi-continuum models of twist-like and accordion-like low-frequency motions in DNA"</a>. <i>Biophys. J.</i> <b>56</b> (2): 295–305. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bibcode&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bibcode (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Bibcode</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1989BpJ....56..295C">1989BpJ....56..295C</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_object_identifier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Digital object identifier (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS0006-3495%2889%2982676-1">10.1016/S0006-3495(89)82676-1</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PubMed_Central&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PubMed Central (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1280479">1280479</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PubMed_Identifier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PubMed Identifier (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2775828">2775828</a><span class="printonly">. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1280479</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Quasi-continuum+models+of+twist-like+and+accordion-like+low-frequency+motions+in+DNA&rft.jtitle=Biophys.+J.&rft.aulast=Chou+KC%2C+Maggiora+GM%2C+Mao+B&rft.au=Chou+KC%2C+Maggiora+GM%2C+Mao+B&rft.date=1989&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=295%E2%80%93305&rft_id=info:bibcode/1989BpJ....56..295C&rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2FS0006-3495%2889%2982676-1&rft_id=info:pmc/1280479&rft_id=info:pmid/2775828&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D1280479&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:DNA"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Gene_expression" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-wo"><a href="/wiki/%C3%80d%C3%A0k%E1%BB%8D:Gene_expression" title="Àdàkọ:Gene expression"><abbr title="Wo àdàkọ yìí" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">w</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-ọ̀rọ̀"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%BB%8C%CC%80r%E1%BB%8D%CC%80_%C3%A0d%C3%A0k%E1%BB%8D:Gene_expression&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ọ̀rọ̀ àdàkọ:Gene expression (kò sí ojúewé yìí)"><abbr title="Ìfọ̀rọ̀wérọ̀ àdàkọ yìí" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">ọ</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-àtúnṣe"><a class="external text" href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C3%80d%C3%A0k%E1%BB%8D:Gene_expression&action=edit"><abbr title="Àtúnṣe àdàkọ yìí" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">a</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Gene_expression" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gene_expression&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gene expression (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Gene expression</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Introduction_to_genetics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Introduction to genetics (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Introduction to genetics</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_dogma_of_molecular_biology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Central dogma of molecular biology (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">General flow</a>: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">DNA</a> > <a href="/w/index.php?title=Messenger_RNA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Messenger RNA (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">RNA</a> > <a href="/w/index.php?title=Protein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Protein (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Protein</a> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_dogma_of_molecular_biology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Central dogma of molecular biology (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">special transfers</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=RNA-dependent_RNA_polymerase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">RNA > RNA</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Reverse_transcription&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reverse transcription (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">RNA > DNA</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Prion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prion (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Protein > Protein</a>) </p> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Genetic_code&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Genetic code (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Genetic code</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transcription_(genetics)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transcription (genetics) (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Transcription</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">(<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transcription_factors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transcription factors (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Transcription factors</a></i>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=RNA_Polymerase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RNA Polymerase (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">RNA Polymerase</a></i>,<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Promoter_(biology)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Promoter (biology) (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">promoter</a></i>) <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prokaryotic_transcription&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prokaryotic transcription (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Prokaryotic</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Archaeal_transcription&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Archaeal transcription (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Archaeal</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eukaryotic_transcription&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eukaryotic transcription (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Eukaryotic</a><br /> </p> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Post-transcriptional_modification&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Post-transcriptional modification (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">post-transcriptional modification</a> (<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=HnRNA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HnRNA (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">hnRNA</a></i>,<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=5%27_cap&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="5' cap (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">5' capping</a></i>,<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=RNA_splicing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RNA splicing (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Splicing</a></i>,<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polyadenylation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polyadenylation (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Polyadenylation</a></i>)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Translation_(biology)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Translation (biology) (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Translation</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">(<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ribosome&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ribosome (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Ribosome</a></i>,<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=TRNA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="TRNA (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">tRNA</a></i>) <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prokaryotic_translation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prokaryotic translation (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Prokaryotic</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Archaeal_translation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Archaeal translation (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Archaeal</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eukaryotic_translation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eukaryotic translation (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Eukaryotic</a><br /> </p> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Post-translational_modification&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Post-translational modification (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">post-translational modification</a> (<i>functional groups, peptides, structural changes</i>)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Regulation_of_gene_expression&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Regulation of gene expression (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Gene regulation</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epigenetics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Epigenetics (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">epigenetic regulation</a> (<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genomic_imprinting&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Genomic imprinting (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Genomic imprinting</a></i>) <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transcriptional_regulation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transcriptional regulation (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">transcriptional regulation</a> </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Post-transcriptional_regulation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Post-transcriptional