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class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">ficha</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Urambazaji </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Mwanzo" title="Tembelea Mwanzo [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Mwanzo</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Jumuia" title="Kuhusu mradi, mambo unaweza kufanya, na mahali pa kugundua vitu"><span>Jumuiya</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Matukio_ya_hivi_karibuni" title="Maarifa kuhusu habari za siku hizi"><span>Matukio ya hivi karibuni</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Maalum:MabadalikoyaKaribuni" title="Orodha ya mabadiliko ya hivi karibuni katika Wiki. [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Mabadiliko ya karibuni</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Maalum:UkurasawaBahati" title="Onyesha ukurasa wa bahati [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Ukurasa wa bahati</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Contents" title="Mahali pa kueleweshwa."><span>Msaada</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Mwanzo" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="Kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-sw.svg" width="117" height="10" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.625em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Maalum:Tafuta" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Tafuta Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Tafuta</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Tafuta Wikipedia" aria-label="Tafuta Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Tafuta Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Maalum:Tafuta"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Tafuta</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Zana binafsi"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Mandhari"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Badilisha mandhari ya ukubwa, upana, na rangi ya fonti ya ukurasa" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Mandhari" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Mandhari</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_sw.wikipedia.org&uselang=sw" class=""><span>Michango</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Maalum:SajiliAkaunti&returnto=Damu" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Unda akaunti</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Maalum:IngiaMtumiaji&returnto=Damu" title="Tunakushajiisha kuingia, lakini siyo lazima. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Ingia</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out user-links-collapsible-item" title="Chaguo zaidi" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Zana binafsi" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Zana binafsi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_sw.wikipedia.org&uselang=sw"><span>Michango</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maalum:SajiliAkaunti&returnto=Damu" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Unda akaunti</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maalum:IngiaMtumiaji&returnto=Damu" title="Tunakushajiisha kuingia, lakini siyo lazima. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Ingia</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Tovuti"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Yaliyomo" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Yaliyomo</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">hamishia kwenye mwambaa upande</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">ficha</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Mwanzo</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Muundo_wa_damu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Muundo_wa_damu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Muundo wa damu</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Muundo_wa_damu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kazi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kazi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Kazi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kazi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vipengele_vya_damu_ya_binadamu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vipengele_vya_damu_ya_binadamu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Vipengele vya damu ya binadamu</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Vipengele_vya_damu_ya_binadamu-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Vipengele vya damu ya binadamu subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Vipengele_vya_damu_ya_binadamu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Seli" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seli"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Seli</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seli-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plazma" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plazma"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Plazma</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plazma-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kadiri_ndogo_ya_thamani_za_pH" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kadiri_ndogo_ya_thamani_za_pH"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Kadiri ndogo ya thamani za pH</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kadiri_ndogo_ya_thamani_za_pH-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Damu_katika_wanyama_wenye_uti_wa_mgongo_wasio_binadamu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Damu_katika_wanyama_wenye_uti_wa_mgongo_wasio_binadamu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Damu katika wanyama wenye uti wa mgongo wasio binadamu</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Damu_katika_wanyama_wenye_uti_wa_mgongo_wasio_binadamu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fiziolojia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fiziolojia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Fiziolojia</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Fiziolojia-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Fiziolojia subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Fiziolojia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mfumo_wa_moyo_na_mishipa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mfumo_wa_moyo_na_mishipa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Mfumo wa moyo na mishipa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mfumo_wa_moyo_na_mishipa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uzalishaji_na_uchakaaji_wa_seli_za_damu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uzalishaji_na_uchakaaji_wa_seli_za_damu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Uzalishaji na uchakaaji wa seli za damu</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uzalishaji_na_uchakaaji_wa_seli_za_damu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Usafirishaji_wa_oksijeni" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Usafirishaji_wa_oksijeni"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Usafirishaji wa oksijeni</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Usafirishaji_wa_oksijeni-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Usafirishaji_wa_dioksidi_ya_kaboni" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Usafirishaji_wa_dioksidi_ya_kaboni"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Usafirishaji wa dioksidi ya kaboni</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Usafirishaji_wa_dioksidi_ya_kaboni-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Usafirishaji_wa_ioni_za_haidrojeni" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Usafirishaji_wa_ioni_za_haidrojeni"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Usafirishaji wa ioni za haidrojeni</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Usafirishaji_wa_ioni_za_haidrojeni-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mfumo_wa_limfatiki" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mfumo_wa_limfatiki"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Mfumo wa limfatiki</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mfumo_wa_limfatiki-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Udhibiti_wa_joto" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Udhibiti_wa_joto"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Udhibiti wa joto</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Udhibiti_wa_joto-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kazi_ya_Nguvumaji" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kazi_ya_Nguvumaji"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8</span> <span>Kazi ya Nguvumaji</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kazi_ya_Nguvumaji-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wanyama_wasio_na_uti_wa_mgongo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wanyama_wasio_na_uti_wa_mgongo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.9</span> <span>Wanyama wasio na uti wa mgongo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wanyama_wasio_na_uti_wa_mgongo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rangi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rangi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Rangi</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Rangi-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Rangi subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Rangi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Himoglobini" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Himoglobini"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Himoglobini</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Himoglobini-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Himosianini" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Himosianini"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Himosianini</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Himosianini-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maradhi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maradhi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Maradhi</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Maradhi-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Maradhi subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Maradhi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Matatizo_makuu_ya_kiafya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Matatizo_makuu_ya_kiafya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Matatizo makuu ya kiafya</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Matatizo_makuu_ya_kiafya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Matatizo_ya_kihematolojia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Matatizo_ya_kihematolojia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Matatizo ya kihematolojia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Matatizo_ya_kihematolojia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Usumisho_wa_monoksidi_ya_kaboni" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Usumisho_wa_monoksidi_ya_kaboni"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Usumisho wa monoksidi ya kaboni</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Usumisho_wa_monoksidi_ya_kaboni-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Madawa_ya_tiba" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Madawa_ya_tiba"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Madawa ya tiba</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Madawa_ya_tiba-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Madawa ya tiba subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Madawa_ya_tiba-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bidhaa_za_damu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bidhaa_za_damu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Bidhaa za damu</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bidhaa_za_damu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Utoaji_wa_ndani_ya_vena" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Utoaji_wa_ndani_ya_vena"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Utoaji wa ndani ya vena</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Utoaji_wa_ndani_ya_vena-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uondoaji_wa_damu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uondoaji_wa_damu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Uondoaji wa damu</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uondoaji_wa_damu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Historia</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Historia-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Historia subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Historia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tiba_rasmi_ya_Ugiriki" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tiba_rasmi_ya_Ugiriki"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Tiba rasmi ya Ugiriki</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tiba_rasmi_ya_Ugiriki-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tiba_ya_Hipokrati" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tiba_ya_Hipokrati"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Tiba ya Hipokrati</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tiba_ya_Hipokrati-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Utamaduni_na_imani_za_dini" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Utamaduni_na_imani_za_dini"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Utamaduni na imani za dini</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Utamaduni_na_imani_za_dini-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Utamaduni na imani za dini subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Utamaduni_na_imani_za_dini-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Waaustralia_asili" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Waaustralia_asili"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Waaustralia asili</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Waaustralia_asili-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Upagani_katika_Indo-Uropa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Upagani_katika_Indo-Uropa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Upagani katika Indo-Uropa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Upagani_katika_Indo-Uropa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uyahudi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uyahudi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Uyahudi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uyahudi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ukristo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ukristo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.4</span> <span>Ukristo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ukristo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uislamu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uislamu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.5</span> <span>Uislamu</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uislamu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mashahidi_wa_Yehova" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mashahidi_wa_Yehova"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.6</span> <span>Mashahidi wa Yehova</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mashahidi_wa_Yehova-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tamaduni_za_Kichina_na_Kijapani" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tamaduni_za_Kichina_na_Kijapani"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.7</span> <span>Tamaduni za Kichina na Kijapani</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tamaduni_za_Kichina_na_Kijapani-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kashfa_za_damu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kashfa_za_damu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.8</span> <span>Kashfa za damu</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kashfa_za_damu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hekaya_kuhusu_wanyonya_damu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hekaya_kuhusu_wanyonya_damu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.9</span> <span>Hekaya kuhusu wanyonya damu</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hekaya_kuhusu_wanyonya_damu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Matumizi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Matumizi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Matumizi</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Matumizi-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Matumizi subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Matumizi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Katika_sayansi-tumizi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Katika_sayansi-tumizi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Katika sayansi-tumizi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Katika_sayansi-tumizi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Katika_sanaa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Katika_sanaa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Katika sanaa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Katika_sanaa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Katika_ukoo_na_historia_ya_familia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Katika_ukoo_na_historia_ya_familia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>Katika ukoo na historia ya familia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Katika_ukoo_na_historia_ya_familia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tazama_pia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tazama_pia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Tazama pia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tazama_pia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marejeo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marejeo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Marejeo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marejeo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Viungo_vya_nje" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Viungo_vya_nje"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Viungo vya nje</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Viungo_vya_nje-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Yaliyomo" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Geuza uonekanaji wa yaliyomo" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Geuza uonekanaji wa yaliyomo</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Damu</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Nenda kwenye makala kwa lugha nyingine. Lugha 195 zinapatikana" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-195" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Lugha 195</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloed" title="Bloed – Kiafrikana" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Bloed" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Kiafrikana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blut" title="Blut – Kijerumani cha Uswisi" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Blut" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Kijerumani cha Uswisi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%B0%E1%88%9D" title="ደም – Kiamhari" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ደም" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Kiamhari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remes" title="Remes – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Remes" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangcah</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangre" title="Sangre – Kiaragoni" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Sangre" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Kiaragoni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bl%C5%8Dd" title="Blōd – Kiingereza cha Kale" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Blōd" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Kiingereza cha Kale" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eje" title="Eje – Kiobolo" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Eje" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="Kiobolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Obolo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%85" title="دم – Kiarabu" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="دم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Kiarabu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%95%DC%A1%DC%90" title="ܕܡܐ – Kiaramu" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܕܡܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Kiaramu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%85" title="دم – Kiarabu cha Misri" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="دم" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Kiarabu cha Misri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9C" title="তেজ – Kiassam" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="তেজ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Kiassam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangre" title="Sangre – Kiasturia" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Sangre" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Kiasturia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-atj mw-list-item"><a href="https://atj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miko" title="Miko – Kiatikamekw" lang="atj" hreflang="atj" data-title="Miko" data-language-autonym="Atikamekw" data-language-local-name="Kiatikamekw" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Atikamekw</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8" title="Би – Kiavari" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Би" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Kiavari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qan" title="Qan – Kiazerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qan" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Kiazerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86" title="قان – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="قان" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%A0%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Ҡан – Kibashkiri" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ҡан" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Kibashkiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Getih" title="Getih – Kibali" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Getih" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Kibali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluad" title="Bluad – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Bluad" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraus" title="Kraus – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Kraus" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dugo" title="Dugo – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Dugo" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%9E" title="Кроў – Kibelarusi" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Кроў" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Kibelarusi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%9E" title="Кроў – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Кроў" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8A%D0%B2" title="Кръв – Kibulgaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Кръв" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Kibulgaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A8" title="खून – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="खून" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4" title="রক্ত – Kibengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="রক্ত" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Kibengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%81%E0%BE%B2%E0%BD%82" title="ཁྲག – Kitibeti" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཁྲག" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Kitibeti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwad" title="Gwad – Kibretoni" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Gwad" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Kibretoni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krv" title="Krv – Kibosnia" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Krv" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Kibosnia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%83%D2%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Шуһан – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Шуһан" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sang" title="Sang – Kikatalani" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sang" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Kikatalani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangre" title="Sangre – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Sangre" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chavacano de Zamboanga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A1ik" title="Háik – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Háik" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D3%80%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="ЦӀий – Kichechenia" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="ЦӀий" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Kichechenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dugo" title="Dugo – Kichebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Dugo" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Kichebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A9%E1%8E%A6" title="ᎩᎦ – Kicherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎩᎦ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Kicherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%88%DB%8E%D9%86" title="خوێن – Kikurdi cha Sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="خوێن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Kikurdi cha Sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krev" title="Krev – Kicheki" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Krev" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Kicheki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8A%D0%B2%D1%8C" title="Кръвь – Kislovakia cha Kanisa" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Кръвь" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Kislovakia cha Kanisa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%BD" title="Юн – Kichuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Юн" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Kichuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwaed" title="Gwaed – Kiwelisi" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gwaed" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Kiwelisi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blod" title="Blod – Kidenmaki" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Blod" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Kidenmaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%B7im" title="Ʒim – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Ʒim" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blut" title="Blut – Kijerumani" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Blut" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Kijerumani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goni" title="Goni – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Goni" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%8D%DE%AD" title="ލޭ – Kidivehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ލޭ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Kidivehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%AF%CE%BC%CE%B1" title="Αίμα – Kigiriki" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αίμα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Kigiriki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood" title="Blood – Kiingereza" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Blood" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Kiingereza" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sango" title="Sango – Kiesperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sango" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Kiesperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangre" title="Sangre – Kihispania" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sangre" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Kihispania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veri" title="Veri – Kiestonia" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Veri" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Kiestonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odol" title="Odol – Kibaski" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Odol" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Kibaski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangri" title="Sangri – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Sangri" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%88%D9%86" title="خون – Kiajemi" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="خون" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Kiajemi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veri" title="Veri – Kifini" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Veri" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Kifini" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veri" title="Veri – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Veri" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dra" title="Dra – Kifiji" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Dra" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Kifiji" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bl%C3%B3%C3%B0" title="Blóð – Kifaroe" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Blóð" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Kifaroe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sang" title="Sang – Kifaransa" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sang" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Kifaransa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blud" title="Blud – Kifrisia cha Kaskazini" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Blud" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Kifrisia cha Kaskazini" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanc" title="Sanc – Kifriulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Sanc" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Kifriulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloed" title="Bloed – Kifrisia cha Magharibi" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Bloed" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Kifrisia cha Magharibi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuil" title="Fuil – Kiayalandi" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Fuil" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Kiayalandi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disan" title="Disan – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Disan" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuil" title="Fuil – Kigaeli cha Uskoti" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Fuil" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Kigaeli cha Uskoti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangue" title="Sangue – Kigalisi" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Sangue" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Kigalisi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuguy" title="Tuguy – Kiguarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Tuguy" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Kiguarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A4" title="रगत – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="रगत" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B2%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%B9%E0%AB%80" title="લોહી – Kigujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="લોહી" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Kigujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jini" title="Jini – Kihausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Jini" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Kihausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiet" title="Hiet – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Hiet" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%9D" title="דם – Kiebrania" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Kiebrania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4" title="रक्त – Kihindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="रक्त" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Kihindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khuun" title="Khuun – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Khuun" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krv" title="Krv – Kikorasia" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Krv" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kikorasia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_(non)" title="San (non) – Kihaiti" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="San (non)" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Kihaiti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A9r" title="Vér – Kihungaria" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Vér" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Kihungaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D6%80%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Արյուն – Kiarmenia" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Արյուն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Kiarmenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D6%80%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Արիւն – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Արիւն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanguine" title="Sanguine – Kiintalingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Sanguine" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Kiintalingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darah" title="Darah – Kiiban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Darah" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Kiiban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darah" title="Darah – Kiindonesia" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Darah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Kiindonesia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangue" title="Sangue – lugha ya kisayansi" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Sangue" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="lugha ya kisayansi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dara" title="Dara – Kiilocano" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Dara" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Kiilocano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D3%80%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="ЦӀий – Kiingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="ЦӀий" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Kiingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sango" title="Sango – Kiido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Sango" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Kiido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bl%C3%B3%C3%B0" title="Blóð – Kiisilandi" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Blóð" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Kiisilandi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangue" title="Sangue – Kiitaliano" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sangue" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Kiitaliano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%90%8A%E1%90%85%E1%92%83" title="ᐊᐅᒃ – Kiinuktituti" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᐊᐅᒃ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="Kiinuktituti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A1%80%E6%B6%B2" title="血液 – Kijapani" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="血液" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Kijapani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Getih" title="Getih – Kijava" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Getih" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Kijava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%AE%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="სისხლი – Kijojia" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სისხლი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Kijojia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idammen" title="Idammen – Kikabylia" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Idammen" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kikabylia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cal%C9%A9m" title="Calɩm – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Calɩm" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rah" title="Rah – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Rah" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Қан – Kikazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Қан" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kikazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kl mw-list-item"><a href="https://kl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aak" title="Aak – Kikalaallisut" lang="kl" hreflang="kl" data-title="Aak" data-language-autonym="Kalaallisut" data-language-local-name="Kikalaallisut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kalaallisut</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%88%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%98" title="ឈាម – Kikambodia" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ឈាម" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Kikambodia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4" title="ರಕ್ತ – Kikannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ರಕ್ತ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kikannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%98%88%EC%95%A1" title="혈액 – Kikorea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="혈액" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Kikorea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%88%D9%97%D9%86" title="خوٗن – Kikashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="خوٗن" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kikashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xw%C3%AEn" title="Xwîn – Kikurdi" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Xwîn" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kikurdi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kus mw-list-item"><a href="https://kus.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziim" title="Ziim – Kusaal" lang="kus" hreflang="kus" data-title="Ziim" data-language-autonym="Kʋsaal" data-language-local-name="Kusaal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kʋsaal</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goos" title="Goos – Kikorni" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Goos" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Kikorni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Кан – Kikyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Кан" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kikyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanguis" title="Sanguis – Kilatini" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Sanguis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Kilatini" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blutt" title="Blutt – Kilasembagi" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Blutt" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Kilasembagi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%8C" title="Оь – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Оь" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Иви – Kilezighian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Иви" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Kilezighian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood" title="Blood – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Blood" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangu" title="Sangu – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Sangu" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makil%C3%A1" title="Makilá – Kilingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Makilá" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Kilingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraujas" title="Kraujas – Kilithuania" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kraujas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Kilithuania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asinis" title="Asinis – Kilatvia" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Asinis" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Kilatvia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Версь – Lugha ya Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Версь" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Lugha ya Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ra" title="Ra – Kimalagasi" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Ra" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Kimalagasi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D3%B1%D1%80" title="Вӱр – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Вӱр" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B2" title="Крв – Kimacedonia" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Крв" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Kimacedonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%82" title="രക്തം – Kimalayalamu" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="രക്തം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Kimalayalamu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%83%D1%81" title="Цус – Kimongolia" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Цус" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Kimongolia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4" title="रक्त – Kimarathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="रक्त" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Kimarathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darah" title="Darah – Kimalei" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Darah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Kimalei" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demm" title="Demm – Kimalta" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Demm" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Kimalta" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9E%E1%80%BD%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8" title="သွေး – Kiburma" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="သွေး" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Kiburma" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood" title="Blood – Kisaksoni" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Blood" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Kisaksoni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A4" title="रगत – Kinepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="रगत" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Kinepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF" title="हि – Kinewari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="हि" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Kinewari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloed" title="Bloed – Kiholanzi" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Bloed" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Kiholanzi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blod" title="Blod – Kinorwe cha Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Blod" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Kinorwe cha Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blod" title="Blod – Kinorwe cha Bokmal" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Blod" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Kinorwe cha Bokmal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sang" title="Sang – Kiokitani" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Sang" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Kiokitani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhiiga" title="Dhiiga – Kioromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Dhiiga" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Kioromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A4" title="ରକ୍ତ – Kioriya" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ରକ୍ତ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Kioriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%B9%E0%A9%82" title="ਲਹੂ – Kipunjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਲਹੂ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Kipunjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daya" title="Daya – Kipampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Daya" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Kipampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanger" title="Sanger – Kipapiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Sanger" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Kipapiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krew" title="Krew – Kipolandi" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Krew" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Kipolandi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DB%81%D9%88" title="لہو – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="لہو" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%87" title="وينه – Kipashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="وينه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Kipashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangue" title="Sangue – Kireno" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sangue" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Kireno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yawar" title="Yawar – Kikechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Yawar" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Kikechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A2nge" title="Sânge – Kiromania" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Sânge" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Kiromania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A2ndzi" title="Sândzi – Kiaromania" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Sândzi" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Kiaromania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8C" title="Кровь – Kirusi" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кровь" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Kirusi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8C" title="Кровь – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Кровь" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="रक्तम् – Kisanskriti" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="रक्तम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Kisanskriti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Хаан – Kisakha" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Хаан" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Kisakha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A2" title="ᱢᱟᱭᱟᱢ – Kisantali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱢᱟᱭᱟᱢ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Kisantali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangu" title="Sangu – Kisicilia" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Sangu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Kisicilia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluid" title="Bluid – Kiskoti" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Bluid" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Kiskoti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%AA" title="رت – Kisindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="رت" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Kisindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varra" title="Varra – Kisami cha Kaskazini" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Varra" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Kisami cha Kaskazini" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krv" title="Krv – Kiserbia-kroeshia" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Krv" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Kiserbia-kroeshia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idammn" title="Idammn – Kitachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Idammn" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Kitachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%9A" title="ලේ – Kisinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ලේ" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Kisinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood" title="Blood – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Blood" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krv" title="Krv – Kislovakia" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Krv" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Kislovakia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kri" title="Kri – Kislovenia" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kri" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Kislovenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ropa" title="Ropa – Kishona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Ropa" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Kishona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhiig" title="Dhiig – Kisomali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Dhiig" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Kisomali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjaku" title="Gjaku – Kialbania" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjaku" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Kialbania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B2" title="Крв – Kiserbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Крв" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Kiserbia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Getih" title="Getih – Kisunda" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Getih" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Kisunda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blod" title="Blod – Kiswidi" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Blod" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Kiswidi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/izang" title="izang – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="izang" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF" title="குருதி – Kitamili" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="குருதி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Kitamili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D" title="ನೆತ್ತೆರ್ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ನೆತ್ತೆರ್" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%82" title="రక్తం – Kitelugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="రక్తం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Kitelugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Хун – Kitajiki" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Хун" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Kitajiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%94" title="เลือด – Kithai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เลือด" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Kithai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dugo" title="Dugo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Dugo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kan" title="Kan – Kituruki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kan" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Kituruki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Кан – Kitatari" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Кан" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Kitatari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogya" title="Mogya – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Mogya" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Twi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86" title="قان – Kiuyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="قان" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Kiuyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Кров – Kiukraini" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Кров" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Kiukraini" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%88%D9%86" title="خون – Kiurdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="خون" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Kiurdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qon" title="Qon – Kiuzbeki" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Qon" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Kiuzbeki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangue" title="Sangue – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Sangue" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veri" title="Veri – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Veri" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1u" title="Máu – Kivietinamu" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Máu" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Kivietinamu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloed" title="Bloed – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Bloed" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blud" title="Blud – Kivolapuk" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Blud" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Kivolapuk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dugo" title="Dugo – Kiwaray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Dugo" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Kiwaray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dereet" title="Dereet – Kiwolofu" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Dereet" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Kiwolofu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A1%80" title="血 – Kichina cha Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="血" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Kichina cha Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igazi" title="Igazi – Kixhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Igazi" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Kixhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%96%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%AE%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="ზისხირი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ზისხირი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%98" title="בלוט – Kiyiddi" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="בלוט" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Kiyiddi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%BA%B8%CC%80j%E1%BA%B9%CC%80" title="Ẹ̀jẹ̀ – Kiyoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ẹ̀jẹ̀" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Kiyoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lwed" title="Lwed – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Lwed" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A1%80%E6%B6%B2" title="血液 – Kichina" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="血液" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Kichina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoeh" title="Hoeh – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hoeh" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A1%80" title="血 – Kikantoni" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="血" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kikantoni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igazi" title="Igazi – Kizulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Igazi" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Kizulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7873#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Hariri viungo vya lugha zingine" class="wbc-editpage">Hariri viungo</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Maeneo ya wiki"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Damu" title="Onyesha kurasa zilizopo [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Makala</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Majadiliano:Damu" rel="discussion" title="Mazungumzo kuhusu makala [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Majadiliano</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Badilisha lahaja ya lugha" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Kiswahili</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Mitazamo"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Damu"><span>Soma</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Damu&veaction=edit" title="Hariri ukurasa huu na VisualEditor [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Hariri</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Damu&action=edit" title="Hariri chanzo msimbo za ukurasa huu [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Hariri chanzo</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Damu&action=history" title="Mapitio ya awali ya ukurasa huu [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Fungua historia</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Zana za ukurasa"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Zana" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Zana</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Zana</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">hamishia kwenye mwambaa upande</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">ficha</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Vitendo </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Damu"><span>Soma</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Damu&veaction=edit" title="Hariri ukurasa huu na VisualEditor [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Hariri</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Damu&action=edit" title="Hariri chanzo msimbo za ukurasa huu [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Hariri chanzo</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Damu&action=history"><span>Fungua historia</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Kijumla </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Maalum:VingoViungavyoUkurasahuu/Damu" title="Orodha ya kurasa zote za Wiki zilizounganishwa na ukurasa huu [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Viungo viungavyo ukurasa huu</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Maalum:RecentChangesLinked/Damu" rel="nofollow" title="Mabadiliko ya karibuni ya katika kurasa zilizounganishwa na ukurasa huu [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Mabadiliko husika</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=sw" title="Pakia picha, video, au sauti [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Pakia faili</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Maalum:KurasaMaalum" title="Orodha ya kurasa zote maalumu [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Kurasa maalumu</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Damu&oldid=1313764" title="Kiungo cha daima cha kufikisha pitio hili la ukurasa"><span>Kiungo cha daima</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Damu&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Maelezo ya ukurasa</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maalum:Taja&page=Damu&id=1313764&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Taarifa juu ya njia ya kutaja ukurasa huu"><span>Taja ukurasa huu</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maalum:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FDamu"><span>Pata URL iliyofupishwa</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maalum:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FDamu"><span>Pakua msimbo wa QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Chapa/peleka nje </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maalum:Kusanya&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Damu"><span>Tunga kitabu</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maalum:DownloadAsPdf&page=Damu&action=show-download-screen"><span>Pakua kama PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Damu&printable=yes" title="Toleo linalochapika la ukurasa huu [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Ukurasa wa kuchapika</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Miradi mingine </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Blood" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7873" title="Link to connected data repository item [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata kifungu</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Zana za ukurasa"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Mandhari"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Mandhari</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">hamishia kwenye mwambaa upande</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">ficha</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Kutoka Wikipedia, kamusi elezo huru</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="sw" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Faili:Red_White_Blood_cells.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Red_White_Blood_cells.jpg/220px-Red_White_Blood_cells.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Red_White_Blood_cells.jpg/330px-Red_White_Blood_cells.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Red_White_Blood_cells.jpg/440px-Red_White_Blood_cells.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="326" /></a><figcaption>Picha ya darubini ya elektroni ya ukaguzi (SEM) ya seli nyekundu ya kawaida ya damu, chembe za kugandisha damu, na seli nyeupe za damu.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Faili:Blutkreislauf.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Blutkreislauf.png/220px-Blutkreislauf.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="375" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Blutkreislauf.png/330px-Blutkreislauf.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Blutkreislauf.png/440px-Blutkreislauf.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="1193" /></a><figcaption>Mzunguko wa damu: Nyekundu = yenye oksijeni Buluu = bila oksijeni</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Faili:Humanbood600x.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Humanbood600x.jpg/220px-Humanbood600x.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/Humanbood600x.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="216" /></a><figcaption>Damu ya binadamu iliyokuzwa mara 600</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Faili:320frogblood600x2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/320frogblood600x2.jpg/220px-320frogblood600x2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/320frogblood600x2.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="239" /></a><figcaption>Damu ya chura iliyokuzwa mara 600</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Faili:320fishblood600x2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/320fishblood600x2.jpg/220px-320fishblood600x2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ab/320fishblood600x2.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="221" /></a><figcaption>Damu ya samaki iliyokuzwa mara 600</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Faili:Bleeding_finger.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Bleeding_finger.jpg/220px-Bleeding_finger.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Bleeding_finger.jpg/330px-Bleeding_finger.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Bleeding_finger.jpg/440px-Bleeding_finger.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2288" data-file-height="1712" /></a><figcaption>Damu ikitoka kwenye kidonda</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Damu</b> (kutoka <a href="/wiki/Neno" title="Neno">neno</a> la <a href="/wiki/Kiarabu" title="Kiarabu">Kiarabu</a>) ni <a href="/wiki/Kiowevu" title="Kiowevu">kiowevu</a> katika <a href="/wiki/Mwili" title="Mwili">mwili</a> wa <a href="/wiki/Binadamu" title="Binadamu">binadamu</a> na <a href="/wiki/Wanyama" class="mw-redirect" title="Wanyama">wanyama</a>. Inazunguka mwilini ndani ya <a href="/wiki/Mishipa_ya_damu" title="Mishipa ya damu">mishipa ya damu</a> ikisukumwa na <a href="/wiki/Moyo" title="Moyo">moyo</a> kwa lengo la kumwezesha kuishi. </p><p>Kazi ya <a href="/wiki/Tishu" title="Tishu">tishu</a> hiyo ni kupeleka <a href="/wiki/Lishe" title="Lishe">lishe</a> na <a href="/wiki/Oksijeni" title="Oksijeni">oksijeni</a> kwa <a href="/wiki/Seli" title="Seli">seli</a> za mwili na kutoa <a href="/wiki/Daioksaidi_ya_kaboni" class="mw-redirect" title="Daioksaidi ya kaboni">daioksaidi ya kaboni</a> pamoja na <a href="/wiki/Uchafu" title="Uchafu">uchafu</a> mwingine kutoka seli. </p><p>Ndani ya damu kuna <a href="/w/index.php?title=Utegili_(damu)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Utegili (damu) (bado haujaandikwa)">utegili</a> (kwa <a href="/wiki/Kiingereza" title="Kiingereza">Kiingereza</a> <i>plasma</i>) ambao ni kiowevu chake pamoja na <a href="/wiki/Seli_za_damu" title="Seli za damu">seli za damu</a> <a href="/wiki/Nyekundu" title="Nyekundu">nyekundu</a> na <a href="/wiki/Nyeupe" class="mw-redirect" title="Nyeupe">nyeupe</a>. <a href="/wiki/Seli_nyekundu" class="mw-redirect" title="Seli nyekundu">Seli nyekundu</a> hubeba oksijeni wakati daioksaidi ya kaboni hubebwa na utegili. <a href="/wiki/Seli_nyeupe" class="mw-redirect" title="Seli nyeupe">Seli nyeupe</a> ni kama walinzi wa mwili wa kupambana na <a href="/wiki/Magonjwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Magonjwa">magonjwa</a>. Pia kuna <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chembe_sahani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chembe sahani (bado haujaandikwa)">chembe sahani</a>. </p><p>Mtu mzima huwa na damu <a href="/wiki/Lita" title="Lita">lita</a> 6 mwilini. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Muundo_wa_damu">Muundo wa damu</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Damu&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Hariri sehemu: Muundo wa damu" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>hariri</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Damu&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Muundo wa damu"><span>hariri chanzo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kati ya <a href="/wiki/Vertebrata" title="Vertebrata">viumbe wenye uti wa mgongo</a>, damu imetengenezwa kwa seli za damu zinazoelea katika <a href="/wiki/Kiowevu" title="Kiowevu">umajimaji</a> unaoitwa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Plasma_ya_damu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Plasma ya damu (bado haujaandikwa)">plasma ya damu</a>. Plasma, inayoundwa kwa 55% ya giligili ya damu, ambayo hasa ni maji (90% kwa kiasi), <sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> na ina <a href="/wiki/Protini" title="Protini">protini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glukosi" title="Glukosi">glukosi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ioni" title="Ioni">ioni</a> za <a href="/wiki/Madini" title="Madini">madini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Homoni" title="Homoni">homoni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dioksidi_kabonia" title="Dioksidi kabonia">dioksidi ya kaboni</a> (Plasma ikiwa ndiyo chombo kikuu cha usafirishaji wa bidhaa taka), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chembe_za_kugandisha_damu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chembe za kugandisha damu (bado haujaandikwa)">chembe za kugandisha damu</a> na seli za damu zenyewe. Seli za damu zilizo kwenye damu hasa ni seli nyekundu za damu (zinazofahamika pia kama RBC yaani Red Blood Cells au erithrosaiti) na seli nyeupe za damu, zikiwa pamoja na lukosaiti na chembe za kugandisha damu. </p><p>Seli nyingi zaidi katika damu za wanyama wenye <a href="/wiki/Uti_wa_mgongo" title="Uti wa mgongo">uti wa mgongo</a> ni seli nyekundu za damu. Seli hizi zina himoglobini, protini yenye <a href="/wiki/Chuma" title="Chuma">madini ya chuma</a>, ambayo huwezesha usafirishaji wa <a href="/wiki/Oksijeni" title="Oksijeni">oksijeni</a> kwa kujiunganisha kwa hali ya kujirudia na gesi hii ya kupumua na kuongeza kwa kiasi kikubwa umumunyifu wake katika damu. Kwa upande mwingine, dioksidi ya kaboni inasafirishwa karibu kabisa nje ya seli ikiwa imeyeyushwa ndani ya plazma kama ioni ya bikaboneti. </p><p>Damu ya wanyama wenye uti wa mgongo huwa nyekundu yenye kung'aa wakati ambapo himoglobini yake imewekewa oksijeni. Wanyama wengine, kama vile <a href="/w/index.php?title=Krusteshia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Krusteshia (bado haujaandikwa)">krusteshia</a> na <a href="/wiki/Moluska" title="Moluska">moluska</a>, hutumia hemosianini kubeba oksijeni, badala ya himoglobini. <a href="/wiki/Wadudu" title="Wadudu">Wadudu</a> na baadhi ya moluska hutumia ugiligili unaoitwa hemolimfu badala ya damu, tofauti ikiwa kwamba hemolimfu haipatikani katika mfumo wa <a href="/wiki/Usambazaji" title="Usambazaji">usambazaji</a> uliofungwa. Katika wadudu wengi, "damu" hii haina molekuli zinazobeba oksijeni kama vile himoglobini kwa sababu miili yao ni midogo na hivyo mfumo wao wa kupumua unatosha kusambaza oksijeni. </p><p>Wanyama wenye uti wa mgongo na walio pia na <a href="/wiki/Taya" title="Taya">taya</a> wana <a href="/wiki/Mfumo_wa_kingamaradhi" title="Mfumo wa kingamaradhi">Mfumo wa kingamaradhi</a> unaotegemea kwa kiasi kikubwa seli nyeupe za damu. Seli hizo husaidia kupinga maambukizi na <a href="/wiki/Vimelea" class="mw-redirect" title="Vimelea">vimelea</a>. Chembe za kugandisha damu ni muhimu katika ugandishaji wa damu. <sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Arithropodi" title="Arithropodi">Athropodi</a>, zinazotumia himolimfu, zina hemosaiti kama sehemu ya mfumo wao wa kinga. </p><p>Damu inasambazwa mwilini kupitia mishipa ya damu kutokana na usukumaji wa <a href="/wiki/Moyo" title="Moyo">moyo.</a> Katika wanyama wenye <a href="/wiki/Mapafu" title="Mapafu">mapafu</a>, damu kutoka kwa ateri hubeba oksijeni kutoka kwa hewa iliyovutwa hadi kwenye tishu za mwili, na damu kutoka kwa vena hubeba dioksidi ya kaboni, bidhaa taka zinazotokana na umetaboli, zinazozalishwa na <a href="/wiki/Seli" title="Seli">seli</a>, kutoka kwa tishu hadi kwa <a href="/wiki/Mapafu" title="Mapafu">mapafu</a> ili zitolewe. </p><p>Istilahi za uuguzi zinazohusiana na damu mara nyingi huanza kwa <i>hemo-</i> au <i>hemato-</i> (pia inaandikwa <i>haemo-</i> na <i>haemato-</i>) kutoka neno la <a href="/wiki/Kigiriki_cha_Kale" class="mw-redirect" title="Kigiriki cha Kale">Kigiriki cha Kale</a> αἷμα, <i>haima</i> yenye maana ya "damu". </p><p>Kwa upande wa <a href="/wiki/Anatomia" title="Anatomia">anatomia</a> na <a href="/wiki/Histolojia" title="Histolojia">histolojia</a>, damu inafikiriwa kama muundo maalum wa tishu unganifu, kutokana na asili yake ya mifupa na uwepo wa nyuzi zenye mfumo wa fibrinojeni. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kazi">Kazi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Damu&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Hariri sehemu: Kazi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>hariri</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Damu&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Kazi"><span>hariri chanzo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Faili:1GZX_Haemoglobin.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/1GZX_Haemoglobin.png/220px-1GZX_Haemoglobin.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/1GZX_Haemoglobin.png/330px-1GZX_Haemoglobin.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/1GZX_Haemoglobin.png/440px-1GZX_Haemoglobin.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Himoglobinikijani = kikundi cha heme nyekundu & buluu = visehemu vya protini</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Faili:Heme.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Heme.svg/220px-Heme.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Heme.svg/330px-Heme.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Heme.svg/440px-Heme.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="229" data-file-height="236" /></a><figcaption>Heme</figcaption></figure> <p>Damu hufanya kazi nyingi muhimu katika mwili, zikiwemo: </p> <ul><li>Upelekaji wa <a href="/wiki/Oksijeni" title="Oksijeni">oksijeni</a> kwenye tishu (zilizoungana na himoglobini, ambayo hubebwa kwenye seli nyekundu)</li> <li>Ugavi wa virutubishi kama vile glukosi, amino asidi, na asidi zenye mafuta (zilizoyeyushwa kwenye damu au zimeungana na protini za plazma (kwa mfano, lipidi za damu)</li> <li>Uondoaji wa taka kama vile <a href="/wiki/Dioksidi_kabonia" title="Dioksidi kabonia">dioksidi ya kaboni</a>, urea, na asidi ya maziwa yaliyochachuka</li> <li>Kazi za kukinga mwili, ikiwa ni pamoja na mzunguko wa seli nyeupe za damu, na utambuzi wa vifaa vya nje kupitia zindiko</li> <li>Kuganda, ambayo ni sehemu moja ya utaratibu wa kujirekebisha kwa mwili (ambapo damu huganda wakati mtu anapokatwa ili kuziba kutoka kwa damu)</li> <li>Kazi za mjumbe, ikiwa ni pamoja na usafirishaji wa homoni na kutoa ishara ya uharibifu wa tishu</li> <li>Udhibiti wa <a href="/wiki/Thamani_pH" title="Thamani pH">pH</a>(kiwango cha uasidi au ualikali) mwilini</li> <li>Udhibiti wa kiwango cha joto mwilini</li> <li>Kazi za mwendo wa maji</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vipengele_vya_damu_ya_binadamu">Vipengele vya damu ya binadamu</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Damu&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Hariri sehemu: Vipengele vya damu ya binadamu" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>hariri</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Damu&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Vipengele vya damu ya binadamu"><span>hariri chanzo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Faili:Blut-EDTA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Blut-EDTA.jpg/170px-Blut-EDTA.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Blut-EDTA.jpg/255px-Blut-EDTA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Blut-EDTA.jpg/340px-Blut-EDTA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="848" data-file-height="1176" /></a><figcaption>Neli mbili za EDTA-damu isiyoganda. Neli ya kushoto: baada ya kusimama, RBC zinakusanyika katika sehemu ya chini ya neli. Neli ya kulia: yenye damu mbichi iliyotoka kutolewa.</figcaption></figure> <p>Damu inachangia 8% ya <a href="/wiki/Uzito" title="Uzito">uzito</a> wa mwili wa binadamu,<sup id="cite_ref-alberts_table_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alberts_table-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ulio na uzito wastani wa 1060 kg/ m <sup>3,</sup> inakaribiana sana na uzito wa maji safi ya 1000 kg/m<sup>3.</sup> <sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mtu mzima wa kadiri ana kiasi cha damu cha kama <a href="/wiki/Lita" title="Lita">lita</a> 5 (1.3 gal), linalojumuisha plazma na aina kadhaa za seli (zinazoitwa mara kwa mara <i>chembedamu);</i> elementi hizi zilizoundwa kutoka kwa damu ni chembechembe nyekundu (seli nyekundu za damu), lukosaiti (seli nyeupe za damu), na thrombositi (chembe za kugandisha damu). Kwa kiasi, seli nyekundu za damu huchangia takribani 45% ya damu yote, plazma takribani 54.3%, na seli nyeupe takribani 0.7%. </p><p>Damu yote (plazma na seli) huonyesha sifa zisizofuata sheria za giligili za <a href="/wiki/Newton_Issack" class="mw-redirect" title="Newton Issack">Newton</a>; sifa zake za kutiririka hubadilika ili kutiririka ipasavyo kupitia mishipa midogo ya damu kwa upinzani mdogo zaidi kuliko plazma ikiwa peke yake. Aidha, kama himoglobini yote ya binadamu ingekuwa huru katika plazma badala ya kuwekwa kwenye RBCs, giligili za mzunguko ungenata sana na kufikia kiwango ambapo unazuia utendakazi bora wa mfumo wa moyo na mishipa. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Seli">Seli</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Damu&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Hariri sehemu: Seli" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>hariri</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Damu&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Seli"><span>hariri chanzo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Mikrolita" title="Mikrolita">Mikrolita</a> moja ya damu ina: </p> <ul><li><i>Chembechembe nyekundu za damu</i> milioni 4.7 hadi 6.1 (za kiume), milioni 4.2 hadi 5.4 (za kike): <sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Katika <a href="/wiki/Mamalia" title="Mamalia">mamalia</a> wengi, seli nyekundu za damu zilizokomaa zinakosa kiini na oganeli. Zina himogloboni za damu na husambaza oksijeni. Seli nyekundu za damu (pamoja na seli za vyombo vya endotheli na seli nyingine) pia zimetiwa alama na glaikoprotini ambazo zinatambulisha aina za damu tofauti. Kiwango cha damu kinachomilikiwa na seli nyekundu za damu kinajulikana kama hematokriti, na kwa kawaida ni takriban 45% ya damu. Ukubwa wa eneo la seli zote nyekundu za damu katika mwili wa binadamu zikiwekwa pamoja utakuwa takribani mara 2,000 kubwa zaidi ya sehemu ya nje ya mwili.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Lukosaiti 4,000 hadi 11,000:</i> <sup id="cite_ref-Ganong_WF_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ganong_WF-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Seli nyeupe za damu ni sehemu ya mfumo wa kinga; zinaangamiza na kuondoa seli nzee au potovu na mabaki ya chembechembe, na pia hushambulia vikolezo vinavyoleta maambukizi (visababisha magonjwa) na dutu za kigeni. Kansa ya lukosaiti inaitwa lukemia.</li> <li><i>Thrombosaiti 200,000 hadi 500,000:</i> <sup id="cite_ref-Ganong_WF_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ganong_WF-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> thrombosaiti, ambazo pia hujulikana kama chembe za kugandisha damu, zina jukumu kugandisha damu (ugandishaji). Hubadilisha fibrinojeni iwe fibrini. Fibrini hii inaunda wavu ambayo seli nyekundu za damu hukusanyika juu yake na kuganda na hii kuzuia damu zaidi kutoka kwenye mwili na pia husaidia kuzuia bakteria kuingia mwili.</li></ul> <table class="wikitable" align="right"> <caption>Maumbile ya damu ya kawaida </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Kigezo </th> <th>Thamani </th></tr> <tr> <td>Hematokriti </td> <td>45 ± 7 (38-52%) kwa wanaume<br />42 ± 5 (37-47%) kwa wanawake </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Thamani_pH" title="Thamani pH">pH</a> </td> <td>7.35-7.45 </td></tr> <tr> <td>wigo besi </td> <td>-3 Na 3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>P <a href="/wiki/Oksijeni" title="Oksijeni">O <sub>2</sub></a> </td> <td>10-13 kPa (8-10 mm Hg) </td></tr> <tr> <td>P <a href="/wiki/Dioksidi_kabonia" title="Dioksidi kabonia">CO <sub>2</sub></a> </td> <td>4.8-5.8 kPa (35-45 mm Hg) </td></tr> <tr> <td>HCO <sub>3</sub> <sup>-</sup> </td> <td>21-27 mm </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ulowesh(w)aji wa Oksijeni </td> <td>Iliyowekwa oksijeni: 98-99%<br />Iliyoondolewa Oksijeni: 75% </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plazma">Plazma</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Damu&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Hariri sehemu: Plazma" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>hariri</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Damu&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Plazma"><span>hariri chanzo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Takribani 55% ya damu yote ni plazma ya damu, giligili ambalo ni chombo cha majimaji cha damu ambalo lina <a href="/wiki/Rangi" title="Rangi">rangi</a> ya <a href="/wiki/Manjano" title="Manjano">manjano</a> ya <a href="/wiki/Nyasi" title="Nyasi">nyasi</a>. Kiasi cha jumla cha plazma ya damu katika mwili wa binadamu wastani ni <a href="/wiki/Lita" title="Lita">lita</a> 2.7 hadi 3.0. Kimsingi, ni mchanganyiko wa <a href="/wiki/Maji" title="Maji">maji</a> (92%) na <a href="/wiki/Protini" title="Protini">protini</a> (8%) na viwango vidogo vya vitu vingine. </p><p>Plazma hueneza virutubishi vilivyoyeyushwa, kama vile <a href="/wiki/Glukosi" title="Glukosi">glukosi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asidi_za_amino" class="mw-redirect" title="Asidi za amino">asidi za amino</a>, na asidi zenye mafuta (zilizoyeyushwa kwenye damu au zilizoshikana na protini za plazma), na huondoa bidhaa za taka, kama vile <a href="/wiki/Dioksidi_kabonia" title="Dioksidi kabonia">oksidi ya kaboni</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Urea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Urea (bado haujaandikwa)">urea</a>, na asidi ya maziwa yaliyochachuka. </p><p>Sehemu nyingine muhimu ni pamoja na: </p> <ul><li>Albumini ya majimaji ya damu</li> <li>Vipengele vya kugandisha damu (ili kuwezesha ugandishaji)</li> <li>Globulini zinazokinga maradhi (kingamwili)</li> <li>Chembe za lipoprotini</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protini" title="Protini">Protini</a> nyingine</li> <li>Elektrolaiti mbalimbali (hasa <a href="/wiki/Natiri" title="Natiri">sodiamu</a> na kloridi)</li></ul> <p>Neno <i>seramu (majimaji ya damu)</i> inarejelea plazma ambayo imetolewa protini za kuganda. Nyingi kati ya protini zilizobaki ni albumini na globulini zinazokinga <a href="/wiki/Maradhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Maradhi">maradhi</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kadiri_ndogo_ya_thamani_za_pH">Kadiri ndogo ya thamani za pH</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Damu&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Hariri sehemu: Kadiri ndogo ya thamani za pH" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>hariri</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Damu&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Kadiri ndogo ya thamani za pH"><span>hariri chanzo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Thamani_pH" title="Thamani pH">pH</a> ya damu inadhibitiwa ili ibaki katika kadiri ndogo ya 7.35 hadi 7.45, na hivyo kuifanya alikalini kiasi. <sup id="cite_ref-Waugh_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Waugh-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Damu iliyo na pH chini ya 7.35 ni ya asidi mno, huku pH ya damu iliyo juu ya 7.45 ni ya alkali mno. pH ya damu, sehemu ya shinikizo la oksijeni (po <sub>2),</sub> sehemu ya shinikizo la dioksidi ya kaboni (pCO <sub>2),</sub> na <sub>3</sub> HCO zinadhibitiwa kwa makini kupitia taratibu kadhaa za homiostasisi, ambazo hutumia uwezo wao hasa kupitia mfumo wa upumuaji na mfumo wa mkojo ili kudhibiti usawa wa msingi wa asidi na kupumua. Gesi ya damu ya ateri itapima vitu hivi. Plazma pia huzungusha homoni na kupeleka ujumbe wao kwa tishu mbalimbali. Orodha ya kadiri za kurejelea za kawaida za elektrolaiti mbalimbali ni ndefu. </p><p>Mifupa hasa huathiriwa na pH ya damu kwa kuwa mara kwa mara hutumika kama chanzo cha madini kwa kukinga pH. Kula kiasi kikubwa cha protini za wanyama na protini ya mimea huhusishwa na kupotea kwa mifupa kwa <a href="/wiki/Wanawake" class="mw-redirect" title="Wanawake">wanawake</a>. <sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Damu_katika_wanyama_wenye_uti_wa_mgongo_wasio_binadamu">Damu katika wanyama wenye uti wa mgongo wasio binadamu</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Damu&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Hariri sehemu: Damu katika wanyama wenye uti wa mgongo wasio binadamu" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>hariri</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Damu&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Damu katika wanyama wenye uti wa mgongo wasio binadamu"><span>hariri chanzo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Damu ya binadamu inafanana na ile ya mamalia, ingawa maelezo sahihi kuhusu idadi ya seli, ukubwa, muundo wa protini na kadhalika, huwa tofauti kiasi kati ya aina tofauti ya mamalia. Hata hivyo, kati ya wanyama wenye uti wa mgongo wasio katika kategoria ya mamalia, kuna tofauti kadhaa muhimu: <sup id="cite_ref-VB_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VB-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Seli za damu za wanyama wenye uti wa mgongo wasio mamalia zimetandazwa na zina umbo la yai, na huhifadhi viini vya seli zao</li> <li>Kuna tofauti kubwa katika aina na idadi ya seli nyeupe za damu; kwa mfano, asidofili kwa jumla hupatikana zaidi kuliko kwa binadamu</li> <li>Chembe za kugandisha damu zinapatikana tu kwa mamalia; katika wanyama wengine wenye uti wa mgongo, seli ndogo, zenye kiini, za spindu zinashughulikia kuganda kwa damu badala yake</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fiziolojia">Fiziolojia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Damu&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Hariri sehemu: Fiziolojia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>hariri</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Damu&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Fiziolojia"><span>hariri chanzo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mfumo_wa_moyo_na_mishipa">Mfumo wa moyo na mishipa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Damu&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Hariri sehemu: Mfumo wa moyo na mishipa" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>hariri</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Damu&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Mfumo wa moyo na mishipa"><span>hariri chanzo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Faili:Diagram_of_the_human_heart_(cropped).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Diagram_of_the_human_heart_%28cropped%29.svg/220px-Diagram_of_the_human_heart_%28cropped%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Diagram_of_the_human_heart_%28cropped%29.svg/330px-Diagram_of_the_human_heart_%28cropped%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Diagram_of_the_human_heart_%28cropped%29.svg/440px-Diagram_of_the_human_heart_%28cropped%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="663" data-file-height="651" /></a><figcaption>Mzunguko wa damu kupitia moyo wa binadamu</figcaption></figure> <dl><dd><div class="noprint"><i>Makala kuu: <a href="/wiki/Mfumo_wa_mzunguko_wa_damu" title="Mfumo wa mzunguko wa damu">Mfumo wa mzunguko wa damu</a></i></div></dd></dl> <p>Damu husambazwa mwilini kupitia vyombo vya damu kwa msukumo wa <a href="/wiki/Moyo" title="Moyo">moyo</a>. Kwa binadamu, damu husukumwa kutoka ventrikuli thabiti ya kushoto ya moyo na kupitia ateri hadi tishu za pembeni na hurudi kwa atiria ya moyo kupitia mshipa. Baadaye huingia kwenye ventrikali ya kulia kupitia ateri ya mapafu na husukumwa kwa <a href="/wiki/Mapafu" title="Mapafu">mapafu</a> na kurudi kwenye atiria ya kushoto kupitia mshipa wa mapafu. Damu kisha inaingia katika ventrikali ya kushoto ili isambazwe tena. Damu ya ateri hubeba oksijeni kutoka kwa hewa iliyovutwa ndani hadi kwa seli zote za mwili, na damu ya vena hubeba dioksidi ya kaboni, bidhaa taka ya metaboli ya <a href="/wiki/Seli" title="Seli">seli</a>, hadi kwa mapafu ili itolewe nje. Hata hivyo, tofauti moja ni ile ya ateri ya mapafu, iliyo na damu isiyo na oksijeni zaidi mwenye mwili, huku vena za zikiwa na damu yenye oksijeni. </p><p>Mtiririko wa ziada wa kurudi unaweza kutokana na kusongezwa kwa misuli ya kiunzi cha mifupa ambazo zinaweza kubana vena na kusukuma damu kupitia vali katika vena kuelekea ateri ya kulia. </p><p>Mzunguko wa damu ulielezwa kwa umaarufu na William Harvey katika mwaka wa 1628. <sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Uzalishaji_na_uchakaaji_wa_seli_za_damu">Uzalishaji na uchakaaji wa seli za damu</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Damu&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Hariri sehemu: Uzalishaji na uchakaaji wa seli za damu" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>hariri</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Damu&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Uzalishaji na uchakaaji wa seli za damu"><span>hariri chanzo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Katika wanyama wenye uti wa mgongo, seli mbalimbali za damu huundwa katika uboho kupitia mchakato unaoitwa hematopoiesia, unaohusisha erithropoesisi, uzalishaji wa seli nyekundu za damu, na mielopesisi, uzalishaji wa seli nyeupe za damu na chembe za kugandisha damu. Wakati wa utotoni, karibu kila mfupa wa binadamu huzalisha seli nyekundu za damu. Katika utu uzima, uzalishaji wa seli nyekundu za damu unafanywa na mifupa mikubwa pekee: miili ya wanyama wenye uti wa mgongo, mfupa wa kidari (sternum), ya mbavu, ya fupanyonga, na mifupa ya sehemu za juu za mikono na miguu. Tukiongezea katika kipindi cha utotoni, tezi la thaimasi, linalopatikana katika mediastinamu, ni chanzo muhimu cha limfosaiti. <sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sehemu ya damu yenye protini (ikiwemo protini za kugandisha) huzalishwa hasa na ini, huku homoni zikizalishwa na tezi za mfumo wa mwili na sehemu ya majimaji hudhibitiwa na haipothalamasi na kudumishwa na <a href="/wiki/Figo" title="Figo">figo</a>. </p><p>Erithrosaiti zenye afya zina maisha ya plazma ya takribani siku 120 kabla hazijadunishwa na wengu, na seli za Kupffer katika <a href="/wiki/Ini" title="Ini">ini</a>. Ini pia huondoa baadhi ya protini, lipidi, na amino asidi. Figo huondoa bidhaa taka na kuzipeleka kwenye mkojo. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Usafirishaji_wa_oksijeni">Usafirishaji wa oksijeni</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Damu&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Hariri sehemu: Usafirishaji wa oksijeni" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>hariri</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Damu&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Usafirishaji wa oksijeni"><span>hariri chanzo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Faili:Oxyhaemoglobin_dissociation_curve.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Oxyhaemoglobin_dissociation_curve.png/220px-Oxyhaemoglobin_dissociation_curve.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Oxyhaemoglobin_dissociation_curve.png/330px-Oxyhaemoglobin_dissociation_curve.