regulation (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">post-transcriptional regulation</a> (<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=P-bodies&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="P-bodies (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">sequestration</a></i>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alternative_splicing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alternative splicing (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">alternative splicing</a></i>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=MiRNA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MiRNA (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">miRNA</a></i>) </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Translational_regulation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Translational regulation (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">translational regulation</a> </p> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Post-translational_regulation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Post-translational regulation (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">post-translational regulation</a> (<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phosphorylation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phosphorylation (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">reversible</a></i>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proteolysis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Proteolysis (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">irreversible</a></i>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Types_of_nucleic_acids" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-wo"><a href="/wiki/%C3%80d%C3%A0k%E1%BB%8D:Nucleic_acids" title="Àdàkọ:Nucleic acids"><abbr title="Wo àdàkọ yìí" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">w</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-ọ̀rọ̀"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%BB%8C%CC%80r%E1%BB%8D%CC%80_%C3%A0d%C3%A0k%E1%BB%8D:Nucleic_acids&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ọ̀rọ̀ àdàkọ:Nucleic acids (kò sí ojúewé yìí)"><abbr title="Ìfọ̀rọ̀wérọ̀ àdàkọ yìí" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">ọ</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-àtúnṣe"><a class="external text" href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C3%80d%C3%A0k%E1%BB%8D:Nucleic_acids&action=edit"><abbr title="Àtúnṣe àdàkọ yìí" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">a</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Types_of_nucleic_acids" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Types of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nucleic_acid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nucleic acid (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">nucleic acids</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Constituents</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nucleobases&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nucleobases (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Nucleobases</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nucleosides&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nucleosides (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Nucleosides</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nucleotides&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nucleotides (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Nucleotides</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Deoxynucleotides&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Deoxynucleotides (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Deoxynucleotides</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/RNA" class="mw-redirect" title="RNA">Ribonucleic acids</a><br />(coding and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Non-coding_RNA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Non-coding RNA (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">non-coding</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><i><a href="/wiki/RNA#In_translation" class="mw-redirect" title="RNA">translation</a>:</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Messenger_RNA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Messenger RNA (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">mRNA</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Precursor_mRNA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Precursor mRNA (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">pre-mRNA/hnRNA</a>)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Transfer_RNA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transfer RNA (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">tRNA</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ribosomal_RNA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ribosomal RNA (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">rRNA</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Transfer-messenger_RNA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transfer-messenger RNA (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">tmRNA</a> <p><i><a href="/wiki/RNA#Regulatory_RNAs" class="mw-redirect" title="RNA">regulatory</a>:</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=MicroRNA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MicroRNA (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">miRNA</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Small_interfering_RNA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Small interfering RNA (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">siRNA</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Piwi-interacting_RNA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Piwi-interacting RNA (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">piRNA</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Antisense_RNA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antisense RNA (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">aRNA</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=RNA_interference&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RNA interference (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">RNAi</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/RNA#In_RNA_processing" class="mw-redirect" title="RNA">RNA processing</a>:</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Small_nuclear_RNA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Small nuclear RNA (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">snRNA</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Small_nucleolar_RNA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Small nucleolar RNA (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">snoRNA</a> </p><p><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ribozyme&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ribozyme (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">ribozymes</a>:</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Proto-anticodon_RNA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Proto-anticodon RNA (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">pacRNA</a> </p> <i>other/ungrouped:</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Guide_RNA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guide RNA (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">gRNA</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Small_hairpin_RNA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Small hairpin RNA (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">shRNA</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Small_temporal_RNA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Small temporal RNA (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">stRNA</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Trans-acting_siRNA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trans-acting siRNA (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">ta-siRNA</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Deoxyribonucleic acids</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Complementary_DNA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Complementary DNA (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">cDNA</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chloroplast_DNA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chloroplast DNA (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">cpDNA</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=GDNA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GDNA (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">gDNA</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Multicopy_single-stranded_DNA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Multicopy single-stranded DNA (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">msDNA</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mitochondrial_DNA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mitochondrial DNA (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">mtDNA</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nucleic_acid_analogues&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nucleic acid analogues (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Nucleic acid analogues</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glycerol_nucleic_acid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Glycerol nucleic acid (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">GNA</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Locked_nucleic_acid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Locked nucleic acid (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">LNA</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bridged_nucleic_acid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bridged nucleic acid (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">BNA</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Peptide_nucleic_acid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peptide nucleic acid (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">PNA</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Threose_nucleic_acid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Threose nucleic acid (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">TNA</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Morpholino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Morpholino (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">morpholino</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cloning_vector&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cloning vector (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Cloning vectors</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phagemid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phagemid (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">phagemid</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Plasmid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Plasmid (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">plasmid</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lambda_phage&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lambda phage (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">lambda phage</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cosmid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cosmid (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">cosmid</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fosmid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fosmid (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">fosmid</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=P1-derived_artificial_chromosome&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="P1-derived artificial chromosome (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">PAC</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bacterial_artificial_chromosome&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bacterial artificial chromosome (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">BAC</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yeast_artificial_chromosome&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yeast artificial chromosome (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">YAC</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_artificial_chromosome&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Human artificial chromosome (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">HAC</a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%80d%C3%A0k%E1%BB%8D:Biochemical_families&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Àdàkọ:Biochemical families (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Àdàkọ:Biochemical families</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Genetics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-wo"><a href="/wiki/%C3%80d%C3%A0k%E1%BB%8D:Genetics" title="Àdàkọ:Genetics"><abbr title="Wo àdàkọ yìí" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">w</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-ọ̀rọ̀"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%BB%8C%CC%80r%E1%BB%8D%CC%80_%C3%A0d%C3%A0k%E1%BB%8D:Genetics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ọ̀rọ̀ àdàkọ:Genetics (kò sí ojúewé yìí)"><abbr title="Ìfọ̀rọ̀wérọ̀ àdàkọ yìí" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; 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<a href="/w/index.php?title=Index_of_genetics_articles&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Index of genetics articles (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Related topics</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_genetics_research_organizations&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of genetics research organizations (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">List of organizations</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key components</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Chromosome" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromosome">Chromosome</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">DNA</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nucleotide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nucleotide (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Nucleotide</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/RNA" class="mw-redirect" title="RNA">RNA</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Genome&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Genome (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Genome</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fields of genetics</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Classical_genetics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Classical genetics (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Classical genetics</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservation_genetics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservation genetics (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Conservation genetics</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecological_genetics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ecological genetics (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Ecological genetics</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Immunogenetics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Immunogenetics (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Immunogenetics</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Molecular_genetics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Molecular genetics (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Molecular genetics</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Population_genetics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Population genetics (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Population genetics</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Quantitative_genetics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Quantitative genetics (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Quantitative genetics</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archaeogenetics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Archaeogenetics (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Archaeogenetics</a> of...</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genetic_history_of_indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Genetic history of indigenous peoples of the Americas (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Americas</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Genetic_history_of_the_British_Isles&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Genetic history of the British Isles (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">British Isles</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Genetic_history_of_Europe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Genetic history of Europe (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Europe</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Genetic_history_of_Italy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Genetic history of Italy (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Italy</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Archaeogenetics_of_the_Near_East&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Archaeogenetics of the Near East (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Near East</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Genetics_and_archaeogenetics_of_South_Asia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Genetics and archaeogenetics of South Asia (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">South Asia</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geneticist&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geneticist (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Geneticist</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Genomics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Genomics (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Genomics</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Genetic_code&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Genetic code (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Genetic code</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Medical_genetics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Medical genetics (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Medical genetics</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Molecular_evolution&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Molecular evolution (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Molecular evolution</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Reverse_genetics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reverse genetics (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Reverse genetics</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Genetic_engineering&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Genetic engineering (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Genetic engineering</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Genetic_diversity&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Genetic diversity (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Genetic diversity</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Heredity&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heredity (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Heredity</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Genetic_monitoring&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Genetic monitoring (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Genetic monitoring</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Jẹ́ kíkójáde láti "<a dir="ltr" href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=DNA&oldid=577883">https://yo.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=DNA&oldid=577883</a>"</div></div> 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