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8a/Oxyhaemoglobin_dissociation_curve.png 2x" data-file-width="439" data-file-height="413" /></a><figcaption>Pindo msingi la uloweshwaji wa himoglobini unasongezwa upande wa kulia katika hali ya kiwango cha juu cha asidi (kiwango cha juu zaidi cha dioksidi ya kaboni) na upande wa kushoto katika hali ya kiwango cha chini cha asidi (kiwango cha chini zaidi cha dioksidi ya kaboni)</figcaption></figure> <p>Kadiri 98.5% ya <a href="/wiki/Oksijeni" title="Oksijeni">oksijeni</a> katika sampuli ya damu ya ateri katika binadamu mwenye <a href="/wiki/Afya" title="Afya">afya</a> anayepumua kwa kanieneo ya <a href="/wiki/Bahari" title="Bahari">bahari</a> hushikanishwa kikemikali pamoja na Hgb (Himoglobini). Kadiri 1.5% imeyeyushwa kimwili katika majimaji zingine za damu na haijaunganishwa na Hgb. Molekuli ya himoglobini ndiyo kisafirishaji kikuu cha oksijeni katika miili ya mamalia na aina nyingine nyingi (kwa wanyama wenye mfumo tofauti, angalia hapo chini). Himoglobini ina uwezo wa kuunganisha oksijeni wa kati ya 1.36 na 1.37 ml O <sub>2</sub> kwa gramu ya Himoglobini, <sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ambayo huongeza ujumla wa uwezo wa oksijeni ya damu mara sabini, <sup id="cite_ref-brsphys_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brsphys-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ikilinganishwa na ikiwa oksijeni pekee ingebebwa kwa umumunyifu wake wa O 0.03 mL kwa lita <sub>2</sub> ya damu kwa sehemu ya shinikizo ya mmHg ya oksijeni (takriban 100 mmHg katika ateri). <sup id="cite_ref-brsphys_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brsphys-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Isipokuwa ateri za mapafu na kitovu na vena zao husika, ateri hubeba damu yenye oksijeni kutoka kwa <a href="/wiki/Moyo" title="Moyo">moyo</a> na kuipeleka kwa mwili kupitia viateri na mishipa ya damu, ambapo oksijeni hutumika; baadaye, venali, na mishipa hubeba damu isiyo na oksijeni na kuirudisha kwa moyo. </p><p>Katika hali ya kawaida kwa binadamu anayepumzika, himoglobini kwenye damu inayotoka kwenye mapafu ina ukolezo wa kama 98-99% wa oksijeni. Kwa mtu mzima mwenye afya anayepumzika, damu <i>isiyo na oksijeni</i> inayorudi kwenye mapafu bado ina ukolezo wa takribani 75%. <sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ongezeko la matumizi ya oksijeni wakati wa mazoezi yanayoendelea hupunguza uloweshwaji wa oksijeni kwenye damu ndani ya vena, ambayo inaweza kufikia chini ya 15% katika mwanariadha aliyepitia mafunzo; ingawa kiwango cha kupumua na mtiririko wa damu huongezeka ili kuifidia, uloweshwaji wa oksijeni kwenye damu ndani ya ateri unaweza kushuka hadi 95% au chini zaidi chini ya hali hii. <sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Uloweshwaji wa oksijeni ulio chini hivi ni hatari kwa mtu aliyepumzika (kwa mfano, wakati wa upasuaji akiwa ametiwa ganzi. Haipoksia inayoendelea (uwekaji oksijeni ulio chini ya 90%), ni hatari kwa afya, na haipoksia kali (uloweshwaji wa chini ya 30%) unaweza kusababisha kifo ghafla. <sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kijusi, kinachopokea oksijeni kupitia kondo, kinafikia kiwango cha chini zaidi cha shinikizo la oksijeni (kama 21% ya kiwango kinachopatikana katika mapafu ya mtu mzima), na hivyo, vijusi huzalisha aina nyingine ya himoglobini yenye mvuto wa juu zaidi kwa oksijeni (Himoglobini F ) ili kufanya kazi katika hali hii. <sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Usafirishaji_wa_dioksidi_ya_kaboni">Usafirishaji wa dioksidi ya kaboni</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Damu&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Hariri sehemu: Usafirishaji wa dioksidi ya kaboni" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>hariri</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Damu&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Usafirishaji wa dioksidi ya kaboni"><span>hariri chanzo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wakati damu inapotiririka kupitia mishipa, dioksidi ya kaboni huenea kutoka kwa tishu hadi kwenye damu. Kiasi kingine cha dioksidi ya kaboni huyeyushwa kwenye damu. Sehemu ya CO <sub>2</sub> huathiriwa na himoglobini na protini zingine na kuunda michanganyiko ya kaboni na amino. Dioksidi ya kaboni iliyobaki inabadilishwa kuwa bikaboneti na ioni za haidrojeni kupitia kitendo cha RBC cha kiondoa maji cha kaboni. Kiasi kikubwa cha dioksidi ya kaboni kinasafirishwa kupitia damu katika muundo wa ioni za bikaboneti. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Dioksidi_kabonia" title="Dioksidi kabonia">Dioksidi ya kaboni</a> (CO <sub>2),</sub> bidhaa kuu taka kutoka kwa seli hubebwa katika damu ikiwa hasa imeyeyushwa kwenye plazma, kwa kiasi sawa na bikaboneti (HCO <sub>3</sub> <sup>-)</sup> na asidi ya kaboni (H <sub>2</sub> CO <sub>3).</sub> 86-90% ya CO <sub>2</sub> katika mwili hubadilishwa kuwa asidi ya kaboni, ambayo inaweza kubadilika haraka kuwa bikaboneti, ulinganifu wa kemikali ukiwa muhimu katika ukingaji wa pH ya plazma. <sup id="cite_ref-veq_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-veq-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Thamani_pH" title="Thamani pH">pH</a> ya damu huwekwa katika kadiri ndogo (pH ya kati ya 7.35 na 7.45). <sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Usafirishaji_wa_ioni_za_haidrojeni">Usafirishaji wa ioni za haidrojeni</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Damu&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Hariri sehemu: Usafirishaji wa ioni za haidrojeni" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>hariri</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Damu&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section's source code: Usafirishaji wa ioni za haidrojeni"><span>hariri chanzo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kiasi fulani cha oksihimoglobini hupoteza oksijeni na kuwa dioksihimoglobini. Dioksihimoglobini huunganisha idadi kubwa ya ioni za haidrojeni kwa kuwa ina mvuto zaidi kwa haidrojeni zaidi kuliko oksihimoglobini. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mfumo_wa_limfatiki">Mfumo wa limfatiki</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Damu&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Hariri sehemu: Mfumo wa limfatiki" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>hariri</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Damu&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section's source code: Mfumo wa limfatiki"><span>hariri chanzo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><div class="noprint"><i>Makala kuu: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mfumo_wa_limfu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mfumo wa limfu (bado haujaandikwa)">Mfumo wa limfu</a></i></div></dd></dl> <p>Kwa mamalia, damu ina ulinganifu na limfatiki, ambayo huendelea kuundwa katika tishu kutoka kwa damu na kwa uchujaji wa kupita kiasi wa mshipa mdogo wa damu. Limfatiki hukusanywa kupitia mfumo wa vyombo vidogo vya limfatiki na kuelekezwa kwa mchirizi wa kifua, ambayo huielekeza katika machafu katika mshipa wa subklavia wa kushoto ambapo limfatiki huungana na mfumo wa mzunguko wa damu. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Udhibiti_wa_joto">Udhibiti wa joto</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Damu&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Hariri sehemu: Udhibiti wa joto" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>hariri</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Damu&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section's source code: Udhibiti wa joto"><span>hariri chanzo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mzunguko wa damu husafirisha joto, katika mwili na marekebisho haya ni sehemu muhimu ya udhibiti wa joto. Kuongeza mtiririko wa damu hadi kwenye sehemu ya juu (kwa mfano, wakati wa msimu wa joto au zoezi linalotumia nguvu) husababisha ngozi kupata joto, na hivyo kusababisha upoteaji wa joto kwa kasi. Kwa upande mwingine, wakati kiwango cha halijoto cha nje ni cha chini, utiririkaji wa damu kwa ncha na upande wa juu wa ngozi hupunguka na ili kuzuia joto upoteaji wa joto na husambazwa zaidi kwa viungo muhimu vya mwili. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kazi_ya_Nguvumaji">Kazi ya Nguvumaji</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Damu&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Hariri sehemu: Kazi ya Nguvumaji" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>hariri</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Damu&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section's source code: Kazi ya Nguvumaji"><span>hariri chanzo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Uzuiaji wa mtiririko wa damu pia unaweza kutumika katika tishu maalum kusababisha ujazaji kwa damu unaosababisha usimikaji wa tishu hiyo, mifano ni tishu ya usimikaji katika uume na kisimi. </p><p>Mfano mwingine wa kazi ya nguvumaji ni buibui inayoruka, ambapo damu iliyolazimishwa kuelekea kwenye miguu chini ya shinikizo husababisha inyooke kwa nguvu na hivyo kuifanya iruke, bila haja ya kuwa na miguu minene yenye misuli. <sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wanyama_wasio_na_uti_wa_mgongo">Wanyama wasio na uti wa mgongo</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Damu&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Hariri sehemu: Wanyama wasio na uti wa mgongo" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>hariri</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Damu&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section's source code: Wanyama wasio na uti wa mgongo"><span>hariri chanzo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kati ya <a href="/wiki/Wadudu" title="Wadudu">wadudu</a>, damu (ambayo inaitwa vizuri zaidi hemolimfu) haihusishwi katika usafirishaji wa oksijeni (mianya inayoitwa bomba za pumzi huruhusu oksijeni kutoka kwa hewa kuenea moja kwa moja hadi kwenye tishu). Damu ya wadudu husafirisha virutubisho hadi kwenye tishu na huondoa bidhaa taka katika mfumo wazi. </p><p>Wanyama wengine wasio na uti wa mgongo hutumia protini za kupumua ili kuongeza uwezo wa kubeba oksijeni. Himoglobini ndiyo protini ya kupumua inayopatkana sana katika mazingira asili. Himosianini (buluu) ina <a href="/wiki/Shaba" title="Shaba">shaba</a> na inapatikana katika krasteshia na moluska. Inadhaniwa kwamba tuniketi (mnyama wa baharini anayetoa maji kupitia tundu mbili anapoguswa) anaweza kutumia vanabini (<a href="/wiki/Protini" title="Protini">protini</a> zenye <a href="/wiki/Vanadi" title="Vanadi">vanadiamu)</a> kwa <a href="/wiki/Pigmenti" title="Pigmenti">pigmenti</a> ya kupumua (kijani-ng'avu, buluu, au rangi ya machungwa). </p><p>Kati ya wanyama wengi wasio na uti wa mgongo, protini hizi za kubeba oksijeni huyeyuka kwa urahisi katika damu; kati ya wanyama wenye uti wa mgongo zinapatikana katika seli maalumu nyekundu za damu, zinazoruhusu ukolezi wa juu zaidi wa pigmenti za kupumua bila kuongeza mnato au kuharibu viungo vinavyochuja damu kama vile figo. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Minyoo" class="mw-redirect" title="Minyoo">Minyoo</a> wakubwa huwa na himoglobini zisizo za kawaida zinazowaruhusu kuishi katika mazingira yasiyo ya kawaida. Himoglobini hizi pia hubeba salfaidi ambazo kwa kawaida ni hatari kwa wanyama wengine. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rangi">Rangi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Damu&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Hariri sehemu: Rangi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>hariri</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Damu&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section's source code: Rangi"><span>hariri chanzo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Himoglobini">Himoglobini</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Damu&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Hariri sehemu: Himoglobini" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>hariri</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Damu&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section's source code: Himoglobini"><span>hariri chanzo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Faili:Bleeding_finger.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Bleeding_finger.jpg/220px-Bleeding_finger.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Bleeding_finger.jpg/330px-Bleeding_finger.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Bleeding_finger.jpg/440px-Bleeding_finger.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2288" data-file-height="1712" /></a><figcaption>Damu ya mishipa kutoka kwenye kidole kinachotoa damu</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Faili:Bloodbags.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Bloodbags.jpg/220px-Bloodbags.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Bloodbags.jpg/330px-Bloodbags.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Bloodbags.jpg/440px-Bloodbags.jpg 2x" data-file-width="755" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption>Damu ya vena iliyokusanywa wakati wa uchangaji wa damu</figcaption></figure> <p>Himoglobini ndiyo chanzo kikuu cha rangi ya damu katika wanyama wenye uti wa mgongo. Kila molekuli ina makundi manne ya heme, na mwingiliano wao na molekuli mbalimbali hubadili rangi halisi. Kati ya wanyama wenye uti wa mgongo na viumbe vingine vinavyotumia himoglobini, damu ya ateri na damu kutoka kwa mishipa ni mwekundu wenye kung'aa, kwa kuwa oksijeni huipa kikundi cha heme rangi nyekundu iliyokoza. Damu isiyo na oksijeni huwa ni nyekundu iliyokoza zaidi; hii inapatikana katika vena, na inaweza kuonekana wakati wa uchangiaji wa damu na wakati sampuli za damu kutoka kwa vena zinapochukuliwa. Damu iliyopata yenye sumu ya monoksidi ya kaboni ni nyekundu inayoyong'aa, kwa sababu monoksidi ya kaboni husababisha uundaji wa kaboksihimoglobini. Katika sumu ya sianidi, mwili haiwezi kutumia oksijeni, kwa hivyo damu ya vena bado hubaki ikiwa na oksijeni na hivyo kuongeza wekundu. Ingawa damu yenye himoglobini kamwe haiwi na rangi ya buluu, kuna hali kadhaa na magonjwa ambapo rangi ya makundi ya heme hufanya ngozi ionekane ikiwa na rangi ya buluu. Ikiwa heme imewekewa oksijeni, methimoglobini, ambayo ni ya kahawia zaidi na haiwezi kusafirisha oksijeni, inaundwa. Katika hali isiyo ya kawaida ya salfahemoglobinemia, sehemu ya himoglobini ya ateri huwekwa oksijeni, na huonekana kuwa na rangi nyekundu iliyokoza na rangi ya bluu (sainosisi). </p><p>Vena katika ngozi huonekana kuwa na rangi ya bluu kutokana na sababu mbalimbali ambazo hutegemea rangi ya damu kwa kiwango kidogo pekee. Kujitokeza kwa sehemu nyeupe kwenye ngozi na uchakataji maono ya rangi pia huchangia. <sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Mjusi" title="Mjusi">Mjusi</a> katika kundi la <i>Prasinohaema</i> huwa na damu ya kijani kutokana na mkusanyiko wa bidhaa taka inayoitwa bilivedini. <sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Himosianini">Himosianini</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Damu&veaction=edit&section=20" title="Hariri sehemu: Himosianini" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>hariri</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Damu&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section's source code: Himosianini"><span>hariri chanzo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Damu ya moluska wengi - ikiwa ni pamoja na <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sefalopodi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sefalopodi (bado haujaandikwa)">sefalopodi</a> na <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gastropodi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gastropodi (bado haujaandikwa)">gastropodi</a> - pamoja na baadhi ya wadudu, kama vile kaa aina ya Horseshoe, yenye rangi ya buluu, kwa kuwa ina protini za himosianini zenye ukolezi wa kama gramu 50 kwa lita. <sup id="cite_ref-AHC_2004_p276-7_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AHC_2004_p276-7-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Himosianini huwa haina rangi wakati haina oksijeni na ni buluu iliyokoza wakati inapoongezewa oksijeni. Damu inayozunguka ndani ya viumbe hawa, ambao kwa ujumla huishi katika mazingira baridi yenye mivuto ya chini ya oksijeni, huwa ni rangi ya kijivu-nyeupe hadi manjano hafifu, <sup id="cite_ref-AHC_2004_p276-7_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AHC_2004_p276-7-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> na hugeuka kuwa buluu iliyokoza wakati inapoachwa wazi kwa oksijeni iliyo kwenye hewa, kama ilivyo wakati vinatoka damu. <sup id="cite_ref-AHC_2004_p276-7_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AHC_2004_p276-7-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hii ni kutokana na mabadiliko ya rangi ya himosianini wakati inapoongezewa oksijeni. <sup id="cite_ref-AHC_2004_p276-7_25-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AHC_2004_p276-7-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Himosianini hubeba oksijeni katika giligili iliyo nje ya seli, ambayo ni tofauti na usafirishaji wa oksijeni ndani ya seli kwa mamalia kupitia himolobini katika RBC. <sup id="cite_ref-AHC_2004_p276-7_25-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AHC_2004_p276-7-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Maradhi">Maradhi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Damu&veaction=edit&section=21" title="Hariri sehemu: Maradhi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>hariri</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Damu&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section's source code: Maradhi"><span>hariri chanzo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Matatizo_makuu_ya_kiafya">Matatizo makuu ya kiafya</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Damu&veaction=edit&section=22" title="Hariri sehemu: Matatizo makuu ya kiafya" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>hariri</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Damu&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section's source code: Matatizo makuu ya kiafya"><span>hariri chanzo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Matatizo ya kiwango <ul><li>Jeraha linaweza kusababisha upotezaji wa damu kupitia kutoka damu. <sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mtu mzima mwenye afya anaweza kupoteza karibu 20% ya kiasi cha damu (1 L) kabla ya dalili ya kwanza, kutotulia, kuanza, na 40% ya kiasi cha damu(2 L) kabla ya mshtuko. Thrombosaiti ni muhimu kwa ugandishaji na uundaji wa madonge ya damu, ambayo inaweza kusimamisha upotezaji wa damu. Majeraha mabaya kwa viungo vya ndani au kwa mifupa yanaweza kusababisha kutokwa na damu kwa ndani, ambayo wakati mwingine unaweza kuwa kali.</li> <li>Kuishiwa maji mwilini kunaweza kupunguza kiasi cha damu kwa kupunguza kiwango cha katika damu. Mara nadra, hii inaweza kusababisha mshtuko (isipokuwa katika kesi kali sana) lakini huweza kusababisha kupungua kwa shinikizo la damu kunakosababishwa na kusimama na kuzirai.</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Matatizo ya mzunguko <ul><li>Mshtuko ni upiliziaji usio bora wa tishu, na unaweza kusababishwa na hali mbalimbali ikiwa ni pamoja na kupoteza damu, maambukizi, kupunguka kwa uwezo wa moyo wa kusukuma damu.</li> <li>Atherosklerosisi hupunguza mtiririko wa damu kupitia ateri, kwa sababu atheroma huziweka ateri kwenye mistari na kuzifanya nyembamba zaidi. Atheroma huendelea kuongezeka kulingana na umri na kuendelea kwake kunaweza kuhusishwa na sababu nyingi ikiwa ni pamoja na kuvuta sigara, shinikizo la damu, lipidi za ziada zinazozunguka (haipalipidemia), na <a href="/wiki/Kisukari" class="mw-disambig" title="Kisukari">kisukari</a>.</li> <li>Ugandaji unaweza kuunda mvilio, ambao unaweza kuzuia <a href="/wiki/Tezi" title="Tezi">tezi</a>.</li> <li>Matatizo ya mchanganyko wa damu, kitendo cha kusukuma damu cha moyo, au wembamba wa mishipa ya damu kunaweza kuleta matokeo mengi ikiwa ni pamoja na haipoksia (ukosefu wa oksijeni) ya tishu zinazotolewa. Neno <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iskemia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iskemia (bado haujaandikwa)">iskemia</a></i> linarejelea tishu ambayo imefunikwa na damu, na <i>infarction</i> inarejelea kukufa kwa tishu (nekrosisi), ambako kunaweza kutokea wakati ugavi wa damu umezibwa (au ni duni sana).</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Matatizo_ya_kihematolojia">Matatizo ya kihematolojia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Damu&veaction=edit&section=23" title="Hariri sehemu: Matatizo ya kihematolojia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>hariri</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Damu&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section's source code: Matatizo ya kihematolojia"><span>hariri chanzo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Upungufu wa damu mwilini <ul><li>Idadi ndogo ya seli nyekundu (<a href="/wiki/Anemia" title="Anemia">anemia</a>) inaweza kusababishwa na kutoka damu, matatizo ya damu kama vile thalasemia, au ukosefu wa virutubishi, na inaweza kuhitaji kuongezewa damu. Nchi kadhaa zina benki ya damu zinazokidhi mahitaji ya damu kwa damu inayoweza kuongezewa. Mtu anayepokea damu lazima awe na aina ya damu iliyo sambamba na ile ya mtoaji damu.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anemia_Selimundu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anemia Selimundu (bado haujaandikwa)">Anemia Selimundu</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Matatizo ya kuenea upesi kwa seli <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lukemia" title="Lukemia">Lukemia</a> ni kikundi cha <a href="/wiki/Saratani" title="Saratani">saratani</a> za tishu zinazounda damu.</li> <li>Uzalishaji wa seli nyingi nyekundu usiohusiana na kansa (erithremia) au uzalishaji wa chembe nyingi za kugandisha damu (thrombosaitosisi muhimu) kunaweza kusababisha kansa.</li> <li>Dalili za Mayelodisplastiki huhusisha uzalishaji duni wa jamii ya seli moja au zaidi.</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Matatizo ya ugandishaji <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Himofilia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Himofilia (bado haujaandikwa)">Himofilia</a> ni ugonjwa wa kijenetikia unaosababisha utendakazi mbaya katika mojawapo kati ya mifumo ya ugandishaji wa damu. Hii inaweza kuruhusu majeraha ambayo kwa kawaida sio makuu yawe ya kutisha maisha, lakini kwa kawaida zaidi husababisha hemarthrosisi, au utokaji wa damu katika mianya ya maungo, ambao unaweza kusababisha ulemavu.</li> <li>Utendakazi mbaya au idadi ndogo ya chembe za kugandisha damu pia unaweza kusababisha ugonjwa wa kugandisha (magonjwa ya kutokwa damu).</li> <li>Hali ya kugandishwa damu (ugonjwa wa kuvilia) hutokana na kasoro katika udhibiti wa chembe za kugandisha damu au utendakazi wa kigandiza damu, na unaweza kusababisha mvilio.</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Magonjwa ya kuambukizwa kwa damu <ul><li>Damu ni chombo kikubwa cha maambukizi. <a href="/wiki/Virusi" title="Virusi">Virusi</a> vya HIV vinavyosababisha <a href="/wiki/UKIMWI" class="mw-redirect" title="UKIMWI">UKIMWI</a> huambukizwa kupitia mgusano na damu, <a href="/wiki/Shahawa" title="Shahawa">shahawa</a>, au majimaji mengine yanayotoka mwilini mwa mtu aliyekwishaambukizwa. <a href="/wiki/Homa_ya_manjano" title="Homa ya manjano">Homa ya manjano</a> aina ya B na C husambazwa hasa kwa njia ya mgusano na damu. Kutokana na maambukizi yanayotokana na damu, vitu vilivyo na damu huchukuliwa kama bayohatari.</li> <li>Maambukizi ya bakteria kwenye damu ni uwepobakteria au sepsisi. Kuambukizwa virusi ni viremia. <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">Malaria</a> na <a href="/wiki/Malale" class="mw-disambig" title="Malale">malale</a> ni maambukizi ya damu yanayotokana na <a href="/wiki/Vimelea" class="mw-redirect" title="Vimelea">vimelea</a>.</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Usumisho_wa_monoksidi_ya_kaboni">Usumisho wa monoksidi ya kaboni</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Damu&veaction=edit&section=24" title="Hariri sehemu: Usumisho wa monoksidi ya kaboni" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>hariri</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Damu&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section's source code: Usumisho wa monoksidi ya kaboni"><span>hariri chanzo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dutu zingine bali na oksijeni zinaweza kuungana na himoglobini, wakati mwingine hali hii inaweza kuleta madhara yasiyoweza kubadilishwa kwa mwili. <a href="/wiki/Monoksidi_ya_kaboni" class="mw-redirect" title="Monoksidi ya kaboni">Monoksidi ya kaboni</a>, kwa mfano, ni hatari sana inapobebwa hadi kwenye damu kupitia mapafu kwa kuvuta pumzi, kwa sababu monoksidi ya kaboni hushikana kabisa na himoglobini na kuunda himoglobini kaboksili, hivi kwamba himoglobini kidogo zaidi ina uhuru wa kuungana na oksijeni, na hivyo kiwango cha chni zaidi cha oksijeni kinaweza kusafirishwa katika damu. Hali hii huweza kusababisha kukosekana kwa hewa kwa njia fichu. Moto katika chumba kilichofungwa na kisicho na tundu za kuingiza hewa ni hatari sana, kwa kuwa kinaweza kukusanya monoksidi ya kaboni katika hewa. Kiasi fulani cha monoksidi ya kaboni huungana na himoglobini wakati wa uvutaji wa <a href="/wiki/Tumbaku" title="Tumbaku">tumbaku</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Madawa_ya_tiba">Madawa ya tiba</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Damu&veaction=edit&section=25" title="Hariri sehemu: Madawa ya tiba" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>hariri</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Damu&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section's source code: Madawa ya tiba"><span>hariri chanzo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bidhaa_za_damu">Bidhaa za damu</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Damu&veaction=edit&section=26" title="Hariri sehemu: Bidhaa za damu" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>hariri</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Damu&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section's source code: Bidhaa za damu"><span>hariri chanzo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="rellink">Habari zaidi: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Utoaji_damu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Utoaji damu (bado haujaandikwa)">Utoaji damu</a></div> <p>Damu ya kuongezewa hutolewa kutoka kwa binadamu kwa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Uchangaji_wa_damu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uchangaji wa damu (bado haujaandikwa)">uchangaji wa damu</a> na kuhifadhiwa katika <a href="/w/index.php?title=Benki_ya_damu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Benki ya damu (bado haujaandikwa)">benki ya damu</a>. Kuna aina nyingi za damu katika binadamu, mfumo wa kikundi cha damu cha ÅBO, pamoja na mfumo wa kikundi cha damu cha Rhesasi, ndiyo muhimu zaidi. </p><p>Kuongezewa damu ya kikundi kisichokubaliana na kikundi kingine cha damu kunaweza kusababisha matatizo makali, ambayo mara nyingi ni mabaya, kwa hivyo ulinganishaji mtambuko hufanywa ili kuhakikisha kuwa bidhaa ya damu iliyo sambamba inaongezewa. </p><p>Bidhaa zigine za damu zinazotolewa ndani ya vena ni chembe za kugandisha damu, plazma ya damu, krayopresipiteti, na vikolezo vya sababu maalum za kuganda. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Utoaji_wa_ndani_ya_vena">Utoaji wa ndani ya vena</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Damu&veaction=edit&section=27" title="Hariri sehemu: Utoaji wa ndani ya vena" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>hariri</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Damu&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section's source code: Utoaji wa ndani ya vena"><span>hariri chanzo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Aina nyingi za madawa (kutoka <a href="/wiki/Antibaotiki" class="mw-redirect" title="Antibaotiki">viua vijisumu</a> hadi tibakemo) hutolewa ndani ya vena, kwa kuwa hazifyonzwi kwa urahisi au vya kutosha na njia ya utumbo. </p><p>Baada ya upotezaji wa damu nyingi, michanganyiko iliyotegenezwa inayojulikana kama vipanua plazma vinaweza kutolewa ndani ya vena, ama michanganyiko ya chumvi (NaCl, KCl, CaCl <sub>2</sub> n.k ..) katika viwango vya ukolezi vya kifisiolojia, au michanganyiko ya koloidi, kama vile dekstrani, albumini ya majimaji ya damu ya binadamu, au plazma-bichi iliyoganda. Katika hali hizi za dharura, kipanuzi cha plazma ni bora zaidi kwa michakato hii ya kuokoa maisha kuliko kuongezewa damu, kwa sababu metaboli ya seli nyekundu za damu zilizoongezwa hazianzi upya mara baada ya kuongezewa. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Uondoaji_wa_damu">Uondoaji wa damu</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Damu&veaction=edit&section=28" title="Hariri sehemu: Uondoaji wa damu" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>hariri</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Damu&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section's source code: Uondoaji wa damu"><span>hariri chanzo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Katika matibabu yenye misingi ya kisasa, uondoaji damu hutumika kudhibiti magonjwa yasiyo ya kawaida, ikiwa ni pamoja na hemokromatosia na kuongezeka kwa chembe nyekundu za damu. Hata hivyo, uondoaji wa damu na unyonyaji damu zilikuwa njia maarufu ambazo zilikuwa hazijahalalishwa zilizotumika hadi karne ya 19, kwa kuwa magonjwa mengi yalidhaniwa kimakosa kuwa yalitokana na kiwango cha juu cha damu, kulingana na matibabu ya Hippocrates. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historia">Historia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Damu&veaction=edit&section=29" title="Hariri sehemu: Historia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>hariri</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Damu&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section's source code: Historia"><span>hariri chanzo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tiba_rasmi_ya_Ugiriki">Tiba rasmi ya Ugiriki</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Damu&veaction=edit&section=30" title="Hariri sehemu: Tiba rasmi ya Ugiriki" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>hariri</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Damu&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section's source code: Tiba rasmi ya Ugiriki"><span>hariri chanzo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Katika tiba rasmi ya <a href="/wiki/Ugiriki" title="Ugiriki">Ugiriki</a>, damu ilihusishwa na <a href="/wiki/Hewa" title="Hewa">hewa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Majira_ya_kuchipua" title="Majira ya kuchipua">majira ya kuchipua</a>, na <a href="/w/index.php?title=Silika_ya_uchangamfu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Silika ya uchangamfu (bado haujaandikwa)">silika ya uchangamfu</a> <i>(sanguine)</i>. Pia iliaminika kuwa zilizalishwa na <a href="/wiki/Ini" title="Ini">ini</a> pekee. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tiba_ya_Hipokrati">Tiba ya Hipokrati</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Damu&veaction=edit&section=31" title="Hariri sehemu: Tiba ya Hipokrati" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>hariri</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Damu&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section's source code: Tiba ya Hipokrati"><span>hariri chanzo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Katika tiba ya <a href="/wiki/Hippokrates" title="Hippokrates">Hipokrati</a>, damu ilichukuliwa kama moja ya viowevu vinne, vingine vikiwa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kohozi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kohozi (bado haujaandikwa)">kohozi</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nyongo_njano&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nyongo njano (bado haujaandikwa)">nyongo njano</a>, na <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nyongo_nyeusi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nyongo nyeusi (bado haujaandikwa)">nyongo nyeusi</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Utamaduni_na_imani_za_dini">Utamaduni na imani za dini</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Damu&veaction=edit&section=32" title="Hariri sehemu: Utamaduni na imani za dini" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>hariri</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Damu&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section's source code: Utamaduni na imani za dini"><span>hariri chanzo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kutokana na umuhimu wake katika <a href="/wiki/Maisha" title="Maisha">maisha</a>, damu inahusishwa na idadi kubwa ya <a href="/wiki/Imani" title="Imani">imani</a>. Moja kati ya zile kuu zaidi ni matumizi ya damu kama <a href="/wiki/Alama" title="Alama">alama</a> ya mahusiano ya <a href="/wiki/Familia" title="Familia">familia</a> kupitia kuzaliwa / <a href="/wiki/Uzazi" title="Uzazi">uzazi</a>; kuwa na "uhusiano wa damu" ni kuhusiana kwa uzazi au <a href="/wiki/Nasaba" title="Nasaba">nasaba</a>, badala ya <a href="/wiki/Ndoa" title="Ndoa">ndoa</a>. Hii huhusiana kwa karibu na <a href="/wiki/Ukoo" title="Ukoo">ukoo</a>, na misemo kama vile "damu ni nzito kuliko maji", "damu mbaya" na pia "ndugu wa damu." Damu husisitizwa sana katika <a href="/wiki/Dini" title="Dini">dini</a> za Kiyahudi na Kikristo kwa sababu <a href="/wiki/Walawi_(Biblia)" title="Walawi (Biblia)">Walawi</a> 17:11 inasema "maisha ya <a href="/wiki/Kiumbehai" title="Kiumbehai">kiumbe</a> yamo katika damu." Fungu hili ni sehemu ya <a href="/wiki/Sheria" title="Sheria">sheria</a> ya Kilawi inayopinga unywaji wa damu au ulaji wa <a href="/wiki/Nyama" title="Nyama">nyama</a> ambayo bado ina damu ndani yake badala ya kuimwaga nje. </p><p>Marejeleo ya <a href="/wiki/Hadithi" title="Hadithi">hadithi</a> kuhusu damu mara nyingine yanaweza kushikanishwa na hali ya kutoa <a href="/wiki/Uhai" title="Uhai">uhai</a>, inavyodhihirika katika matukio kama vile kujifungua, ikilinganishwa na damu ya <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jeraha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jeraha (bado haujaandikwa)">jeraha</a> au <a href="/wiki/Kifo" class="mw-redirect" title="Kifo">kifo</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Waaustralia_asili">Waaustralia asili</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Damu&veaction=edit&section=33" title="Hariri sehemu: Waaustralia asili" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>hariri</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Damu&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section's source code: Waaustralia asili"><span>hariri chanzo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> Katika <a href="/w/index.php?title=Desturi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Desturi (bado haujaandikwa)">desturi</a> za wakazi asili wa <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ngeu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ngeu (bado haujaandikwa)">ngeu</a> (hasa nyekundu) na damu, zote zikiwa na kiwango cha juu cha <a href="/wiki/Chuma" title="Chuma">chuma</a> na ambazo zinadhaniwa kuwa Maban (zenye nguvu za <a href="/wiki/Uchawi" title="Uchawi">uchawi</a>) hupakwa kwenye miili ya <a href="/wiki/Wachezaji" class="mw-redirect" title="Wachezaji">wachezaji</a> wakati wa <a href="/wiki/Tambiko" title="Tambiko">matambiko</a>. Kama <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Lawlor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Lawlor (bado haujaandikwa)">Robert Lawlor</a> anavyosema:</p><blockquote><p> Katika tamaduni na sherehe nyingi za Aborijini, ngeu nyekundu hupakwa katika sehemu zote za miili uchi za wachezaji. Katika sherehe za siri na takatifu za kiume, damu iliyoondolewa kutoka kwenye vena za mikono ya mshiriki hubadilishwa na kusuguliwa juu ya miili yao. Ngeu nyekundu pia hutumiwa kwa njia sawa na hii katika sherehe zisizo za siri. Damu pia hutumika kushikilia manyoya ya ndege kwenye miili ya watu. Manyoya ya ndege huwa na protini ambayo ina kiwango cha juu cha hisi ya magnetiki. <sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p> Lawlor anasema kuwa damu inayotumika kwa njia hii inaaminika na watu hawa kuwa inawaunganisha wachezaji na <a href="/wiki/Dunia" title="Dunia">dunia</a> yenye nguvu isiyoonekana ya wakati wa <a href="/wiki/Ndoto" title="Ndoto">ndoto</a>. Lawlor maeneo haya yenye nguvu zisizoonekana na maeneo ya <a href="/wiki/Sumaku" title="Sumaku">sumaku</a>, kwa kuwa chuma ina sumaku. </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Upagani_katika_Indo-Uropa">Upagani katika Indo-Uropa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Damu&veaction=edit&section=34" title="Hariri sehemu: Upagani katika Indo-Uropa" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>hariri</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Damu&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section's source code: Upagani katika Indo-Uropa"><span>hariri chanzo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kati ya ma<a href="/wiki/Kabila" title="Kabila">kabila</a> ya kundi la <a href="/wiki/Lugha" title="Lugha">lugha</a> zinazohusiana na <a href="/wiki/Kijerumani" title="Kijerumani">Kijerumani</a> (kama vile Anglo-Saksoni na Normani), damu ilitumika wakati wa kutoa <a href="/wiki/Dhabihu" title="Dhabihu">dhabihu</a> zao zilizoitwa <i>the Blóts</i>. Damu hii ilikuwa inaaminika kuwa ina uwezo wa chanzo chake, na baada ya kuua mnyama, damu ilinyunyizwa kwenye kuta, juu ya <a href="/wiki/Sanamu" title="Sanamu">sanamu</a> za <a href="/wiki/Miungu" title="Miungu">miungu</a>, kwa washiriki wenyewe. Kitendo hiki cha kunyunyiza damu kiliitwa <i>bleodsian</i> kwa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kiingereza_cha_kale&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kiingereza cha kale (bado haujaandikwa)">Kiingereza cha kale</a>, na <a href="/wiki/Istilahi" title="Istilahi">istilahi</a> hii ilikopwa na <a href="/wiki/Kanisa_Katoliki" title="Kanisa Katoliki">Kanisa Katoliki</a> na kuwa <i>kubariki</i> na <i><a href="/wiki/Baraka" title="Baraka">baraka</a>.</i> Neno la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kihiti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kihiti (bado haujaandikwa)">Kihiti</a> lenye maana ya damu, <i>ishar</i> lilihusiana na maneno "<a href="/wiki/Kiapo" title="Kiapo">kiapo</a>" na "kiunganishi":, tazama <a href="/wiki/Ishara" title="Ishara">Ishara</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ugiriki_ya_Kale" title="Ugiriki ya Kale">Wagiriki wa Kale</a> waliamini kuwa damu ya miungu, <i>ichor,</i> ilikuwa ni <a href="/wiki/Madini" title="Madini">madini</a> ambayo ilikuwa <a href="/wiki/Sumu" title="Sumu">sumu</a> kwa binadamu. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Uyahudi">Uyahudi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Damu&veaction=edit&section=35" title="Hariri sehemu: Uyahudi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>hariri</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Damu&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section's source code: Uyahudi"><span>hariri chanzo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Katika <a href="/wiki/Uyahudi" title="Uyahudi">Uyahudi</a>, damu haiwezi kuliwa hata kwa kiasi kidogo (Walawi 3:17 na mahali pengine); jambo hili linajitokeza katika sheria za Kiyahudi kuhusu <a href="/wiki/Lishe" title="Lishe">lishe</a> (Kashrut). Damu huondolewa kutoka kwenye <a href="/wiki/Nyama" title="Nyama">nyama</a> kwa kuweka <a href="/wiki/Chumvi" class="mw-redirect" title="Chumvi">chumvi</a> na kuilowesha nyama kwenye maji. </p><p>Matambiko nyingine ya damu yanahusu kufunika damu ya <a href="/wiki/Ndege" class="mw-disambig" title="Ndege">ndege</a> na mawindo baada ya uchinjaji (Walawi 17:13); sababu iliyotolewa na <a href="/wiki/Torati" title="Torati">Torati</a> ni: "Kwa kuwa uhai wa wanyama uko ndani ya damu yake" (Walawi 17:14). </p><p>Pia ikiwa mtu wa imani halisi ya Kiyahudi amekufa kwa njia ya kinyama, sheria za kidini zinaamuru kuwa damu yake ikusanywe na izikwe pamoja na <a href="/wiki/Mwili" title="Mwili">mwili</a>. </p><p>Jambo muhimu zaidi ni kwamba kwenye <a href="/wiki/Pasaka" title="Pasaka">Pasaka</a> Wayahudi wanapaswa kuchinja <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mwanakondoo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mwanakondoo (bado haujaandikwa)">mwanakondoo</a> <a href="/wiki/Dume" title="Dume">dume</a> na kupaka milango yao kwa damu yake kama kinga. Ndivyo walivyofanya tangu kale, hasa katika <a href="/wiki/Musa" title="Musa">Musa</a> kuwatoa <a href="/wiki/Misri" title="Misri">Misri</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ukristo">Ukristo</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Damu&veaction=edit&section=36" title="Hariri sehemu: Ukristo" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>hariri</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Damu&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section's source code: Ukristo"><span>hariri chanzo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><div class="noprint"><i>Makala kuu: <a href="/wiki/Ekaristi" title="Ekaristi">Ekaristi</a></i></div></dd></dl> <p>Kwa Wakristo <a href="/w/index.php?title=Damu_ya_Kristo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Damu ya Kristo (bado haujaandikwa)">damu ya Kristo</a> husadikiwa kuwa njia pekee ya <a href="/w/index.php?title=Upatanisho&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Upatanisho (bado haujaandikwa)">upatanisho</a> kwa ajili ya <a href="/wiki/Dhambi" title="Dhambi">dhambi</a> (<a href="/wiki/1Yoh" class="mw-redirect" title="1Yoh">1Yoh</a> 1:7; <a href="/wiki/Ufu" class="mw-redirect" title="Ufu">Ufu</a> 1:5): ndiye mwanakondoo wa kweli ambaye damu yake inawapa nguvu ya kumshinda <a href="/wiki/Shetani" title="Shetani">shetani</a> (Ufu 12:11). </p><p>Katika damu hiyo Mungu alifanya na watu <a href="/w/index.php?title=Agano_jipya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agano jipya (bado haujaandikwa)">agano jipya</a> la <a href="/wiki/Milele" title="Milele">milele</a>, kama alivyotangaza Yesu mwenyewe katika <a href="/wiki/Karamu_ya_mwisho" title="Karamu ya mwisho">karamu ya mwisho</a> na <a href="/wiki/Mitume_wa_Yesu" title="Mitume wa Yesu">mitume</a> wake. </p><p>Baadhi ya <a href="/wiki/Madhehebu" title="Madhehebu">madhehebu</a> ya <a href="/wiki/Ukristo" title="Ukristo">Ukristo</a>, yakiwa ni pamoja na Kanisa Katoliki, <a href="/wiki/Waorthodoksi" title="Waorthodoksi">Waorthodoksi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Waorthodoksi_wa_Mashariki" title="Waorthodoksi wa Mashariki">Waorthodoksi wa Mashariki</a> na <a href="/wiki/Kanisa_la_Asiria" title="Kanisa la Asiria">Kanisa la Asiria</a> la Mashariki hufundisha kwamba, baada ya kuwekwa <a href="/wiki/Wakfu" title="Wakfu">wakfu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Divai" title="Divai">divai</a> ya <a href="/wiki/Ekaristi" title="Ekaristi">Ekaristi</a> hubadilika na kuwa damu ya <a href="/wiki/Yesu" title="Yesu">Yesu</a>. Hivyo, katika divai takatifu, Yesu anakuwa yupo kiroho na kimwili. Mafundisho hayo yana misingi yake katika <a href="/wiki/Karamu_ya_mwisho" title="Karamu ya mwisho">Karamu ya mwisho</a>, kama ilivyoandikwa katika <a href="/wiki/Injili" title="Injili">Injili</a> nne za <a href="/wiki/Biblia_ya_Kikristo" title="Biblia ya Kikristo">Biblia ya Kikristo</a>, ambapo Yesu aliwaambia wanafunzi wake kuwa <a href="/wiki/Mkate" title="Mkate">mkate</a> walioula ni mwili wake, na divai ni damu yake. "<a href="/wiki/Kikombe" title="Kikombe">Kikombe</a> hiki ni <a href="/w/index.php?title=Agano_jipya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agano jipya (bado haujaandikwa)">agano jipya</a> katika damu yangu, inayomwagika kwa ajili yenu." (<a href="/wiki/Lk" class="mw-redirect" title="Lk">Luka</a> 22:20). </p><p><a href="/wiki/Teolojia" title="Teolojia">Teolojia</a> ya <a href="/wiki/Walutheri" title="Walutheri">Walutheri</a> hufunza kuwa mwili na damu ziko pamoja "katika, pamoja na, na chini ya" mkate na divai ya <a href="/wiki/Sherehe" title="Sherehe">sherehe</a> ya Ekaristi. Aina nyingine za <a href="/wiki/Uprotestanti" title="Uprotestanti">Uprotestanti</a>, hasa [[Wapresbiteri] na <a href="/wiki/Wamethodisti" title="Wamethodisti">Wamethodisti</a>, hufundisha kuwa divai ni alama tu ya damu ya Kristo, ambaye yuko kiroho lakini hayuko kimwili. </p><p>Upande wa damu ya wanyama, mitume na <a href="/wiki/Mzee" title="Mzee">wazee</a> wa <a href="/wiki/Kanisa" title="Kanisa">Kanisa</a> katika <a href="/wiki/Mtaguso_wa_Yerusalemu" title="Mtaguso wa Yerusalemu">Mtaguso wa Yerusalemu</a> (<a href="/wiki/49" title="49">49</a> hivi) walipiga marufuku kwa Wakristo kunywa damu, pengine kwa sababu hii ilikuwa amri aliyopewa <a href="/wiki/Nuhu" title="Nuhu">Nuhu</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mwanzo_(Biblia)" title="Mwanzo (Biblia)">(Mwanzo</a> 9:4, tazama <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sheria_ya_Nuhu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sheria ya Nuhu (bado haujaandikwa)">Sheria ya Nuhu</a>). <a href="/wiki/Amri" title="Amri">Amri</a> hii iliendelea kufuatwa na Waorthodoksi huko Mashariki, ingawa <a href="/wiki/Wataalamu" class="mw-redirect" title="Wataalamu">wataalamu</a> wa <a href="/wiki/Biblia_ya_Kikristo" title="Biblia ya Kikristo">Biblia ya Kikristo</a> wanaonyesha kwamba katazo hilo, na mengine matatu yaliyoendana nalo, yalitolewa tu ili <a href="/wiki/Wakristo_wa_Kiyahudi" title="Wakristo wa Kiyahudi">Wakristo wa Kiyahudi</a> wasikwazike katika kushirikiana na <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wakristo_wa_mataifa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wakristo wa mataifa (bado haujaandikwa)">Wakristo wa mataifa</a> wasiojisikia kubanwa na masharti yote ya <a href="/wiki/Torati" title="Torati">Torati</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Uislamu">Uislamu</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Damu&veaction=edit&section=37" title="Hariri sehemu: Uislamu" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>hariri</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Damu&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section's source code: Uislamu"><span>hariri chanzo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ulaji wa vyakula vyenye damu ni <a href="/w/index.php?title=Haramu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Haramu (bado haujaandikwa)">haramu</a> kulingana na <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sheria_za_Kiislamu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sheria za Kiislamu (bado haujaandikwa)">sheria za Kiislamu</a> kuhusu lishe. Hii inatokana na taarifa katika <a href="/wiki/Qurani" class="mw-redirect" title="Qurani">Kurani</a>, Sura Al-Ma'ida (05:03): "Vilivyoharimishiwa (kama chakula) ni: nyama ya mnyama aliyefariki, damu, nyama ya <a href="/wiki/Nguruwe" title="Nguruwe">nguruwe</a>, na lolote ambalo limetajiwa juu yake jina la mwingine bali na <a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">Allah</a>." </p><p>Damu inachukuliwa kama chafu, na katika Uislamu, <a href="/wiki/Usafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Usafi">usafi</a> ni sehemu ya imani, hivyo kuna mbinu maalum za kupata hali ya usafi wa kimwili na kitambiko mara tu utokaji damu unapofanyika. Sheria maalum na amri zinahusu <a href="/wiki/Hedhi" title="Hedhi">hedhi</a>, kutokwa na damu baada ya kuzaa na kutokwa na damu kusio kwa kawaida kwenye <a href="/wiki/Uke" class="mw-redirect" title="Uke">uke</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mashahidi_wa_Yehova">Mashahidi wa Yehova</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Damu&veaction=edit&section=38" title="Hariri sehemu: Mashahidi wa Yehova" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>hariri</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Damu&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section's source code: Mashahidi wa Yehova"><span>hariri chanzo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kulingana na <a href="/wiki/Tafsiri" title="Tafsiri">tafsiri</a> yao ya maandiko, kama vile Matendo 15:28-29 ("Endelea kujitenga ... na damu."), <a href="/wiki/Mashahidi_wa_Yehova" title="Mashahidi wa Yehova">Mashahidi wa Yehova</a> hawali damu wala kukubali kuongezewa damu yote au sehemu kuu za damu: seli nyekundu za damu, chembechembe nyeupe za damu, chembe za kugandisha damu (thrombositi), na plazma. Wanachama wanaweza kujiamulia binafsi ikiwa watakubali taratibu za matibabu zinazohusisha damu yao wenyewe au <a href="/wiki/Dutu" title="Dutu">dutu</a> ambazo zinagawanywa zaidi kutoka kwa sehemu nne kuu.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tamaduni_za_Kichina_na_Kijapani">Tamaduni za Kichina na Kijapani</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Damu&veaction=edit&section=39" title="Hariri sehemu: Tamaduni za Kichina na Kijapani" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>hariri</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Damu&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section's source code: Tamaduni za Kichina na Kijapani"><span>hariri chanzo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Katika tamaduni maarufu ya <a href="/wiki/Uchina" class="mw-redirect" title="Uchina">Uchina</a>, mara kwa mara inasemekana kuwa, ikiwa <a href="/wiki/Pua" title="Pua">pua</a> la mtu limetoa kiasi kidogo cha damu, hii inamaanisha kuwa ana <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hamu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hamu (bado haujaandikwa)">hamu</a> ya <a href="/wiki/Ngono" class="mw-redirect" title="Ngono">ngono</a>. Jambo hili huonekana mara nyingi katika <a href="/wiki/Filamu" title="Filamu">filamu</a> za lugha ya <a href="/wiki/Kichina" title="Kichina">Kichina</a> na <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> na pia katika <a href="/wiki/Utamaduni" title="Utamaduni">utamaduni</a> wa <a href="/wiki/Japani" title="Japani">Japani</a> zinazotaniwa katika anime (<a href="/wiki/Katuni" class="mw-redirect" title="Katuni">katuni</a> hai za <a href="/wiki/Sinema" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinema">sinema</a> za Kijapani) na manga (hadithi za katuni za Kijapani zilizochapishwa). Wahusika, hasa <a href="/wiki/Wanaume" class="mw-redirect" title="Wanaume">wanaume</a>, mara nyingi huonyeshwa wakitokwa na damu kwenye pua ikiwa wamuona mtu aliye uchi au mwenye mavazi kidogo, au kama wamekuwa na mawazo au ndoto za kiashiki; hii inatokana na dhana kwamba shinikizo la damu ya wanaume hupanda kwa kiwango kikubwa wanapopata <a href="/wiki/Ashiki" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashiki">ashiki</a>. <sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kashfa_za_damu">Kashfa za damu</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Damu&veaction=edit&section=40" title="Hariri sehemu: Kashfa za damu" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>hariri</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Damu&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section's source code: Kashfa za damu"><span>hariri chanzo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Makundi mbalimbali ya kidini na makundi mengine yamepewa shutuma za uongo kuwa yanatumia damu ya binadamu katika matambiko; shutuma hizo zinajulikana kama kashfa za damu. Aina maarufu sana ya kashfa hii ni kashfa ya damu dhidi ya Wayahudi. Ingawa hakuna tambiko inayohusisha damu ya binadamu katika sheria au desturi za Kiyahudi, <a href="/wiki/Uongo" title="Uongo">uongo</a> wa aina hii (mara nyingi unaohusiana na mauaji ya watoto) ulitumika sana katika <a href="/wiki/Zama_za_Kati" class="mw-redirect" title="Zama za Kati">Zama za Kati</a> kuhalalisha mateso dhidi ya Wayahudi. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hekaya_kuhusu_wanyonya_damu">Hekaya kuhusu wanyonya damu</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Damu&veaction=edit&section=41" title="Hariri sehemu: Hekaya kuhusu wanyonya damu" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>hariri</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Damu&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section's source code: Hekaya kuhusu wanyonya damu"><span>hariri chanzo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wanyonya damu ni viumbe vya <a href="/wiki/Visasili" class="mw-redirect" title="Visasili">visasili</a> vinavyokunywa damu moja kwa moja ili viendelee kuishi, na hupendelea zaidi damu ya binadamu. Tamaduni kote duniani huwa na visasili vya aina hii, kwa mfano 'kisasili cha Nosferatu', binadamu anayepata kuhukumiwa na asiyekufa kwa kunywa damu ya wengine, inatokana na <a href="/wiki/Elimu" title="Elimu">elimu</a> ya <a href="/wiki/Mila" title="Mila">mila</a> na desturi za jamii za <a href="/wiki/Ulaya_Mashariki" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulaya Mashariki">Ulaya Mashariki</a>. Kupe, ruba, mbu za kike, <a href="/wiki/Popo" title="Popo">popo</a> zinazonyonya damu, na viumbe vingine vingi vya kiasili hunywa damu, lakini ni popo pekee anaohusishwa na wanyonya damu. Hii haina uhusiano na popo wanyonyaji damu, ambao ni viumbe vya <a href="/wiki/Amerika" title="Amerika">Amerika</a> iliogunduliwa na <a href="/wiki/Wazungu" class="mw-redirect" title="Wazungu">Wazungu</a> baada tu ya utungaji wa visasili vya <a href="/wiki/Ulaya" title="Ulaya">Ulaya</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Matumizi">Matumizi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Damu&veaction=edit&section=42" title="Hariri sehemu: Matumizi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>hariri</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Damu&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section's source code: Matumizi"><span>hariri chanzo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Katika_sayansi-tumizi">Katika sayansi-tumizi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Damu&veaction=edit&section=43" title="Hariri sehemu: Katika sayansi-tumizi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>hariri</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Damu&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section's source code: Katika sayansi-tumizi"><span>hariri chanzo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mabaki ya damu yanaweza kuwasaidia wapelelezi wa mahakama kutambua <a href="/wiki/Silaha" title="Silaha">silaha</a>, kuunda upya kitendo cha uhalifu, na kuwahusisha watuhumiwa na uhalifu. Kupitia uchambuzi wa sampuli ya damu, habari za mahakama pia zinaweza kupatikana kutoka kwa usambazaji wa nafasi katika sampuli za damu. </p><p>Uchambuzi wa mabaki ya damu pia ni mbinu inayotumika katika <a href="/wiki/Akiolojia" title="Akiolojia">akiolojia</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Katika_sanaa">Katika sanaa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Damu&veaction=edit&section=44" title="Hariri sehemu: Katika sanaa" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>hariri</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Damu&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section's source code: Katika sanaa"><span>hariri chanzo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Damu ni mojawapo kati ya ugiligili wa mwili ambao umetumika katika sanaa. <sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hasa, katika maonyesho ya mtendaji wa Viennese Hermann Nitsch, Franko B, Lennie Lee, Ron Athey, Yang Zhichao, na Kira O `Reilly, pamoja na upigaji picha wa Andres Serrano, zimehusisha damu kama kipengele kikuu cha kuona. Marc Quinn ameunda sanamu kwa kutumia damu iliyogandishwa, ikiwa ni pamoja na umbo la kichwa chake mwenyewe uliotengenezwa kwa kutumia damu yake mwenyewe. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Katika_ukoo_na_historia_ya_familia">Katika ukoo na historia ya familia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Damu&veaction=edit&section=45" title="Hariri sehemu: Katika ukoo na historia ya familia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>hariri</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Damu&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section's source code: Katika ukoo na historia ya familia"><span>hariri chanzo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Neno <i>damu,</i> hutumika katika jamii kuashiria <i>ukoo</i> na asili ya mtu. Maneno mengine ambapo damu hutumika katika muktadha wa historia ya familia ni <i>damu ya buluu</i> (kutoka tabaka la viongozi), <i>damu ya kifalme</i>, <i>damu mchanganyiko</i> (ya kutoka mbari tofauti) na <i>jamaa wa damu</i> (yaani ndugu). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tazama_pia">Tazama pia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Damu&veaction=edit&section=46" title="Hariri sehemu: Tazama pia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>hariri</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Damu&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section's source code: Tazama pia"><span>hariri chanzo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Upokeaji_damu_ya_mtu_aliyeitoa_mbeleni&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Upokeaji damu ya mtu aliyeitoa mbeleni (bado haujaandikwa)">Upokeaji damu ya mtu aliyeitoa mbeleni</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Damu_kama_chakula&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Damu kama chakula (bado haujaandikwa)">Damu kama chakula</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Utoaji_damu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Utoaji damu (bado haujaandikwa)">Utoaji damu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shinikizo_la_damu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shinikizo la damu (bado haujaandikwa)">Shinikizo la damu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Damu_bandia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Damu bandia (bado haujaandikwa)">Damu bandia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kupima_damu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kupima damu (bado haujaandikwa)">Kupima damu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Himofobia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Himofobia (bado haujaandikwa)">Himofobia</a> (Kuogopa damu)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vipengele_vya_damu_ya_binadamu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vipengele vya damu ya binadamu (bado haujaandikwa)">Vipengele vya damu ya binadamu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vyakula_na_vinywaji_mwiko&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vyakula na vinywaji mwiko (bado haujaandikwa)">Vyakula na vinywaji mwiko</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harufu_ya_damu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harufu ya damu (bado haujaandikwa)">Harufu ya damu</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Marejeo">Marejeo</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Damu&veaction=edit&section=47" title="Hariri sehemu: Marejeo" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>hariri</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Damu&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section's source code: Marejeo"><span>hariri chanzo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1346650">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#2C882D;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911F}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{color:#f8a397}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{color:#f8a397}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911F}}</style><cite id="CITEREFThe_Franklin_Institute_Inc." class="citation web cs1">The Franklin Institute Inc. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090305043654/http://www.fi.edu/learn/heart/blood/blood.html">"Blood – The Human Heart"</a>. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fi.edu/learn/heart/blood/blood.html">chanzo</a> mnamo 2009-03-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Iliwekwa mnamo <span class="nowrap">19 Machi</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Blood+%E2%80%93+The+Human+Heart&rft.au=The+Franklin+Institute+Inc.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fi.edu%2Flearn%2Fheart%2Fblood%2Fblood.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3ADamu" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Kigezo:Cite_web" title="Kigezo:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamii:CS1_maint:_date_auto-translated&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jamii:CS1 maint: date auto-translated (bado haujaandikwa)">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650"><cite id="CITEREFMaton1993" class="citation book cs1">Maton, Anthea (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/humanbiologyheal00scho"><i>Human Biology and Health</i></a>. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, USA: Prentice Hall. <a href="/w/index.php?title=ISBN_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ISBN (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/0-13-981176-1" title="Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/0-13-981176-1"><bdi>0-13-981176-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Human+Biology+and+Health&rft.place=Englewood+Cliffs%2C+New+Jersey%2C+USA&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-13-981176-1&rft.aulast=Maton&rft.aufirst=Anthea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhumanbiologyheal00scho&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3ADamu" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Kigezo:Cite_book" title="Kigezo:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|coauthors=</code> ignored (<code class="cs1-code">|author=</code> suggested) (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Msaada:CS1_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Msaada:CS1 errors (bado haujaandikwa)">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-alberts_table-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-alberts_table_3-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650"><cite id="CITEREFAlberts,_Bruce2005" class="citation web cs1">Alberts, Bruce (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?cmd=Search&db=books&doptcmdl=GenBookHL&rid=mboc4.table.4143">"Leukocyte functions and percentage breakdown"</a>. <i>Molecular Biology of the Cell</i>. NCBI Bookshelf<span class="reference-accessdate">. Iliwekwa mnamo <span class="nowrap">2007-04-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Molecular+Biology+of+the+Cell&rft.atitle=Leukocyte+functions+and+percentage+breakdown&rft.date=2005&rft.au=Alberts%2C+Bruce&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fsites%2Fentrez%3Fcmd%3DSearch%26db%3Dbooks%26doptcmdl%3DGenBookHL%26rid%3Dmboc4.table.4143&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3ADamu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650"><cite id="CITEREFShmukler2004" class="citation web cs1">Shmukler, Michael (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hypertextbook.com/facts/2004/MichaelShmukler.shtml">"Density of Blood"</a>. <i>The Physics Factbook</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Iliwekwa mnamo <span class="nowrap">2006-10-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Physics+Factbook&rft.atitle=Density+of+Blood&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Shmukler&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhypertextbook.com%2Ffacts%2F2004%2FMichaelShmukler.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3ADamu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003644.htm#Normal%20Values">"Medical Encyclopedia: RBC count"</a>. Medline Plus<span class="reference-accessdate">. Iliwekwa mnamo <span class="nowrap">18 Novemba</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Medical+Encyclopedia%3A+RBC+count&rft.pub=Medline+Plus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nlm.nih.gov%2Fmedlineplus%2Fency%2Farticle%2F003644.htm%23Normal%2520Values&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3ADamu" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Kigezo:Cite_web" title="Kigezo:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamii:CS1_maint:_date_auto-translated&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jamii:CS1 maint: date auto-translated (bado haujaandikwa)">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_B._Tallitsch;_Martini,_Frederic;_Timmons,_Michael_J.2006" class="citation book cs1">Robert B. Tallitsch; Martini, Frederic; Timmons, Michael J. (2006). <i>Human anatomy</i> (tol. la 5th). San Francisco: Pearson/Benjamin Cummings. uk. 529. <a href="/w/index.php?title=ISBN_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ISBN (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/0-8053-7211-3" title="Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/0-8053-7211-3"><bdi>0-8053-7211-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Human+anatomy&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.pages=529&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Pearson%2FBenjamin+Cummings&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-8053-7211-3&rft.au=Robert+B.+Tallitsch%3B+Martini%2C+Frederic%3B+Timmons%2C+Michael+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3ADamu" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Kigezo:Cite_book" title="Kigezo:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamii:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jamii:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (bado haujaandikwa)">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ganong_WF-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Ganong_WF_7-0">7.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Ganong_WF_7-1">7.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650"><cite id="CITEREFGanong,_William_F.2003" class="citation book cs1">Ganong, William F. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/reviewmedicalphy00gano"><i>Review of medical physiology</i></a> (tol. la 21). New York: Lange Medical Books/McGraw-Hill. uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/reviewmedicalphy00gano/page/n517">518</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=ISBN_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ISBN (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/0-07-121765-7" title="Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/0-07-121765-7"><bdi>0-07-121765-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Review+of+medical+physiology&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=518&rft.edition=21&rft.pub=Lange+Medical+Books%2FMcGraw-Hill&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-07-121765-7&rft.au=Ganong%2C+William+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Freviewmedicalphy00gano&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3ADamu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Waugh-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Waugh_8-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650"><cite id="CITEREFWaughGrant2007" class="citation book cs1">Waugh, Anne; Grant, Allison (2007). "2". <i>Anatomy ans Physiology in Health and Illness</i> (tol. la Tenth). Churchill Livingstone Elsevier. uk. 22. <a href="/w/index.php?title=ISBN_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ISBN (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/978_0_443_10102_1" title="Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/978 0 443 10102 1"><bdi>978 0 443 10102 1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=2&rft.btitle=Anatomy+ans+Physiology+in+Health+and+Illness&rft.pages=22&rft.edition=Tenth&rft.pub=Churchill+Livingstone+Elsevier&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780443101021&rft.aulast=Waugh&rft.aufirst=Anne&rft.au=Grant%2C+Allison&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3ADamu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_9-0">9.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_9-1">9.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merck.com/mmpe/sec12/ch157/ch157a.html">Acid-Base Regulation and Disorders</a></i> at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Merck_Manual_of_Diagnosis_and_Therapy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy (bado haujaandikwa)">Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy</a> Professional Edition</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650"><cite id="CITEREFSellmeyer_DE,_Stone_KL,_Sebastian_A,_Cummings_SR2001" class="citation journal cs1">Sellmeyer DE, Stone KL, Sebastian A, Cummings SR (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/full/73/1/118">"A high ratio of dietary animal to vegetable protein increases the rate of bone loss and the risk of fracture in postmenopausal women. Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Research Group"</a>. <i>Am. J. Clin. Nutr</i>. <b>73</b> (1): 118–22. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMID (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11124760">11124760</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Am.+J.+Clin.+Nutr.&rft.atitle=A+high+ratio+of+dietary+animal+to+vegetable+protein+increases+the+rate+of+bone+loss+and+the+risk+of+fracture+in+postmenopausal+women.+Study+of+Osteoporotic+Fractures+Research+Group&rft.volume=73&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=118-22&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11124760&rft.au=Sellmeyer+DE%2C+Stone+KL%2C+Sebastian+A%2C+Cummings+SR&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ajcn.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Ffull%2F73%2F1%2F118&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3ADamu" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Kigezo:Cite_journal" title="Kigezo:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|month=</code> ignored (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Msaada:CS1_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Msaada:CS1 errors (bado haujaandikwa)">help</a>)</span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamii:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jamii:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (bado haujaandikwa)">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-VB-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-VB_11-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650"><cite id="CITEREFRomer,_Alfred_SherwoodParsons,_Thomas_S.1977" class="citation book cs1">Romer, Alfred Sherwood; Parsons, Thomas S. (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/vertebratebody0000rome_a5a9"><i>The Vertebrate Body</i></a>. Philadelphia, PA: Holt-Saunders International. ku. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/vertebratebody0000rome_a5a9/page/404">404</a>–406. <a href="/w/index.php?title=ISBN_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ISBN (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/0-03-910284-X" title="Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/0-03-910284-X"><bdi>0-03-910284-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Vertebrate+Body&rft.place=Philadelphia%2C+PA&rft.pages=404-406&rft.pub=Holt-Saunders+International&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=0-03-910284-X&rft.au=Romer%2C+Alfred+Sherwood&rft.au=Parsons%2C+Thomas+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fvertebratebody0000rome_a5a9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3ADamu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650"><cite id="CITEREFHarvey1628" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Harvey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Harvey (bado haujaandikwa)">Harvey, William</a> (1628). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rarebookroom.org/Control/hvyexc/index.html">"[[Exercitatio Anatomica de Motu Cordis et Sanguinis in Animalibus]]"</a> (kwa Latin).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Exercitatio+Anatomica+de+Motu+Cordis+et+Sanguinis+in+Animalibus&rft.date=1628&rft.aulast=Harvey&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rarebookroom.org%2FControl%2Fhvyexc%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3ADamu" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Kigezo:Cite_web" title="Kigezo:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">URL–wikilink conflict (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Msaada:CS1_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Msaada:CS1 errors (bado haujaandikwa)">help</a>)</span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 maint: unrecognized language (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamii:CS1_maint:_unrecognized_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jamii:CS1 maint: unrecognized language (bado haujaandikwa)">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams,_Peter_W.;_Gray,_Henry_David1989" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Peter W.; Gray, Henry David (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/graysanatomy0000gray_m7a1"><i>Gray's anatomy</i></a> (tol. la 37th). New York: C. Livingstone. <a href="/w/index.php?title=ISBN_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ISBN (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/0-443-02588-6" title="Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/0-443-02588-6"><bdi>0-443-02588-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gray%27s+anatomy&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=37th&rft.pub=C.+Livingstone&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-443-02588-6&rft.au=Williams%2C+Peter+W.%3B+Gray%2C+Henry+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgraysanatomy0000gray_m7a1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3ADamu" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Kigezo:Cite_book" title="Kigezo:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamii:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jamii:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (bado haujaandikwa)">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650"><cite id="CITEREFDominguez_de_Villota_ED,_Ruiz_Carmona_MT,_Rubio_JJ,_de_Andrés_S1981" class="citation journal cs1">Dominguez de Villota ED, Ruiz Carmona MT, Rubio JJ, de Andrés S (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_british-journal-of-anaesthesia_1981-12_53_12/page/1325">"Equality of the in vivo and in vitro oxygen-binding capacity of haemoglobin in patients with severe respiratory disease"</a>. <i>Br J Anaesth</i>. <b>53</b> (12): 1325–8. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Doi_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doi (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fbja%2F53.12.1325">10.1093/bja/53.12.1325</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMID (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7317251">7317251</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Br+J+Anaesth&rft.atitle=Equality+of+the+in+vivo+and+in+vitro+oxygen-binding+capacity+of+haemoglobin+in+patients+with+severe+respiratory+disease&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=1325-8&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fbja%2F53.12.1325&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7317251&rft.au=Dominguez+de+Villota+ED%2C+Ruiz+Carmona+MT%2C+Rubio+JJ%2C+de+Andr%C3%A9s+S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_british-journal-of-anaesthesia_1981-12_53_12%2Fpage%2F1325&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3ADamu" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Kigezo:Cite_journal" title="Kigezo:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|month=</code> ignored (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Msaada:CS1_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Msaada:CS1 errors (bado haujaandikwa)">help</a>)</span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamii:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jamii:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (bado haujaandikwa)">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-brsphys-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-brsphys_15-0">15.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-brsphys_15-1">15.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650"><cite id="CITEREFCostanzo,_Linda_S.2007" class="citation book cs1">Costanzo, Linda S. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/physiology00cost_0"><i>Physiology</i></a>. Hagerstwon, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. <a href="/w/index.php?title=ISBN_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ISBN (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/0-7817-7311-3" title="Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/0-7817-7311-3"><bdi>0-7817-7311-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Physiology&rft.place=Hagerstwon%2C+MD&rft.pub=Lippincott+Williams+%26+Wilkins&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=0-7817-7311-3&rft.au=Costanzo%2C+Linda+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fphysiology00cost_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3ADamu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100323054138/http://home.hia.no/~stephens/ventphys.htm">"Upitishaji hewa safi na Utendaji wa Uvumilivu"</a>. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://home.hia.no/~stephens/ventphys.htm">chanzo</a> mnamo 2010-03-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Iliwekwa mnamo <span class="nowrap">2014-06-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Upitishaji+hewa+safi+na+Utendaji+wa+Uvumilivu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhome.hia.no%2F~stephens%2Fventphys.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3ADamu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://groups.msn.com/TransplantSupportLungHeartLungHeart/oxygen2.msnw">Msaada kuhusu upandikizaji- Mapafu, Moyo/Mapafu, Moyo</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/20040224085741/http://groups.msn.com/TransplantSupportLungHeartLungHeart/oxygen2.msnw">Archived</a> 24 Februari 2004 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. vikundi vya MSN</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650"><cite id="CITEREFMortensen_SP,_Dawson_EA,_Yoshiga_CC2005" class="citation journal cs1">Mortensen SP, Dawson EA, Yoshiga CC; na wenz. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1464731">"Limitations to systemic and locomotor limb muscle oxygen delivery and uptake during maximal exercise in humans"</a>. <i>J. Physiol. (Lond.)</i>. <b>566</b> (Pt 1): 273–85. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Doi_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doi (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1113%2Fjphysiol.2005.086025">10.1113/jphysiol.2005.086025</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMC_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMC (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1464731">1464731</a></span>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMID (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15860533">15860533</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Physiol.+%28Lond.%29&rft.atitle=Limitations+to+systemic+and+locomotor+limb+muscle+oxygen+delivery+and+uptake+during+maximal+exercise+in+humans&rft.volume=566&rft.issue=Pt+1&rft.pages=273-85&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1464731%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15860533&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1113%2Fjphysiol.2005.086025&rft.au=Mortensen+SP%2C+Dawson+EA%2C+Yoshiga+CC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1464731&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3ADamu" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Kigezo:Cite_journal" title="Kigezo:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Explicit use of et al. in: <code class="cs1-code">|author=</code> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Msaada:CS1_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Msaada:CS1 errors (bado haujaandikwa)">help</a>)</span>; <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|month=</code> ignored (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Msaada:CS1_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Msaada:CS1 errors (bado haujaandikwa)">help</a>)</span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamii:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jamii:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (bado haujaandikwa)">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100925053056/http://manbit.com/PAC/chapters/P30.cfm">"Mwongozo wa 'St George' kuhusu Katheta ya Ateri ya Mapafu"</a>. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.manbit.com/PAC/chapters/P30.cfm">chanzo</a> mnamo 2010-09-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Iliwekwa mnamo <span class="nowrap">2014-06-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mwongozo+wa+%27St+George%27+kuhusu+Katheta+ya+Ateri+ya+Mapafu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.manbit.com%2FPAC%2Fchapters%2FP30.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3ADamu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">[43] ^ <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19990502195422/http://members.aol.com/Bio50/LecNotes/lecnot20.html">Ubebaji wa Oksijeni katika Damu - Sehemu za juu kulingana na bahari</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-veq-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-veq_21-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biology.arizona.edu/biochemistry/problem_sets/medph/intro.html">Biology.arizona.edu</a>. Oktoba 2006. <i>Uwiano wa kliniki wa viwango vya pH: bikaboneti kama kinga.</i> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/eb/topic-559817/spider">"Spiders: circulatory system"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica online</i><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.britannica.com/eb/topic-559817/spider">http://www.britannica.com/eb/topic-559817/spider</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2007-11-25</span>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650"><cite id="CITEREFKienle1996" class="citation journal cs1">Kienle, Alwin (Machi 1, 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120210145120/https://www.imt.liu.se/edu/courses/TBMT36/pdf/blue.pdf">"Why do veins appear blue? A new look at an old question"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Applied Optics</i>. <b>35</b> (7): 1151–60. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Doi_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doi (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1364%2FAO.35.001151">10.1364/AO.35.001151</a>. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imt.liu.se/edu/courses/TBMT36/pdf/blue.pdf">chanzo</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> mnamo 2012-02-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Iliwekwa mnamo <span class="nowrap">2014-06-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Applied+Optics&rft.atitle=Why+do+veins+appear+blue%3F+A+new+look+at+an+old+question&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=1151-60&rft.date=1996-03-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1364%2FAO.35.001151&rft.aulast=Kienle&rft.aufirst=Alwin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.imt.liu.se%2Fedu%2Fcourses%2FTBMT36%2Fpdf%2Fblue.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3ADamu" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Kigezo:Cite_journal" title="Kigezo:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|coauthors=</code> ignored (<code class="cs1-code">|author=</code> suggested) (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Msaada:CS1_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Msaada:CS1 errors (bado haujaandikwa)">help</a>)</span>; <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|dead-url=</code> ignored (<code class="cs1-code">|url-status=</code> suggested) (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Msaada:CS1_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Msaada:CS1 errors (bado haujaandikwa)">help</a>)</span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 maint: date auto-translated (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamii:CS1_maint:_date_auto-translated&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jamii:CS1 maint: date auto-translated (bado haujaandikwa)">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650"><cite id="CITEREFAustin_CC,_Perkins_SL2006" class="citation journal cs1">Austin CC, Perkins SL (2006). "Parasites in a biodiversity hotspot: a survey of hematozoa and a molecular phylogenetic analysis of Plasmodium in New Guinea skinks". <i>J. Parasitol</i>. <b>92</b> (4): 770–7. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Doi_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doi (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1645%2FGE-693R.1">10.1645/GE-693R.1</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMID (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16995395">16995395</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Parasitol.&rft.atitle=Parasites+in+a+biodiversity+hotspot%3A+a+survey+of+hematozoa+and+a+molecular+phylogenetic+analysis+of+Plasmodium+in+New+Guinea+skinks&rft.volume=92&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=770-7&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1645%2FGE-693R.1&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16995395&rft.au=Austin+CC%2C+Perkins+SL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3ADamu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AHC_2004_p276-7-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-AHC_2004_p276-7_25-0">25.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-AHC_2004_p276-7_25-1">25.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-AHC_2004_p276-7_25-2">25.2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-AHC_2004_p276-7_25-3">25.3</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-AHC_2004_p276-7_25-4">25.4</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650"><cite id="CITEREFShuster2004" class="citation book cs1">Shuster, Carl N (2004). "Chapter 11: A blue blood: the circulatory system". Katika Shuster, Carl N, Jr; Barlow, Robert B; Brockmann, H. Jane (mhr.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/?id=0OSAKny-6M4C&printsec=frontcover#PRA1-PA276,M1"><i>The American Horseshoe Crab</i></a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Harvard_University_Press&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harvard University Press (bado haujaandikwa)">Harvard University Press</a>. ku. 276–7. <a href="/w/index.php?title=ISBN_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ISBN (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/0674011597" title="Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/0674011597"><bdi>0674011597</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+11%3A+A+blue+blood%3A+the+circulatory+system&rft.btitle=The+American+Horseshoe+Crab&rft.pages=276-7&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0674011597&rft.aulast=Shuster&rft.aufirst=Carl+N&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3D0OSAKny-6M4C%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%23PRA1-PA276%2CM1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3ADamu" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Kigezo:Cite_book" title="Kigezo:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamii:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_editors_list&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jamii:CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list (bado haujaandikwa)">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090305043654/http://www.fi.edu/learn/heart/blood/blood.html">"Blood - The Human heart"</a>. The Franklin Institute. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fi.edu/learn/heart/blood/blood.html">chanzo</a> mnamo 2009-03-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Iliwekwa mnamo <span class="nowrap">19 Machi</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Blood+-+The+Human+heart&rft.pub=The+Franklin+Institute&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fi.edu%2Flearn%2Fheart%2Fblood%2Fblood.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3ADamu" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Kigezo:Cite_web" title="Kigezo:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamii:CS1_maint:_date_auto-translated&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jamii:CS1 maint: date auto-translated (bado haujaandikwa)">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-27">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650"><cite id="CITEREFLawlor,_Robert1991" class="citation book cs1">Lawlor, Robert (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/voicesoffirstday0000lawl"><i>Voices of the first day: awakening in the Aboriginal dreamtime</i></a>. Rochester, Vt: Inner Traditions International. ku. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/voicesoffirstday0000lawl/page/102">102</a>–3. <a href="/w/index.php?title=ISBN_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ISBN (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/0-89281-355-5" title="Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/0-89281-355-5"><bdi>0-89281-355-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Voices+of+the+first+day%3A+awakening+in+the+Aboriginal+dreamtime&rft.place=Rochester%2C+Vt&rft.pages=102-3&rft.pub=Inner+Traditions+International&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-89281-355-5&rft.au=Lawlor%2C+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fvoicesoffirstday0000lawl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3ADamu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-28">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Watchtower</i> Juni 15, 2004, ukurasa wa 22, "Be Guided by the Living God" (Kuongozwa na Mungu aliye hai)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-29">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sheria ya Anime #40 kwa jina lingine <i>Sheria</i> <i>ya Sanguination </i> kwa <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abcb.com/laws/index.htm">ABCB.com</a> , The Anime Cafe.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-30">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://artscad.com/A.nsf/Opra/SRVV-6MDNX5">"Nostalgia"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/20090108093007/http://artscad.com/A.nsf/Opra/SRVV-6MDNX5">Archived</a> 8 Januari 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Kazi ya sanaa katika damu</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Viungo_vya_nje">Viungo vya nje</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Damu&veaction=edit&section=48" title="Hariri sehemu: Viungo vya nje" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>hariri</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Damu&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section's source code: Viungo vya nje"><span>hariri chanzo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="infobox sisterproject"><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Faili:Wiktionary-logo-en.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Simple English Wiktionary"><img alt="Simple English Wiktionary" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Wiktionary-logo-en.svg/45px-Wiktionary-logo-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="49" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Wiktionary-logo-en.svg/68px-Wiktionary-logo-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Wiktionary-logo-en.svg/90px-Wiktionary-logo-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1089" /></a><figcaption>Simple English Wiktionary</figcaption></figure> <div style="margin-left: 60px;"><a href="/wiki/Wiktionary" title="Wiktionary">Wikamusi</a> ya Kiswahili ina maelezo na tafsiri ya maana ya neno: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><i><b><a href="https://sw.wiktionary.org/wiki/damu" class="extiw" title="wikt:damu">damu</a></b></i></div> </div> </div> <div class="infobox sisterproject"><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Faili:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/50px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/75px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/100px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <div style="margin-left: 60px;">Wikimedia Commons ina media kuhusu: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"> <i><b><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Blood?uselang=sw">Damu</a></b></i></div> </div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Rudishwa kutoka "<a dir="ltr" href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Damu&oldid=1313764">https://sw.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Damu&oldid=1313764</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Maalum:Jamii" title="Maalum:Jamii">Jamii</a>: <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamii:Pages_using_the_JsonConfig_extension&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jamii:Pages using the JsonConfig extension (bado haujaandikwa)">Pages using the JsonConfig extension</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamii:CS1_maint:_date_auto-translated&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jamii:CS1 maint: date auto-translated (bado haujaandikwa)">CS1 maint: date auto-translated</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamii:CS1_errors:_unsupported_parameter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jamii:CS1 errors: unsupported parameter (bado haujaandikwa)">CS1 errors: unsupported parameter</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamii:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jamii:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (bado haujaandikwa)">CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamii:CS1_errors:_URL%E2%80%93wikilink_conflict&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jamii:CS1 errors: URL–wikilink conflict (bado haujaandikwa)">CS1 errors: URL–wikilink conflict</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamii:CS1_maint:_unrecognized_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jamii:CS1 maint: unrecognized language (bado haujaandikwa)">CS1 maint: unrecognized language</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamii:CS1_errors:_explicit_use_of_et_al.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jamii:CS1 errors: explicit use of et al. 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